idA	name	idP	first_author	confjournal	idEidV	title	abstract
0	a57218202833	Gautam A.	p0	True	Conference	0	Self-assessment of Proficiency of Intelligent Systems: Challenges and Opportunities	Autonomous systems, although capable of performing complicated tasks much faster than humans, are brittle due to uncertainties encountered in most real-time applications. People supervising these systems often rely on information relayed by the system to make any decisions, which places a burden on the system to self-assess its proficiency and communicate the relevant information. Proficiency self-assessment benefits from an understanding of how well the models and decision mechanisms used by robot align with the world and a problem holder’s goals. This paper makes three contributions: (1) Identifying the importance of goal, system, and environment for proficiency assessment; (2) Completing the phrase “proficient ‹preposition›” using an understanding of proficiency span; and (3) Proposing the proficiency dependency graph to represent causal relationships that contribute to failures, which highlights how one can reason about their own proficiency given alterations in goal, system, and environment. © 2021, The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
1	a7004904337	Crandall J.W.	p0	False	Conference	0	Self-assessment of Proficiency of Intelligent Systems: Challenges and Opportunities	Autonomous systems, although capable of performing complicated tasks much faster than humans, are brittle due to uncertainties encountered in most real-time applications. People supervising these systems often rely on information relayed by the system to make any decisions, which places a burden on the system to self-assess its proficiency and communicate the relevant information. Proficiency self-assessment benefits from an understanding of how well the models and decision mechanisms used by robot align with the world and a problem holder’s goals. This paper makes three contributions: (1) Identifying the importance of goal, system, and environment for proficiency assessment; (2) Completing the phrase “proficient ‹preposition›” using an understanding of proficiency span; and (3) Proposing the proficiency dependency graph to represent causal relationships that contribute to failures, which highlights how one can reason about their own proficiency given alterations in goal, system, and environment. © 2021, The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
1	a7004904337	Crandall J.W.	p155	False	Conference	27	Moderating operator influence in human-swarm systems	In human-swarm systems, human input to a robot swarm can both inhibit desirable swarm behaviors and allow the operator to properly guide the swarm to achieve mission goals. Indeed, the way that control is shared between the human operator and the inherent collective robot behaviors determines in large part the success of the human-swarm system. In this paper, we seek to understand how to design human-swarm systems that effectively moderate human influence over a robot swarm. To do this, we implement a simulated swarm system based on honeybees, and study how interacting with this swarm using various methods of moderating human influence impacts the success of the resulting human-swarm system. Our results demonstrate that moderating human influence is essential to achieving effective human-swarm systems, and highlight the need for future work in determining how to better moderate human influence in human-swarm systems. © 2019 IEEE.
1	a7004904337	Crandall J.W.	p298	True	Conference	80	Cooperating in long-term relationships with time-varying structure	Extended interactions between agents have commonly been studied in the context of repeated games (RGs), in which the same players repeatedly interact in the same scenario. However, such interactions are uncommon in practice. Typically, the players' goals, action sets, and payoffs change from encounter to encounter, often in ways the players cannot easily model or control. These more realistic interactions, which we model as a form of stochastic game called interaction games (IGs), have attributes which prohibit the straightforward application of many often-used algorithms developed for RGs. In this paper, we generalize several algorithms previously designed for RGs, and explore their behavior and performance in IGs. Our results suggest that at least some of the methodologies designed for RGs can, with some modifications, be extended to IGs. © 2019 International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (www.ifaamas.org). All rights reserved.
1	a7004904337	Crandall J.W.	p630	False	Conference	265	Information design in crowdfunding under thresholding policies	Crowdfundmg has emerged as a prominent way for entrepreneurs to secure funding without sophisticated intermediation. In crowd- funding, an entrepreneur often has to decide how to disclose the campaign status in order to collect as many contributions as poss ible. Such decisions are difficult to make primarily due to incomp lete information. We propose information design as a tool to help the entrepreneur to improve revenue by influencing backers' bel iefs. We introduce a heuristic algorithm to dynamically compute information-disclosure policies for the entrepreneur, followed by an empirical evaluation to demonstrate its competitiveness over the widely-adopted immediate-disclosure policy. Our results demons trate that the immediate-disclosure policy is not optimal when backers follow thresholding policies despite its ease of implementat ion. With appropriate heuristics, an entrepreneur can benefit from dynamic information disclosure. Our work sheds light on inform ation design in a dynamic setting where agents make decisions using thresholding policies. © 2018 International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems.
2	a7005513246	Goodrich M.A.	p0	False	Conference	0	Self-assessment of Proficiency of Intelligent Systems: Challenges and Opportunities	Autonomous systems, although capable of performing complicated tasks much faster than humans, are brittle due to uncertainties encountered in most real-time applications. People supervising these systems often rely on information relayed by the system to make any decisions, which places a burden on the system to self-assess its proficiency and communicate the relevant information. Proficiency self-assessment benefits from an understanding of how well the models and decision mechanisms used by robot align with the world and a problem holder’s goals. This paper makes three contributions: (1) Identifying the importance of goal, system, and environment for proficiency assessment; (2) Completing the phrase “proficient ‹preposition›” using an understanding of proficiency span; and (3) Proposing the proficiency dependency graph to represent causal relationships that contribute to failures, which highlights how one can reason about their own proficiency given alterations in goal, system, and environment. © 2021, The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
2	a7005513246	Goodrich M.A.	p155	False	Conference	27	Moderating operator influence in human-swarm systems	In human-swarm systems, human input to a robot swarm can both inhibit desirable swarm behaviors and allow the operator to properly guide the swarm to achieve mission goals. Indeed, the way that control is shared between the human operator and the inherent collective robot behaviors determines in large part the success of the human-swarm system. In this paper, we seek to understand how to design human-swarm systems that effectively moderate human influence over a robot swarm. To do this, we implement a simulated swarm system based on honeybees, and study how interacting with this swarm using various methods of moderating human influence impacts the success of the resulting human-swarm system. Our results demonstrate that moderating human influence is essential to achieving effective human-swarm systems, and highlight the need for future work in determining how to better moderate human influence in human-swarm systems. © 2019 IEEE.
2	a7005513246	Goodrich M.A.	p156	False	Conference	28	Intent-based robotic path-replanning: When to adapt new paths in dynamic environments	For goal-based robot navigation in a dynamic environment, human intent includes expectations about what performance objectives are satisfied by a planned path in terms of objectives to be met. If the planned path drifts from the human's intent as a result of environment changes, the path needs to be replanned. This paper presents a replanning framework with three elements: (a) the integration of fast online path-planning algorithms that generate trajectories conforming to the given intent; (b) a mathematical model that says when replanning must happen; and (c) an evaluation of events that trigger replanning. An interactive graphical user interface enables a human to accept or reject replanned paths when a trigger happens. A study of 50 MTurk participants is used to assess what replanning triggers best enable a human-robot collaboration to persistently satisfy intent? © 2019 IEEE.
2	a7005513246	Goodrich M.A.	p174	False	Journal	118	Transparency: Transitioning From Human–Machine Systems to Human-Swarm Systems	Swarm robotic systems are gaining in interest with the prospect of their use for various applications, including monitoring, tracking, infrastructure support, and protection. Prior human-swarm system research investigated transparency for these systems, but assumed perfect communication scenarios. Real-world human-swarm systems will not have perfect communication due to human processing limitations caused by a large number of individual entities, emergent behavior due to varying environments, and bandwidth issues. Factors that affect transparency or are influenced by transparency were identified from various human–machine system domains; however, understanding the relationship between factors can help designers identify what criteria can be implemented to achieve transparency for swarms. Challenges that may arise based on transparency criteria from human–machine systems are examined to identify improvements for spatial swarm systems. © 2019, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
2	a7005513246	Goodrich M.A.	p302	False	Conference	83	Designing emergent swarm behaviors using behavior trees and grammatical evolution	Results show that a recursively defined BT-based grammar, built from common agent behaviors, can be used by the GEESE algorithm to evolve solutions to single-source foraging task. Because of the difficulty of solving the credit assignment problem, bootstrapping methods must be added to the fitness function to find solutions in reasonable time. © 2019 International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (www.ifaamas.org). All rights reserved.
2	a7005513246	Goodrich M.A.	p534	False	Conference	193	Swarm Transparency	A key element of system transparency is allowing humans to calibrate their trust in a system, given the implicit inherent uncertainty, emergent behaviors, etc. As robotic swarms progress towards real-world missions, such transparency becomes increasingly necessary in order to reduce the disuse, misuse and errors humans make when influencing and directing the swarm. However,achieving this objective requires addressing the complex challenges associated with providing transparency. Two swarm transparency challenge categories, with exemplar challenges, are provided. © 2018 Authors.
2	a7005513246	Goodrich M.A.	p567	False	Conference	216	GEESE: Grammatical evolution algorithm for evolution of swarm behaviors	[No abstract available]
2	a7005513246	Goodrich M.A.	p592	False	Conference	235	When does a human replan? Exploring intent-based replanning in multi-objective path planning	In goal-based tasks such as navigating a robot from location A to location B in a dynamic environment, human intent can mean to choose a specific trade-off between multiple competing objectives. For example, intent can mean to find a path that balances between "Go quickly" and "Go stealthily". Given human expectations about how a path balances such tradeoffs, the path should match the human's intent throughout the entire execution of the path even if the environment changes. If the path drifts from the human's intent because the environment changes, then a new robotic-path needs to be planned - referred to as path-replanning. We discuss here three system-initiated triggers (prompts) for path-replanning. The objective is to create an interactive replanning system that yields paths that consistently match human intent. The triggers are to replan (a) at regular time intervals, (b) when the current robotic path deviates from the user intent, and (c) when a better path can be obtained from a different homotopy class. Further, we consider one user-generated replanning trigger that allows the user to stop the robot anytime to put the robot onto a new route. These four trigger variants seek to answer two fundamental critical questions: When is a re-planned path acceptable to a human? and How should a planner involve a human in replanning? © 2018 SPIE.
2	a7005513246	Goodrich M.A.	p765	False	Conference	321	Design and Evaluation of Adverb Palette: A GUI for Selecting Tradeoffs in Multi-objective Optimization Problems	An important part of expressing human intent is identifying acceptable tradeoffs among competing performance objectives. We present and evaluate a set of graphical user interfaces (GUIs), that are designed to allow a human to express intent by expressing desirable tradeoffs. The GUIs require an algorithm that identifies the set of Pareto optimal solutions to the multi-objective decision problem, which means that all the solutions are equally good in the sense that there are no other solutions better for every objective. Given the Pareto set, the GUIs provide different ways for a human to express intent by exploring tradeoffs between objectives; once a tradeoff is selected, the solution is chosen. The GUI designs are applied to interactive human-robot path-selection for a robot in an urban environment, but they can be applied to other tradeoff problems. A user study evaluates GUI designs by requiring users to select a tradeoff that satisfies a specified mission intent. Results of the user study suggest that GUIs designed to support an artist's palette-metaphor can be used to express intent without incurring unacceptable levels of human workload. © 2017 ACM.
2	a7005513246	Goodrich M.A.	p766	False	Conference	322	Haptic Shape-Based Management of Robot Teams in Cordon and Patrol	There is a growing need to develop effective interaction methods that enable a single operator to manage a team of multiple robots. This paper presents a novel approach that involves treating the team as a moldable volume, in which deformations of the volume correspond to changes in team shape. The team possesses a level of autonomy that allows the team to travel to and surround buildings of interest in a patrol and cordon scenario. During surround mode, the operator explores or manipulates the team shape to create desired formations around a building. A spacing interaction method also allows the operator to adjust how robots are spaced within the current shape. Separate haptic feedback is developed for each method to allow the operator to "feel" the shape or spacing manipulation. During travel mode, the operator chooses desired travel locations and receives feedback to help identify how and where the team travels. Results from a user study suggest that haptic feedback significantly improves operator performance in a reconnaissance task when task demand is higher, but may slightly increase operator workload. In the context of the experimental setup, these results suggest that haptic feedback may contribute to heads-up control of a team of autonomous robots. There were no significant differences in levels of situation awareness due to haptic feedback in this study. © 2017 ACM.
2	a7005513246	Goodrich M.A.	p868	False	Conference	389	Effect of leader placement on robotic swarm control	Human control of a robotic swarm entails selecting a few influential leaders who can steer the collective efficiently and robustly. However, a clear measure of influence with respect to leader position is not adequately studied. Studies with animal systems have shown that leaders who exert strong couplings may be located in front, where they provide energy benefits, or in the middle, where they can be seen by a larger section of the group. In this paper, we systematically vary number of leaders and leader positions in simulated robotic swarms of two different sizes, and assess their effect on steering effectiveness and energy expenditure. In particular, we analyze the effect of placing leaders in the front, middle, and periphery, on the time to converge and lateral acceleration of a swarm of robotic agents as it performs a single turn to reach the desired goal direction. Our results show that swarms with leaders in the middle and periphery take less time to converge than swarms with leaders in the front, while the lateral acceleration between the three placement strategies is not different. We also find that the time to converge towards the goal direction reduces with the increase in percentage of leaders in the swarm, although this value decays slowly beyond the percentage of leaders at 30%. As the swarm size is increased, we find that the leaders in the periphery become less effective in reducing the time to converge. Finally, closer analysis of leader placement and coverage reveals that front leaders within the swarm tend to expand their coverage and move towards the center as the maneuver is performed. Results from this study are expected to inform leader placement strategies towards more effective human swarm interaction systems. © Copyright 2017, International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (www.ifaamas.org). All rights reserved.
3	a6508306234	de Moura Oliveira P.B.	p1	True	Conference	1	Bridging theory to practice: Feedforward and cascade control with tclab arduino kit	Practice is of the essence in Engineering courses. A relevant question in control engineering education is: How to close the gap between theory and practice? Once subjects are introduced in theoretical classes, students want to know about its practical use. Thus, it is important to introduce theoretical control concepts with practical experiments, enabling students to easily test and validate the theory. An Arduino based temperature control laboratory (TCLab) is deployed in this study as a portable kit providing students with a simple and effective means to test some feedback control techniques. Teaching/learning experiments are proposed involving proportional, integral and derivative controllers with Feedforward and Cascade control structures. Preliminary results achieved in a Portuguese university are presented. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.
3	a6508306234	de Moura Oliveira P.B.	p176	True	Conference	38	An APMonitor Temperature Lab PID Control Experiment for Undergraduate Students	Students born in a digital era require adjusted teaching and learning methodologies incorporating new technologies. A common difficulty found by students is how to test their controller designs in a real system. Thus, the development of affordable, portable and easy to use feedback control kits is highly desirable. The idea is that both lecturers and students can perform simple practical experiments anytime and anywhere. The APMonitor temperature control lab is an Arduino based control kit which fulfils these requirements. Proportional, integrative and derivative control is in operation in the vast majority of industrial process control loops. Thus, it is a mandatory topic in most undergraduate introductory feedback control courses. A teaching/learning PID control experiment for undergraduate Biomedical Engineering student's based on the temperature control lab is reported here. Results received from students are presented. © 2019 IEEE.
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p1	False	Conference	1	Bridging theory to practice: Feedforward and cascade control with tclab arduino kit	Practice is of the essence in Engineering courses. A relevant question in control engineering education is: How to close the gap between theory and practice? Once subjects are introduced in theoretical classes, students want to know about its practical use. Thus, it is important to introduce theoretical control concepts with practical experiments, enabling students to easily test and validate the theory. An Arduino based temperature control laboratory (TCLab) is deployed in this study as a portable kit providing students with a simple and effective means to test some feedback control techniques. Teaching/learning experiments are proposed involving proportional, integral and derivative controllers with Feedforward and Cascade control structures. Preliminary results achieved in a Portuguese university are presented. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p116	False	Journal	84	Model predictive control and estimation of managed pressure drilling using a real-time high fidelity flow model	When drilling an oil or gas well, well pressures may be controlled using a technology called managed pressure drilling. This technology often relies on model predictive control schemes; however, practical limitations have generally led to the use of simplified controller models that do not optimally handle certain perturbations in the physical system. The present work reports on the first implementation of a highly accurate system model that has been adapted for real-time use in a controller. This real-time high-fidelity model approximates the results of offline high-fidelity models without requiring operation by model experts. The effectiveness of the model is demonstrated through simulation studies of controller behavior under various drilling conditions, including an evaluation of the impact of sparse downhole feedback measurements. © 2020
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p176	False	Conference	38	An APMonitor Temperature Lab PID Control Experiment for Undergraduate Students	Students born in a digital era require adjusted teaching and learning methodologies incorporating new technologies. A common difficulty found by students is how to test their controller designs in a real system. Thus, the development of affordable, portable and easy to use feedback control kits is highly desirable. The idea is that both lecturers and students can perform simple practical experiments anytime and anywhere. The APMonitor temperature control lab is an Arduino based control kit which fulfils these requirements. Proportional, integrative and derivative control is in operation in the vast majority of industrial process control loops. Thus, it is a mandatory topic in most undergraduate introductory feedback control courses. A teaching/learning PID control experiment for undergraduate Biomedical Engineering student's based on the temperature control lab is reported here. Results received from students are presented. © 2019 IEEE.
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p210	False	Journal	142	Achieving tiered model quality in 3D structure from motion models using a multi-scale view-planning algorithm for automated targeted inspection	This study presents a novel multi-scale view-planning algorithm for automated targeted inspection using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). In industrial inspection, it is important to collect the most relevant data to keep processing demands, both human and computational, to a minimum. This study investigates the viability of automated targeted multi-scale image acquisition for Structure from Motion (SfM)-based infrastructure modeling. A traditional view-planning approach for SfM is extended to a multi-scale approach, planning for targeted regions of high, medium, and low priority. The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can traverse the entire aerial space and facilitates collection of an optimized set of views, both close to and far away from areas of interest. The test case for field validation is the Tibble Fork Dam in Utah. Using the targeted multi-scale flight planning, a UAV automatically flies a tiered inspection using less than 25% of the number of photos needed to model the entire dam at high-priority level. This results in approximately 75% reduced flight time and model processing load, while still maintaining high model accuracy where needed. Models display stepped improvement in visual clarity and SfM reconstruction integrity by priority level, with the higher priority regions more accurately modeling smaller and finer features. A resolution map of the final tiered model is included. While this study focuses on multi-scale view planning for optical sensors, the methods potentially extend to other remote sensors, such as aerial LiDAR. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p211	False	Journal	143	Disaster reconnaissance using multiple small unmanned aerial vehicles"	[No abstract available]
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p224	False	Journal	147	Dynamic optimization of a district energy system with storage using a novel mixed-integer quadratic programming algorithm	As more renewable energy is integrated into the power grid, it is increasingly important to exploit variable electricity pricing structures to minimize commercial utility costs and enable more intermittent renewables on the grid through proactive management of energy storage. Using data from a large campus district energy system, equipped with centralized chilled water plants and a thermal energy storage tank, a novel technique is proposed to optimize this system in real-time, formulated as a mixed-integer quadratic programming problem. This method, titled Quadratic Programming Hybrid with Augmented Constraints, is sufficiently fast to be computed in real-time for a district chiller system. This method is compared to both Branch and Bound and a simple logical decision algorithm in both speed and optimality. The proposed method for solving this mixed-integer quadratic programming problem proves very successful at achieving a near-optimal solution when compared to a standard Branch and Bound (BnB) algorithm. Although suboptimal, the proposed algorithm takes 99.96–99.99% less computational time than the standard BnB and computes an answer to within 29.9% of the BnB objective function. When compared to a simple logical decision algorithm, which represents an operator manually controlling the plant, the proposed method is estimated to yield 8.10–33.7% in savings on chiller energy costs. The Quadratic Programming Hybrid with Augmented Constraints algorithm shows potential for use in a real-time optimization application to exploit variable electricity pricing and significantly reduce the costs of running a chiller plant with thermal energy storage. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p286	False	Conference	69	Combined trajectory, propulsion and battery mass optimization for solar-regenerative high-altitude long endurance unmanned aircraft	Combined optimization of propulsion system design, flight trajectory planning and battery mass optimization for solar-regenerative high-altitude long endurance (SRHALE) aircraft through a sequential iterative approach yields an increase of 20.2% in the end-of-day energy available on the winter solstice at 35°N latitude, resulting in an increase in flight time of 2.36 hours. The optimized flight path is obtained by using nonlinear model predictive control to solve flight and energy system dynamics over a 24 hour period with a 15 second time resolution. The optimization objective is to maximize the total energy in the system while flying a station-keeping mission, staying within a 3 km radius and above 60,000 ft. The propulsion system design optimization minimizes the total energy required to fly the optimal path. It uses a combination of blade element momentum theory, blade composite structures, empirical motor and motor controller mass data, as well as a first order motor performance model. The battery optimization seeks to optimally size the battery for a circular orbit. Fixed point iteration between these optimization frameworks yields a flight path and propulsion system that slightly decreases solar capture, but signif-icantly decreases power expended. Fully coupling the trajectory and design optimizations with this level of accuracy is infeasible with current computing resources. These efforts show the benefits of combining design and trajectory optimization to enable the feasibility of SRHALE flight. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p327	False	Journal	189	Dynamic optimization of high-altitude solar aircraft trajectories under station-keeping constraints	This paper demonstrates the use of nonlinear dynamic optimization to calculate energy-optimal trajectories for a high-altitude, solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The objective is to maximize the total energy in the system while staying within a 3 km mission radius and meeting other system constraints. Solar energy capture is modeled using the vehicle orientation and solar position, and energy isstored both in batteries and in potential energy through elevation gain. Energy capture is maximized by optimally adjusting the angle of the aircraft surface relative to the sun. The UAV flight and energy system dynamics are optimized over a 24h period at an 8s time resolution using nonlinear model predictive control. Results of the simulated flights are presented for all four seasons, showing an 8.2% increase in end-of-day battery energy for the most limiting flight condition of the winter solstice. © 2018 by R. Abraham Martin, Nathaniel S. Gates, Andrew Ning, and John D. Hedengren.
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p338	False	Conference	114	Evaluation and demonstration of take home laboratory kit	This paper discusses some of the reasons for producing take home laboratory kits. This is then supplemented by detailed presentation of three different types of take home kit, alongside the motivations for their design and an evaluation of their efficacy with students. © 2019, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p356	False	Conference	126	Closed-Loop PID Re-Tuning in a Digital Twin by Re-Playing Past Setpoint and Load Disturbance Data	[No abstract available]
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p401	False	Conference	148	Creating open source models, test cases, and data for oilfield drilling challenges	The drilling industry has substantially improved performance based on knowledge from physics-based, statistical, and empirical models of components and systems. However, most models and source code have been recreated multiple times, which requires significant effort and energy with little additional benefit or step-wise improvements. The authors propose that it is time to form a coalition of industry and academic leaders to support an open source effort for drilling, to encourage the reuse of continuously improving models and coding efforts. The vision for this guiding coalition is to 1) set up a repository for source code, data, benchmarks, and documentation, 2) encourage good coding practices, 3) review and comment on the models and data submitted, 4) test, use and improve the code, 5) propose and collect anonymized real data, 6) attract talent and support to the effort, and 7) mentor those getting started. Those interested to add their time and talent to the cause may publish their results through peer-reviewed literature. Several online meetings are planned to create this coalition, establish a charter, and layout the guiding principles. Multiple support avenues are proposed to sustain the effort such as: annual user group meetings, create a SPE Technical Section, and initiating a Joint Industry Program (JIP). The Open Porous Media Initiative is just one example of how this could be organized and maintained. As a starting point, this paper reviews existing published drilling models and highlights the similarities and differences for commonly used drillstring hydraulics, dynamics, directional, and bit-rock interaction models. The key requirements for re-usability of the models and code are: 1) The model itself must be available as open source, well documented with the objective and expected outcomes, include commented code, and shared in a publicly available repository which can be updated, 2) A user's guide must include how to run the core software, how to extend software capabilities, i.e., plug in new features or elements, 3) Include a "theory" manual to explain the fundamental principles, the base equations, any assumptions, and the known limitations, 4) Data examples and formatting requirements to cover a diversity of drilling operations, and 5) Test cases to benchmark the performance and output of different proposed models. In May 2018 at "The 4th International Colloquium on Non-linear dynamics and control of deep drilling systems," the keynote question was, "Is it time to start using open source models?" The answer is "yes". Modeling the drilling process is done to help drill a round, ledge free hole, without patterns, with minimum vibration, minimum unplanned dog legs, that reaches all geological targets, in one run per section, and in the least time possible. An open source repository for drilling will speed up the rate of learning and automation efforts to achieve this goal throughout the entire well execution workflow, including planning, BHA design, real-time operations, and post well analysis. Copyright 2019, SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p431	False	Journal	239	Performance comparison of low temperature and chemical absorption carbon capture processes in response to dynamic electricity demand and price profiles	Current projections to the year 2050 reveal that fossil fuels will remain the main source of energy generation. To achieve the target limits of carbon dioxide emission, set by national and international policies, carbon capture will play a key role. Modeling and optimization of various carbon capture technologies such as pre-combustion, oxy-fuel, and post-combustion, when integrated with coal-fired power plants, have been researched extensively in literature. Research on the integration of power generation with capture technologies regarding comparisons between the different schemes in response to dynamic inputs is lacking. This work provides a comparison between a low temperature carbon capture and a chemical absorption process in response to a dynamic electricity demand and price profile and in the presence of an intermittent wind power supply. The objective in this work is to meet the overall electricity demand of residential users and the carbon capture process while the total operating cost associated with the integrated system of power generation and carbon capture is minimized. This comparison includes scenarios with and without energy storage associated with each capture technology. It is observed that in both integrated systems, with and without energy storage, the overall electricity demanded by the capture process and residential users is supplied by a combination of coal and wind power. For the case without energy storage, the total operating cost and energy demand of the low temperature carbon capture, based on a similar amount of captured carbon dioxide, are 4.3% and 20.5% less than that of chemical absorption, respectively. For the scenario with energy storage, the low temperature carbon capture requires 32.34% less energy to capture similar amounts of carbon dioxide while incurring 9.09% less overall operational cost. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p622	False	Conference	258	Targeted 3D modeling from UAV imagery	Reconstruction of 3D objects from UAV EO imagery yields useful information, but can be time consuming and computationally expensive. View planning reduces processing time by selecting the optimal image set needed to reconstruct a scene. This paper demonstrates how view planning is used in a targeted manner to select a subset of images from a large existing image set to model specific vehicles or structures. Potential applications of the method include enabling 3D target classification algorithms and rapid geo-location. The method could also facilitate on-board reconstruction. The view planning algorithm is tested on five different targets, and is shown to reduce processing time for target models by up to a factor of 50 with little decrease in accuracy. © COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p629	True	Conference	264	New flow assurance system with high speed subsea fiber optic monitoring of pressure and temperature	Subsea production control systems are instrumented to constantly monitor flowline pressure and temperature at key locations to prevent plugging and introduce mitigating control strategies. New fiber optic sensors with ruggedized construction and non-electrical components are subjected to accelerated aging tests and deployed in several installations with long service life. An overview of current progress with fiber optic technology is provided for fatigue monitoring, temperature, pressure, and strain sensing. Recent developments include improved service life, novel bonding methods, pipeline sensor station improvements, sensor calibration, and long-term fatigue analysis. The latest advancements are validated on multiple installations on a subsea tieback in the deepwater Mississippi Canyon of the Gulf of Mexico at 6, 500 ft depth. A prior third-party sensor design experienced multiple non-recoverable sensor failures. A new sensor station design is employed on two Flowline Terminations to monitor pressure and temperature at a rate of 100 Hz. Subsea tiebacks are susceptible to flow assurance issues caused by plugging events such as hydrate formation. The system was originally designed to track pig location but transitioned to pressure and temperature sensing. An issue with the transition was the lack of calibration relating the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain levels to the actual process conditions. A novel method is presented for in situ adjustment of the sensor array calibration. During the calibration procedure, the sensors produced unanticipated results during pipeline flow shut-in and later startup operations. The sensors helped uncover a configuration of the flowline and sensor locations that is valuable for detecting hydrate forming conditions at a key junction location. The sensors are located before and after the junction of two flowlines in the mixing zone of the pipeline streams. The novel contributions of this study are the high speed data collection, in situ fiber optic calibration, review of advancements in fiber optic sensing technology, and a field case study with multiple sensing arrays. The developments are part of the Clear Gulf study, a collaboration between the offshore energy industry and NASA that was formed in 2010. The objective of the Clear Gulf study is to employ space technology and testing facilities for use in the upstream industry to advance subsea sensor technology. The highly sensitive monitoring systems developed as part of this study are used to give early warnings for flow assurance issues, structural failures, or catastrophic events. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p647	False	Conference	279	Development and testing of a friction-based post-installable fiber-optic monitoring system for subsea applications	This paper continues to document the design, development, and test of a friction-based (non-adhesive) post-installable fiberoptic strain sensing system for oil and gas applications - especially those that require deployment on existing subsea structures. (Ref: OMAE2017-61494 Development and Testing of a Friction-Based Post-Installable Sensor for Subsea FiberOptic Monitoring Systems [1]). The prototype fiber-optic monitoring system collects a wide range of real-time data, which can be used to determine structural loading, fatigue, temperature, pressure, and flow assurance on operational platforms. The primary challenge of a post-installed instrumentation monitoring system is to ensure secure coupling between the sensors and the structure of interest for reliable measurements. Friction-based coupling devices have the potential to overcome installation challenges caused by marine growth and soil contamination on subsea structures, flowlines, or risers. This particular design solution is compatible with structures that are suspended in the water column and those that are resting on the seabed. In addition, the system can be installed by commercial divers in shallow depths or by remotely operated vehicles in deep-water applications. Operational limitations of the initial design concept were identified in the previous series of tests (2016-2017), and several innovative enhancements have been implemented which resulted in significant improvements in sensor system coupling and strain measurement correlation with traditional strain measuring devices. This paper provides a summary of the notable prototype design changes, full-scale test article buildup, and detailed performance data recorded during tension and compression loading that simulated representative offshore conditions. The test results were positive and demonstrated the effectiveness of the design enhancements. Compromises made during mounting of the sensing elements resulted in better performance in tension than compression. These effects are well understood and are fully discussed, and do not influence the viability of the design changes. This study is part of a continuing collaboration between the Houston-based NASA-Johnson Space Center and Astro Technology, Inc. within a study called Clear Gulf. The primary objective of the Clear Gulf study is to develop advanced instrumentation technologies that will improve operational safety and reduce the risk of hydrocarbon spillage. NASA provided unique insights, expansive test facilities, and technical expertise to advance these technologies that would benefit the environment, the public, and commercial industries. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p686	False	Journal	332	A comparison of model predictive control and PID temperature control in friction stir welding	Temperature control of friction stir welding (FSW) via model predictive control (MPC) is investigated in Al 7075-T7. Two MPC controllers are compared against two well-tuned PID controllers to obtain a direct comparison of MPC and current FSW controllers. One MPC controller uses a first-order plus dead-time (FOPDT) model derived from a simplified conduction-advection view of the stir zone. The other MPC controller uses the Hybrid Heat Source model that describes heat conduction in the plate and tool. At quasi steady-state conditions, all four controllers can easily hold temperature within 2 °C of the setpoint in the absence of large disturbances. Once the weld is past the initial traverse, the FOPDT controller is superior to the Hybrid Heat Source controller with regards to modeled-disturbance rejection and setpoint changes. The FOPDT controller is competitive with well-tuned PID controllers in this region of the weld. During the initial traverse, the Hybrid Heat Source controller and PID controller with regulator gains were able to control temperature within 5 °C of the setpoint, compared to a typical deviation of 20–30 °C when uncontrolled. During this period, the FOPDT controller and PID controller with servo gains could not maintain satisfactory temperature control. MPC is demonstrated to be a viable control method for FSW. Temperature control before reaching steady state for both MPC and PID is shown to be feasible, but more difficult than for steady state. Recommendations are given for when each controller might be preferred in various circumstances, based upon the results shown herein. © 2017 The Society of Manufacturing Engineers
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p768	True	Journal	375	Overview of estimation methods for industrial dynamic systems	Measurement technology is advancing in the oil and gas industry. Factors such as wireless transmitters, reduced cost of measurement technology, and increased regulations that require active monitoring tend to increase the number of available measurements. There is a clear opportunity to distill the recent flood of measurements into relevant and actionable information. Common methods to do this include a filtered bias update, implicit dynamic feedback, Kalman filtering, and moving horizon estimation. The purpose of these techniques is to validate measurements and align imperfect mathematical models to the actual process. Additionally, they can determine a best-estimate of the current state of the process and any potential disturbances. These methods allow potential improvements in earlier detection of disturbances, process equipment faults, and improved state estimates for optimization and control. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p834	False	Conference	362	Improved bottomhole pressure control with wired drillpipe and physics-based models	Wired Drillpipe (WDP) technology provides two-way and high speed measurements from bottom hole and along-string sensors. The data offered by WDP technology has maximum benefit when applied in an automation system or as a real-time advisory tool. Improved control is demonstrated for Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) with the use of high-speed telemetry and physics-based models. Stabilizing and minimizing pressure within an acceptable bound leads to higher and more consistent Rate of Penetration (ROP). MPD control is challenging due to tight pressure windows and the nonlinearity of the choke and pump response on Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP). This work demonstrates a new Hammerstein-Wiener nonlinear model predictive controller for BHP regulation in drilling. Hammerstein-Wiener models employ input and output static nonlinear blocks before and after linear dynamics blocks and thereby simplify the controller design. The control performance is evaluated in scenarios such as drilling, pipe connections, and kick attenuation. A physics-based drilling simulator, WeMod, is used for model identification and control performance evaluation. The control performance of the new nonlinear controller is compared to conventional controllers in various scenarios. Because of the interconnected multivariable and nonlinear nature of the drilling operation, conventional controllers show severe limitations. In a first scenario, the performance of set point tracking during normal drilling operation is compared. By changing the set point of the BHP, the conventional controller manipulates only the choke valve opening while the nonlinear controller moves choke valve opening, mud pump, and back pressure pump simultaneously. In a second scenario, a pipe connection of a typical drillpipe stand is demonstrated. The conventional controller is not able to regulate the BHP by adjusting the choke valve only. Although a linear version of the controller is able to exploit multivariable relationships, absence of the nonlinear relationships results in severe oscillation when the operational range is shifted outside of the training region. The nonlinear controller maintains a BHP within ±1 bar of the requested set point. A third scenario investigates the kick attenuation performance of conventional and nonlinear control algorithms. The nonlinear controller attenuates the kick within well control conditions, without requiring a well shut-in procedure. Recent advances in drilling simulators and the reliability of the WDP data highway have enabled tighter BHP control. This study presents a robust method to control BHP by applying Hammerstein-Wiener models in an efficient model predictive controller. The proposed methods have been validated in the downstream industry, but are applied for the first time to drilling with nonlinear control functionality. The multivariable control adjusts three main manipulated variables in MPD simultaneously. Copyright © 2017, SPE/IADC Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p844	False	Journal	398	Optimal combined long-term facility design and short-term operational strategy for CHP capacity investments	This work presents a detailed case study for the optimization of the expansion of a district energy system evaluating the investment decision timing, type of capacity expansion, and fine-scale operational modes. The study develops an optimization framework to find the investment schedule over 30 years with options of investing in traditional heating sources (boilers) or a next-generation combined heat and power (CHP) plant that provides heat and electricity. In district energy systems, the selected capacity and type of system is dependent on demand-side requirements, energy prices, and environmental costs. This work formulates capacity planning over a time horizon as a dynamic optimal control problem considering both operational modes and capital investment decisions. The initial plant is modified by the dynamic optimization throughout the 30 years to maximize profitability. The combined optimal controller and capital investment planner solves a large scale mixed integer nonlinear programming problem to provide the timing and size of the capacity investment (30 year outlook) and also guidance on the mode of operation (1 h time intervals). The optimizer meets optimal economic, environmental, and regulatory constraints with the suggested design and operational guidance with daily cyclical load following of heat and electricity demand. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p859	False	Conference	381	Automatic model calibration for drilling automation	Physics-based hydraulic models are essential for proceeding to a high level of automation in drilling. Mathematical models can facilitate process understanding and problem detection, and determine appropriate actions in case of mismatch between model and data. Furthermore, calculations may replace measurements where and when the latter are not available, as normally occurs during connections or when instruments or signal transmissions fail. However, advanced hydraulic models rely on a large set of inputs, such as pipe and wellbore geometry, various tuning parameters and fluid properties. The models are therefore time-consuming and difficult to configure in the field, where third-party experts may be needed at each well, to properly initiate the automation system and adjust it during the drilling process. Although the methods described in this paper are relevant to any critical drilling operation, they are applied to Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) as a widely deployed example of drilling automation. In MPD, hydraulic models predict downhole conditions and determine the requisite choke pressure for automatic adjustment. A new method for automatic configuration of key model parameters simplifies the tedious job of setting up the model and ensures that the automation system remains tuned to the well, even without onsite model tuning expertise. The proposed scheme is based on a simple method for separating inaccuracies due to co-linearity in frictional pressure losses and static mud weight. The search for optimal correction factors is based on a sequence of small oscillations of pump rate that can be applied during drilling without interrupting the operation. A massively parallel computing architecture improves the speed of the calibration algorithm proportional to the number of available CPU cores. A set of hydraulic model instances runs in parallel, allowing for efficient testing of changes in input signals within ranges of uncertainty. A method for selecting a subset of the best models that more accurately represent a given well is proposed. Computer simulations demonstrate how the novel calibration scheme allows automatic tuning of the friction factor and density correction factor, giving accurate prediction of the bottom hole pressure (BHP). The tuning scheme is run with a parallel architecture to demonstrate that correct values of unknown configuration parameters can be automatically determined sufficiently fast for real-time drilling control or as an advisory tool. The deployment of automation systems in drilling is hampered by the need for dedicated expert personnel to maintain systems that could have reduced the personnel needed on the rig. The proposed automated physics-based model tuning contributes to removing this roadblock, aiming at making automation systems a more cost-efficient option for drilling operations. Copyright 2017, Society of Petroleum Engineers.
4	a9277159100	Hedengren J.D.	p879	False	Conference	395	The use of unmanned aerial vehicles and structures from motion to measure the volume change at a deep dynamic compaction site	A small unmanned aerial vehicle (sUAV) is used with structure from motion (SfM) computer vision (Marr and Nishihara 1978; Snavely et al. 2008) to measure the amount of settlement that is induced by deep dynamic compaction at a site of a new casino near Lake Havasu City, AZ. Details of the project and field operations are provided, and comparisons are made between induced settlement measurements from traditional techniques and induced settlement measurements from the new sUAV/SfM approach. Results of the study show that the sUAV/SfM approach estimates an average induced settlement of 38 cm across the site, which straddles within 2.5 cm of the average induced settlements that were measured with other traditional techniques. Additionally, the sUAV/SfM technique is shown to provide significant detail of the distribution of induced settlements across the site. This distribution of settlements could be indicative of the distribution of subsurface soils that were more affected by the DDC such as looser or cleaner sands. Implications of the findings of this study are briefly discussed. © ASCE.
5	a6507358470	Boaventura-Cunha J.	p1	False	Conference	1	Bridging theory to practice: Feedforward and cascade control with tclab arduino kit	Practice is of the essence in Engineering courses. A relevant question in control engineering education is: How to close the gap between theory and practice? Once subjects are introduced in theoretical classes, students want to know about its practical use. Thus, it is important to introduce theoretical control concepts with practical experiments, enabling students to easily test and validate the theory. An Arduino based temperature control laboratory (TCLab) is deployed in this study as a portable kit providing students with a simple and effective means to test some feedback control techniques. Teaching/learning experiments are proposed involving proportional, integral and derivative controllers with Feedforward and Cascade control structures. Preliminary results achieved in a Portuguese university are presented. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.
6	a53879700900	Hajimirzaie S.M.	p2	True	Journal	0	Development of sediment management guidelines for small to medium reservoirs	Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil engineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership of the journal. The views expressed in this Forum article do not necessarily reflect the views of ASCE or the Editorial Board of the journal. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
7	a26642910500	Hotchkiss R.H.	p2	False	Journal	0	Development of sediment management guidelines for small to medium reservoirs	Forum papers are thought-provoking opinion pieces or essays founded in fact, sometimes containing speculation, on a civil engineering topic of general interest and relevance to the readership of the journal. The views expressed in this Forum article do not necessarily reflect the views of ASCE or the Editorial Board of the journal. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
7	a26642910500	Hotchkiss R.H.	p415	False	Journal	225	Submerged hydraulic jump remediation at low-head dams: Partial width deflector design	Low-head dams are capable of creating dangerous countercurrents just downstream from the structure. These dangerous countercurrents are known as submerged hydraulic jumps and are responsible for hundreds of fatalities at numerous low-head dams across the United States. The countercurrent creates high upstream-directed surface velocities across the width of the channel, making it nearly impossible for a trapped individual to escape. This submerged jump can occur for a range of upstream and downstream conditions. A multiple partial width deflector design for the downstream side of the dam was tested in the laboratory to determine effectiveness in completely or partially eliminating the submerged hydraulic jump. The results demonstrate that a dramatic reduction in upstream-directed surface velocities over a wide range of headwater and tailwater conditions is possible. The dam modification is relatively inexpensive, simple to install, and designed such that an individual will likely escape the submerged jump without severe injury or harm. The design is ready for prototype testing. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
7	a26642910500	Hotchkiss R.H.	p477	False	Journal	225	Comparison of calibrated empirical and semi-empirical methods for bedload transport rate prediction in gravel bed streams	The performance of seven sediment transport equations for bedload transport is compared using almost 2,600 of more than 8,000 measurements from a recent compilation. Named equations tested include the Meyer-Peter Muller, Barry, Pagosa good condition, Wilcock, Parker (both calibrated and uncalibrated), Recking, and that of Elhakeem and Imran. The purpose of the tests was to evaluate the performance of several empirical and semiempirical formulae using a single calibration point relative to three uncalibrated equations. The seven equations were included because they either have a calibration procedure already developed, are used frequently in practice, are historically foundational in the field, or have recently been proposed. Results are expressed in the root mean square error of the logarithms (RMSEL) and the relative mean error (RME) and show that the Pagosa good and Barry equations best predict bedload sediment transport (RMSEL of 0.02 and 0.02, respectively). The Pagosa good equation requires a data point for bankfull discharge and the corresponding bedload transport. The uncalibrated Recking (2013) equation resulted in lower errors than two of the calibrated formulae (Wilcock 2001 and Parker 1990) and was not far behind the calibrated Elhakeem and Imran (2016) formula. The Meyer-Peter Muller and uncalibrated Parker (1990) equations performed the worst (RMSEL of up to 0.85 and 0.86, respectively). The results herein demonstrate: (1) empirical formulae were more successful at predicting bedload transport than semiempirical alternatives, (2) a single calibration point significantly improves the predictive accuracy of any formula, and (3) calibration cannot compensate for all the shortcomings of a model. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
7	a26642910500	Hotchkiss R.H.	p559	True	Conference	208	Sediment management in U.S. reservoirs: Challenges and progress [Gestion des sédiments dans les retenues américaines: Défis et progrès]	Managing reservoir sediments in the United States is becoming increasingly important as many projects now exceed their so-called design life. Environmental regulations, enacted without knowing that someday deposited sediments would need to be moved downstream, make the permitting process difficult and time consuming. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, recognizing the growing need for sediment management, are completing a Reservoir Sediment Information database for all of their projects and are training their employees on how to permit sediment management operations at dams and reservoirs. The Subcommittee on Sedimentation, part of the Advisory Committee on Water Information, has published a progressive resolution encouraging federal agencies to develop sediment management plans for all of their projects by the year 2020. They are also in the process of publishing a white paper on the permitting aspects of reservoir sediment management. An ongoing sediment management project at Millsite Dam on Ferron Creek in Utah, although not passing significant volumes of sediment downstream, can serve as an example of meeting the complex permit requirements associated with such activities. © 2018 ICOLD/CIGB, Paris, France.
7	a26642910500	Hotchkiss R.H.	p769	False	Journal	376	Reservoir sustainability and sediment management	Despite mounting demand for a more sustainable worldwide water supply system, available reservoir capacity is relentlessly diminishing due to sedimentation. Neither sustainable reservoir life spans nor intergenerational equity is achieved through conventional cost-benefit analyses (CBAs), which render all benefits and costs projected to occur more than several decades into a project as negligible. Consequently, future costs, including dam decommissioning or retrofitting with sediment management facilities, would be regarded as nonfactors in an analysis. CBAs have also historically failed to account for infrastructure and environmental impacts of sedimentation over time. Alternatives to the traditional application of the CBA do exist, however, such as dam owners instituting retirement funds or insurance policies, beneficiaries paying for rehabilitation or maintenance, and economists incorporating infrastructure damages and potentially logistic discount rates into their analyses. A brief case study of Gavins Point Dam shows that available information on damages due to a lack of sediment management account for 70% of the actual construction cost and would likely exceed construction costs if all damage information were available. By integrating these alternatives, economic analyses for reservoirs will be more accurate, reservoir life spans will be more sustainable, profits will be extended indefinitely, and the economic burdens placed on future generations will be lessened. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
7	a26642910500	Hotchkiss R.H.	p783	False	Journal	387	Comprehensive and quality-controlled bedload transport database	The processes involved in bed-load sediment transport are complex and difficult to quantify. Field measurements provide insight and a chance to improve predictive methods. A comprehensive database is described that contains more than 15,000 observations from nearly 500 data sets of bed-load sediment transport. Observations are compiled from published sources, author responses to queries, and personal visits to offices. Each entry has been checked twice for accuracy against the original data and converted to a common set of units. The database contains sections for sample descriptions, discharge and transport data, channel and bankfull characteristics, surface and subsurface grain size distributions, and, where possible, stream classification descriptors. Discharges range from far below to several times bankfull values. The database is freely available to the public and may be accessed via direct download and through WaterML based web services from the BYU World Water Data Sediment Transport Database portal at http://worldwater.byu.edu/app/index.php/sediment. The intent of this database is to provide useful data to researchers as they continue to investigate bed-load transport processes. Data can be added to the database by contacting the authors. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
8	a57204031131	Bunnell S.	p3	True	Journal	1	Structural design space exploration using principal component analysis	Design space exploration (DSE) is the process whereby a designer seeks to understand some results across a set of design variations. Structural DSE of turbomachinery compressor blades is often challenging because the large number of design variables make it difficult to learn the effect that each variable has upon the stress contours. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the stress contours is used as a way to understand how the stress contours change over the design space. Two methods are introduced to address the challenge of understanding how the stress changes over a large number of variables. First, a two-point correlation is applied to relate the design variables to the scores of each principal component. Second, a coupling of the stress and coordinate location of each node in PCA is developed which also indicates how the stress variations relate to geometric variations. These provide insight to how design variables influence the stress. It is shown how these methods use PCA as DSE tools to better explore the structural design space of compressor blades. Better DSE can improve compressor blades and the computational cost needed for their design. Copyright © 2020 by ASME
8	a57204031131	Bunnell S.	p550	True	Conference	200	Rapid visualization of compressor blade finite element models using surrogate modeling	The design process for compressor blades is a highly iterative and often slow process. This research applied and measured the impact of using surrogates to quickly model the stresses on a compressor blade. By modeling distinct points on a finite element (FE) model with unique surrogates, the stress field of the entire FE model was quickly predicted. This required that the distinct points remain in the same relative location on each blade used in training the surrogate. This research studied the ability of mesh morphing, and using the surface nodes as those distinct points, to satisfy this requirement. The results show that mesh morphing performed well on the tested compressor blades. The research also found that the surrogate accuracy depended not only on the number of training samples, but also the number and types of parameters being emulated. The surrogate models achieved less than 5% error on all the tested blades. Finally, the method provided a 96% decrease in time required for a structural iteration of a compressor blade. Such speeds eliminate bottlenecks that may occur in the structural design process. The combination of mesh morphing and surrogate modeling in compressor blade analysis enables exploration of various geometric parameters and their effect on structural responses. Application of this process would produce a more thoroughly refined and understood compressor blade design. Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
9	a6602649851	Gorrell S.	p3	False	Journal	1	Structural design space exploration using principal component analysis	Design space exploration (DSE) is the process whereby a designer seeks to understand some results across a set of design variations. Structural DSE of turbomachinery compressor blades is often challenging because the large number of design variables make it difficult to learn the effect that each variable has upon the stress contours. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the stress contours is used as a way to understand how the stress contours change over the design space. Two methods are introduced to address the challenge of understanding how the stress changes over a large number of variables. First, a two-point correlation is applied to relate the design variables to the scores of each principal component. Second, a coupling of the stress and coordinate location of each node in PCA is developed which also indicates how the stress variations relate to geometric variations. These provide insight to how design variables influence the stress. It is shown how these methods use PCA as DSE tools to better explore the structural design space of compressor blades. Better DSE can improve compressor blades and the computational cost needed for their design. Copyright © 2020 by ASME
9	a6602649851	Gorrell S.	p93	False	Conference	13	Analysis of distortion phase shift in a highly loaded fan stage	Full annulus URANS simulations are presented to investigate distortion phase shift in a single stage transonic fan. The fan is subject to a 90°sector inlet total pressure distortion. Simulation results are presented for choke, design, and near-stall operating conditions. Circumferential profiles of swirl, total pressure, total temperature, power, and phase shift are analyzed at 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% span. Phase shift is a measure of the rotational translation of a distortion profile and is valuable for understanding the translational motion of distortion as it passes through the fan. At choke and design operating conditions the phase shift is positive in the direction of rotor rotation. At near-stall the phase shift is negative opposite rotor rotation for the outer 30% span. Local power reaches a maximum value, resulting in the generation of a uniform pressure region. This region causes increased distortion content in the near-stall case over a wide circumferential extent resulting in a negative phase shift. © 2020, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
9	a6602649851	Gorrell S.	p137	False	Journal	96	Contributions of Tip Leakage and Inlet Diffusion on Inducer Backflow	Inducers are used as a first stage in pumps to minimize cavitation and allow the pump to operate at lower inlet head conditions. Inlet flow recirculation or backflow in the inducer occurs at low flow conditions and can lead to instabilities and cavitation-induced head breakdown. Backflow of an inducer with a tip clearance (TC) of τ = 0.32% and with no tip clearance (NTC) is examined with a series of computational fluid dynamics simulations. Removing the TC eliminates tip leakage flow; however, backflow is still observed. In fact, the NTC case showed a 37% increase in the length of the upstream backflow penetration. Tip leakage flow does instigate a smaller secondary leading edge tip vortex that is separate from the much larger backflow structure. A comprehensive analysis of these simulations suggests that blade inlet diffusion, not tip leakage flow, is the fundamental mechanism leading to the formation of backflow. © 2019 by ASME.
9	a6602649851	Gorrell S.	p288	False	Conference	71	Simulating stall inception in a high-performance fan using createt m-av kestrel	The presented research uses a CFD code developed as part of the Computational Research and Engineering Acquisition Tools and Environment (CREATE), Kestrel, to evaluate a single stage compressor at various operating conditions. Time-accurate, full annulus simulations were carried out to capture and analyze the processes leading to stall inception for uniform inlet conditions. Unsteady interaction between tip clearance flow and the detached normal shock inside of the blade passages became more prevalent at flow rates close to stall, and this unsteadiness likely provides a way for leading edge spillage to occur and initiate the stall process. Although reversed flow at the trailing edge plane was not observed to be more prevalent in simulations near stall than in simulations away from stall, the phenomenon was shown to occur in blade passages that were approaching a stall cell. Understanding the physical processes that lead to stall inception allows fan designers to design more robust fans that can safely take advantage of the better performance associated with operating closer to stall. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
9	a6602649851	Gorrell S.	p337	False	Conference	113	Radial variation in distortion transfer and generation in a highly loaded fan stage from near-stall to choke	Understanding distortion transfer and generation through fan and compressor blade rows is able to assist in blade design and performance prediction. Using full annulus URANS simulations, the effects of distortion as it passes through the rotor of a transonic fan at five radial locations (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% span) are analyzed. The inlet distortion profile is a 90-degree sector with a 15% total pressure deficit. Fourier distortion descriptors are used in this study to quantitatively describe distortion transfer and generation. Results are presented and compared for three operating points (near-stall, design, and choke). These results are used to explain the relationship between inlet total pressure distortion, pressure-induced swirl, total pressure distortion transfer, total temperature distortion generation, and circumferential rotor power variation. It is shown that very large changes in pressure-induced swirl and distortion transfer and generation occur between near-stall and design, but only small changes are seen between design and choke. The greatest changes are shown to be near the tip. Local power variations are shown to correlate with total pressure distortion transfer and total temperature distortion generation. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
9	a6602649851	Gorrell S.	p340	False	Journal	96	Increasing Inducer Stability and Suction Performance With a Stability Control Device	An inducer is used as the first stage of high suction performance pump. It pressurizes the fluid to delay the onset of cavitation, which can adversely affect performance in a centrifugal pump. In this paper, the performance of a water pump inducer has been explored with and without the implementation of a stability control device (SCD). This device is an inlet cover bleed system that removes high-energy fluid near the blade leading edge and reinjects it back upstream. The research was conducted by running multiphase, time-accurate computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations at the design flow coefficient and at low, off-design flow coefficients. The suction performance and stability for the same inducer with and without the implementation of the SCD has been explored. An improvement in stability and suction performance was observed when the SCD was implemented. Without the SCD, the inducer developed backflow at the blade tip, which led to rotating cavitation and larger rotordynamic forces. With the SCD, no significant cavitation instabilities developed, and the rotordynamic forces remained small. The lack of cavitation instabilities also allowed the inducer to operate at lower inlet pressures, increasing the suction performance of the inducer. Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
9	a6602649851	Gorrell S.	p550	False	Conference	200	Rapid visualization of compressor blade finite element models using surrogate modeling	The design process for compressor blades is a highly iterative and often slow process. This research applied and measured the impact of using surrogates to quickly model the stresses on a compressor blade. By modeling distinct points on a finite element (FE) model with unique surrogates, the stress field of the entire FE model was quickly predicted. This required that the distinct points remain in the same relative location on each blade used in training the surrogate. This research studied the ability of mesh morphing, and using the surface nodes as those distinct points, to satisfy this requirement. The results show that mesh morphing performed well on the tested compressor blades. The research also found that the surrogate accuracy depended not only on the number of training samples, but also the number and types of parameters being emulated. The surrogate models achieved less than 5% error on all the tested blades. Finally, the method provided a 96% decrease in time required for a structural iteration of a compressor blade. Such speeds eliminate bottlenecks that may occur in the structural design process. The combination of mesh morphing and surrogate modeling in compressor blade analysis enables exploration of various geometric parameters and their effect on structural responses. Application of this process would produce a more thoroughly refined and understood compressor blade design. Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
9	a6602649851	Gorrell S.	p555	False	Conference	205	Mixing plane simulation of a high-performance fan using kestrel	Kestrel is a tool developed by the Computational Research and Engineering Acquisition Tools and Environments-Air Vehicles (CREATE-AV) Program to expedite the acquisition process of fixed-wing aircraft. Kestrel’s capabilities include simulating internal flow, including within turbomachinery. Mixing plane methods are often used for modeling flow in gas turbine engine turbomachinery in order to evaluate multiple designs quickly. Because Kestrel’s mixing plane capabilities have been demonstrated in only limited cases, this research seeks to further validate the model using the Air Force Research Lab’s (AFRL) Rotor 4 fan. Extensive experimental data has been gathered for Rotor 4, allowing for in-depth comparisons to be made. Following the validation study, differences between the experimental results and the predictions from the mixing plane model are highlighted and discussed. These comparisons lead the authors to conclude that Kestrel’s mixing planes can be utilized to predict performance at various operating conditions and rotor speeds. This research serves to further Kestrel’s development and use by the Department of Defense (DoD) for aircraft acquisition. © 2018, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
9	a6602649851	Gorrell S.	p595	False	Conference	238	Radial variation in distortion transfer and generation through a highly loaded fan stage	An important consideration for fan and compressor design is quantifying distortion transfer and generation blade row by blade row. Detailed information about the magnitude of distortion and the shape of the distortion profile and how it changes through blade rows increases the understanding of flow physics and helps predict aerodynamic performance. Using full annulus URANS simulations, this paper analyzes what happens to distortion as it passes through the rotor and stator blade rows at 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% span. Fourier distortion descriptors are used in this study to quantitatively describe distortion transfer and generation. With these descriptors, evidence of pressure-induced swirl is shown at the fan inlet. It is also shown that although there is very little distortion at the 10% span of the inlet, after passing through the rotor blade row the 10% span has the greatest amount of total pressure and total temperature distortion. This radial migration of distortion is attributed to the high hade angle of the hub. The total pressure and total temperature profiles have significant circumferential phase shifts after passing through the rotor and slight phase shifts after passing through the stator. In general, the calculated phase shifts are greatest at the 10% and 90% spans, the nearest locations to the hub and the tip clearance gap, respectively. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
9	a6602649851	Gorrell S.	p597	False	Conference	240	Analysis of distortion transfer and generation through a compressor using the harmonic balance approach	Inlet flow distortion significantly affects an engine’s overall performance. It can be difficult to predict the transfer of distortion through a compressor because traditional experimental and computational methods are very expensive and time consuming. The Harmonic Balance approach is a promising alternative which uses Fourier techniques to represent fluid flow solutions. Relatively little work has been done to assess how much Fourier information is necessary to calculate a sufficiently accurate solution with the Harmonic Balance Solver. This study focuses on analyzing the effects of varying the amount of modal content that is used in Harmonic Balance simulations. Inlet distortion profiles with varying magnitudes are used in order to analyze trends and provide insight into the distortion flow physics for various inlet conditions. The geometry is a single stage axial compressor that consists of an inlet guide vane followed by the NASA Stage 37 rotor. It is shown that simulations with greater magnitudes of distortion require more modal content in order to achieve sufficiently accurate results. Harmonic Balance simulations are shown to have significantly lower computational costs than simulations with a conventional unsteady solver. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
9	a6602649851	Gorrell S.	p605	False	Journal	309	Collaboration task-technology fit for student distributed engineering design teams	Engineers in industry are increasingly called on to work with teammates located in multiple geographic locations (virtual teams). Engineering education has an interest in helping students learn how to best collaborate in these types of situations. Four years of multi-university, multi-disciplinary engineering capstone projects are investigated and related literature is thoroughly examined to demonstrate which collaboration tools, at different stages of the product development process, meet the needs of virtual team members for communication tasks. Student engineering design teams with team members located at various locations should, during the early, middle, and late stages of the product development process, emphasize the use of collaboration tools that will best meet the needs of each stage. In the early stages, teams should emphasize rich communication mediums, such as in-person kick-off meetings. In the middle stages, tools which allow team members to perform their individual work while staying in-sync with their remotely located teammates, such as web conferencing and shared data editing tools, become important. In the late stages, as the team shifts from digital work to physical work, tools such as texting and in-person meetings become more necessary. © 2018 TEMPUS Publications.
9	a6602649851	Gorrell S.	p617	False	Journal	309	Profile-based team organization in multi-university capstone engineering design teams	Engineers are increasingly required to work in teams that span time zones and cultures. Engineering education has begun to attempt to prepare students for this environment. An important topic is how to best form teams of students for distributed design projects. The goals of this research were to validate a method for organizing teams to maximize team performance and identify and validate metrics for individuals that would help in the organization of distributed teams of student engineers. A review of previous, related research is provided. A description of the proposed method of team organization is given, along with methods of data collection and a comparison of the proposed method to common methods. How students were divided into teams and each team's method of organizing sub-teams are described. Use of online surveys, tests, statistical methods, and other data gathering and analysis methods are explained. Statistical analysis of survey results and qualitative results of interviews and observations suggest that a profile-based method for organizing teams results in significantly higher team satisfaction. Some methods for measuring and/or predicting individual attributes related to teamwork, such as the significance of participation in team sports, were validated. No correlation was found between which university a student attended and a student's level of satisfaction with his or her team. Team success in distributed, multi-disciplinary student design teams can be improved by gathering information about team members and using a profile-based method to organize team members into sub-teams and leadership positions. © 2018 TEMPUS Publications.
9	a6602649851	Gorrell S.	p700	False	Journal	339	A multi-user computer-aided design competition: Experimental findings and analysis of team-member dynamics	A competition for teams of three students using a prototype multi-user computer-aided design (MUCAD) tool was held to investigate various hypotheses regarding the performance of teams in such a setting. By comparing models from the competition to the same model in a single-user CAD environment, it is seen that use of a MUCAD system can significantly increase the value-added per unit of calendar time for a modeling effort. An investigation was also made into the causes of the performance differences among the various MUCAD teams which participated in the competition. Analysis of the results shows that teams that encouraged effective forms of communication and teams whose members scored similarly on the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Visualization of Rotations (PSVT:R) performed better than other teams. Areas of future research in analyzing teams in MUCAD environments are suggested. Copyright © 2017 by ASME.
9	a6602649851	Gorrell S.	p790	False	Conference	327	Predicting efficiency of a turbine driven by pulsing flow	One of the challenges of integrating pressure gain combustion into a gas turbine engine is that a turbine driven by pulsing flow experiences a decrease in efficiency. Computational fluid dynamic simulations validated with experiments showed that pulse amplitude is the driving factor for decreased turbine efficiency and not the pulsing frequency. A quadratic correlation between turbine efficiency and corrected pulse amplitude is presented. Incidence variation is shown to cause the change in turbine efficiency and a correlation between corrected incidence and corrected amplitude is shown to predict turbine efficiency. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
9	a6602649851	Gorrell S.	p833	False	Conference	361	Fourier descriptors for improved analysis of distortion transfer and generation	For fan/compressor design, quantifying distortion transfer and generation bladerow by bladerow through a fan/compressor is important to understand the flow physics and predict performance. What is needed are descriptors capable of describing distortion profiles with both high and low distortion content and account for the reshaping of distortion profiles. Four key parameters were identified as desirable to quantitatively capture distortion transfer, generation and effects on performance: distortion magnitude, shape, severity and phase. A set of distortion descriptors based on Fourier analysis are shown to quantitatively capture distortion magnitude, shape and phase change across bladerows. These Fourier descriptors are modal amplitude, total amplitude, and phase shift. When used together, these Fourier descriptors can be used to qualitatively describe any conceivable profile shape for any parameter. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p3	False	Journal	1	Structural design space exploration using principal component analysis	Design space exploration (DSE) is the process whereby a designer seeks to understand some results across a set of design variations. Structural DSE of turbomachinery compressor blades is often challenging because the large number of design variables make it difficult to learn the effect that each variable has upon the stress contours. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the stress contours is used as a way to understand how the stress contours change over the design space. Two methods are introduced to address the challenge of understanding how the stress changes over a large number of variables. First, a two-point correlation is applied to relate the design variables to the scores of each principal component. Second, a coupling of the stress and coordinate location of each node in PCA is developed which also indicates how the stress variations relate to geometric variations. These provide insight to how design variables influence the stress. It is shown how these methods use PCA as DSE tools to better explore the structural design space of compressor blades. Better DSE can improve compressor blades and the computational cost needed for their design. Copyright © 2020 by ASME
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p7	False	Journal	5	The effects of transition style for collaborative view sharing in immersive Virtual Reality	New low-cost Virtual Reality (VR) technology is enabling large numbers of engineers and designers to be outfitted with VR tools. This, in turn, is making feasible new tools such as immersive, collaborative, design environments that reflect the collaborative environment of drafting tables while still providing all the power of modern, computer-based, design tools. However, before such an environment can be fully realized, basic issues surrounding collaboration in VR such as cybersickness and disorientation must be more fully addressed. This work presents the results of an experimental study conducted to characterize the trade-offs between different styles of transitioning collaborators to a shared view in an immersive virtual environment. The experimental task consisted of asking participants to identify in which quadrant of the car specific components were located. Quadrant identification was performed after a participant's virtual location was transitioned to a shared view location focused on the component to identify. The study was conducted with 45 participants who provided 1890 transition response datapoints. Analysis of these results suggests that, in many cases, collaborators are willing to experience some mild cybersickness in order to reduce their disorientation and improve both confidence and accuracy of component location identification. The results also support the recommendation that the best practice is to provide support for multiple transition styles and allow collaborators to select their preference. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p102	False	Journal	76	Analysis and evaluation of partitioning techniques for multi-user CAD	Recent advances into multi-user computer-aided design environments have enabled designers and engineers to work simultaneously on the same model in different locations. This technology enables different individuals and companies across the globe to share 3D model data in more direct ways. However, intellectual property becomes a larger issue when sharing potentially sensitive data with others in real-time. Partitioning techniques are one strategy to mitigate this risk within multi-user CAD environments. This study explores and evaluates six different partitioning techniques across various metrics identified in the literature and performed a user study to assess the methods' capabilities to hide or suppress data from others. Best practices are suggested and survey data from the participants are analyzed. Overall, the Planar Decomposition technique was found to offer the best trade between protecting data, facilitating multi-user design, and encouraging users to focus only on the relevant information for a design activity. © 2020 CAD Solutions, LLC.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p110	True	Journal	81	Single pursuer and two cooperative evaders in the border defense differential game	An interest in border defense, surveillance, and interdiction has recently increased for a variety of reasons related to issues of illegal immigration, terrorism, drug and human trafficking, and other potential threats. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer an attractive alternative to supporting and defending various threats at borders. This paper applies a differential game to define a border defense scenario where one UAV (pursuer) seeks to capture two intruders (evaders) before they reach a designated border. The evaders can be UAVs, marine or ground vehicles, or human agents, but they have a lower maximum speed than the pursuer throughout the game. Simple motion is assumed for the pursuer and evaders with complete state information shared across all agents. The game is played within a rectangular area with a parallel top and bottom border of length L and left and right borders with a length of W, for a game aspect ratio of L∕W. The value of the game is the minimum distance to the bottom border achieved by the evaders at any time before capture of both evaders. Within the region where the pursuer wins, the game of degree is explored and the optimal policy for both the evaders and pursuer is derived using geometric properties. © 2020 by John Salmon. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p248	False	Journal	163	Deconfliction in high-density unmanned aerial vehicle systems	Small unmanned aerial vehicles play increasingly important roles in many industries and organizations in the United States and around the globe. As usage becomes more widespread, airspace will become increasingly crowded. These high-density unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) situations will pose many unique challenges, including in conflict resolution. Using agent-based models, conflict resolution and the well-clear and action-distance concepts for small multirotor UAVs in dense environments were explored. Specifically, the safety and efficiency of several collision-avoidance mechanisms under different possible densities, accelerations, and action distances were investigated. The results suggest that selecting appropriate action distances and collision-avoidance mechanisms will be vital to maintaining safety and efficiency. Interestingly, excessive action distances quickly degrade performance: using a simple method under high-density conditions (1 UAV∕km2), well-clear distances above approximately 750 m have extremely low efficiency (∼1% as many deliveries accomplished in 5000 simulation hours compared to lower distances). More advanced algorithms also suffer from low efficiency at higher (∼1 km) response distances. Different definitions for near-midair collisions and their effects on system safety and well-clear distance are discussed. © 2018 by John Salmon. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.,.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p291	False	Conference	73	Identifying mode shapes of turbo-machinery blades using principal component analysis and support vector machines	Manually identifying mode shapes generated from finite element solvers images is an expensive task. This paper proposes an automated process to identify mode shapes from gray-scale images of compressor blades within a jetengine. This work introduces mode shape identification using principal component analysis (PCA), similar to approaches in facial and other recognition tasks in computer vision. This technique calculates the projected values of potentially linearly correlated values onto P-linearly orthogonal axes, where P is the number of principal axes that define a subset space. Classification was done using support vector machines (SVM). Using the PCA and SVM algorithm, approximately 5300 training images representative of 16 different modes were used to create a classifier. The classifier achieved on average 98% accuracy when tested using a test set of approximately 2000 images given P D 70. The results suggest that using digital images to perform mode shape identification can be achieved with high accuracy. Potential generalization of this method could be applied to other engineering design and analysis applications. © The Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc. 2019.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p328	False	Journal	190	A neutral XML design framework for generating parametric parts in multiple CAD systems	Engineering companies often require designers to work with and operate between different CAD systems. This motivates the necessity of having a neutral design standard for CAD models to facilitate generation, customization, and parameterization across multiple systems. Current standards often fail to incorporate file history, design intent, and are designed to be an intermediary format for translation. This research proposes a simplified, neutral design format based on XML that can be used to generate models in different CAD systems and versions. The format utilizes advanced features such as finding tools to address issues that arise due to directionality and selection without a user interface. To test the feasibility of the neutral format, scripts were made that generated a quadcopter and an airplane wing rib. Comparisons between the generated models in both NX and CATIA are performed to evaluate the accuracy, flexibility, and similarity of the results of the generated neutral XML design framework. © 2019 CAD Solutions, LLC.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p360	False	Journal	190	A CAD assembly simplification approach with ray casting	We present novel methods for the removal of interior bodies from complex assemblies using ray casting. These methods locate and preserve bodies that represent the high-fidelity exterior surface of an assembly while removing all interior bodies that do not contribute to the exterior assembly surface. In so doing we create parts that can accurately be used for assembly packaging and other tasks without sufiering from the ineficiencies that come from working with the full assembly. We further present an analysis of the process on assemblies of known properties and several use cases with simplification results. Finally, we present directions for future research that could enhance this work. © 2019 CAD Solutions, LLC.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p420	False	Journal	230	Exploration and evaluation of CAD modeling in virtual reality	Virtual reality (VR) technology has experienced a recent surge in popularity over the past few years and is finding more applications beyond entertainment. Three dimensional modeling is an application in which integration with VR technology is still in the development stage. The focus of this research is to evaluate the feasibility for computer-aided design in VR and to identify the best set of features for virtual reality modeling and practices in this new domain. A platform for testing CAD in VR is developed through the integration of CAD software with a game engine and compared against traditional CAD methods through testing. Modeling capabilities included previews, creating solid rectangular prisms and spheres, lock to grid, and cuts of similar shapes. User testing with four different models (i.e. chair, maze, truck, sculpture) and survey responses suggest respectively that design in virtual reality promoted greater creativity in modeling, allowed for a greater feature creation rate, and that a slight majority of test participants preferred modeling in VR compared to traditional CAD applications. © 2018, © 2018 CAD Solutions, LLC.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p508	False	Conference	188	Systems analysis of EV adoption and criteria pollutant accumulation during inversion events	Exploring the system-level interactions between vehicle exhaust criteria pollutants, human health, and natural weather patterns such as inversion events is increasingly expedient given the accelerated growth and concentration of human populations in recent years. Pollutants often accumulate to unhealthy concentrations during winter inversion events like those that commonly occur in the state of Utah and other mountainous regions. Electric vehicles (EV) are a potential solution to reduce harmful tail-pipe emissions that accumulate during inversions. This work represents a systems-level analysis of the degree to which replacing internal combustion engine vehicles (ICE) with EVs would reduce the near-road accumulation of criteria pollutants. The analysis draws on vehicle miles travelled data from major highways in Utah, vehicle fuel efficiency data, EPA-specified vehicle pollution emission standards, and local weather pattern trends. It employs two models, built in MATLAB and the agent-based modeling environment NetLogo, to determine pollutant concentrations, accumulation, and dispersion rates. These results are processed to determine changes in the Air Quality Index (AQI) caused by adjusting the percentage of EVs present within the vehicle population. The analysis concludes that replacing a significant percentage (80-100%) of the existing, fossil-fuel powered vehicle population with EVs would improve local AQI by 13 points. During extreme inversion events in Utah, these reductions would delay AQI levels from reaching 'red,' or unhealthy, status for enough time to allow local weather patterns to shift and dissipate the inversion event and accompanying pollution. Such a drastic reduction in AQI translates into better adolescent and elderly health and could minimize the risk of early onset asthma and other respiratory illnesses in regions negatively affected by high traffic pollution and winter inversion events. © 2018 IEEE.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p513	False	Journal	282	A bi-directional interface for improved interaction with engineering models in virtual reality design reviews	Leveraging virtual reality (VR) technology to enhance engineering design reviews has been an area of significant interest for researchers since the advent of modern VR. The ability to interact meaningfully with 3D computer-aided engineering models in these VR design reviews is an important, though often neglected, capability due to the difficulty of performing data translation between native computer-aided design (CAD) data and VR compatible file formats. A bi-directional interface was developed between a VR design review environment and a commercial CAD package that streamlines the data translation process. Transmitting both geometric data and selected metadata from the CAD system enabled the development of enhanced model interaction tools in a VR design review application. User experiments were performed that compared the enhanced tools developed to a baseline toolset. Participants success using these toolsets was measured as they performed tasks related to design understanding and decision making, such as counting the number of gears in a gearbox or evaluating the feasibility of a proposed design change in a four-cylinder engine. The analysis of the data from these experiments showed a statistically significant improvement in participants ability to understand the geometry of the model correctly, confidently, and quickly, as well as in participants ability to correctly and confidently understand the implications of a proposed design change when using the Enhanced Toolset. We conclude that the bi-directional interface concept developed in this work can be extended to enable advanced interaction with a diversity of engineering data in VR. © 2017, Springer-Verlag France.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p521	False	Journal	274	Effectiveness of an Immersive Virtual Environment for Collaboration with Gesture Support Using Low-Cost Hardware	Since the advent of modern computer-aided design software, engineers have been divorced from the highly collaborative environment previously enjoyed. Today's highly complex designs require modern software tools and the realities of a global economy often constrain engineers to remote collaboration. These conditions make it highly impractical to collaborate locally around physical models. Various approaches to creating new collaboration tools and software, which alleviate these issues, have been tried previously. However, past solutions either used expensive hardware, which is not widely available, or used standard two-dimensional (2D) monitors to share three-dimensional (3D) information. Recently, new low-cost virtual reality (VR) hardware has been introduced, which creates a highly immersive 3D experience at a tiny fraction of the cost of previous hardware. This work demonstrates an immersive collaborative environment built using a network of this hardware, which allows users to interact with gestures virtually and conducts a study to show its advantages over traditional video conferencing software. Copyright ©2018 by ASME.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p545	False	Journal	230	A comparative analysis of computer-aided design team performance with collaboration software	For the past several years, the BYU CAD Lab has been developing collaborative computer-aided design (CAD) software. As this software is being developed, industry seeks to better understand the differences in performance between teams using multi-user CAD and single-user CAD to make informed decisions about implementing this new software into their engineering processes. In order to better understand the differences in performance between teams, an experimental study was conducted in which four multi-user teams and four single-user teams competed to create the best model of a hand drill. Key findings of this study were that multi-user CAD increases awareness of teammates’ activities as well as communication between team members. Performance, with respect to the metrics of quality and time for completion, could be improved with increased familiarity with the multi-user CAD software. Future research directions are suggested and discussed. © 2018 CAD Solutions, LLC.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p548	False	Journal	230	Hybrid state transactional database for product lifecycle management features in a multi-engineer synchronous heterogeneous CAD environment	As interoperability between Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems becomes a possibility, a need arises for a way for the Neutral Parametric Canonical Form (NPCF), as designed at the BYU Site of the NSF Center for e-Design, to be integrated with Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). The only method currently available to users to sync with a PLM system at this time would be to choose one CAD system and create files based off of the NPCF data then save those part files in the PLM system. This database expansion to the NPCF allows the NPCF to hold the entire part history as well as enable future work revision history and configuration management. Enforcing referential integrity within the database allows for part data to never get corrupted and the NPCF allows any CAD system with the appropriate plug-ins to read the uncorrupted data. © 2017 CAD Solutions, LLC.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p550	False	Conference	200	Rapid visualization of compressor blade finite element models using surrogate modeling	The design process for compressor blades is a highly iterative and often slow process. This research applied and measured the impact of using surrogates to quickly model the stresses on a compressor blade. By modeling distinct points on a finite element (FE) model with unique surrogates, the stress field of the entire FE model was quickly predicted. This required that the distinct points remain in the same relative location on each blade used in training the surrogate. This research studied the ability of mesh morphing, and using the surface nodes as those distinct points, to satisfy this requirement. The results show that mesh morphing performed well on the tested compressor blades. The research also found that the surrogate accuracy depended not only on the number of training samples, but also the number and types of parameters being emulated. The surrogate models achieved less than 5% error on all the tested blades. Finally, the method provided a 96% decrease in time required for a structural iteration of a compressor blade. Such speeds eliminate bottlenecks that may occur in the structural design process. The combination of mesh morphing and surrogate modeling in compressor blade analysis enables exploration of various geometric parameters and their effect on structural responses. Application of this process would produce a more thoroughly refined and understood compressor blade design. Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p569	False	Conference	217	Exploration of three dimensional, hierarchical, large scale UAV system interactions	Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have the potential to revolutionize airspaces across the world. As they increase in prevalence, how UAVs interact with each other and their environments will become increasingly important. The UAV air traffic control system will play an important role in keeping UAV-human interactions safe, effective, and efficient. The large number of automated agents, and the complex interactions between them, make this air traffic control system unusually complex. In this paper, the authors consider how the vertical distribution of UAVs affects an air traffic control system’s safety and efficiency. Several possible frameworks are examined, including a free-flight system in which UAVs are allowed to distribute themselves within the entire airspace; a stratified system where different layers are used for travel in different directions, and a compromise system where layers are specified, but vertical course deviation for conflict avoidance is permitted. Investigations are made into how prioritizing some UAVs over others in a hierarchy (for instance, giving emergency services UAVs a separate layer, independent of recreational or commercial users) could affect this system. © 2018, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p582	False	Conference	227	Automating the design of thick-origami mechanisms	Applying an origami pattern to thick, non-paper-like materials is a challenging task. Though many techniques have been developed to accommodate thickness in origami, creating 3D models of such thick-origami mechanisms is complex. The time and knowledge required to manually model an origami mechanism can impede the exploration of the design space and creation of robust designs. This work presents data structures based on origami that can be used in the automation of thick-origami mechanism design. These structures are described and an example computer program that implements them is investigated. The program automatically generates all the necessary 3D CAD part models and an assembly model for a user-specified origami crease pattern. Models resulting from the program for several crease patterns are demonstrated with a discussion of the advantages and limitations of the system. With further development of the data structures and program, this framework has the potential to help mitigate some of the barriers to more widespread use of origami-based design. Copyright © 2018 ASME
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p696	False	Journal	339	A Review of the Capabilities of Current Low-Cost Virtual Reality Technology and Its Potential to Enhance the Design Process	In the past few years, there have been some significant advances in consumer virtual reality (VR) devices. Devices such as the Oculus Rift, HTC Vive, Leap Motion™ Controller, and Microsoft Kinect® are bringing immersive VR experiences into the homes of consumers with much lower cost and space requirements than previous generations of VR hardware. These new devices are also lowering the barrier to entry for VR engineering applications. Past research has suggested that there are significant opportunities for using VR during design tasks to improve results and reduce development time. This work reviews the latest generation of VR hardware and reviews research studying VR in the design process. Additionally, this work extracts the major themes from the reviews and discusses how the latest technology and research may affect the engineering design process. We conclude that these new devices have the potential to significantly improve portions of the design process. Copyright © 2017 by ASME.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p700	False	Journal	339	A multi-user computer-aided design competition: Experimental findings and analysis of team-member dynamics	A competition for teams of three students using a prototype multi-user computer-aided design (MUCAD) tool was held to investigate various hypotheses regarding the performance of teams in such a setting. By comparing models from the competition to the same model in a single-user CAD environment, it is seen that use of a MUCAD system can significantly increase the value-added per unit of calendar time for a modeling effort. An investigation was also made into the causes of the performance differences among the various MUCAD teams which participated in the competition. Analysis of the results shows that teams that encouraged effective forms of communication and teams whose members scored similarly on the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Visualization of Rotations (PSVT:R) performed better than other teams. Areas of future research in analyzing teams in MUCAD environments are suggested. Copyright © 2017 by ASME.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p715	False	Journal	352	Methods for determining the optimal number of simultaneous contributors for multi-user CAD parts	The development of multi-user CAD (MUCAD) tools has opened up exciting new opportunities and applications. The capability for multiple users to simultaneously model and design a CAD part has far-reaching potential. However, many basic questions remains unanswered, such as how many users should work together on a given part. This research proposes and develops a set of methods to determine the optimal number of users for a given part within a MUCAD environment, based on the characteristics of the part itself. Two candidate models are evaluated with a set of 60 experiments with design teams composed of different numbers of users. The models show modest correlations with the test data while more-refined models are explored to improve predictive power. On the other hand, highly significant correlations between the ability to predict completion time and multi-user team size were identified in the experimental data. Observations regarding the speed and quality of MUCAD teams are also made with future areas of research suggested. © 2017 CAD Solutions, LLC.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p723	False	Journal	353	A Systems Engineering Approach to Harnessing Human Energy in Public Places: A Feasibility Study	This study analyzes the feasibility of placing modified exercise equipment in public places to enable human energy harnessing. By assessing the impacts as a system-level synthesis of economic, environmental, productivity, and health benefits, it is shown that introducing human-powered equipment (HPE) in public places would be feasible and beneficial both to society in general and to the specific stakeholders investing in this technology. This study develops a framework to evaluate applications of this technology using benefits to costs analyses. The benefits and challenges for successful implementation of HPE technology are also presented and evaluated in various case studies involving public places at airports and schools. Copyright © 2017 by ASME.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p741	False	Journal	352	Associative CAD references in the neutral parametric canonical form	Due to the multiplicity of computer-aided engineering applications used in industry, interoperability between programs has become increasingly important. A 1999 study by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) estimated that inadequate interoperability between the original engineering manufacturers (OEM) and their suppliers cost the US automotive industry over $1 billion per year, with the majority spent fixing data after translations. The Neutral Parametric Canonical Form (NPCF) prototype standard developed by the BYU Site of the NSF Center for e-Design offers a solution to this problem by enabling real-time collaboration between heterogeneous systems while preserving design intent. The NPCF is implemented within a SQL database and defines the schema both for neutral features and for the parameters defining the inter-feature relationships and associations. © 2016 CAD Solutions, LLC.
10	a56830076500	Salmon J.	p747	False	Conference	320	Simulation and exploration of high-density unmanned aerial vehicle systems	Systems of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), such as the Amazon Air delivery system, will play a large part in future aerospace development. The design and implementation of these systems will be economically, transportationally, and environmentally important. In this paper, we use agent-based models to analyze the emergent behavior of several types of UAV systems with varying parameters and environments. We find that while increasing the number of UAVs initially has a more-than-linear effect on the reported separation incidents, this effect quickly levels off due to carrying capacity limitations. We also find that while different behaviors (objectives and movement patterns) of UAVs affects the locations of the separation incidents, the number of separation incidents is not strongly influenced by these changes. We then explore the implementation of separation-assurance mechanisms using varying levels of information, and examine effects on the emergent behavior. © 2017 IEEE.
11	a57204029674	Thelin C.	p3	False	Journal	1	Structural design space exploration using principal component analysis	Design space exploration (DSE) is the process whereby a designer seeks to understand some results across a set of design variations. Structural DSE of turbomachinery compressor blades is often challenging because the large number of design variables make it difficult to learn the effect that each variable has upon the stress contours. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the stress contours is used as a way to understand how the stress contours change over the design space. Two methods are introduced to address the challenge of understanding how the stress changes over a large number of variables. First, a two-point correlation is applied to relate the design variables to the scores of each principal component. Second, a coupling of the stress and coordinate location of each node in PCA is developed which also indicates how the stress variations relate to geometric variations. These provide insight to how design variables influence the stress. It is shown how these methods use PCA as DSE tools to better explore the structural design space of compressor blades. Better DSE can improve compressor blades and the computational cost needed for their design. Copyright © 2020 by ASME
11	a57204029674	Thelin C.	p550	False	Conference	200	Rapid visualization of compressor blade finite element models using surrogate modeling	The design process for compressor blades is a highly iterative and often slow process. This research applied and measured the impact of using surrogates to quickly model the stresses on a compressor blade. By modeling distinct points on a finite element (FE) model with unique surrogates, the stress field of the entire FE model was quickly predicted. This required that the distinct points remain in the same relative location on each blade used in training the surrogate. This research studied the ability of mesh morphing, and using the surface nodes as those distinct points, to satisfy this requirement. The results show that mesh morphing performed well on the tested compressor blades. The research also found that the surrogate accuracy depended not only on the number of training samples, but also the number and types of parameters being emulated. The surrogate models achieved less than 5% error on all the tested blades. Finally, the method provided a 96% decrease in time required for a structural iteration of a compressor blade. Such speeds eliminate bottlenecks that may occur in the structural design process. The combination of mesh morphing and surrogate modeling in compressor blade analysis enables exploration of various geometric parameters and their effect on structural responses. Application of this process would produce a more thoroughly refined and understood compressor blade design. Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
12	a57204032253	Ruoti C.	p3	False	Journal	1	Structural design space exploration using principal component analysis	Design space exploration (DSE) is the process whereby a designer seeks to understand some results across a set of design variations. Structural DSE of turbomachinery compressor blades is often challenging because the large number of design variables make it difficult to learn the effect that each variable has upon the stress contours. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the stress contours is used as a way to understand how the stress contours change over the design space. Two methods are introduced to address the challenge of understanding how the stress changes over a large number of variables. First, a two-point correlation is applied to relate the design variables to the scores of each principal component. Second, a coupling of the stress and coordinate location of each node in PCA is developed which also indicates how the stress variations relate to geometric variations. These provide insight to how design variables influence the stress. It is shown how these methods use PCA as DSE tools to better explore the structural design space of compressor blades. Better DSE can improve compressor blades and the computational cost needed for their design. Copyright © 2020 by ASME
12	a57204032253	Ruoti C.	p550	False	Conference	200	Rapid visualization of compressor blade finite element models using surrogate modeling	The design process for compressor blades is a highly iterative and often slow process. This research applied and measured the impact of using surrogates to quickly model the stresses on a compressor blade. By modeling distinct points on a finite element (FE) model with unique surrogates, the stress field of the entire FE model was quickly predicted. This required that the distinct points remain in the same relative location on each blade used in training the surrogate. This research studied the ability of mesh morphing, and using the surface nodes as those distinct points, to satisfy this requirement. The results show that mesh morphing performed well on the tested compressor blades. The research also found that the surrogate accuracy depended not only on the number of training samples, but also the number and types of parameters being emulated. The surrogate models achieved less than 5% error on all the tested blades. Finally, the method provided a 96% decrease in time required for a structural iteration of a compressor blade. Such speeds eliminate bottlenecks that may occur in the structural design process. The combination of mesh morphing and surrogate modeling in compressor blade analysis enables exploration of various geometric parameters and their effect on structural responses. Application of this process would produce a more thoroughly refined and understood compressor blade design. Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
13	a57217149830	Richardson M.	p4	True	Journal	2	Religion-focused dating apps: A Q methodology study on the uses of mutual	Dating apps have become an increasingly viable option for individuals seeking interpersonal romantic relationships. While there is significant research regarding user motivation on dating apps such as Bumble, Tinder, and Match.com, there is no published research that discusses the motivations of Mutual app users. Developed as a dating app to target members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Mutual allows users to find potential mates who share their religious background and specify their relationship readiness (from “Into Dating I Guess” to “Ready for a Ring”). This research aims to illuminate the various motivations, attitudes, and opinions of Mutual app users through Q methodology, which identifies perceptual groups among homogeneous populations through a factor analysis of participants’ agreement with similar statements regarding Mutual use. Findings indicated four factor groups: the Relationship Readies (i.e., those serious about dating), the Swipeaholics (i.e., those looking for entertainment), the Faithless (i.e., those who felt pressured to use Mutual), and the Eligible Optimists (i.e., those who saw the app as a convenient, entertaining way to date). Different from other research on dating apps, this study indicates that people may use a niche religion-focused dating app to find individuals with similar moral values or due to external pressure from others. Results warrant further investigation into niche dating apps. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
14	a57217149403	Cannon S.	p4	False	Journal	2	Religion-focused dating apps: A Q methodology study on the uses of mutual	Dating apps have become an increasingly viable option for individuals seeking interpersonal romantic relationships. While there is significant research regarding user motivation on dating apps such as Bumble, Tinder, and Match.com, there is no published research that discusses the motivations of Mutual app users. Developed as a dating app to target members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Mutual allows users to find potential mates who share their religious background and specify their relationship readiness (from “Into Dating I Guess” to “Ready for a Ring”). This research aims to illuminate the various motivations, attitudes, and opinions of Mutual app users through Q methodology, which identifies perceptual groups among homogeneous populations through a factor analysis of participants’ agreement with similar statements regarding Mutual use. Findings indicated four factor groups: the Relationship Readies (i.e., those serious about dating), the Swipeaholics (i.e., those looking for entertainment), the Faithless (i.e., those who felt pressured to use Mutual), and the Eligible Optimists (i.e., those who saw the app as a convenient, entertaining way to date). Different from other research on dating apps, this study indicates that people may use a niche religion-focused dating app to find individuals with similar moral values or due to external pressure from others. Results warrant further investigation into niche dating apps. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
15	a57217145377	Teichert L.	p4	False	Journal	2	Religion-focused dating apps: A Q methodology study on the uses of mutual	Dating apps have become an increasingly viable option for individuals seeking interpersonal romantic relationships. While there is significant research regarding user motivation on dating apps such as Bumble, Tinder, and Match.com, there is no published research that discusses the motivations of Mutual app users. Developed as a dating app to target members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Mutual allows users to find potential mates who share their religious background and specify their relationship readiness (from “Into Dating I Guess” to “Ready for a Ring”). This research aims to illuminate the various motivations, attitudes, and opinions of Mutual app users through Q methodology, which identifies perceptual groups among homogeneous populations through a factor analysis of participants’ agreement with similar statements regarding Mutual use. Findings indicated four factor groups: the Relationship Readies (i.e., those serious about dating), the Swipeaholics (i.e., those looking for entertainment), the Faithless (i.e., those who felt pressured to use Mutual), and the Eligible Optimists (i.e., those who saw the app as a convenient, entertaining way to date). Different from other research on dating apps, this study indicates that people may use a niche religion-focused dating app to find individuals with similar moral values or due to external pressure from others. Results warrant further investigation into niche dating apps. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
16	a57217146534	Vance A.	p4	False	Journal	2	Religion-focused dating apps: A Q methodology study on the uses of mutual	Dating apps have become an increasingly viable option for individuals seeking interpersonal romantic relationships. While there is significant research regarding user motivation on dating apps such as Bumble, Tinder, and Match.com, there is no published research that discusses the motivations of Mutual app users. Developed as a dating app to target members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Mutual allows users to find potential mates who share their religious background and specify their relationship readiness (from “Into Dating I Guess” to “Ready for a Ring”). This research aims to illuminate the various motivations, attitudes, and opinions of Mutual app users through Q methodology, which identifies perceptual groups among homogeneous populations through a factor analysis of participants’ agreement with similar statements regarding Mutual use. Findings indicated four factor groups: the Relationship Readies (i.e., those serious about dating), the Swipeaholics (i.e., those looking for entertainment), the Faithless (i.e., those who felt pressured to use Mutual), and the Eligible Optimists (i.e., those who saw the app as a convenient, entertaining way to date). Different from other research on dating apps, this study indicates that people may use a niche religion-focused dating app to find individuals with similar moral values or due to external pressure from others. Results warrant further investigation into niche dating apps. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
17	a57217147399	Kramer I.	p4	False	Journal	2	Religion-focused dating apps: A Q methodology study on the uses of mutual	Dating apps have become an increasingly viable option for individuals seeking interpersonal romantic relationships. While there is significant research regarding user motivation on dating apps such as Bumble, Tinder, and Match.com, there is no published research that discusses the motivations of Mutual app users. Developed as a dating app to target members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Mutual allows users to find potential mates who share their religious background and specify their relationship readiness (from “Into Dating I Guess” to “Ready for a Ring”). This research aims to illuminate the various motivations, attitudes, and opinions of Mutual app users through Q methodology, which identifies perceptual groups among homogeneous populations through a factor analysis of participants’ agreement with similar statements regarding Mutual use. Findings indicated four factor groups: the Relationship Readies (i.e., those serious about dating), the Swipeaholics (i.e., those looking for entertainment), the Faithless (i.e., those who felt pressured to use Mutual), and the Eligible Optimists (i.e., those who saw the app as a convenient, entertaining way to date). Different from other research on dating apps, this study indicates that people may use a niche religion-focused dating app to find individuals with similar moral values or due to external pressure from others. Results warrant further investigation into niche dating apps. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
18	a57217147006	Barter M.	p4	False	Journal	2	Religion-focused dating apps: A Q methodology study on the uses of mutual	Dating apps have become an increasingly viable option for individuals seeking interpersonal romantic relationships. While there is significant research regarding user motivation on dating apps such as Bumble, Tinder, and Match.com, there is no published research that discusses the motivations of Mutual app users. Developed as a dating app to target members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Mutual allows users to find potential mates who share their religious background and specify their relationship readiness (from “Into Dating I Guess” to “Ready for a Ring”). This research aims to illuminate the various motivations, attitudes, and opinions of Mutual app users through Q methodology, which identifies perceptual groups among homogeneous populations through a factor analysis of participants’ agreement with similar statements regarding Mutual use. Findings indicated four factor groups: the Relationship Readies (i.e., those serious about dating), the Swipeaholics (i.e., those looking for entertainment), the Faithless (i.e., those who felt pressured to use Mutual), and the Eligible Optimists (i.e., those who saw the app as a convenient, entertaining way to date). Different from other research on dating apps, this study indicates that people may use a niche religion-focused dating app to find individuals with similar moral values or due to external pressure from others. Results warrant further investigation into niche dating apps. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
19	a57210571665	King J.	p4	False	Journal	2	Religion-focused dating apps: A Q methodology study on the uses of mutual	Dating apps have become an increasingly viable option for individuals seeking interpersonal romantic relationships. While there is significant research regarding user motivation on dating apps such as Bumble, Tinder, and Match.com, there is no published research that discusses the motivations of Mutual app users. Developed as a dating app to target members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Mutual allows users to find potential mates who share their religious background and specify their relationship readiness (from “Into Dating I Guess” to “Ready for a Ring”). This research aims to illuminate the various motivations, attitudes, and opinions of Mutual app users through Q methodology, which identifies perceptual groups among homogeneous populations through a factor analysis of participants’ agreement with similar statements regarding Mutual use. Findings indicated four factor groups: the Relationship Readies (i.e., those serious about dating), the Swipeaholics (i.e., those looking for entertainment), the Faithless (i.e., those who felt pressured to use Mutual), and the Eligible Optimists (i.e., those who saw the app as a convenient, entertaining way to date). Different from other research on dating apps, this study indicates that people may use a niche religion-focused dating app to find individuals with similar moral values or due to external pressure from others. Results warrant further investigation into niche dating apps. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
20	a55611356500	Callahan C.	p4	False	Journal	2	Religion-focused dating apps: A Q methodology study on the uses of mutual	Dating apps have become an increasingly viable option for individuals seeking interpersonal romantic relationships. While there is significant research regarding user motivation on dating apps such as Bumble, Tinder, and Match.com, there is no published research that discusses the motivations of Mutual app users. Developed as a dating app to target members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Mutual allows users to find potential mates who share their religious background and specify their relationship readiness (from “Into Dating I Guess” to “Ready for a Ring”). This research aims to illuminate the various motivations, attitudes, and opinions of Mutual app users through Q methodology, which identifies perceptual groups among homogeneous populations through a factor analysis of participants’ agreement with similar statements regarding Mutual use. Findings indicated four factor groups: the Relationship Readies (i.e., those serious about dating), the Swipeaholics (i.e., those looking for entertainment), the Faithless (i.e., those who felt pressured to use Mutual), and the Eligible Optimists (i.e., those who saw the app as a convenient, entertaining way to date). Different from other research on dating apps, this study indicates that people may use a niche religion-focused dating app to find individuals with similar moral values or due to external pressure from others. Results warrant further investigation into niche dating apps. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
21	a57218886193	Stanković A.M.	p5	True	Journal	3	Interleaving physics- and data-driven models for power system transient dynamics	The paper explores interleaved and coordinated refinement of physics- and data-driven models in describing transient phenomena in large-scale power systems. We develop and study an integrated analytical and computational data-driven gray box environment needed to achieve this aim. Main ingredients include computational differential geometry-based model reduction, optimization-based compressed sensing, and a finite approximation of the Koopman operator. The proposed two-step procedure (the model reduction by differential geometric (information geometry) tools, and data refinement by the compressed sensing and Koopman theory based dynamics prediction) is illustrated on the multi-machine benchmark example of IEEE 14-bus system with renewable sources, where the results are shown for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) with local measurements in the connection point. The algorithm is directly applicable to identification of other dynamic components (for example, dynamic loads). © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
21	a57218886193	Stanković A.M.	p8	False	Journal	6	Probabilistic extension of flexible hybrid state estimation for cyber-physical systems	This paper proposes a probabilistic extension to flexible hybrid state estimation (FHSE) for cyber-physical systems (CPSs). The main goal of the algorithm is improvement of the system state tracking when realistic communications are taken into account, by optimizing information and communication technology (ICT) usage. These advancements result in: 1) coping with ICT outages and inevitable irregularities (delay, packet drop and bad measurements); 2) determining the optimized state estimation execution frequencies based on expected measurement refresh times. Additionally, information about CPSs is gathered from both the phasor measurement units (PMU) and SCADA-based measurements. This measurement transfer introduces two network observability types, which split the system into observable (White) and unobservable (Grey) areas, based on 1) deployed measuring instruments (MIs) and 2) received measurements. A two-step bad data detection (BDD) method is introduced for ICT irregularities and outages. The proposed algorithm benefits are shown on two IEEE test cases with time-varying load/generation: 14-bus and 300-bus. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
21	a57218886193	Stanković A.M.	p36	False	Journal	30	Flexible hybrid state estimation for power systems with communication irregularities	This study proposes a novel flexible hybrid state estimation (SE) algorithm when a realistic communication system with its irregularities is taken into account. This system is modelled by the Network Simulator 2 software tool, which is also used to calculate communication delays and packet drop probabilities. Within this setup, the system observability can be predicted, and the proposed SE can decide between using the static SE (SSE) or the discrete Kalman filter plus SSE-based measurements and time alignment (Forecasting-aided SE). Flexible hybrid SE (FHSE) incorporates both phasor measurement units and supervisory control and data acquisition-based measurements, with different time stamps. The proposed FHSE with detailed modelling of the communication system is motivated by: (i) well-known issues in SSE (time alignment of the measurements, frequent un-observability for fixed SE time stamps etc.); and (ii) the need to model a realistic communication system (calculated communication delays and packet drop probabilities are a part of the proposed FHSE). Application of the proposed algorithm is illustrated for examples with time-varying bus load/generation on two IEEE test cases: 14-bus and 300-bus. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2020
21	a57218886193	Stanković A.M.	p161	False	Conference	31	Network Reduction in Transient Stability Models using Partial Response Matching	We describe a method for simultaneously identifying and reducing dynamic power systems models in the form of differential-algebraic equations. Often, these models are large and complex, containing more parameters than can be identified from the available system measurements. We demonstrate our method on transient stability models, using the IEEE 14-bus test system. Our approach uses techniques of information geometry to remove unidentifiable parameters from the model. We examine the case of a networked system with 58 parameters using full observations throughout the network. We show that greater reduction can be achieved when only partial observations are available, Including reduction of the network itself. © 2019 IEEE.
21	a57218886193	Stanković A.M.	p225	False	Conference	54	Data classification and parameter identification in power systems by manifold learning	This paper describes a manifold learning algorithm for big data classification and parameter identification in real-time operation of power systems. We assume a black-box setting, where only SCADA-based measurements at the point of interest are available. Data classification is based on diffusion maps, where an improved data-informed metric construction for partition trees is used. Data reduction is demonstrated on an hourly measurement tensor example, collected from the power flow solutions calculated for daily load/generation profiles. Parameter identification is performed on the same example, generated via randomly selected input parameters. The proposed method is illustrated on the case of the static part (ZIP) of a detailed WECC load model, connected to a single bus of a real-world 441-bus power system. © 2019 IEEE.
21	a57218886193	Stanković A.M.	p379	False	Journal	207	Data-driven dynamic equivalents for power system areas from boundary measurements	The paper describes an algorithm for parameter identification of a dynamic equivalent for an external subsystem, based solely on the available online measurements in boundary buses and branches. Static equivalent part is represented by equivalent impedances from boundary buses (ones that separate the internal and external subsystems) and calculated using the modified (minimum loss) radial, equivalent, and independent method. Parameter identification of synchronous generator (SG)-based equivalent (for predominantly production external areas), dynamic load (DL)-based equivalent (for predominantly load external areas), or (SG + DL)-based equivalent (for mixed external areas) in fictitious buses is performed by Levenberg-Marquardt weighted least-square nonlinear optimization, which minimizes the variances between available online measurements and transient responses of the reduced power system. The IEEE 14-bus and 441-bus real-world test systems are used to illustrate and test the proposed power system equivalent derivation technique. © 2018 IEEE.
21	a57218886193	Stanković A.M.	p403	False	Conference	149	Simultaneous Global Identification of Dynamic and Network Parameters in Transient Stability Studies	The paper describes a global identification procedure for dynamic power system models in the form of differential and algebraic equations. Power system models have a number of features that makes their improvement challenging - they are multi-level, multi-user and multi-physics. Not surprisingly, they are nonlinear and time varying, both in terms of states (memory variables) and parameters, and discrete structures, such as graphs, are strongly blended with continuous dynamics, resulting in network dynamics. The transient stability models are used as a prototypical example. Our method is based on information geometry, and uses advances in computational differential geometry to characterize high-dimensional manifolds in the space of measurements. In the case of network parameters, a comparison is presented with circuit-theoretic techniques. The results are illustrated on the case of IEEE 14-bus test system with 58 parameters in our realization. © 2018 IEEE.
21	a57218886193	Stanković A.M.	p753	False	Journal	367	Measurement-Directed Reduction of Dynamic Models in Power Systems	The paper describes a new model reduction procedure tailored to power systems. It uses measurement data to devise a family of reduced order nonlinear models while retaining physical interpretability of parameters and equations. The manifold boundary approximation method (MBAM) uses the Fisher information matrix calculated from measurements to identify the least relevant parameter combination in the original model. Next, it numerically constructs a geodesic on the corresponding statistical manifold originating from the initial parameters in the least relevant parameter direction until a manifold boundary is found. MBAM then identifies a limiting approximation in the mathematical form of the model and removes one parameter combination. The simplified model is recalibrated by fitting its behavior to that of the original model, and the process is repeated as appropriate. MBAM is demonstrated on the example of a synchronous generator (SG), which has been treated extensively in the literature. Implications of the proposed model reduction procedure on large power system models are illustrated on a 441-bus, 72-SG dynamical model. © 1969-2012 IEEE.
22	a57210260262	Sarić A.A.	p5	False	Journal	3	Interleaving physics- and data-driven models for power system transient dynamics	The paper explores interleaved and coordinated refinement of physics- and data-driven models in describing transient phenomena in large-scale power systems. We develop and study an integrated analytical and computational data-driven gray box environment needed to achieve this aim. Main ingredients include computational differential geometry-based model reduction, optimization-based compressed sensing, and a finite approximation of the Koopman operator. The proposed two-step procedure (the model reduction by differential geometric (information geometry) tools, and data refinement by the compressed sensing and Koopman theory based dynamics prediction) is illustrated on the multi-machine benchmark example of IEEE 14-bus system with renewable sources, where the results are shown for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) with local measurements in the connection point. The algorithm is directly applicable to identification of other dynamic components (for example, dynamic loads). © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
23	a6701777223	Sarić A.T.	p5	False	Journal	3	Interleaving physics- and data-driven models for power system transient dynamics	The paper explores interleaved and coordinated refinement of physics- and data-driven models in describing transient phenomena in large-scale power systems. We develop and study an integrated analytical and computational data-driven gray box environment needed to achieve this aim. Main ingredients include computational differential geometry-based model reduction, optimization-based compressed sensing, and a finite approximation of the Koopman operator. The proposed two-step procedure (the model reduction by differential geometric (information geometry) tools, and data refinement by the compressed sensing and Koopman theory based dynamics prediction) is illustrated on the multi-machine benchmark example of IEEE 14-bus system with renewable sources, where the results are shown for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) with local measurements in the connection point. The algorithm is directly applicable to identification of other dynamic components (for example, dynamic loads). © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
23	a6701777223	Sarić A.T.	p8	False	Journal	6	Probabilistic extension of flexible hybrid state estimation for cyber-physical systems	This paper proposes a probabilistic extension to flexible hybrid state estimation (FHSE) for cyber-physical systems (CPSs). The main goal of the algorithm is improvement of the system state tracking when realistic communications are taken into account, by optimizing information and communication technology (ICT) usage. These advancements result in: 1) coping with ICT outages and inevitable irregularities (delay, packet drop and bad measurements); 2) determining the optimized state estimation execution frequencies based on expected measurement refresh times. Additionally, information about CPSs is gathered from both the phasor measurement units (PMU) and SCADA-based measurements. This measurement transfer introduces two network observability types, which split the system into observable (White) and unobservable (Grey) areas, based on 1) deployed measuring instruments (MIs) and 2) received measurements. A two-step bad data detection (BDD) method is introduced for ICT irregularities and outages. The proposed algorithm benefits are shown on two IEEE test cases with time-varying load/generation: 14-bus and 300-bus. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
23	a6701777223	Sarić A.T.	p36	False	Journal	30	Flexible hybrid state estimation for power systems with communication irregularities	This study proposes a novel flexible hybrid state estimation (SE) algorithm when a realistic communication system with its irregularities is taken into account. This system is modelled by the Network Simulator 2 software tool, which is also used to calculate communication delays and packet drop probabilities. Within this setup, the system observability can be predicted, and the proposed SE can decide between using the static SE (SSE) or the discrete Kalman filter plus SSE-based measurements and time alignment (Forecasting-aided SE). Flexible hybrid SE (FHSE) incorporates both phasor measurement units and supervisory control and data acquisition-based measurements, with different time stamps. The proposed FHSE with detailed modelling of the communication system is motivated by: (i) well-known issues in SSE (time alignment of the measurements, frequent un-observability for fixed SE time stamps etc.); and (ii) the need to model a realistic communication system (calculated communication delays and packet drop probabilities are a part of the proposed FHSE). Application of the proposed algorithm is illustrated for examples with time-varying bus load/generation on two IEEE test cases: 14-bus and 300-bus. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2020
23	a6701777223	Sarić A.T.	p160	False	Conference	30	Probabilistic Network Observability of a Hybrid Power System with Communication Irregularities	This paper explores power system network observability while taking into account realistic communication network behavior. The overall information is obtained by combining SCADA-and phasor measurement unit-derived data, where time stamping (based on Global Positioning System or an equivalent local clock) for all measurements is assumed. Based on simulations performed in communication Network Simulator 2, empirical cumulative distribution functions can be associated with transfer times of measurement packets, which will reflect communication parameters and irregularities. This is further used to form an algorithm which maximizes the number of successful network observability checks, and thus the number of possible state estimations, in a certain time period. Application is demonstrated on the IEEE 14-bus test power system example. © 2019 IEEE.
23	a6701777223	Sarić A.T.	p161	False	Conference	31	Network Reduction in Transient Stability Models using Partial Response Matching	We describe a method for simultaneously identifying and reducing dynamic power systems models in the form of differential-algebraic equations. Often, these models are large and complex, containing more parameters than can be identified from the available system measurements. We demonstrate our method on transient stability models, using the IEEE 14-bus test system. Our approach uses techniques of information geometry to remove unidentifiable parameters from the model. We examine the case of a networked system with 58 parameters using full observations throughout the network. We show that greater reduction can be achieved when only partial observations are available, Including reduction of the network itself. © 2019 IEEE.
23	a6701777223	Sarić A.T.	p225	True	Conference	54	Data classification and parameter identification in power systems by manifold learning	This paper describes a manifold learning algorithm for big data classification and parameter identification in real-time operation of power systems. We assume a black-box setting, where only SCADA-based measurements at the point of interest are available. Data classification is based on diffusion maps, where an improved data-informed metric construction for partition trees is used. Data reduction is demonstrated on an hourly measurement tensor example, collected from the power flow solutions calculated for daily load/generation profiles. Parameter identification is performed on the same example, generated via randomly selected input parameters. The proposed method is illustrated on the case of the static part (ZIP) of a detailed WECC load model, connected to a single bus of a real-world 441-bus power system. © 2019 IEEE.
23	a6701777223	Sarić A.T.	p284	False	Conference	68	Geometrically Motivated Reparameterization for Identifiability Analysis in Power Systems Models	This paper describes a geometric approach to parameter identifiability analysis in models of power systems dynamics. When a model of a power system is to be compared with measurements taken at discrete times, it can be interpreted as a mapping from parameter space into a data or prediction space. Generically, model mappings can be interpreted as manifolds with dimensionality equal to the number of structurally identifiable parameters. Empirically it is observed that model mappings often correspond to bounded manifolds. We propose a new definition of practical identifiability based the topological definition of a manifold with boundary. In many ways, our proposed definition extends the properties of structural identifiability. We construct numerical approximations to geodesics on the model manifold and use the results, combined with insights derived from the mathematical form of the equations, to identify combinations of practically identifiable and unidentifiable parameters. We give several examples of application to dynamic power systems models. © 2018 IEEE.
23	a6701777223	Sarić A.T.	p379	True	Journal	207	Data-driven dynamic equivalents for power system areas from boundary measurements	The paper describes an algorithm for parameter identification of a dynamic equivalent for an external subsystem, based solely on the available online measurements in boundary buses and branches. Static equivalent part is represented by equivalent impedances from boundary buses (ones that separate the internal and external subsystems) and calculated using the modified (minimum loss) radial, equivalent, and independent method. Parameter identification of synchronous generator (SG)-based equivalent (for predominantly production external areas), dynamic load (DL)-based equivalent (for predominantly load external areas), or (SG + DL)-based equivalent (for mixed external areas) in fictitious buses is performed by Levenberg-Marquardt weighted least-square nonlinear optimization, which minimizes the variances between available online measurements and transient responses of the reduced power system. The IEEE 14-bus and 441-bus real-world test systems are used to illustrate and test the proposed power system equivalent derivation technique. © 2018 IEEE.
23	a6701777223	Sarić A.T.	p403	False	Conference	149	Simultaneous Global Identification of Dynamic and Network Parameters in Transient Stability Studies	The paper describes a global identification procedure for dynamic power system models in the form of differential and algebraic equations. Power system models have a number of features that makes their improvement challenging - they are multi-level, multi-user and multi-physics. Not surprisingly, they are nonlinear and time varying, both in terms of states (memory variables) and parameters, and discrete structures, such as graphs, are strongly blended with continuous dynamics, resulting in network dynamics. The transient stability models are used as a prototypical example. Our method is based on information geometry, and uses advances in computational differential geometry to characterize high-dimensional manifolds in the space of measurements. In the case of network parameters, a comparison is presented with circuit-theoretic techniques. The results are illustrated on the case of IEEE 14-bus test system with 58 parameters in our realization. © 2018 IEEE.
23	a6701777223	Sarić A.T.	p406	False	Conference	152	Influence of Communication Irregularities and Co-simulation on Hybrid Power System State Estimation	The paper explores the effects of sensor behavior and communication system (CS) irregularities on power system state estimation (SE). CS are modeled in Network Simulator 2 (NS-2), allowing the quantification of irregularities, including delays and dropped packets. The overall information is obtained combining SCADA measurements with phasor measurement unit (PMU) derived data, where time stamping (based on GPS or an equivalent local clock) for all measurements is assumed. To fully analyze the effects of irregularities, a detailed analysis of sensitivities to different communication system parameters is provided as well. Using the co-simulation environment PiccSIM, a SE with these irregularities is quantified for CS parameter variation, with detailed models of power and communication flows. © 2018 IEEE.
23	a6701777223	Sarić A.T.	p528	True	Journal	293	Information geometry for model identification and parameter estimation in renewable energy - DFIG plant case	This study describes a new class of system identification procedures, tailored to electric power systems with renewable resources. The procedure described here builds on computational advances in differential geometry, and offers a new, global, and intrinsic characterisation of challenges in data-derived identification of electric power systems. The approach benefits from increased availability of high-quality measurements. The procedure is illustrated on the multi-machine benchmark example of IEEE 14-bus system with renewable resources, but it is equally applicable to identification of other components and systems (e.g. dynamic loads). The authors consider doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) operating in a wind farm with system level proportional-integral controllers. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017.
23	a6701777223	Sarić A.T.	p541	False	Conference	195	Hybrid power system state estimation with irregular sampling	The paper proposes a power system state estimation algorithm in the presence of irregular sensor sampling and random communication delays. Our state estimator incorporates Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) and SCADA measurements. We use an Extended Kalman filter based algorithm for time alignment of measurements and state variables. Time stamps are assumed for PMU, SCADA and state estimation. Application of the proposed algorithm is illustrated for hourly/daily load/generation variations on two test examples: 14-bus and 118-bus. © 2017 IEEE.
23	a6701777223	Sarić A.T.	p753	False	Journal	367	Measurement-Directed Reduction of Dynamic Models in Power Systems	The paper describes a new model reduction procedure tailored to power systems. It uses measurement data to devise a family of reduced order nonlinear models while retaining physical interpretability of parameters and equations. The manifold boundary approximation method (MBAM) uses the Fisher information matrix calculated from measurements to identify the least relevant parameter combination in the original model. Next, it numerically constructs a geodesic on the corresponding statistical manifold originating from the initial parameters in the least relevant parameter direction until a manifold boundary is found. MBAM then identifies a limiting approximation in the mathematical form of the model and removes one parameter combination. The simplified model is recalibrated by fitting its behavior to that of the original model, and the process is repeated as appropriate. MBAM is demonstrated on the example of a synchronous generator (SG), which has been treated extensively in the literature. Implications of the proposed model reduction procedure on large power system models are illustrated on a 441-bus, 72-SG dynamical model. © 1969-2012 IEEE.
24	a8448666000	Transtrum M.K.	p5	False	Journal	3	Interleaving physics- and data-driven models for power system transient dynamics	The paper explores interleaved and coordinated refinement of physics- and data-driven models in describing transient phenomena in large-scale power systems. We develop and study an integrated analytical and computational data-driven gray box environment needed to achieve this aim. Main ingredients include computational differential geometry-based model reduction, optimization-based compressed sensing, and a finite approximation of the Koopman operator. The proposed two-step procedure (the model reduction by differential geometric (information geometry) tools, and data refinement by the compressed sensing and Koopman theory based dynamics prediction) is illustrated on the multi-machine benchmark example of IEEE 14-bus system with renewable sources, where the results are shown for doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) with local measurements in the connection point. The algorithm is directly applicable to identification of other dynamic components (for example, dynamic loads). © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
24	a8448666000	Transtrum M.K.	p8	False	Journal	6	Probabilistic extension of flexible hybrid state estimation for cyber-physical systems	This paper proposes a probabilistic extension to flexible hybrid state estimation (FHSE) for cyber-physical systems (CPSs). The main goal of the algorithm is improvement of the system state tracking when realistic communications are taken into account, by optimizing information and communication technology (ICT) usage. These advancements result in: 1) coping with ICT outages and inevitable irregularities (delay, packet drop and bad measurements); 2) determining the optimized state estimation execution frequencies based on expected measurement refresh times. Additionally, information about CPSs is gathered from both the phasor measurement units (PMU) and SCADA-based measurements. This measurement transfer introduces two network observability types, which split the system into observable (White) and unobservable (Grey) areas, based on 1) deployed measuring instruments (MIs) and 2) received measurements. A two-step bad data detection (BDD) method is introduced for ICT irregularities and outages. The proposed algorithm benefits are shown on two IEEE test cases with time-varying load/generation: 14-bus and 300-bus. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
24	a8448666000	Transtrum M.K.	p36	False	Journal	30	Flexible hybrid state estimation for power systems with communication irregularities	This study proposes a novel flexible hybrid state estimation (SE) algorithm when a realistic communication system with its irregularities is taken into account. This system is modelled by the Network Simulator 2 software tool, which is also used to calculate communication delays and packet drop probabilities. Within this setup, the system observability can be predicted, and the proposed SE can decide between using the static SE (SSE) or the discrete Kalman filter plus SSE-based measurements and time alignment (Forecasting-aided SE). Flexible hybrid SE (FHSE) incorporates both phasor measurement units and supervisory control and data acquisition-based measurements, with different time stamps. The proposed FHSE with detailed modelling of the communication system is motivated by: (i) well-known issues in SSE (time alignment of the measurements, frequent un-observability for fixed SE time stamps etc.); and (ii) the need to model a realistic communication system (calculated communication delays and packet drop probabilities are a part of the proposed FHSE). Application of the proposed algorithm is illustrated for examples with time-varying bus load/generation on two IEEE test cases: 14-bus and 300-bus. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2020
24	a8448666000	Transtrum M.K.	p151	False	Journal	106	Model Boundary Approximation Method as a Unifying Framework for Balanced Truncation and Singular Perturbation Approximation	We show that two widely accepted model reduction techniques, balanced truncation (BT) and balanced singular perturbation approximation (BSPA), can be derived as limiting approximations of a carefully constructed parameterization of linear time invariant systems by employing the model boundary approximation method (MBAM) [1]. We also show that MBAM provides a novel way to interpolate between BT and BSPA, by exploring the set of approximations on the boundary of the 'model manifold,' which is associated with the specific choice of model parameterization and initial condition and is embedded in a sample space of measured outputs, between the elements that correspond to the two model reduction techniques. This paper suggests similar types of approximations may be obtainable in topologically similar places (i.e., on certain boundaries) on the associated model manifold of nonlinear systems if analogous parameterizations can be achieved, therefore extending these widely accepted model reduction techniques to nonlinear systems.1 © 1963-2012 IEEE.
24	a8448666000	Transtrum M.K.	p160	False	Conference	30	Probabilistic Network Observability of a Hybrid Power System with Communication Irregularities	This paper explores power system network observability while taking into account realistic communication network behavior. The overall information is obtained by combining SCADA-and phasor measurement unit-derived data, where time stamping (based on Global Positioning System or an equivalent local clock) for all measurements is assumed. Based on simulations performed in communication Network Simulator 2, empirical cumulative distribution functions can be associated with transfer times of measurement packets, which will reflect communication parameters and irregularities. This is further used to form an algorithm which maximizes the number of successful network observability checks, and thus the number of possible state estimations, in a certain time period. Application is demonstrated on the IEEE 14-bus test power system example. © 2019 IEEE.
24	a8448666000	Transtrum M.K.	p161	False	Conference	31	Network Reduction in Transient Stability Models using Partial Response Matching	We describe a method for simultaneously identifying and reducing dynamic power systems models in the form of differential-algebraic equations. Often, these models are large and complex, containing more parameters than can be identified from the available system measurements. We demonstrate our method on transient stability models, using the IEEE 14-bus test system. Our approach uses techniques of information geometry to remove unidentifiable parameters from the model. We examine the case of a networked system with 58 parameters using full observations throughout the network. We show that greater reduction can be achieved when only partial observations are available, Including reduction of the network itself. © 2019 IEEE.
24	a8448666000	Transtrum M.K.	p225	False	Conference	54	Data classification and parameter identification in power systems by manifold learning	This paper describes a manifold learning algorithm for big data classification and parameter identification in real-time operation of power systems. We assume a black-box setting, where only SCADA-based measurements at the point of interest are available. Data classification is based on diffusion maps, where an improved data-informed metric construction for partition trees is used. Data reduction is demonstrated on an hourly measurement tensor example, collected from the power flow solutions calculated for daily load/generation profiles. Parameter identification is performed on the same example, generated via randomly selected input parameters. The proposed method is illustrated on the case of the static part (ZIP) of a detailed WECC load model, connected to a single bus of a real-world 441-bus power system. © 2019 IEEE.
24	a8448666000	Transtrum M.K.	p284	True	Conference	68	Geometrically Motivated Reparameterization for Identifiability Analysis in Power Systems Models	This paper describes a geometric approach to parameter identifiability analysis in models of power systems dynamics. When a model of a power system is to be compared with measurements taken at discrete times, it can be interpreted as a mapping from parameter space into a data or prediction space. Generically, model mappings can be interpreted as manifolds with dimensionality equal to the number of structurally identifiable parameters. Empirically it is observed that model mappings often correspond to bounded manifolds. We propose a new definition of practical identifiability based the topological definition of a manifold with boundary. In many ways, our proposed definition extends the properties of structural identifiability. We construct numerical approximations to geodesics on the model manifold and use the results, combined with insights derived from the mathematical form of the equations, to identify combinations of practically identifiable and unidentifiable parameters. We give several examples of application to dynamic power systems models. © 2018 IEEE.
24	a8448666000	Transtrum M.K.	p379	False	Journal	207	Data-driven dynamic equivalents for power system areas from boundary measurements	The paper describes an algorithm for parameter identification of a dynamic equivalent for an external subsystem, based solely on the available online measurements in boundary buses and branches. Static equivalent part is represented by equivalent impedances from boundary buses (ones that separate the internal and external subsystems) and calculated using the modified (minimum loss) radial, equivalent, and independent method. Parameter identification of synchronous generator (SG)-based equivalent (for predominantly production external areas), dynamic load (DL)-based equivalent (for predominantly load external areas), or (SG + DL)-based equivalent (for mixed external areas) in fictitious buses is performed by Levenberg-Marquardt weighted least-square nonlinear optimization, which minimizes the variances between available online measurements and transient responses of the reduced power system. The IEEE 14-bus and 441-bus real-world test systems are used to illustrate and test the proposed power system equivalent derivation technique. © 2018 IEEE.
24	a8448666000	Transtrum M.K.	p403	True	Conference	149	Simultaneous Global Identification of Dynamic and Network Parameters in Transient Stability Studies	The paper describes a global identification procedure for dynamic power system models in the form of differential and algebraic equations. Power system models have a number of features that makes their improvement challenging - they are multi-level, multi-user and multi-physics. Not surprisingly, they are nonlinear and time varying, both in terms of states (memory variables) and parameters, and discrete structures, such as graphs, are strongly blended with continuous dynamics, resulting in network dynamics. The transient stability models are used as a prototypical example. Our method is based on information geometry, and uses advances in computational differential geometry to characterize high-dimensional manifolds in the space of measurements. In the case of network parameters, a comparison is presented with circuit-theoretic techniques. The results are illustrated on the case of IEEE 14-bus test system with 58 parameters in our realization. © 2018 IEEE.
24	a8448666000	Transtrum M.K.	p406	False	Conference	152	Influence of Communication Irregularities and Co-simulation on Hybrid Power System State Estimation	The paper explores the effects of sensor behavior and communication system (CS) irregularities on power system state estimation (SE). CS are modeled in Network Simulator 2 (NS-2), allowing the quantification of irregularities, including delays and dropped packets. The overall information is obtained combining SCADA measurements with phasor measurement unit (PMU) derived data, where time stamping (based on GPS or an equivalent local clock) for all measurements is assumed. To fully analyze the effects of irregularities, a detailed analysis of sensitivities to different communication system parameters is provided as well. Using the co-simulation environment PiccSIM, a SE with these irregularities is quantified for CS parameter variation, with detailed models of power and communication flows. © 2018 IEEE.
24	a8448666000	Transtrum M.K.	p528	False	Journal	293	Information geometry for model identification and parameter estimation in renewable energy - DFIG plant case	This study describes a new class of system identification procedures, tailored to electric power systems with renewable resources. The procedure described here builds on computational advances in differential geometry, and offers a new, global, and intrinsic characterisation of challenges in data-derived identification of electric power systems. The approach benefits from increased availability of high-quality measurements. The procedure is illustrated on the multi-machine benchmark example of IEEE 14-bus system with renewable resources, but it is equally applicable to identification of other components and systems (e.g. dynamic loads). The authors consider doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) operating in a wind farm with system level proportional-integral controllers. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017.
24	a8448666000	Transtrum M.K.	p541	False	Conference	195	Hybrid power system state estimation with irregular sampling	The paper proposes a power system state estimation algorithm in the presence of irregular sensor sampling and random communication delays. Our state estimator incorporates Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) and SCADA measurements. We use an Extended Kalman filter based algorithm for time alignment of measurements and state variables. Time stamps are assumed for PMU, SCADA and state estimation. Application of the proposed algorithm is illustrated for hourly/daily load/generation variations on two test examples: 14-bus and 118-bus. © 2017 IEEE.
24	a8448666000	Transtrum M.K.	p753	True	Journal	367	Measurement-Directed Reduction of Dynamic Models in Power Systems	The paper describes a new model reduction procedure tailored to power systems. It uses measurement data to devise a family of reduced order nonlinear models while retaining physical interpretability of parameters and equations. The manifold boundary approximation method (MBAM) uses the Fisher information matrix calculated from measurements to identify the least relevant parameter combination in the original model. Next, it numerically constructs a geodesic on the corresponding statistical manifold originating from the initial parameters in the least relevant parameter direction until a manifold boundary is found. MBAM then identifies a limiting approximation in the mathematical form of the model and removes one parameter combination. The simplified model is recalibrated by fitting its behavior to that of the original model, and the process is repeated as appropriate. MBAM is demonstrated on the example of a synchronous generator (SG), which has been treated extensively in the literature. Implications of the proposed model reduction procedure on large power system models are illustrated on a 441-bus, 72-SG dynamical model. © 1969-2012 IEEE.
24	a8448666000	Transtrum M.K.	p777	False	Journal	384	Theoretical estimates of maximum fields in superconducting resonant radio frequency cavities: Stability theory, disorder, and laminates	Theoretical limits to the performance of superconductors in high magnetic fields parallel to their surfaces are of key relevance to current and future accelerating cavities, especially those made of new higher-T c materials such as Nb3Sn, NbN, and MgB2. Indeed, beyond the so-called superheating field , flux will spontaneously penetrate even a perfect superconducting surface and ruin the performance. We present intuitive arguments and simple estimates for , and combine them with our previous rigorous calculations, which we summarize. We briefly discuss experimental measurements of the superheating field, comparing to our estimates. We explore the effects of materials anisotropy and the danger of disorder in nucleating vortex entry. Will we need to control surface orientation in the layered compound MgB2? Can we estimate theoretically whether dirt and defects make these new materials fundamentally more challenging to optimize than niobium? Finally, we discuss and analyze recent proposals to use thin superconducting layers or laminates to enhance the performance of superconducting cavities. Flux entering a laminate can lead to so-called pancake vortices; we consider the physics of the dislocation motion and potential re-annihilation or stabilization of these vortices after their entry. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
25	a36149254500	Hackney D.	p6	True	Journal	4	Survivability of integrated fiber Bragg grating sensors in ballistic protection fabrics for high velocity impact testing	This research demonstrates that fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors can survive and provide useful strain information when integrated into a woven fabric subjected to ballistic impact testing. In this work, FBGs were integrated into a single-layer, Kevlar® fabric, sensing mat, placed between a 30-layer Kevlar® fabric shoot pack and clay backing material, and then impacted with an 8.23 g, 12.69 mm diameter, steel ball bearing at velocities up to 285 m/s. Three different optical fiber types, with differing fiber coatings and fiber diameters, were tested. The FBG strain response was determined from the full-spectrum FBG response which was interrogated at 100 kHz throughout the impact event. The difference in FBG strain response for the different coatings and fiber diameters were compared. Additionally, the degradation of the coatings after repeated impacts were visually characterized, showing that smaller diameter fibers behaved better with a more elastic coating. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
25	a36149254500	Hackney D.	p13	True	Journal	11	In-situ strain measurement of ballistic fabrics during impact using fiber Bragg gratings	In previous experiments, the authors demonstrated that strain values collected from fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) integrated into a single layer of Kevlar fabric, placed between a soft armor test specimen and backing material, could be related to the time dependent back-face deformation (BFD) of the armor sample. In this paper, we investigate the specific fabric deformation and failure mechanisms that cause observed events in the FBG measured strain behavior and the FBG spectral profile throughout the impact event. For these experiments, the standard clay backing material was replaced with a 20% clear ballistic gel to provide visual access to the back-face. The test specimen was impacted by an 8.24 g steel ball bearing travelling at 248.8 m/s, during which strain was calculated from the measured full spectrum response of the FBG using a high-speed optical interrogation system. The strain response was compared to the BFD of the Kevlar sample. The BFD was measured through the clear ballistic gel using two high speed cameras recording at 100,000 fps. The results from these tests can be used for future testing using a non-transparent backing material to obtain a detailed strain–time history, back-face deformation history and an understanding of the time sequence of physical energy dissipation mechanisms in the fabric. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
25	a36149254500	Hackney D.	p645	True	Conference	277	In-situ measurements of strain in soft body armor with FBG sensors during ballistic impacts	The strain on a single FBG sensor, integrated into a single layer of Kevlar mounted behind a Kevlar soft body armor coupon, is measured throughout a ballistic impact event. The strain is collected through high-speed, full-spectral interrogation of the FBG during the event. The use of the wavelength shift and spectral distortion of the FBG provides a description of the strain profile and interaction between the optical fiber and Kevlar fabric. The measurements are correlated to high-speed camera images taken from the rear and side of the armor coupon. In future testing, this information can be applied to identify the sequence of energy dissipation mechanisms enacted within the armor to resist the ballistic impact. © OSA 2018 © 2018 The Author(s)
26	a57191155872	Goode T.	p6	False	Journal	4	Survivability of integrated fiber Bragg grating sensors in ballistic protection fabrics for high velocity impact testing	This research demonstrates that fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors can survive and provide useful strain information when integrated into a woven fabric subjected to ballistic impact testing. In this work, FBGs were integrated into a single-layer, Kevlar® fabric, sensing mat, placed between a 30-layer Kevlar® fabric shoot pack and clay backing material, and then impacted with an 8.23 g, 12.69 mm diameter, steel ball bearing at velocities up to 285 m/s. Three different optical fiber types, with differing fiber coatings and fiber diameters, were tested. The FBG strain response was determined from the full-spectrum FBG response which was interrogated at 100 kHz throughout the impact event. The difference in FBG strain response for the different coatings and fiber diameters were compared. Additionally, the degradation of the coatings after repeated impacts were visually characterized, showing that smaller diameter fibers behaved better with a more elastic coating. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
26	a57191155872	Goode T.	p13	False	Journal	11	In-situ strain measurement of ballistic fabrics during impact using fiber Bragg gratings	In previous experiments, the authors demonstrated that strain values collected from fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) integrated into a single layer of Kevlar fabric, placed between a soft armor test specimen and backing material, could be related to the time dependent back-face deformation (BFD) of the armor sample. In this paper, we investigate the specific fabric deformation and failure mechanisms that cause observed events in the FBG measured strain behavior and the FBG spectral profile throughout the impact event. For these experiments, the standard clay backing material was replaced with a 20% clear ballistic gel to provide visual access to the back-face. The test specimen was impacted by an 8.24 g steel ball bearing travelling at 248.8 m/s, during which strain was calculated from the measured full spectrum response of the FBG using a high-speed optical interrogation system. The strain response was compared to the BFD of the Kevlar sample. The BFD was measured through the clear ballistic gel using two high speed cameras recording at 100,000 fps. The results from these tests can be used for future testing using a non-transparent backing material to obtain a detailed strain–time history, back-face deformation history and an understanding of the time sequence of physical energy dissipation mechanisms in the fabric. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
26	a57191155872	Goode T.	p188	True	Journal	129	Soft body armor time-dependent back face deformation (BFD) with ballistics gel backing	This paper presents a method for obtaining time dependent back face deformation (BFD) data for body armor during ballistic impact using a clear ballistics gelatin backing and high-speed cameras to capture the deformation profile. Using this method, baseline fabric characterization data was obtained for samples comprised of varying layers of 467 g/m 2 Kevlar K29 fabric impacted with 8.24 g steel ball projectile and backed with NATO standard 20% clear ballistics gelatin. For these tests, deformation depths were seen to increase with increasing impact energy and decreasing total areal density. A limited study of the various test parameters was performed by testing one additional fabric, projectile, and ballistics gelatin. From these comparisons, it was observed that 122 g/m 2 Kevlar KM2+ fabric performs better per weight than 467 g/m 2 Kevlar K29 fabric in terms of BFD, 9 mm FMJ projectiles produce deeper BFDs than 12.7 mm steel ball projectiles, and backing a sample with FBI standard 10% ballistics gel increases the BFD considerably over NATO standard 20% ballistics gel. © 2019
26	a57191155872	Goode T.	p645	False	Conference	277	In-situ measurements of strain in soft body armor with FBG sensors during ballistic impacts	The strain on a single FBG sensor, integrated into a single layer of Kevlar mounted behind a Kevlar soft body armor coupon, is measured throughout a ballistic impact event. The strain is collected through high-speed, full-spectral interrogation of the FBG during the event. The use of the wavelength shift and spectral distortion of the FBG provides a description of the strain profile and interaction between the optical fiber and Kevlar fabric. The measurements are correlated to high-speed camera images taken from the rear and side of the armor coupon. In future testing, this information can be applied to identify the sequence of energy dissipation mechanisms enacted within the armor to resist the ballistic impact. © OSA 2018 © 2018 The Author(s)
27	a56681156600	Seng F.	p6	False	Journal	4	Survivability of integrated fiber Bragg grating sensors in ballistic protection fabrics for high velocity impact testing	This research demonstrates that fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors can survive and provide useful strain information when integrated into a woven fabric subjected to ballistic impact testing. In this work, FBGs were integrated into a single-layer, Kevlar® fabric, sensing mat, placed between a 30-layer Kevlar® fabric shoot pack and clay backing material, and then impacted with an 8.23 g, 12.69 mm diameter, steel ball bearing at velocities up to 285 m/s. Three different optical fiber types, with differing fiber coatings and fiber diameters, were tested. The FBG strain response was determined from the full-spectrum FBG response which was interrogated at 100 kHz throughout the impact event. The difference in FBG strain response for the different coatings and fiber diameters were compared. Additionally, the degradation of the coatings after repeated impacts were visually characterized, showing that smaller diameter fibers behaved better with a more elastic coating. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
27	a56681156600	Seng F.	p13	False	Journal	11	In-situ strain measurement of ballistic fabrics during impact using fiber Bragg gratings	In previous experiments, the authors demonstrated that strain values collected from fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) integrated into a single layer of Kevlar fabric, placed between a soft armor test specimen and backing material, could be related to the time dependent back-face deformation (BFD) of the armor sample. In this paper, we investigate the specific fabric deformation and failure mechanisms that cause observed events in the FBG measured strain behavior and the FBG spectral profile throughout the impact event. For these experiments, the standard clay backing material was replaced with a 20% clear ballistic gel to provide visual access to the back-face. The test specimen was impacted by an 8.24 g steel ball bearing travelling at 248.8 m/s, during which strain was calculated from the measured full spectrum response of the FBG using a high-speed optical interrogation system. The strain response was compared to the BFD of the Kevlar sample. The BFD was measured through the clear ballistic gel using two high speed cameras recording at 100,000 fps. The results from these tests can be used for future testing using a non-transparent backing material to obtain a detailed strain–time history, back-face deformation history and an understanding of the time sequence of physical energy dissipation mechanisms in the fabric. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
27	a56681156600	Seng F.	p511	True	Journal	280	Noise reduction techniques in fiber optic sensors	Test and evaluation needs are becoming more and more demanding on the sensors being used. Fiber optic sensors are known for their ability to survive in harsh environments such as high pressure and temperature like those within oil/gas wells, or high vibration like those with electromagnetic railguns. As these sensors become commercially available, one challenge is overcoming multiple noise sources simultaneously in the sensor and its network imposed from the harsh environment. Optical amplifiers are typically used in fiber optic sensors to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This method is suitable for boosting the signal above the floor caused by electrical noise. However, certain noise sources in fiber optic sensors directly modulate the optical signal. This can be due to other measurands being induced on the system. For example, while a slab coupled optical sensor (SCOS) is sensitive to electric field, it is also inherently sensitive to strain; therefore, any strain noise imposed on the sensor would overwhelm the electric field measurement and be considered noise. In this chapter, optical phase induced interference noise (PIIN) in a sensor network is reduced by using optical phase modulation in both a SCOS and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG). Strain induced noise on the optical fiber sensor is reduced using a differential sensor setup called a push-pull SCOS. Phase modulation and differentiation are then combined to allow for simultaneous noise reduction from different noise sources and allow for optical sensing of electric fields in harsh environments. These principles are applicable to other types of fiber optic sensors and sensors in general. © 2018 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
27	a56681156600	Seng F.	p645	False	Conference	277	In-situ measurements of strain in soft body armor with FBG sensors during ballistic impacts	The strain on a single FBG sensor, integrated into a single layer of Kevlar mounted behind a Kevlar soft body armor coupon, is measured throughout a ballistic impact event. The strain is collected through high-speed, full-spectral interrogation of the FBG during the event. The use of the wavelength shift and spectral distortion of the FBG provides a description of the strain profile and interaction between the optical fiber and Kevlar fabric. The measurements are correlated to high-speed camera images taken from the rear and side of the armor coupon. In future testing, this information can be applied to identify the sequence of energy dissipation mechanisms enacted within the armor to resist the ballistic impact. © OSA 2018 © 2018 The Author(s)
27	a56681156600	Seng F.	p705	False	Journal	346	Non-perturbing voltage measurement in a coaxial cable with slab-coupled optical sensors	Voltage in a coaxial cable is measured by an electric-field optical fiber sensor exploiting the proportionality of voltage and electric field in a fixed structure. The sensor is inserted in a hole drilled through the dielectric of the RG-218 coaxial cable and sealed with epoxy to displace all air and prevent the adverse effects of charge buildup during high-voltage measurements. It is shown that the presence of the sensor in the coaxial cable does not significantly increase electrical reflections in the cable. A slab-coupled optical fiber sensor (SCOS) is used for its compact size and dielectric make. The dynamic range of 50 dB is shown experimentally with detection of signals as low as 1 V and up to 157 kV. A low corner of 0.3 Hz is demonstrated and the SCOS is shown to be able to measure 90 ns rise time. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
27	a56681156600	Seng F.	p740	True	Journal	346	Optical electric field sensor sensitivity direction rerouting and enhancement using a passive integrated dipole antenna	This work introduces a passive dipole antenna integrated into the packaging of a slab-coupled optical sensor to enhance the directional sensitivity of electro-optic electric field measurements parallel to the fiber axis. Using the passive integrated dipole antenna described in this work, a sensor that can typically only sense fields transverse to the fiber direction is able to sense a 1.25 kV/m field along the fiber direction with a gain of 17.5. This is verified through simulation and experiment. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
28	a35088650000	Pankow M.	p6	False	Journal	4	Survivability of integrated fiber Bragg grating sensors in ballistic protection fabrics for high velocity impact testing	This research demonstrates that fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors can survive and provide useful strain information when integrated into a woven fabric subjected to ballistic impact testing. In this work, FBGs were integrated into a single-layer, Kevlar® fabric, sensing mat, placed between a 30-layer Kevlar® fabric shoot pack and clay backing material, and then impacted with an 8.23 g, 12.69 mm diameter, steel ball bearing at velocities up to 285 m/s. Three different optical fiber types, with differing fiber coatings and fiber diameters, were tested. The FBG strain response was determined from the full-spectrum FBG response which was interrogated at 100 kHz throughout the impact event. The difference in FBG strain response for the different coatings and fiber diameters were compared. Additionally, the degradation of the coatings after repeated impacts were visually characterized, showing that smaller diameter fibers behaved better with a more elastic coating. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
28	a35088650000	Pankow M.	p13	False	Journal	11	In-situ strain measurement of ballistic fabrics during impact using fiber Bragg gratings	In previous experiments, the authors demonstrated that strain values collected from fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) integrated into a single layer of Kevlar fabric, placed between a soft armor test specimen and backing material, could be related to the time dependent back-face deformation (BFD) of the armor sample. In this paper, we investigate the specific fabric deformation and failure mechanisms that cause observed events in the FBG measured strain behavior and the FBG spectral profile throughout the impact event. For these experiments, the standard clay backing material was replaced with a 20% clear ballistic gel to provide visual access to the back-face. The test specimen was impacted by an 8.24 g steel ball bearing travelling at 248.8 m/s, during which strain was calculated from the measured full spectrum response of the FBG using a high-speed optical interrogation system. The strain response was compared to the BFD of the Kevlar sample. The BFD was measured through the clear ballistic gel using two high speed cameras recording at 100,000 fps. The results from these tests can be used for future testing using a non-transparent backing material to obtain a detailed strain–time history, back-face deformation history and an understanding of the time sequence of physical energy dissipation mechanisms in the fabric. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
28	a35088650000	Pankow M.	p188	False	Journal	129	Soft body armor time-dependent back face deformation (BFD) with ballistics gel backing	This paper presents a method for obtaining time dependent back face deformation (BFD) data for body armor during ballistic impact using a clear ballistics gelatin backing and high-speed cameras to capture the deformation profile. Using this method, baseline fabric characterization data was obtained for samples comprised of varying layers of 467 g/m 2 Kevlar K29 fabric impacted with 8.24 g steel ball projectile and backed with NATO standard 20% clear ballistics gelatin. For these tests, deformation depths were seen to increase with increasing impact energy and decreasing total areal density. A limited study of the various test parameters was performed by testing one additional fabric, projectile, and ballistics gelatin. From these comparisons, it was observed that 122 g/m 2 Kevlar KM2+ fabric performs better per weight than 467 g/m 2 Kevlar K29 fabric in terms of BFD, 9 mm FMJ projectiles produce deeper BFDs than 12.7 mm steel ball projectiles, and backing a sample with FBI standard 10% ballistics gel increases the BFD considerably over NATO standard 20% ballistics gel. © 2019
28	a35088650000	Pankow M.	p645	False	Conference	277	In-situ measurements of strain in soft body armor with FBG sensors during ballistic impacts	The strain on a single FBG sensor, integrated into a single layer of Kevlar mounted behind a Kevlar soft body armor coupon, is measured throughout a ballistic impact event. The strain is collected through high-speed, full-spectral interrogation of the FBG during the event. The use of the wavelength shift and spectral distortion of the FBG provides a description of the strain profile and interaction between the optical fiber and Kevlar fabric. The measurements are correlated to high-speed camera images taken from the rear and side of the armor coupon. In future testing, this information can be applied to identify the sequence of energy dissipation mechanisms enacted within the armor to resist the ballistic impact. © OSA 2018 © 2018 The Author(s)
29	a7201741468	Schultz S.	p6	False	Journal	4	Survivability of integrated fiber Bragg grating sensors in ballistic protection fabrics for high velocity impact testing	This research demonstrates that fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors can survive and provide useful strain information when integrated into a woven fabric subjected to ballistic impact testing. In this work, FBGs were integrated into a single-layer, Kevlar® fabric, sensing mat, placed between a 30-layer Kevlar® fabric shoot pack and clay backing material, and then impacted with an 8.23 g, 12.69 mm diameter, steel ball bearing at velocities up to 285 m/s. Three different optical fiber types, with differing fiber coatings and fiber diameters, were tested. The FBG strain response was determined from the full-spectrum FBG response which was interrogated at 100 kHz throughout the impact event. The difference in FBG strain response for the different coatings and fiber diameters were compared. Additionally, the degradation of the coatings after repeated impacts were visually characterized, showing that smaller diameter fibers behaved better with a more elastic coating. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
29	a7201741468	Schultz S.	p13	False	Journal	11	In-situ strain measurement of ballistic fabrics during impact using fiber Bragg gratings	In previous experiments, the authors demonstrated that strain values collected from fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) integrated into a single layer of Kevlar fabric, placed between a soft armor test specimen and backing material, could be related to the time dependent back-face deformation (BFD) of the armor sample. In this paper, we investigate the specific fabric deformation and failure mechanisms that cause observed events in the FBG measured strain behavior and the FBG spectral profile throughout the impact event. For these experiments, the standard clay backing material was replaced with a 20% clear ballistic gel to provide visual access to the back-face. The test specimen was impacted by an 8.24 g steel ball bearing travelling at 248.8 m/s, during which strain was calculated from the measured full spectrum response of the FBG using a high-speed optical interrogation system. The strain response was compared to the BFD of the Kevlar sample. The BFD was measured through the clear ballistic gel using two high speed cameras recording at 100,000 fps. The results from these tests can be used for future testing using a non-transparent backing material to obtain a detailed strain–time history, back-face deformation history and an understanding of the time sequence of physical energy dissipation mechanisms in the fabric. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
29	a7201741468	Schultz S.	p485	True	Conference	177	Intensive mentoring and micro-electronics research for students in engineering (IMMERSE)	This paper describes an undergraduate research program called IMMERSE that has been implemented in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Brigham Young University. Approximately 50 students per year participate along with 12 faculty members. The objectives of the IMMERSE program are to prepare student to continue on to graduate school and to enable students to publish their research in peer-reviewed venues. The key features of the program are (1) a single point of entry, (2) long-term and authentic research experiences, (3) participation in a broader impact project, and (4) personal mentoring between students and faculty. since its inception in 2003, the program has had 251 total student participants that have published 225 peer reviewed publications and 75% have continued on to graduate school. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
29	a7201741468	Schultz S.	p489	True	Conference	181	Designing a sustainable large-scale project-based learning (PBL) experience for juniors in electrical and computer engineering	This paper presents a large-scale Project-Based Learning (PBL) curriculum that can handle 200 students per year without requiring an undue commitment of faculty or teaching-assistant time. The following strategies were used to attain the student benefits of the PBL curriculum while accommodating a large number of students and while keeping the faculty and teaching-assistant commitments to reasonable levels. (1) A top-level hardware/software specification of the system (laser-tag) is provided to the students. (2) Students must test their software and hardware using both their own methods and with provided test software and hardware fixtures. (3) How-to and demonstration videos are provided via a dedicated youTube channel. (4) Students implement the system by completing a series of scheduled milestones. (5) The same PBL project is completed every year. This large scale PBL curriculum is conducted during the junior year and has been in place for several years in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
30	a7402786794	Peters K.	p6	False	Journal	4	Survivability of integrated fiber Bragg grating sensors in ballistic protection fabrics for high velocity impact testing	This research demonstrates that fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain sensors can survive and provide useful strain information when integrated into a woven fabric subjected to ballistic impact testing. In this work, FBGs were integrated into a single-layer, Kevlar® fabric, sensing mat, placed between a 30-layer Kevlar® fabric shoot pack and clay backing material, and then impacted with an 8.23 g, 12.69 mm diameter, steel ball bearing at velocities up to 285 m/s. Three different optical fiber types, with differing fiber coatings and fiber diameters, were tested. The FBG strain response was determined from the full-spectrum FBG response which was interrogated at 100 kHz throughout the impact event. The difference in FBG strain response for the different coatings and fiber diameters were compared. Additionally, the degradation of the coatings after repeated impacts were visually characterized, showing that smaller diameter fibers behaved better with a more elastic coating. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
30	a7402786794	Peters K.	p13	False	Journal	11	In-situ strain measurement of ballistic fabrics during impact using fiber Bragg gratings	In previous experiments, the authors demonstrated that strain values collected from fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) integrated into a single layer of Kevlar fabric, placed between a soft armor test specimen and backing material, could be related to the time dependent back-face deformation (BFD) of the armor sample. In this paper, we investigate the specific fabric deformation and failure mechanisms that cause observed events in the FBG measured strain behavior and the FBG spectral profile throughout the impact event. For these experiments, the standard clay backing material was replaced with a 20% clear ballistic gel to provide visual access to the back-face. The test specimen was impacted by an 8.24 g steel ball bearing travelling at 248.8 m/s, during which strain was calculated from the measured full spectrum response of the FBG using a high-speed optical interrogation system. The strain response was compared to the BFD of the Kevlar sample. The BFD was measured through the clear ballistic gel using two high speed cameras recording at 100,000 fps. The results from these tests can be used for future testing using a non-transparent backing material to obtain a detailed strain–time history, back-face deformation history and an understanding of the time sequence of physical energy dissipation mechanisms in the fabric. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
30	a7402786794	Peters K.	p188	False	Journal	129	Soft body armor time-dependent back face deformation (BFD) with ballistics gel backing	This paper presents a method for obtaining time dependent back face deformation (BFD) data for body armor during ballistic impact using a clear ballistics gelatin backing and high-speed cameras to capture the deformation profile. Using this method, baseline fabric characterization data was obtained for samples comprised of varying layers of 467 g/m 2 Kevlar K29 fabric impacted with 8.24 g steel ball projectile and backed with NATO standard 20% clear ballistics gelatin. For these tests, deformation depths were seen to increase with increasing impact energy and decreasing total areal density. A limited study of the various test parameters was performed by testing one additional fabric, projectile, and ballistics gelatin. From these comparisons, it was observed that 122 g/m 2 Kevlar KM2+ fabric performs better per weight than 467 g/m 2 Kevlar K29 fabric in terms of BFD, 9 mm FMJ projectiles produce deeper BFDs than 12.7 mm steel ball projectiles, and backing a sample with FBI standard 10% ballistics gel increases the BFD considerably over NATO standard 20% ballistics gel. © 2019
30	a7402786794	Peters K.	p645	False	Conference	277	In-situ measurements of strain in soft body armor with FBG sensors during ballistic impacts	The strain on a single FBG sensor, integrated into a single layer of Kevlar mounted behind a Kevlar soft body armor coupon, is measured throughout a ballistic impact event. The strain is collected through high-speed, full-spectral interrogation of the FBG during the event. The use of the wavelength shift and spectral distortion of the FBG provides a description of the strain profile and interaction between the optical fiber and Kevlar fabric. The measurements are correlated to high-speed camera images taken from the rear and side of the armor coupon. In future testing, this information can be applied to identify the sequence of energy dissipation mechanisms enacted within the armor to resist the ballistic impact. © OSA 2018 © 2018 The Author(s)
30	a7402786794	Peters K.	p678	False	Conference	291	High-Speed Interrogation of Multiplexed Fiber Bragg Gratings with Spectral Distortion	Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors can be multiplexed in large numbers to monitor the performance of large structures. This paper addresses the collection of FBG reflection spectra from wavelength division multiplexed sensors at fast acquisition rates. The spectral and temporal resolution is first derived as a function of the tunable filter and measurement system properties. The method is applied to impact loading investigations of a stiffened composite skin panel. The reflected spectrum of each FBG in an array, embedded in the panel, is collected at 100 kHz during the impact events with a spectral resolution down to 40 pm. Visualization of the FBG responses to these impact events, including the presence of spectral distortion in some FBG spectra, is presented. Future analyses based on the full-spectral data sets can enable the assessment of the localized progression of internal damage in such structures. © 2001-2012 IEEE.
31	a57191822951	Coburn J.	p7	True	Journal	5	The effects of transition style for collaborative view sharing in immersive Virtual Reality	New low-cost Virtual Reality (VR) technology is enabling large numbers of engineers and designers to be outfitted with VR tools. This, in turn, is making feasible new tools such as immersive, collaborative, design environments that reflect the collaborative environment of drafting tables while still providing all the power of modern, computer-based, design tools. However, before such an environment can be fully realized, basic issues surrounding collaboration in VR such as cybersickness and disorientation must be more fully addressed. This work presents the results of an experimental study conducted to characterize the trade-offs between different styles of transitioning collaborators to a shared view in an immersive virtual environment. The experimental task consisted of asking participants to identify in which quadrant of the car specific components were located. Quadrant identification was performed after a participant's virtual location was transitioned to a shared view location focused on the component to identify. The study was conducted with 45 participants who provided 1890 transition response datapoints. Analysis of these results suggests that, in many cases, collaborators are willing to experience some mild cybersickness in order to reduce their disorientation and improve both confidence and accuracy of component location identification. The results also support the recommendation that the best practice is to provide support for multiple transition styles and allow collaborators to select their preference. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
31	a57191822951	Coburn J.	p513	False	Journal	282	A bi-directional interface for improved interaction with engineering models in virtual reality design reviews	Leveraging virtual reality (VR) technology to enhance engineering design reviews has been an area of significant interest for researchers since the advent of modern VR. The ability to interact meaningfully with 3D computer-aided engineering models in these VR design reviews is an important, though often neglected, capability due to the difficulty of performing data translation between native computer-aided design (CAD) data and VR compatible file formats. A bi-directional interface was developed between a VR design review environment and a commercial CAD package that streamlines the data translation process. Transmitting both geometric data and selected metadata from the CAD system enabled the development of enhanced model interaction tools in a VR design review application. User experiments were performed that compared the enhanced tools developed to a baseline toolset. Participants success using these toolsets was measured as they performed tasks related to design understanding and decision making, such as counting the number of gears in a gearbox or evaluating the feasibility of a proposed design change in a four-cylinder engine. The analysis of the data from these experiments showed a statistically significant improvement in participants ability to understand the geometry of the model correctly, confidently, and quickly, as well as in participants ability to correctly and confidently understand the implications of a proposed design change when using the Enhanced Toolset. We conclude that the bi-directional interface concept developed in this work can be extended to enable advanced interaction with a diversity of engineering data in VR. © 2017, Springer-Verlag France.
31	a57191822951	Coburn J.	p521	True	Journal	274	Effectiveness of an Immersive Virtual Environment for Collaboration with Gesture Support Using Low-Cost Hardware	Since the advent of modern computer-aided design software, engineers have been divorced from the highly collaborative environment previously enjoyed. Today's highly complex designs require modern software tools and the realities of a global economy often constrain engineers to remote collaboration. These conditions make it highly impractical to collaborate locally around physical models. Various approaches to creating new collaboration tools and software, which alleviate these issues, have been tried previously. However, past solutions either used expensive hardware, which is not widely available, or used standard two-dimensional (2D) monitors to share three-dimensional (3D) information. Recently, new low-cost virtual reality (VR) hardware has been introduced, which creates a highly immersive 3D experience at a tiny fraction of the cost of previous hardware. This work demonstrates an immersive collaborative environment built using a network of this hardware, which allows users to interact with gestures virtually and conducts a study to show its advantages over traditional video conferencing software. Copyright ©2018 by ASME.
31	a57191822951	Coburn J.	p696	True	Journal	339	A Review of the Capabilities of Current Low-Cost Virtual Reality Technology and Its Potential to Enhance the Design Process	In the past few years, there have been some significant advances in consumer virtual reality (VR) devices. Devices such as the Oculus Rift, HTC Vive, Leap Motion™ Controller, and Microsoft Kinect® are bringing immersive VR experiences into the homes of consumers with much lower cost and space requirements than previous generations of VR hardware. These new devices are also lowering the barrier to entry for VR engineering applications. Past research has suggested that there are significant opportunities for using VR during design tasks to improve results and reduce development time. This work reviews the latest generation of VR hardware and reviews research studying VR in the design process. Additionally, this work extracts the major themes from the reviews and discusses how the latest technology and research may affect the engineering design process. We conclude that these new devices have the potential to significantly improve portions of the design process. Copyright © 2017 by ASME.
32	a57188654880	Freeman I.	p7	False	Journal	5	The effects of transition style for collaborative view sharing in immersive Virtual Reality	New low-cost Virtual Reality (VR) technology is enabling large numbers of engineers and designers to be outfitted with VR tools. This, in turn, is making feasible new tools such as immersive, collaborative, design environments that reflect the collaborative environment of drafting tables while still providing all the power of modern, computer-based, design tools. However, before such an environment can be fully realized, basic issues surrounding collaboration in VR such as cybersickness and disorientation must be more fully addressed. This work presents the results of an experimental study conducted to characterize the trade-offs between different styles of transitioning collaborators to a shared view in an immersive virtual environment. The experimental task consisted of asking participants to identify in which quadrant of the car specific components were located. Quadrant identification was performed after a participant's virtual location was transitioned to a shared view location focused on the component to identify. The study was conducted with 45 participants who provided 1890 transition response datapoints. Analysis of these results suggests that, in many cases, collaborators are willing to experience some mild cybersickness in order to reduce their disorientation and improve both confidence and accuracy of component location identification. The results also support the recommendation that the best practice is to provide support for multiple transition styles and allow collaborators to select their preference. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
32	a57188654880	Freeman I.	p513	True	Journal	282	A bi-directional interface for improved interaction with engineering models in virtual reality design reviews	Leveraging virtual reality (VR) technology to enhance engineering design reviews has been an area of significant interest for researchers since the advent of modern VR. The ability to interact meaningfully with 3D computer-aided engineering models in these VR design reviews is an important, though often neglected, capability due to the difficulty of performing data translation between native computer-aided design (CAD) data and VR compatible file formats. A bi-directional interface was developed between a VR design review environment and a commercial CAD package that streamlines the data translation process. Transmitting both geometric data and selected metadata from the CAD system enabled the development of enhanced model interaction tools in a VR design review application. User experiments were performed that compared the enhanced tools developed to a baseline toolset. Participants success using these toolsets was measured as they performed tasks related to design understanding and decision making, such as counting the number of gears in a gearbox or evaluating the feasibility of a proposed design change in a four-cylinder engine. The analysis of the data from these experiments showed a statistically significant improvement in participants ability to understand the geometry of the model correctly, confidently, and quickly, as well as in participants ability to correctly and confidently understand the implications of a proposed design change when using the Enhanced Toolset. We conclude that the bi-directional interface concept developed in this work can be extended to enable advanced interaction with a diversity of engineering data in VR. © 2017, Springer-Verlag France.
32	a57188654880	Freeman I.	p521	False	Journal	274	Effectiveness of an Immersive Virtual Environment for Collaboration with Gesture Support Using Low-Cost Hardware	Since the advent of modern computer-aided design software, engineers have been divorced from the highly collaborative environment previously enjoyed. Today's highly complex designs require modern software tools and the realities of a global economy often constrain engineers to remote collaboration. These conditions make it highly impractical to collaborate locally around physical models. Various approaches to creating new collaboration tools and software, which alleviate these issues, have been tried previously. However, past solutions either used expensive hardware, which is not widely available, or used standard two-dimensional (2D) monitors to share three-dimensional (3D) information. Recently, new low-cost virtual reality (VR) hardware has been introduced, which creates a highly immersive 3D experience at a tiny fraction of the cost of previous hardware. This work demonstrates an immersive collaborative environment built using a network of this hardware, which allows users to interact with gestures virtually and conducts a study to show its advantages over traditional video conferencing software. Copyright ©2018 by ASME.
32	a57188654880	Freeman I.	p696	False	Journal	339	A Review of the Capabilities of Current Low-Cost Virtual Reality Technology and Its Potential to Enhance the Design Process	In the past few years, there have been some significant advances in consumer virtual reality (VR) devices. Devices such as the Oculus Rift, HTC Vive, Leap Motion™ Controller, and Microsoft Kinect® are bringing immersive VR experiences into the homes of consumers with much lower cost and space requirements than previous generations of VR hardware. These new devices are also lowering the barrier to entry for VR engineering applications. Past research has suggested that there are significant opportunities for using VR during design tasks to improve results and reduce development time. This work reviews the latest generation of VR hardware and reviews research studying VR in the design process. Additionally, this work extracts the major themes from the reviews and discusses how the latest technology and research may affect the engineering design process. We conclude that these new devices have the potential to significantly improve portions of the design process. Copyright © 2017 by ASME.
33	a57192247939	Švenda V.G.	p8	True	Journal	6	Probabilistic extension of flexible hybrid state estimation for cyber-physical systems	This paper proposes a probabilistic extension to flexible hybrid state estimation (FHSE) for cyber-physical systems (CPSs). The main goal of the algorithm is improvement of the system state tracking when realistic communications are taken into account, by optimizing information and communication technology (ICT) usage. These advancements result in: 1) coping with ICT outages and inevitable irregularities (delay, packet drop and bad measurements); 2) determining the optimized state estimation execution frequencies based on expected measurement refresh times. Additionally, information about CPSs is gathered from both the phasor measurement units (PMU) and SCADA-based measurements. This measurement transfer introduces two network observability types, which split the system into observable (White) and unobservable (Grey) areas, based on 1) deployed measuring instruments (MIs) and 2) received measurements. A two-step bad data detection (BDD) method is introduced for ICT irregularities and outages. The proposed algorithm benefits are shown on two IEEE test cases with time-varying load/generation: 14-bus and 300-bus. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
33	a57192247939	Švenda V.G.	p36	True	Journal	30	Flexible hybrid state estimation for power systems with communication irregularities	This study proposes a novel flexible hybrid state estimation (SE) algorithm when a realistic communication system with its irregularities is taken into account. This system is modelled by the Network Simulator 2 software tool, which is also used to calculate communication delays and packet drop probabilities. Within this setup, the system observability can be predicted, and the proposed SE can decide between using the static SE (SSE) or the discrete Kalman filter plus SSE-based measurements and time alignment (Forecasting-aided SE). Flexible hybrid SE (FHSE) incorporates both phasor measurement units and supervisory control and data acquisition-based measurements, with different time stamps. The proposed FHSE with detailed modelling of the communication system is motivated by: (i) well-known issues in SSE (time alignment of the measurements, frequent un-observability for fixed SE time stamps etc.); and (ii) the need to model a realistic communication system (calculated communication delays and packet drop probabilities are a part of the proposed FHSE). Application of the proposed algorithm is illustrated for examples with time-varying bus load/generation on two IEEE test cases: 14-bus and 300-bus. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2020
33	a57192247939	Švenda V.G.	p160	True	Conference	30	Probabilistic Network Observability of a Hybrid Power System with Communication Irregularities	This paper explores power system network observability while taking into account realistic communication network behavior. The overall information is obtained by combining SCADA-and phasor measurement unit-derived data, where time stamping (based on Global Positioning System or an equivalent local clock) for all measurements is assumed. Based on simulations performed in communication Network Simulator 2, empirical cumulative distribution functions can be associated with transfer times of measurement packets, which will reflect communication parameters and irregularities. This is further used to form an algorithm which maximizes the number of successful network observability checks, and thus the number of possible state estimations, in a certain time period. Application is demonstrated on the IEEE 14-bus test power system example. © 2019 IEEE.
33	a57192247939	Švenda V.G.	p406	True	Conference	152	Influence of Communication Irregularities and Co-simulation on Hybrid Power System State Estimation	The paper explores the effects of sensor behavior and communication system (CS) irregularities on power system state estimation (SE). CS are modeled in Network Simulator 2 (NS-2), allowing the quantification of irregularities, including delays and dropped packets. The overall information is obtained combining SCADA measurements with phasor measurement unit (PMU) derived data, where time stamping (based on GPS or an equivalent local clock) for all measurements is assumed. To fully analyze the effects of irregularities, a detailed analysis of sensitivities to different communication system parameters is provided as well. Using the co-simulation environment PiccSIM, a SE with these irregularities is quantified for CS parameter variation, with detailed models of power and communication flows. © 2018 IEEE.
33	a57192247939	Švenda V.G.	p541	False	Conference	195	Hybrid power system state estimation with irregular sampling	The paper proposes a power system state estimation algorithm in the presence of irregular sensor sampling and random communication delays. Our state estimator incorporates Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) and SCADA measurements. We use an Extended Kalman filter based algorithm for time alignment of measurements and state variables. Time stamps are assumed for PMU, SCADA and state estimation. Application of the proposed algorithm is illustrated for hourly/daily load/generation variations on two test examples: 14-bus and 118-bus. © 2017 IEEE.
34	a57218593962	Walker Z.	p9	True	Journal	7	Solid-state membranes formed on natural menisci	We present a method to create robust, nanoscale solid-state membranes using the natural shape of a liquid meniscus as a template. A narrow, open channel is etched into a silicon substrate and then a photoresist polymer is introduced into the channel through spontaneous capillary action. The natural concave meniscus formed by the polymer is then covered by a thin chemical vapor deposited membrane. The polymer is removed by sacrificial etching, leaving behind a suspended membrane. Membranes as large as 20 μm by 9 mm can be fabricated with a thickness as low as 50 nm. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.
35	a57218593446	Wells T.	p9	False	Journal	7	Solid-state membranes formed on natural menisci	We present a method to create robust, nanoscale solid-state membranes using the natural shape of a liquid meniscus as a template. A narrow, open channel is etched into a silicon substrate and then a photoresist polymer is introduced into the channel through spontaneous capillary action. The natural concave meniscus formed by the polymer is then covered by a thin chemical vapor deposited membrane. The polymer is removed by sacrificial etching, leaving behind a suspended membrane. Membranes as large as 20 μm by 9 mm can be fabricated with a thickness as low as 50 nm. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.
36	a57218591162	Lay K.	p9	False	Journal	7	Solid-state membranes formed on natural menisci	We present a method to create robust, nanoscale solid-state membranes using the natural shape of a liquid meniscus as a template. A narrow, open channel is etched into a silicon substrate and then a photoresist polymer is introduced into the channel through spontaneous capillary action. The natural concave meniscus formed by the polymer is then covered by a thin chemical vapor deposited membrane. The polymer is removed by sacrificial etching, leaving behind a suspended membrane. Membranes as large as 20 μm by 9 mm can be fabricated with a thickness as low as 50 nm. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.
37	a57201772566	Sampad M.J.N.	p9	False	Journal	7	Solid-state membranes formed on natural menisci	We present a method to create robust, nanoscale solid-state membranes using the natural shape of a liquid meniscus as a template. A narrow, open channel is etched into a silicon substrate and then a photoresist polymer is introduced into the channel through spontaneous capillary action. The natural concave meniscus formed by the polymer is then covered by a thin chemical vapor deposited membrane. The polymer is removed by sacrificial etching, leaving behind a suspended membrane. Membranes as large as 20 μm by 9 mm can be fabricated with a thickness as low as 50 nm. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p9	False	Journal	7	Solid-state membranes formed on natural menisci	We present a method to create robust, nanoscale solid-state membranes using the natural shape of a liquid meniscus as a template. A narrow, open channel is etched into a silicon substrate and then a photoresist polymer is introduced into the channel through spontaneous capillary action. The natural concave meniscus formed by the polymer is then covered by a thin chemical vapor deposited membrane. The polymer is removed by sacrificial etching, leaving behind a suspended membrane. Membranes as large as 20 μm by 9 mm can be fabricated with a thickness as low as 50 nm. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p62	False	Journal	45	3D hydrodynamic focusing in microscale optofluidic channels formed with a single sacrificial layer	Optofluidic devices are capable of detecting single molecules, but greater sensitivity and specificity is desired through hydrodynamic focusing (HDF). Three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic focusing was implemented in 10-μm scale microchannel cross-sections made with a single sacrificial layer. HDF is achieved using buffer fluid to sheath the sample fluid, requiring four fluid ports to operate by pressure driven flow. A low-pressure chamber, or pit, formed by etching into a substrate, enables volumetric flow ratio-induced focusing at a low flow velocity. The single layer design simplifies surface micromachining and improves device yield by 1.56 times over previous work. The focusing design was integrated with optical waveguides and used in order to analyze fluorescent signals from beads in fluid flow. The implementation of the focusing scheme was found to narrow the distribution of bead velocity and fluorescent signal, giving rise to 33% more consistent signal. Reservoir effects were observed at low operational vacuum pressures and a balance between optofluidic signal variance and intensity was achieved. The implementation of the design in optofluidic sensors will enable higher detection sensitivity and sample specificity. © 2020 by the authors.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p171	False	Conference	35	Free Space Excitation in Optofluidic Devices for Single Particle Detection	Free space top-down illumination of liquid-core waveguides in an optofluidic chip is implemented by milling slits into a metal layer covering the waveguide channel. Detection of single microbeads with excellent signal-to-noise ratio is demonstrated for different milling depths. © 2019 IEEE.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p172	False	Conference	36	Multiplexed Detection of Single Antibiotic Drug-Resistant Plasmids using Multimode Interference Waveguide Based Optofluidic Chip	A single multimode interference waveguide is used to create distinct spectral spot patterns on two liquid-core waveguides on an optofluidic chip. This device is used for multiplexed detection of antibiotic-resistant plasmids with single nucleic acid sensitivity. © 2019 IEEE.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p173	False	Conference	37	Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Focusing Designs for Integrated Optofluidic Detection Enhancement	Three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing promises to enhance detection capabilities of optofluidic sensors, enabling low concentration interrogation with higher confidence, critical for disease diagnosis. Novel 3DHDF designs with optofluidic channel diameters in the range of ten microns are evaluated, predicting detection enhancement of up to 3.54 times. © 2019 IEEE.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p235	False	Conference	56	Single Particle Detection Enhancement with Wavelet-based Signal Processing Technique	Chip-based single molecule detection requires ultra-sensitive devices and robust signal processing methods. A new wavelet-based signal processing method is introduced that improves detection and error rates on an optofluidic platform by 2x and 3x, respectively. © 2019 The Author(s) 2019 OSA.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p239	False	Conference	57	Optofluidic Platform with Integrated Optical Waveguides and Sample Preparation for Digitized Detection of Nucleic Acid Targets	An architecture of sensitive solid-core and liquid-core optical waveguides are integrated with a pneumatic valve array on a single optofluidic platform to enable specific capture, labeling and detection of single nucleic acid strands using barcode fluorescence reporters. © 2019 The Author(s) 2019 OSA.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p347	False	Conference	119	Single particle detection enhancement with wavelet-based signal processing technique	Chip-based single molecule detection requires ultra-sensitive devices and robust signal processing methods. A new wavelet-based signal processing method is introduced that improves detection and error rates on an optofluidic platform by 2x and 3x, respectively. © 2019 The Author(s)
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p350	False	Journal	196	Enhanced Detection of Single Viruses On-Chip via Hydrodynamic Focusing	Planar optofluidics provide a powerful tool for facilitating chip-scale light-matter interactions. Silicon-based liquid core waveguides have been shown to offer single molecule sensitivity for efficient detection of bioparticles. Recently, a PDMS based planar optofluidic platform was introduced that opens the way to rapid development and prototyping of unique structures, taking advantage of the positive attributes of silicon dioxide-based optofluidics and PDMS based microfluidics. Here, hydrodynamic focusing is integrated into a PDMS based optofluidic chip to enhance the detection of single H1N1 viruses on-chip. Chip-plane focusing is provided by a system of microfluidic channels to force the particles towards a region of high optical collection efficiency. Focusing is demonstrated and enhanced detection is quantified using fluorescent polystyrene beads where the coefficient of variation is found to decrease by a factor of 4 with the addition of hydrodynamic focusing. The mean signal amplitude of fluorescently tagged single H1N1 viruses is found to increase with the addition of focusing by a factor of 1.64. © 1995-2012 IEEE.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p359	False	Journal	200	Broadband antireflective light-blocking layer using nanoparticle suspension in photoresist with high-resolution patterning	Background: Many MEMS and optical sensor devices can benefit from layers that block transmission and suppress reflection of light across the visible spectrum. Because these devices can include complicated topography, many existing methods for depositing antireflective layers are difficult, impractical, or unusable. Aim: To create a light-blocking antireflective layer that works well with complicated MEMS and sensor devices, a layer should be made that is cheap, simple, and can be deposited and patterned with high resolution at low temperatures. Approach: Light blocking is achieved using an aluminum layer. Suppressing reflection is achieved by mixing aluminum oxide nanoparticles in photoresist to create a layer that partially absorbs and partially scatters light. Results: The combination of a layer of metal and a layer of nanoparticles and photoresist completely blocks transmission of light and significantly reduces reflections across the visible spectrum, particularly for shorter wavelengths. The layer is also patternable to sizes as small as a few microns with high resolution. Conclusion: By combining a metal layer and a layer of nanoparticles in photoresist, a simple, cheap, and effective light-blocking antireflective layer can be created that is compatible with planar devices with complex topography. © 2019 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p378	False	Conference	137	Optofluidic platform with integrated optical waveguides and sample preparation for digitized detection of nucleic acid targets	An architecture of sensitive solid-core and liquid-core optical waveguides are integrated with a pneumatic valve array on a single optofluidic platform to enable specific capture, labeling and detection of single nucleic acid strands using barcode fluorescence reporters. © 2019 The Author(s)
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p407	False	Journal	217	Integration of sample preparation and analysis into an optofluidic chip for multi-target disease detection	Detection of molecular biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity from biological samples requires both sophisticated sample preparation and subsequent analysis. These tasks are often carried out on separate platforms which increases required sample volumes and the risk of errors, sample loss, and contamination. Here, we present an optofluidic platform which combines an optical detection section with single nucleic acid strand sensitivity, and a sample processing unit capable of on-chip, specific extraction and labeling of nucleic acid and protein targets in complex biological matrices. First, on-chip labeling and detection of individual lambda DNA molecules down to concentrations of 8 fM is demonstrated. Subsequently, we demonstrate the simultaneous capture, fluorescence tagging and detection of both Zika specific nucleic acid and NS-1 protein targets in both buffer and human serum. We show that the dual DNA and protein assay allows for successful differentiation and diagnosis of Zika against cross-reacting species like dengue. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p459	False	Journal	256	Buried Rib SiO2 Multimode Interference Waveguides for Optofluidic Multiplexing	Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides can be used to create wavelength-dependent spot patterns which enables simultaneous analyte detection on a single optofluidic chip, useful for disease diagnostics. The fidelity of such multi-spot patterns is important for high sensitivity and accurate target identification. Buried rib structures have been incorporated into these SiO2-based waveguides to improve environmental stability. Through experiments and simulation, this letter explores design parameters for a buried MMI rib waveguide based on anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides in order to produce high-fidelity spot patterns. Optimal rib heights and widths are reported in the context of available microfabrication etch technology and performance for an optimized biosensor is shown. © 1989-2012 IEEE.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p502	False	Journal	273	Optimized ARROW-Based MMI Waveguides for High Fidelity Excitation Patterns for Optofluidic Multiplexing	Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides can be used for multiplexing and de-multiplexing optical signals. High fidelity, wavelength dependent multi-spot patterns from MMI waveguides are useful for sensitive and simultaneous identification of multiple targets in multiplexed fluorescence optofluidic biosensors. Through experiments and simulation, this paper explores design parameters for an MMI rib anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide in order to produce high fidelity spot patterns at the liquid core biomarker excitation region. Width and etch depth of the single excitation rib waveguide used to excite the MMI waveguide are especially critical because they determine the size of the input optical mode which is imaged at the MMI waveguide's output. To increase optical throughput into the MMI waveguide when light is coupled in from an optical fiber, tapers in the waveguide width can be used for better mode matching. © 2012 IEEE.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p607	False	Conference	245	High fidelity MMI excitation patterns for optofluidic multiplexing	High fidelity interference patterns from multimode interference waveguides are needed for multiplexed optofluidic biosensors. Spot pattern fidelity can be optimized by careful design of the single-mode waveguides used to excite the multimode waveguides. © OSA 2018.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p608	False	Conference	246	3D hydrodynamic focusing for optofluidics using a stacked channel design	We present a 3D hydrodynamic focusing design suitable for optofluidic devices allowing planar fabrication and velocity independent particle focusing. Simulations are presented and fabrication outlined with evidence that stacked SU8 layers are suitable building blocks. © OSA 2018.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p706	False	Journal	347	Optofluidic lab-on-a-chip fluorescence sensor using integrated buried ARROW (bARROW) waveguides	Optofluidic, lab-on-a-chip fluorescence sensors were fabricated using buried anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (bARROWs). The bARROWs are impervious to the negative water absorption effects that typically occur in waveguides made using hygroscopic, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) oxides. These sensors were used to detect fluorescent microbeads and had an average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that was 81.3% higher than that of single-oxide ARROW fluorescence sensors. While the single-oxide ARROW sensors were annealed at 300 ◦ C to drive moisture out of the waveguides, the bARROW sensors required no annealing process to obtain a high SNR. © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p749	False	Journal	363	Mitigating Water Absorption in Waveguides Made from Unannealed PECVD SiO2	Water absorption was studied in two types of waveguides made from unannealed plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) SiO2. Standard rib anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) were fabricated with thin films of different intrinsic stress and indices of refraction. Buried ARROWs (bARROWs) with low and high refractive index differences between the core and cladding regions were also fabricated from the same types of PECVD films. All waveguides were subjected to a heated, high humidity environment and their optical throughput was tested over time. Due to water absorption in the SiO2 films, the optical throughput of all of the ARROWs decreased with time spent in the wet environment. The ARROWs with the lowest stress SiO2 had the slowest rate of throughput change. High index difference bARROWs showed no decrease in optical throughput after 40 days in the wet environment and are presented as a solution for environmentally stable waveguides made from unannealed PECVD SiO2. © 2017 IEEE.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p750	False	Journal	364	Multiplexed efficient on-chip sample preparation and sensitive amplification-free detection of Ebola virus	An automated microfluidic sample preparation multiplexer (SPM) has been developed and evaluated for Ebola virus detection. Metered air bubbles controlled by microvalves are used to improve bead-solution mixing thereby enhancing the hybridization of the target Ebola virus RNA with capture probes bound to the beads. The method uses thermally stable 4-formyl benzamide functionalized (4FB) magnetic beads rather than streptavidin coated beads with a high density of capture probes to improve the target capture efficiency. Exploiting an on-chip concentration protocol in the SPM and the single molecule detection capability of the antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) biosensor chip, a detection limit of 0.021 pfu/mL for clinical samples is achieved without target amplification. This RNA target capture efficiency is two orders of magnitude higher than previous results using streptavidin beads and the limit of detection (LOD) improves 10×. The wide dynamic range of this technique covers the whole clinically applicable concentration range. In addition, the current sample preparation time is ~1 h which is eight times faster than previous work. This multiplexed, miniaturized sample preparation microdevice establishes a key technology that intended to develop next generation point-of-care (POC) detection system. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p786	False	Conference	323	MMI waveguide based multispectral detection of nucleic acids for analysis of drug-resistant bacteria	A multi-mode interference waveguide is used for creating distinct temporal fluorescence patterns at multiple excitation wavelengths. This allows for identification of bacterial nucleic acids labeled with molecular beacons in two colors. © 2016 IEEE.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p787	False	Conference	324	Design and characterization of integrated 2D ABEL trap	Design and characterization of a chip-based electro-optic single-particle trap with feedback-based confinement in two dimensions is demonstrated. Improvements over 1D confinement and integration of nanopores for gated delivery of individual nanoparticles are discussed. © 2016 IEEE.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p839	False	Conference	366	Preserving optical confinement in unannealed PECVD SiO2 waveguides	Rib and buried channel waveguides (BCWs) made of unannealed PECVD SiO2 were studied after exposure to high humidity. Low stressed rib waveguides had lower optical throughput change, while high index difference BCWs were practically unaffected. © 2017 OSA.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p840	False	Conference	367	Multimodal multiplexing of single-virus detection using multi-mode interference waveguides	Multi-mode interference waveguides are used to implement simultaneous spectral and spatial multiplex fluorescence analysis in liquid-core waveguide channels. A six-times multiplex identification of single influenza viruses is demonstrated with two excitation colors and threechannels. © 2017 OSA.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p841	False	Conference	368	Single particle fluorescence analysis on demand on electro-optofluidic chip with gated particle delivery	Electronic feedback enables introduction of single microbeads and DNA molecules into a liquid-core waveguide through a micro/nanopore. Subsequent fluorescence detection from a controlled number of individual particles is demonstrated, enabling single particle analysis on demand. © 2017 OSA.
38	a16422844400	Schmidt H.	p860	False	Journal	402	Optofluidic bioanalysis: Fundamentals and applications	Over the past decade, optofluidics has established itself as a new and dynamic research field for exciting developments at the interface of photonics, microfluidics, and the life sciences. The strong desire for developing miniaturized bioanalytic devices and instruments, in particular, has led to novel and powerful approaches to integrating optical elements and biological fluids on the same chip-scale system. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in optofluidic research with emphasis on applications in bioanalysis and a focus on waveguide-based approaches that represent the most advanced level of integration between optics and fluidics. We discuss recent work in photonically reconfigurable devices and various application areas. We show how optofluidic approaches have been pushing the performance limits in bioanalysis, e.g. in terms of sensitivity and portability, satisfying many of the key requirements for point-of-care devices. This illustrates how the requirements for bianalysis instruments are increasingly being met by the symbiotic integration of novel photonic capabilities in a miniaturized system. © 2017, Holger Schmidt et al.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p9	False	Journal	7	Solid-state membranes formed on natural menisci	We present a method to create robust, nanoscale solid-state membranes using the natural shape of a liquid meniscus as a template. A narrow, open channel is etched into a silicon substrate and then a photoresist polymer is introduced into the channel through spontaneous capillary action. The natural concave meniscus formed by the polymer is then covered by a thin chemical vapor deposited membrane. The polymer is removed by sacrificial etching, leaving behind a suspended membrane. Membranes as large as 20 μm by 9 mm can be fabricated with a thickness as low as 50 nm. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p21	False	Conference	2	Low-Noise, Low-Power Pulse Shaper for Particle Detection (Invited Paper)	Pulse shapers are widely used in particle detector applications to reduce the rise and fall times of the pulse signal and to remove noise from the frontend amplifiers. We demonstrate a low-noise, low-power pulse shaper employing an active lowpass Salley-Key biquad filter, passive highpass filter, and input/output buffers. The design process is described to generate the desired transfer characteristic while incorporating tuning knobs to adapt the shaper characteristic to the needs of different applications. Utilizing only a single 1.8-V supply, the shaper consumes 1.5 mW and achieves an input-referred noise of 17 µVrms, both the lowest among state-of-the-art. The power efficiency normalized to bandwidth and noise is nearly 1.7× better than the next best design. © 2020 IEEE.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p47	False	Journal	37	Direct macro-to-micro interface method for microfluidics	The macro-to-micro interface method presented here meets many of the requirements for an ideal interconnect by sealing a short length of plastic tubing directly to a microfluidic chip. The adaptability and low-temperature processing make it compatible with a wide range of device materials. The method was validated on silicon, acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate), printed circuit board and glass substrates with high-pressure integrity to over 300 psi (2 MPa). Fluid interfaces created with this method were used for pressure tests on microfluidic channels constructed on silicon. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p62	False	Journal	45	3D hydrodynamic focusing in microscale optofluidic channels formed with a single sacrificial layer	Optofluidic devices are capable of detecting single molecules, but greater sensitivity and specificity is desired through hydrodynamic focusing (HDF). Three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic focusing was implemented in 10-μm scale microchannel cross-sections made with a single sacrificial layer. HDF is achieved using buffer fluid to sheath the sample fluid, requiring four fluid ports to operate by pressure driven flow. A low-pressure chamber, or pit, formed by etching into a substrate, enables volumetric flow ratio-induced focusing at a low flow velocity. The single layer design simplifies surface micromachining and improves device yield by 1.56 times over previous work. The focusing design was integrated with optical waveguides and used in order to analyze fluorescent signals from beads in fluid flow. The implementation of the focusing scheme was found to narrow the distribution of bead velocity and fluorescent signal, giving rise to 33% more consistent signal. Reservoir effects were observed at low operational vacuum pressures and a balance between optofluidic signal variance and intensity was achieved. The implementation of the design in optofluidic sensors will enable higher detection sensitivity and sample specificity. © 2020 by the authors.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p99	False	Journal	37	Nanofluidic peristaltic pumps made from silica thin films	We present theory for operation and experimental results for a nanoscale pump implemented in silica thin films that uses electrostatic actuation. The devices were implemented on silicon substrates using standard microfabrication recipes. Using pressures induced by capillary forces, the pressures exerted on pump membranes through electrostatic forces, and the approximate displacement per stroke we predict the pump speed operating the device over a range of frequencies and voltages. For membranes 100 nm thick, 170 V was required for pump actuation, providing exquisite control of pumping rates of less than 1 fl s-1 per nanochannel. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p171	False	Conference	35	Free Space Excitation in Optofluidic Devices for Single Particle Detection	Free space top-down illumination of liquid-core waveguides in an optofluidic chip is implemented by milling slits into a metal layer covering the waveguide channel. Detection of single microbeads with excellent signal-to-noise ratio is demonstrated for different milling depths. © 2019 IEEE.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p172	False	Conference	36	Multiplexed Detection of Single Antibiotic Drug-Resistant Plasmids using Multimode Interference Waveguide Based Optofluidic Chip	A single multimode interference waveguide is used to create distinct spectral spot patterns on two liquid-core waveguides on an optofluidic chip. This device is used for multiplexed detection of antibiotic-resistant plasmids with single nucleic acid sensitivity. © 2019 IEEE.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p173	False	Conference	37	Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Focusing Designs for Integrated Optofluidic Detection Enhancement	Three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing promises to enhance detection capabilities of optofluidic sensors, enabling low concentration interrogation with higher confidence, critical for disease diagnosis. Novel 3DHDF designs with optofluidic channel diameters in the range of ten microns are evaluated, predicting detection enhancement of up to 3.54 times. © 2019 IEEE.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p235	False	Conference	56	Single Particle Detection Enhancement with Wavelet-based Signal Processing Technique	Chip-based single molecule detection requires ultra-sensitive devices and robust signal processing methods. A new wavelet-based signal processing method is introduced that improves detection and error rates on an optofluidic platform by 2x and 3x, respectively. © 2019 The Author(s) 2019 OSA.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p239	False	Conference	57	Optofluidic Platform with Integrated Optical Waveguides and Sample Preparation for Digitized Detection of Nucleic Acid Targets	An architecture of sensitive solid-core and liquid-core optical waveguides are integrated with a pneumatic valve array on a single optofluidic platform to enable specific capture, labeling and detection of single nucleic acid strands using barcode fluorescence reporters. © 2019 The Author(s) 2019 OSA.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p347	False	Conference	119	Single particle detection enhancement with wavelet-based signal processing technique	Chip-based single molecule detection requires ultra-sensitive devices and robust signal processing methods. A new wavelet-based signal processing method is introduced that improves detection and error rates on an optofluidic platform by 2x and 3x, respectively. © 2019 The Author(s)
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p350	False	Journal	196	Enhanced Detection of Single Viruses On-Chip via Hydrodynamic Focusing	Planar optofluidics provide a powerful tool for facilitating chip-scale light-matter interactions. Silicon-based liquid core waveguides have been shown to offer single molecule sensitivity for efficient detection of bioparticles. Recently, a PDMS based planar optofluidic platform was introduced that opens the way to rapid development and prototyping of unique structures, taking advantage of the positive attributes of silicon dioxide-based optofluidics and PDMS based microfluidics. Here, hydrodynamic focusing is integrated into a PDMS based optofluidic chip to enhance the detection of single H1N1 viruses on-chip. Chip-plane focusing is provided by a system of microfluidic channels to force the particles towards a region of high optical collection efficiency. Focusing is demonstrated and enhanced detection is quantified using fluorescent polystyrene beads where the coefficient of variation is found to decrease by a factor of 4 with the addition of hydrodynamic focusing. The mean signal amplitude of fluorescently tagged single H1N1 viruses is found to increase with the addition of focusing by a factor of 1.64. © 1995-2012 IEEE.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p359	False	Journal	200	Broadband antireflective light-blocking layer using nanoparticle suspension in photoresist with high-resolution patterning	Background: Many MEMS and optical sensor devices can benefit from layers that block transmission and suppress reflection of light across the visible spectrum. Because these devices can include complicated topography, many existing methods for depositing antireflective layers are difficult, impractical, or unusable. Aim: To create a light-blocking antireflective layer that works well with complicated MEMS and sensor devices, a layer should be made that is cheap, simple, and can be deposited and patterned with high resolution at low temperatures. Approach: Light blocking is achieved using an aluminum layer. Suppressing reflection is achieved by mixing aluminum oxide nanoparticles in photoresist to create a layer that partially absorbs and partially scatters light. Results: The combination of a layer of metal and a layer of nanoparticles and photoresist completely blocks transmission of light and significantly reduces reflections across the visible spectrum, particularly for shorter wavelengths. The layer is also patternable to sizes as small as a few microns with high resolution. Conclusion: By combining a metal layer and a layer of nanoparticles in photoresist, a simple, cheap, and effective light-blocking antireflective layer can be created that is compatible with planar devices with complex topography. © 2019 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p378	False	Conference	137	Optofluidic platform with integrated optical waveguides and sample preparation for digitized detection of nucleic acid targets	An architecture of sensitive solid-core and liquid-core optical waveguides are integrated with a pneumatic valve array on a single optofluidic platform to enable specific capture, labeling and detection of single nucleic acid strands using barcode fluorescence reporters. © 2019 The Author(s)
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p407	False	Journal	217	Integration of sample preparation and analysis into an optofluidic chip for multi-target disease detection	Detection of molecular biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity from biological samples requires both sophisticated sample preparation and subsequent analysis. These tasks are often carried out on separate platforms which increases required sample volumes and the risk of errors, sample loss, and contamination. Here, we present an optofluidic platform which combines an optical detection section with single nucleic acid strand sensitivity, and a sample processing unit capable of on-chip, specific extraction and labeling of nucleic acid and protein targets in complex biological matrices. First, on-chip labeling and detection of individual lambda DNA molecules down to concentrations of 8 fM is demonstrated. Subsequently, we demonstrate the simultaneous capture, fluorescence tagging and detection of both Zika specific nucleic acid and NS-1 protein targets in both buffer and human serum. We show that the dual DNA and protein assay allows for successful differentiation and diagnosis of Zika against cross-reacting species like dengue. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p459	False	Journal	256	Buried Rib SiO2 Multimode Interference Waveguides for Optofluidic Multiplexing	Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides can be used to create wavelength-dependent spot patterns which enables simultaneous analyte detection on a single optofluidic chip, useful for disease diagnostics. The fidelity of such multi-spot patterns is important for high sensitivity and accurate target identification. Buried rib structures have been incorporated into these SiO2-based waveguides to improve environmental stability. Through experiments and simulation, this letter explores design parameters for a buried MMI rib waveguide based on anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides in order to produce high-fidelity spot patterns. Optimal rib heights and widths are reported in the context of available microfabrication etch technology and performance for an optimized biosensor is shown. © 1989-2012 IEEE.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p485	False	Conference	177	Intensive mentoring and micro-electronics research for students in engineering (IMMERSE)	This paper describes an undergraduate research program called IMMERSE that has been implemented in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Brigham Young University. Approximately 50 students per year participate along with 12 faculty members. The objectives of the IMMERSE program are to prepare student to continue on to graduate school and to enable students to publish their research in peer-reviewed venues. The key features of the program are (1) a single point of entry, (2) long-term and authentic research experiences, (3) participation in a broader impact project, and (4) personal mentoring between students and faculty. since its inception in 2003, the program has had 251 total student participants that have published 225 peer reviewed publications and 75% have continued on to graduate school. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p502	False	Journal	273	Optimized ARROW-Based MMI Waveguides for High Fidelity Excitation Patterns for Optofluidic Multiplexing	Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides can be used for multiplexing and de-multiplexing optical signals. High fidelity, wavelength dependent multi-spot patterns from MMI waveguides are useful for sensitive and simultaneous identification of multiple targets in multiplexed fluorescence optofluidic biosensors. Through experiments and simulation, this paper explores design parameters for an MMI rib anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide in order to produce high fidelity spot patterns at the liquid core biomarker excitation region. Width and etch depth of the single excitation rib waveguide used to excite the MMI waveguide are especially critical because they determine the size of the input optical mode which is imaged at the MMI waveguide's output. To increase optical throughput into the MMI waveguide when light is coupled in from an optical fiber, tapers in the waveguide width can be used for better mode matching. © 2012 IEEE.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p522	False	Journal	262	Antireflective light-blocking layers using a liquid top matte coating	Methods exist for the creation of antireflective thin film layers; however, many of these methods depend on the use of high temperatures, harsh chemical etches, or are made with difficult pattern materials, rendering them unusable for many applications. In addition, most methods of light blocking are specifically designed to increase light coupling and absorption in the substrate, making them incompatible with some applications that also require blocking transmission of light. A method of forming a simple, patternable light-blocking layer that drastically reduces both transmission and reflection of light without dependence on processes that could damage underlying structures using a light scattering matte coating over a partially antireflective thin film light-blocking layer is presented. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p607	False	Conference	245	High fidelity MMI excitation patterns for optofluidic multiplexing	High fidelity interference patterns from multimode interference waveguides are needed for multiplexed optofluidic biosensors. Spot pattern fidelity can be optimized by careful design of the single-mode waveguides used to excite the multimode waveguides. © OSA 2018.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p608	False	Conference	246	3D hydrodynamic focusing for optofluidics using a stacked channel design	We present a 3D hydrodynamic focusing design suitable for optofluidic devices allowing planar fabrication and velocity independent particle focusing. Simulations are presented and fabrication outlined with evidence that stacked SU8 layers are suitable building blocks. © OSA 2018.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p706	False	Journal	347	Optofluidic lab-on-a-chip fluorescence sensor using integrated buried ARROW (bARROW) waveguides	Optofluidic, lab-on-a-chip fluorescence sensors were fabricated using buried anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (bARROWs). The bARROWs are impervious to the negative water absorption effects that typically occur in waveguides made using hygroscopic, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) oxides. These sensors were used to detect fluorescent microbeads and had an average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that was 81.3% higher than that of single-oxide ARROW fluorescence sensors. While the single-oxide ARROW sensors were annealed at 300 ◦ C to drive moisture out of the waveguides, the bARROW sensors required no annealing process to obtain a high SNR. © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p749	False	Journal	363	Mitigating Water Absorption in Waveguides Made from Unannealed PECVD SiO2	Water absorption was studied in two types of waveguides made from unannealed plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) SiO2. Standard rib anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) were fabricated with thin films of different intrinsic stress and indices of refraction. Buried ARROWs (bARROWs) with low and high refractive index differences between the core and cladding regions were also fabricated from the same types of PECVD films. All waveguides were subjected to a heated, high humidity environment and their optical throughput was tested over time. Due to water absorption in the SiO2 films, the optical throughput of all of the ARROWs decreased with time spent in the wet environment. The ARROWs with the lowest stress SiO2 had the slowest rate of throughput change. High index difference bARROWs showed no decrease in optical throughput after 40 days in the wet environment and are presented as a solution for environmentally stable waveguides made from unannealed PECVD SiO2. © 2017 IEEE.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p750	False	Journal	364	Multiplexed efficient on-chip sample preparation and sensitive amplification-free detection of Ebola virus	An automated microfluidic sample preparation multiplexer (SPM) has been developed and evaluated for Ebola virus detection. Metered air bubbles controlled by microvalves are used to improve bead-solution mixing thereby enhancing the hybridization of the target Ebola virus RNA with capture probes bound to the beads. The method uses thermally stable 4-formyl benzamide functionalized (4FB) magnetic beads rather than streptavidin coated beads with a high density of capture probes to improve the target capture efficiency. Exploiting an on-chip concentration protocol in the SPM and the single molecule detection capability of the antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) biosensor chip, a detection limit of 0.021 pfu/mL for clinical samples is achieved without target amplification. This RNA target capture efficiency is two orders of magnitude higher than previous results using streptavidin beads and the limit of detection (LOD) improves 10×. The wide dynamic range of this technique covers the whole clinically applicable concentration range. In addition, the current sample preparation time is ~1 h which is eight times faster than previous work. This multiplexed, miniaturized sample preparation microdevice establishes a key technology that intended to develop next generation point-of-care (POC) detection system. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p786	False	Conference	323	MMI waveguide based multispectral detection of nucleic acids for analysis of drug-resistant bacteria	A multi-mode interference waveguide is used for creating distinct temporal fluorescence patterns at multiple excitation wavelengths. This allows for identification of bacterial nucleic acids labeled with molecular beacons in two colors. © 2016 IEEE.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p787	False	Conference	324	Design and characterization of integrated 2D ABEL trap	Design and characterization of a chip-based electro-optic single-particle trap with feedback-based confinement in two dimensions is demonstrated. Improvements over 1D confinement and integration of nanopores for gated delivery of individual nanoparticles are discussed. © 2016 IEEE.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p839	False	Conference	366	Preserving optical confinement in unannealed PECVD SiO2 waveguides	Rib and buried channel waveguides (BCWs) made of unannealed PECVD SiO2 were studied after exposure to high humidity. Low stressed rib waveguides had lower optical throughput change, while high index difference BCWs were practically unaffected. © 2017 OSA.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p840	False	Conference	367	Multimodal multiplexing of single-virus detection using multi-mode interference waveguides	Multi-mode interference waveguides are used to implement simultaneous spectral and spatial multiplex fluorescence analysis in liquid-core waveguide channels. A six-times multiplex identification of single influenza viruses is demonstrated with two excitation colors and threechannels. © 2017 OSA.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p841	False	Conference	368	Single particle fluorescence analysis on demand on electro-optofluidic chip with gated particle delivery	Electronic feedback enables introduction of single microbeads and DNA molecules into a liquid-core waveguide through a micro/nanopore. Subsequent fluorescence detection from a controlled number of individual particles is demonstrated, enabling single particle analysis on demand. © 2017 OSA.
39	a7102975249	Hawkins A.	p860	False	Journal	402	Optofluidic bioanalysis: Fundamentals and applications	Over the past decade, optofluidics has established itself as a new and dynamic research field for exciting developments at the interface of photonics, microfluidics, and the life sciences. The strong desire for developing miniaturized bioanalytic devices and instruments, in particular, has led to novel and powerful approaches to integrating optical elements and biological fluids on the same chip-scale system. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in optofluidic research with emphasis on applications in bioanalysis and a focus on waveguide-based approaches that represent the most advanced level of integration between optics and fluidics. We discuss recent work in photonically reconfigurable devices and various application areas. We show how optofluidic approaches have been pushing the performance limits in bioanalysis, e.g. in terms of sensitivity and portability, satisfying many of the key requirements for point-of-care devices. This illustrates how the requirements for bianalysis instruments are increasingly being met by the symbiotic integration of novel photonic capabilities in a miniaturized system. © 2017, Holger Schmidt et al.
40	a57193338296	Wu F.	p10	True	Journal	8	Assessing the environmental impact and payback of carbon nanotube supported CO2 capture technologies using LCA methodology	Climate change caused by excessive CO2 emissions in the atmosphere has attracted widespread public concern in recent years. Current industrial methods generally utilize monoethanolamine for CO2 capture; however, the CO2 regeneration requires a high temperature and energy demand during every adsorption/desorption process, along with material losses. Many solid amines with high capture capacity and stability are developed as adsorbents to overcome the limitations. However, the environmental impacts caused by adsorbents themselves are not holistically considered and discussed; meanwhile, material syntheses and consumptions are also associated with CO2 emission. To determine the environmental impacts and identify hotspots of novel CO2 capture adsorbents, two carbon nanotube supported polyethyleneimine, physically adsorbed and covalently bonded, were compared with traditional monoethanolamine method using life cycle assessment. The carbon payback periods were also analyzed to gain understanding on whether the currently evaluated novel materials are suitable for industrial application. Results suggest that, material usage, especially carbon nanotubes, contributes the majority of the overall environmental impacts for both types of carbon nanotube supported polyethyleneimine. Meanwhile, their carbon payback periods are over 40 times longer than monoethanolamine during the synthesis phase. However, the energy consumption of physically adsorbed polyethyleneimine saves up to 60% compared to monoethanolamine in every adsorption/desorption cycle due to its lower heat capacity. In addition, the rate of cumulative CO2 remission for carbon nanotube supported polyethyleneimine is twice higher than monoethanolamine, indicating the potential application for industrial CO2 capture. Overall, our study indicates that current status of solid amine has a potential in CO2 capture, but requires much improvements. Future research should pay attention on decreasing the initial material synthesis and increasing the product life time due to their high environmental tradeoffs. Meanwhile, our study highlights that unilateral emphasis of the CO2 capture efficiency by novel materials may not be adequate, comprehensive considerations should be focused on the comparison throughout material life cycles including use and preparation phases. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
41	a57194692502	Zhou Z.	p10	False	Journal	8	Assessing the environmental impact and payback of carbon nanotube supported CO2 capture technologies using LCA methodology	Climate change caused by excessive CO2 emissions in the atmosphere has attracted widespread public concern in recent years. Current industrial methods generally utilize monoethanolamine for CO2 capture; however, the CO2 regeneration requires a high temperature and energy demand during every adsorption/desorption process, along with material losses. Many solid amines with high capture capacity and stability are developed as adsorbents to overcome the limitations. However, the environmental impacts caused by adsorbents themselves are not holistically considered and discussed; meanwhile, material syntheses and consumptions are also associated with CO2 emission. To determine the environmental impacts and identify hotspots of novel CO2 capture adsorbents, two carbon nanotube supported polyethyleneimine, physically adsorbed and covalently bonded, were compared with traditional monoethanolamine method using life cycle assessment. The carbon payback periods were also analyzed to gain understanding on whether the currently evaluated novel materials are suitable for industrial application. Results suggest that, material usage, especially carbon nanotubes, contributes the majority of the overall environmental impacts for both types of carbon nanotube supported polyethyleneimine. Meanwhile, their carbon payback periods are over 40 times longer than monoethanolamine during the synthesis phase. However, the energy consumption of physically adsorbed polyethyleneimine saves up to 60% compared to monoethanolamine in every adsorption/desorption cycle due to its lower heat capacity. In addition, the rate of cumulative CO2 remission for carbon nanotube supported polyethyleneimine is twice higher than monoethanolamine, indicating the potential application for industrial CO2 capture. Overall, our study indicates that current status of solid amine has a potential in CO2 capture, but requires much improvements. Future research should pay attention on decreasing the initial material synthesis and increasing the product life time due to their high environmental tradeoffs. Meanwhile, our study highlights that unilateral emphasis of the CO2 capture efficiency by novel materials may not be adequate, comprehensive considerations should be focused on the comparison throughout material life cycles including use and preparation phases. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
41	a57194692502	Zhou Z.	p449	False	Journal	253	Synthesis of high-specific volume carbon nanotube structures for gas-phase applications	A novel and efficient gas-phase method has been developed for synthesizing carbon nanotube (CNT) structures with very high specific volume, high surface area and high porosity. The resulting material has potential application as a catalyst and adsorbent support for gas-phase chemical processes and has several advantages over the conventional liquid-phase approach that involves multiple steps and takes many hours to days resulting in a dense mat of CNTs. Multi-walled CNTs were initially nucleated and grown on alumina nanoparticles using a liquid precursor of ferrocene dissolved in xylene. The CNT seeds were extended using ethylene as the gas precursor. Forces generated by CNT growth separated the alumina support clusters to result in a porous entangled structure with a 60 times gain in weight and a 1300 times gain in volume, compared to the original alumina particles. Effects of ferrocene injection rate, alumina particle sizes, and CNT growth parameters on the volume of the structure were analyzed and it was determined that high ferrocene input, moderate temperatures, and small alumina particles all favor the synthesis of high-volume CNT structures. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
42	a57202017958	Temizel-Sekeryan S.	p10	False	Journal	8	Assessing the environmental impact and payback of carbon nanotube supported CO2 capture technologies using LCA methodology	Climate change caused by excessive CO2 emissions in the atmosphere has attracted widespread public concern in recent years. Current industrial methods generally utilize monoethanolamine for CO2 capture; however, the CO2 regeneration requires a high temperature and energy demand during every adsorption/desorption process, along with material losses. Many solid amines with high capture capacity and stability are developed as adsorbents to overcome the limitations. However, the environmental impacts caused by adsorbents themselves are not holistically considered and discussed; meanwhile, material syntheses and consumptions are also associated with CO2 emission. To determine the environmental impacts and identify hotspots of novel CO2 capture adsorbents, two carbon nanotube supported polyethyleneimine, physically adsorbed and covalently bonded, were compared with traditional monoethanolamine method using life cycle assessment. The carbon payback periods were also analyzed to gain understanding on whether the currently evaluated novel materials are suitable for industrial application. Results suggest that, material usage, especially carbon nanotubes, contributes the majority of the overall environmental impacts for both types of carbon nanotube supported polyethyleneimine. Meanwhile, their carbon payback periods are over 40 times longer than monoethanolamine during the synthesis phase. However, the energy consumption of physically adsorbed polyethyleneimine saves up to 60% compared to monoethanolamine in every adsorption/desorption cycle due to its lower heat capacity. In addition, the rate of cumulative CO2 remission for carbon nanotube supported polyethyleneimine is twice higher than monoethanolamine, indicating the potential application for industrial CO2 capture. Overall, our study indicates that current status of solid amine has a potential in CO2 capture, but requires much improvements. Future research should pay attention on decreasing the initial material synthesis and increasing the product life time due to their high environmental tradeoffs. Meanwhile, our study highlights that unilateral emphasis of the CO2 capture efficiency by novel materials may not be adequate, comprehensive considerations should be focused on the comparison throughout material life cycles including use and preparation phases. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
43	a57205128747	Ghamkhar R.	p10	False	Journal	8	Assessing the environmental impact and payback of carbon nanotube supported CO2 capture technologies using LCA methodology	Climate change caused by excessive CO2 emissions in the atmosphere has attracted widespread public concern in recent years. Current industrial methods generally utilize monoethanolamine for CO2 capture; however, the CO2 regeneration requires a high temperature and energy demand during every adsorption/desorption process, along with material losses. Many solid amines with high capture capacity and stability are developed as adsorbents to overcome the limitations. However, the environmental impacts caused by adsorbents themselves are not holistically considered and discussed; meanwhile, material syntheses and consumptions are also associated with CO2 emission. To determine the environmental impacts and identify hotspots of novel CO2 capture adsorbents, two carbon nanotube supported polyethyleneimine, physically adsorbed and covalently bonded, were compared with traditional monoethanolamine method using life cycle assessment. The carbon payback periods were also analyzed to gain understanding on whether the currently evaluated novel materials are suitable for industrial application. Results suggest that, material usage, especially carbon nanotubes, contributes the majority of the overall environmental impacts for both types of carbon nanotube supported polyethyleneimine. Meanwhile, their carbon payback periods are over 40 times longer than monoethanolamine during the synthesis phase. However, the energy consumption of physically adsorbed polyethyleneimine saves up to 60% compared to monoethanolamine in every adsorption/desorption cycle due to its lower heat capacity. In addition, the rate of cumulative CO2 remission for carbon nanotube supported polyethyleneimine is twice higher than monoethanolamine, indicating the potential application for industrial CO2 capture. Overall, our study indicates that current status of solid amine has a potential in CO2 capture, but requires much improvements. Future research should pay attention on decreasing the initial material synthesis and increasing the product life time due to their high environmental tradeoffs. Meanwhile, our study highlights that unilateral emphasis of the CO2 capture efficiency by novel materials may not be adequate, comprehensive considerations should be focused on the comparison throughout material life cycles including use and preparation phases. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
44	a55829396600	Hicks A.L.	p10	False	Journal	8	Assessing the environmental impact and payback of carbon nanotube supported CO2 capture technologies using LCA methodology	Climate change caused by excessive CO2 emissions in the atmosphere has attracted widespread public concern in recent years. Current industrial methods generally utilize monoethanolamine for CO2 capture; however, the CO2 regeneration requires a high temperature and energy demand during every adsorption/desorption process, along with material losses. Many solid amines with high capture capacity and stability are developed as adsorbents to overcome the limitations. However, the environmental impacts caused by adsorbents themselves are not holistically considered and discussed; meanwhile, material syntheses and consumptions are also associated with CO2 emission. To determine the environmental impacts and identify hotspots of novel CO2 capture adsorbents, two carbon nanotube supported polyethyleneimine, physically adsorbed and covalently bonded, were compared with traditional monoethanolamine method using life cycle assessment. The carbon payback periods were also analyzed to gain understanding on whether the currently evaluated novel materials are suitable for industrial application. Results suggest that, material usage, especially carbon nanotubes, contributes the majority of the overall environmental impacts for both types of carbon nanotube supported polyethyleneimine. Meanwhile, their carbon payback periods are over 40 times longer than monoethanolamine during the synthesis phase. However, the energy consumption of physically adsorbed polyethyleneimine saves up to 60% compared to monoethanolamine in every adsorption/desorption cycle due to its lower heat capacity. In addition, the rate of cumulative CO2 remission for carbon nanotube supported polyethyleneimine is twice higher than monoethanolamine, indicating the potential application for industrial CO2 capture. Overall, our study indicates that current status of solid amine has a potential in CO2 capture, but requires much improvements. Future research should pay attention on decreasing the initial material synthesis and increasing the product life time due to their high environmental tradeoffs. Meanwhile, our study highlights that unilateral emphasis of the CO2 capture efficiency by novel materials may not be adequate, comprehensive considerations should be focused on the comparison throughout material life cycles including use and preparation phases. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
45	a57201634652	Larsen B.	p11	True	Journal	9	Investigating steel tool life in the RFSSW process	Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding (RFSSW) has demonstrated capability in joining thin sheets of aluminum with dissimilar thickness, alloy, and composition. The process remains to be implemented on a wide scale in the automotive and aerospace industries, partially due to the relatively short number of welds producible by a toolset, prior to needing cleaning. In the following work, an investigation was conducted to better understand this limitation. First, the effective tool life of a steel toolset was quantified. Experiments showed that less than 60 consecutive welds could be made before the toolset seized and required cleaning. To better understand the conditions contributing so such a short tool life, thermocouples were used in subsequent experiments, to measure the temperatures achieved at various locations in the weld. Peak weld temperature increased with longer cycle times and decreased with shorter cycle times. During the experiments, it was noted that weld temperatures in excess of 500 °C were observed at weld center. At these high temperatures, the authors anticipate that intermetallic compounds (IMCs) are able to grow on tool surfaces. A rough, existing model of IMC growth in an Fe-Al system predicted IMC growth on the same order of magnitude of the tool clearances, supporting the anticipation that IMC growth is a factor in the observed, short tool life between cleanings. Following this analysis, future evaluation of less re-active tool materials is recommended. © 2020 The Society of Manufacturing Engineers
45	a57201634652	Larsen B.	p58	True	Conference	10	Reducing Cycle Times of Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding in Automotive Aluminum Alloys	A major barrier, preventing RFSSW from use by manufacturers, is the long cycle time that has been historically associated with making a weld. In order for RFSSW to become a readily implementable welding solution, cycle times must be reduced to an acceptable level, similar to that of well developed, competing spot joining processes. In the present work, an investigation of the RFSSW process is conducted to evaluate factors that have traditionally prevented the process from achieving fast cycle times. Within this investigation, the relationship between cycle time and joint quality is explored, as is the meaning and measurement of cycle time in the RFSSW process. Claims and general sentiment found in prior literature are challenged regarding the potential for high-speed RFSSW joints to be made. The RFSSW weld design-as described by process parameters such as tool feed rate, tool rotational velocity, and plunge depth-is shown through experimentation to affect the loads and torques placed on RFSSW tooling and machines during the welding process. As cycle time is decreased, the load and torque on the toolset are shown to increase. Similarly, as tool rotational velocity is decreased, the load and torque on the toolset is shown to increase. The relationship between machine design limitations and cycle time is also explored. It is demonstrated that welds with cycle times below one second can be produced without compromising material properties, suggesting that high speed RFSSW can be enabled through informed efforts. © 2020 SAE International. All Rights Reserved.
45	a57201634652	Larsen B.	p615	False	Conference	253	Initial Comparisons of Friction Stir Spot Welding and Self Piercing Riveting of Ultra-Thin Steel Sheet	Due to the limitations on resistance spot welding of ultra-thin steel sheet (thicknesses below 0.5 mm) in high-volume automotive manufacturing, a comparison of friction stir spot welding and self-piercing riveting was performed to determine which process may be more amenable to enabling assembly of ultra-thin steel sheet. Statistical comparisons between mechanical properties of lap-shear tensile and T-peel were made in sheet thickness below 0.5 mm and for dissimilar thickness combinations. An evaluation of energy to fracture, fracture mechanisms, and joint consistency is presented. © 2018 SAE International; Ford Motor Company; General Motors LLC.
46	a57218685929	Hunt J.	p11	False	Journal	9	Investigating steel tool life in the RFSSW process	Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding (RFSSW) has demonstrated capability in joining thin sheets of aluminum with dissimilar thickness, alloy, and composition. The process remains to be implemented on a wide scale in the automotive and aerospace industries, partially due to the relatively short number of welds producible by a toolset, prior to needing cleaning. In the following work, an investigation was conducted to better understand this limitation. First, the effective tool life of a steel toolset was quantified. Experiments showed that less than 60 consecutive welds could be made before the toolset seized and required cleaning. To better understand the conditions contributing so such a short tool life, thermocouples were used in subsequent experiments, to measure the temperatures achieved at various locations in the weld. Peak weld temperature increased with longer cycle times and decreased with shorter cycle times. During the experiments, it was noted that weld temperatures in excess of 500 °C were observed at weld center. At these high temperatures, the authors anticipate that intermetallic compounds (IMCs) are able to grow on tool surfaces. A rough, existing model of IMC growth in an Fe-Al system predicted IMC growth on the same order of magnitude of the tool clearances, supporting the anticipation that IMC growth is a factor in the observed, short tool life between cleanings. Following this analysis, future evaluation of less re-active tool materials is recommended. © 2020 The Society of Manufacturing Engineers
47	a18535712500	Hovanski Y.	p11	False	Journal	9	Investigating steel tool life in the RFSSW process	Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding (RFSSW) has demonstrated capability in joining thin sheets of aluminum with dissimilar thickness, alloy, and composition. The process remains to be implemented on a wide scale in the automotive and aerospace industries, partially due to the relatively short number of welds producible by a toolset, prior to needing cleaning. In the following work, an investigation was conducted to better understand this limitation. First, the effective tool life of a steel toolset was quantified. Experiments showed that less than 60 consecutive welds could be made before the toolset seized and required cleaning. To better understand the conditions contributing so such a short tool life, thermocouples were used in subsequent experiments, to measure the temperatures achieved at various locations in the weld. Peak weld temperature increased with longer cycle times and decreased with shorter cycle times. During the experiments, it was noted that weld temperatures in excess of 500 °C were observed at weld center. At these high temperatures, the authors anticipate that intermetallic compounds (IMCs) are able to grow on tool surfaces. A rough, existing model of IMC growth in an Fe-Al system predicted IMC growth on the same order of magnitude of the tool clearances, supporting the anticipation that IMC growth is a factor in the observed, short tool life between cleanings. Following this analysis, future evaluation of less re-active tool materials is recommended. © 2020 The Society of Manufacturing Engineers
47	a18535712500	Hovanski Y.	p58	False	Conference	10	Reducing Cycle Times of Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding in Automotive Aluminum Alloys	A major barrier, preventing RFSSW from use by manufacturers, is the long cycle time that has been historically associated with making a weld. In order for RFSSW to become a readily implementable welding solution, cycle times must be reduced to an acceptable level, similar to that of well developed, competing spot joining processes. In the present work, an investigation of the RFSSW process is conducted to evaluate factors that have traditionally prevented the process from achieving fast cycle times. Within this investigation, the relationship between cycle time and joint quality is explored, as is the meaning and measurement of cycle time in the RFSSW process. Claims and general sentiment found in prior literature are challenged regarding the potential for high-speed RFSSW joints to be made. The RFSSW weld design-as described by process parameters such as tool feed rate, tool rotational velocity, and plunge depth-is shown through experimentation to affect the loads and torques placed on RFSSW tooling and machines during the welding process. As cycle time is decreased, the load and torque on the toolset are shown to increase. Similarly, as tool rotational velocity is decreased, the load and torque on the toolset is shown to increase. The relationship between machine design limitations and cycle time is also explored. It is demonstrated that welds with cycle times below one second can be produced without compromising material properties, suggesting that high speed RFSSW can be enabled through informed efforts. © 2020 SAE International. All Rights Reserved.
47	a18535712500	Hovanski Y.	p154	False	Journal	109	Identifying the relative importance of predictive variables in artificial neural networks based on data produced through a discrete event simulation of a manufacturing environment	This research used a discrete event simulation to create data on a shipment receiving process instead of using historical records on the process. The simulation was used to create records with different inputs and operating conditions and the resulting overall elapsed time for the overall process. The resulting records were used to create a set of predictive artificial neural network models that predicted elapsed time based on the process characteristics. Then, the connection weight approach was used to determine the relative importance of the input variables. The connection weight approach was applied in three different steps: (1) on all input variables to identify predictive and non-predictive inputs, (2) on all predictive inputs, and (3) after removal of a dominating predictive input. This produced a clearer picture of the relative importance of input variables on the outcome variable than applying the connection weight approach once. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
47	a18535712500	Hovanski Y.	p187	False	Journal	128	Evaluation of intermetallic compound layer at aluminum/steel interface joined by friction stir scribe technology	Heat input and high strain rate deformation during friction stir welding of aluminum and steel resulted in the diffusion-based formation of a Fe x Al y intermetallic compound (IMC) layer. Compared with conventional friction stir welding tools, a friction stir scribe tool can reduce heat input significantly limiting the IMC layer thickness (~100–750 nm). Friction stir scribe joined lap joints fractured either through the welded interface or within the base aluminum alloy on the loading side, depending on IMC layer thickness during tensile lap shear testing. In addition, a modified effective heat of formation model predicted that Al 13 Fe 4 formed first at aluminum/steel interface and, during welding process, was substituted by Al 5 Fe 2 with local silicon enrichment, which was verified via microstructural characterization. © 2019 The Authors
47	a18535712500	Hovanski Y.	p396	True	Journal	214	Preface	[No abstract available]
47	a18535712500	Hovanski Y.	p506	False	Journal	277	Shaping and Forming of Advanced High Strength Steels	[No abstract available]
47	a18535712500	Hovanski Y.	p572	False	Journal	303	A review of friction stir welding of steels: Tool, material flow, microstructure, and properties	Considerable progress has been achieved in friction stir welding (FSW) of steels in every aspect of tool fabrication, microstructure control and properties evaluation in the past two decades. With the development of reliable welding tools and precise control systems, FSW of steels has reached a new level of technical maturity. High-quality, long welds can be produced in many engineering steels. Compared to traditional fusion welding, FSW exhibits unique advantages producing joints with better properties. As a result of active control of the welding temperature and/or cooling rate, FSW has the capability of fabricating steel joints with excellent toughness and strength. For example, unfavorable phase transformations that usually occur during traditional welding can be avoided and favorable phase fractions in advanced steels can be maintained in the weld zone thus avoiding the typical property degradations associated with fusion welding. If phase transformations do occur during FSW of thick steels, optimization of microstructure and properties can be attained by controlling the heat input and post-weld cooling rate. © 2017
47	a18535712500	Hovanski Y.	p615	True	Conference	253	Initial Comparisons of Friction Stir Spot Welding and Self Piercing Riveting of Ultra-Thin Steel Sheet	Due to the limitations on resistance spot welding of ultra-thin steel sheet (thicknesses below 0.5 mm) in high-volume automotive manufacturing, a comparison of friction stir spot welding and self-piercing riveting was performed to determine which process may be more amenable to enabling assembly of ultra-thin steel sheet. Statistical comparisons between mechanical properties of lap-shear tensile and T-peel were made in sheet thickness below 0.5 mm and for dissimilar thickness combinations. An evaluation of energy to fracture, fracture mechanisms, and joint consistency is presented. © 2018 SAE International; Ford Motor Company; General Motors LLC.
47	a18535712500	Hovanski Y.	p637	False	Conference	271	Local texture evolution and mechanical performance of ultra-high-speed friction stir weld of AA 6111-T4 sheets	Friction stir welding has gained wide interest in industry and drawn large research attention due to its high level of automation and superior joint performance. In this study we further expand the welding parameters to be of magnitudes higher than those previously reported to lower the cost and enable high volume joint production. Sound butt-joints were produced with aluminum alloy 6111-T4 blanks with welding speeds up to 6000, mm/min. Tensile tests of the joint pieces show >97% joint efficiency in terms of ultimate tensile strength. The T4 natural aging and grain refinement is found to contribute to the superior joint properties. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis is used to qualitatively study the local shear texture inside the nugget zones of the welds. The shear texture result is a good indicator of the material flow directions in the nugget zones. The flow directions behind the rotation tool are found to be flattened towards the top surface of the workpiece when the welding speed is increased, suggesting intense material mixing and transportation along the longitudinal welding direction (WD). © The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2018.
47	a18535712500	Hovanski Y.	p638	False	Journal	227	High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of AA7075-T6 Sheet: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Micro-texture, and Thermal History	Friction stir welding (FSW) is a cost-effective and high-quality joining process for aluminum alloys (especially heat-treatable alloys) that is historically operated at lower joining speeds (up to hundreds of millimeters per minute). In this study, we present a microstructural analysis of friction stir welded AA7075-T6 blanks with high welding speeds up to 3 M/min. Textures, microstructures, mechanical properties, and weld quality are analyzed using TEM, EBSD, metallographic imaging, and Vickers hardness. The higher welding speed results in narrower, stronger heat-affected zones (HAZs) and also higher hardness in the nugget zones. The material flow direction in the nugget zone is found to be leaning towards the welding direction as the welding speed increases. Results are coupled with welding parameters and thermal history to aid in the understanding of the complex material flow and texture gradients within the welds in an effort to optimize welding parameters for high-speed processing. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.
47	a18535712500	Hovanski Y.	p746	True	Journal	361	Enabling Dissimilar Material Joining Using Friction Stir Scribe Technology	One challenge in adapting welding processes to dissimilar material joining is the diversity of melting temperatures of the different materials. Although the use of mechanical fasteners and adhesives have mostly paved the way for near-term implementation of dissimilar material systems, these processes only accentuate the need for low-cost welding processes capable of impartially joining dissimilar material components regardless of alloy, properties, or melting temperature. Friction stir scribe technology was developed to overcome the challenges of joining dissimilar material components where melting temperatures vary greatly, and properties and/or chemistry are not compatible with more traditional welding processes. Although the friction stir scribe process is capable of joining dissimilar metals and metal/polymer systems, a more detailed evaluation of several aluminum/steel joints is presented herein to demonstrate the ability to both chemically and mechanically join dissimilar materials. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
47	a18535712500	Hovanski Y.	p754	False	Journal	361	Behavior of Sheet Metal Under Multiaxial Deformation Paths	[No abstract available]
47	a18535712500	Hovanski Y.	p872	False	Journal	404	Predicting Lap Shear Strength for Friction Stir Scribe Joining of Dissimilar Materials	Friction stir scribe technology has been developed to join materials with vastly different properties, most importantly different melting regimes. Specifically lighter, lower temperature materials such as aluminum or magnesium can be joined to higher temperature materials such as steel and titanium. The scribe portion of the modified friction stir welding pin tool creates in situ mechanical interlocks at the material interface. This mechanical interlocking, or hook-like interface morphology, has shown promising joint strength. However, this morphology can vary along a weld length and is sensitive to joining and tooling parameters. The current work seeks to determine the sensitivity of joint strength to the morphology of the hook interface and predict joint strength based on key morphology parameters. Key morphology features of the hooks extracted from joined samples are varied to quantify their impact on simulated lap shear strength. Predictable joint strength is key to wide spread use of this technique. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
47	a18535712500	Hovanski Y.	p873	False	Journal	405	High-Speed FSW Aluminum Alloy 7075 Microstructure and Corrosion Properties	High-speed friction stir welding provides an opportunity to enable high-volume aluminum joining, thus lowering the expense of the process. To better understand this important industrial process the properties of the welds must be fully characterized. In this study we examined the microstructures of AA7075 butt welds with welding speeds of 1, 2 and 3 m/min. The welds were also tested for their corrosion resistance in a diluted EXCO solution at room temperature. The welds with higher speeds had a smaller corrosion sensitive area along with smaller HAZs, but the nugget zone became more corrosion susceptible. Their microstructure features were used to explain the non-uniform corrosion behavior across the weld. Both constituent particles and precipitate distribution were altered by the friction stir process and resulted in an overall sensitized weld affected region compared to the base material. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
47	a18535712500	Hovanski Y.	p885	True	Journal	411	Preface	[No abstract available]
47	a18535712500	Hovanski Y.	p887	False	Journal	412	Joining Dissimilar Material Using Friction Stir Scribe Technique	The ability to effectively join materials with vastly different melting points, like aluminum to steel, and polymer composites to metals, has been one of the roadblocks to realizing multi-material components for lightweighting efforts. The friction stir scribe (FSS) technique is a promising method that produces continuous overlap joints between materials with vastly different melting regimes and high-temperature flow characteristics. FSS uses an offset cutting tool at the tip of the friction stir welding pin to create an in situ mechanical interlock between material interfaces. With investments from the U.S. Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office and several automotive manufacturers and suppliers, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is developing the FSS process and has demonstrated the viability of joining several material combinations. Details of welding trials, unique challenges, and mitigation strategies in different material combinations will be discussed. Joint characterization, including mechanical tests and joint performance, will also be presented. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
48	a56248593800	Peterson C.K.	p12	True	Journal	10	Persistent intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance using multiple autonomous vehicles with asynchronous route updates	Providing persistent intelligence, reconnaissance, and surveillance of targets is a challenging, but important task when time-critical information is required. In this letter, we provide a decentralized routing algorithm for coordinating multiple autonomous vehicles as they visit a discrete set of pre-defined targets with weighted revisit priorities. The algorithm utilizes a block coordinate ascent algorithm combined with a Monte Carlo tree search to tractably decide each vehicle's route. The result is a non-myopic algorithm for multiple vehicles that is decentralized, computationally tractable, and allows for target prioritization. Guarantees are provided that all targets will have finite revisit times and that the block coordinate ascent algorithm will converge to a block optimal solution. Numerical simulations illustrate the utility of this method by showing that the results are comparable to those of a centralized exhaustive search and that they degrade gracefully with limited communication and scale under increasing numbers of targets and vehicles. © 2016 IEEE.
48	a56248593800	Peterson C.K.	p192	False	Conference	42	Tracking multiple vehicles constrained to a road network from a uav with sparse visual measurements	Many multiple target tracking algorithms operate in the local frame of the sensor and have difficulty with track reallocation when targets move in and out of the sensor field of view. This poses a problem when an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is tracking multiple ground targets on a road network larger than its field of view. We propose a Rao-Blackwellized Particle Filter (RBPF) to maintain individual target tracks and to perform probabilistic data association when the targets are constrained to a road network. This is particularly useful when a target leaves then re-enters the UAV's field of view. The RBPF is structured as a particle filter of particle filters. The top level filter handles data association and each of its particles maintains a bank of particle filters to handle target tracking. The tracking particle filters incorporate both positive and negative information when a measurement is received. We then implement a receding horizon controller to improve the filter certainty of multiple target locations. The controller prioritizes searching for targets based on the entropy of each target's estimate. © 2019 American Automatic Control Council.
48	a56248593800	Peterson C.K.	p214	False	Conference	49	Encirclement of moving targets using relative range and bearing measurements	This paper presents a controller that uses relative range and bearing measurements to steer unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to circular trajectories around a constant velocity target. Estimates of the range rate and angular rate to the target are used to improve the error in the range and bearing. For moving targets, their velocity is also estimated and used in the control law. Theoretical proofs using Lyapunov theory for stationary targets and feedback linearization for moving targets are provided. Numerical simulations show vehicles converging to circular formations around both stationary and moving targets. © 2019 IEEE.
48	a56248593800	Peterson C.K.	p221	False	Conference	53	Gesture commands for controlling high-level UAV behavior	In this paper, an accelerometer and gyroscope are used to sense gesture commands, which are then classified using a logistic regression model. Seven gestures were chosen and mapped to specific behaviors that a fixed wing unmanned air vehicle could accomplish. These behaviors specified various searching, following, and tracking patterns that could be used in a dynamic environment. The system was trained to recognize the seven gestures and then tested in a hardware-in-the-loop simulation. The system was able to identify all gestures with an overall accuracy of 90% and with five of the seven gestures being accurately identified at least 94% of the time. Each of the behaviors associated with the gestures was tested in simulation and the ability to dynamically switch between behaviors was proven. The results show that the system can be used as a natural interface to assist an operator in directing an unmanned air vehicle's behaviors. © 2019 IEEE.
48	a56248593800	Peterson C.K.	p453	False	Conference	159	Learned Search Parameters for Cooperating Vehicles using Gaussian Process Regressions	Unmanned vehicles are capable of working as teams to accomplish a wide variety of mission objectives, such as searching for and tracking targets. In this paper, vehicle search paths are dictated by a joint cost function which maximizes the reward earned from partitioned sections across the search area. In previous work, these rewards were assigned based on the elapsed time since the section had last been searched. This approach is effective in rewarding vehicles to search out areas which haven't been visited in a long time, yet it lacks the ability to weight grid cells differently based on the probability that targets will be in that section. This paper proposes a method of using accumulated knowledge of the average density of targets within an area, along with a Gaussian process regression to assign rewards. Vehicles then choose paths that are more likely to find targets rather than seeking areas which have not been searched recently. Through numerical simulations we show that this method increases the number of targets seen by cooperating UAVs and provides an accurate estimate of target density within a search area. © 2018 IEEE.
48	a56248593800	Peterson C.K.	p664	False	Conference	290	Bias estimation for angle-only sensors in distributed multi-target tracking systems	This paper describes a method of automatic sensor bias calculation for angle only sensor models in a target tracking scenario. It is assumed that separate Kalman filters are employed by each sensor and no measurements of known landmarks are available. Accurate bias estimation is achieved through the use of pseudo measurements of slant range from each sensor to the target and pseudo measurements of each sensor's bias. The covariance intersection (CI) algorithm is used to produce a pseudo measurement of slant range. This pseudo measurement of range allows pseudo measurements of sensor bias to be calculated based on each sensor's residuals and Kalman gains. Substantially improved tracking performance is demonstrated when estimating and accounting for constant biases on each sensor. © 2017 IEEE.
48	a56248593800	Peterson C.K.	p681	True	Conference	293	Dynamic grouping of cooperating vehicles using a receding horizon controller for ground target search and track missions	Teams of unmanned vehicles are capable of accomplishing a wide variety of mission objectives, such as searching for and tracking targets. In this paper, a receding horizon control is utilized with information based reward measures to accomplish these two competing mission objectives. This approach for cooperatively searching and tracking has proven to be effective in past work. However, it is not generally scalable for large numbers of vehicles due to the computational expense required when generating joint path decisions. This paper proposes a method to dynamically group vehicles with neighbors that have intersecting decision spaces, thus reducing computational cost while still maintaining reasonable performance. Each vehicle also decides its ideal event horizon based upon inferred knowledge of the operational environment, further reducing cost. © 2017 IEEE.
49	a10640480600	Casbeer D.W.	p12	False	Journal	10	Persistent intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance using multiple autonomous vehicles with asynchronous route updates	Providing persistent intelligence, reconnaissance, and surveillance of targets is a challenging, but important task when time-critical information is required. In this letter, we provide a decentralized routing algorithm for coordinating multiple autonomous vehicles as they visit a discrete set of pre-defined targets with weighted revisit priorities. The algorithm utilizes a block coordinate ascent algorithm combined with a Monte Carlo tree search to tractably decide each vehicle's route. The result is a non-myopic algorithm for multiple vehicles that is decentralized, computationally tractable, and allows for target prioritization. Guarantees are provided that all targets will have finite revisit times and that the block coordinate ascent algorithm will converge to a block optimal solution. Numerical simulations illustrate the utility of this method by showing that the results are comparable to those of a centralized exhaustive search and that they degrade gracefully with limited communication and scale under increasing numbers of targets and vehicles. © 2016 IEEE.
49	a10640480600	Casbeer D.W.	p110	False	Journal	81	Single pursuer and two cooperative evaders in the border defense differential game	An interest in border defense, surveillance, and interdiction has recently increased for a variety of reasons related to issues of illegal immigration, terrorism, drug and human trafficking, and other potential threats. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer an attractive alternative to supporting and defending various threats at borders. This paper applies a differential game to define a border defense scenario where one UAV (pursuer) seeks to capture two intruders (evaders) before they reach a designated border. The evaders can be UAVs, marine or ground vehicles, or human agents, but they have a lower maximum speed than the pursuer throughout the game. Simple motion is assumed for the pursuer and evaders with complete state information shared across all agents. The game is played within a rectangular area with a parallel top and bottom border of length L and left and right borders with a length of W, for a game aspect ratio of L∕W. The value of the game is the minimum distance to the bottom border achieved by the evaders at any time before capture of both evaders. Within the region where the pursuer wins, the game of degree is explored and the optimal policy for both the evaders and pursuer is derived using geometric properties. © 2020 by John Salmon. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
50	a24923036100	Manyam S.G.	p12	False	Journal	10	Persistent intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance using multiple autonomous vehicles with asynchronous route updates	Providing persistent intelligence, reconnaissance, and surveillance of targets is a challenging, but important task when time-critical information is required. In this letter, we provide a decentralized routing algorithm for coordinating multiple autonomous vehicles as they visit a discrete set of pre-defined targets with weighted revisit priorities. The algorithm utilizes a block coordinate ascent algorithm combined with a Monte Carlo tree search to tractably decide each vehicle's route. The result is a non-myopic algorithm for multiple vehicles that is decentralized, computationally tractable, and allows for target prioritization. Guarantees are provided that all targets will have finite revisit times and that the block coordinate ascent algorithm will converge to a block optimal solution. Numerical simulations illustrate the utility of this method by showing that the results are comparable to those of a centralized exhaustive search and that they degrade gracefully with limited communication and scale under increasing numbers of targets and vehicles. © 2016 IEEE.
51	a7201675107	Rasmussen S.	p12	False	Journal	10	Persistent intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance using multiple autonomous vehicles with asynchronous route updates	Providing persistent intelligence, reconnaissance, and surveillance of targets is a challenging, but important task when time-critical information is required. In this letter, we provide a decentralized routing algorithm for coordinating multiple autonomous vehicles as they visit a discrete set of pre-defined targets with weighted revisit priorities. The algorithm utilizes a block coordinate ascent algorithm combined with a Monte Carlo tree search to tractably decide each vehicle's route. The result is a non-myopic algorithm for multiple vehicles that is decentralized, computationally tractable, and allows for target prioritization. Guarantees are provided that all targets will have finite revisit times and that the block coordinate ascent algorithm will converge to a block optimal solution. Numerical simulations illustrate the utility of this method by showing that the results are comparable to those of a centralized exhaustive search and that they degrade gracefully with limited communication and scale under increasing numbers of targets and vehicles. © 2016 IEEE.
52	a56330168500	Zou Z.	p14	True	Journal	12	An isogeometric Reissner–Mindlin shell element based on Bézier dual basis functions: Overcoming locking and improved coarse mesh accuracy	We develop a mixed geometrically nonlinear isogeometric Reissner–Mindlin shell element for the analysis of thin-walled structures that leverages Bézier dual basis functions to address both shear and membrane locking and to improve the quality of computed stresses. The accuracy of computed solutions over coarse meshes, that have highly non-interpolatory control meshes, is achieved through the application of a continuous rotational approach. The starting point of the formulation is the modified Hellinger–Reissner variational principle with independent displacement, membrane, and shear strains as the unknown fields. To overcome locking, the strain variables are interpolated with lower-order spline bases while the variations of the strain variables are interpolated with the corresponding Bézier dual bases. Leveraging the orthogonality property of the Bézier dual basis, the strain variables are condensed out of the system with only a slight increase in the bandwidth of the resulting linear system. The condensed approach preserves the accuracy of the non-condensed mixed approach but with fewer degrees of freedom. From a practical point of view, since the Bézier dual basis is completely specified through Bézier extraction, any spline space that admits Bézier extraction can utilize the proposed approach directly. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
52	a56330168500	Zou Z.	p52	False	Journal	41	Isogeometric Bézier dual mortaring: The enriched Bézier dual basis with application to second- and fourth-order problems	In this paper, we present an algorithm to construct enriched Bézier dual basis functions that can reproduce higher-order polynomials. Our construction is unique in that it is based on Bézier extraction and projection, allowing it to be used for tensor product and unstructured polynomial spline spaces, is well-conditioned, and is quadrature-free. When used as a basis for dual mortar methods, optimal approximations are achieved for both second- and fourth-order problems. In the context of fourth-order problems, both C0 and C1 continuity constraints must be applied at each intersection. We develop a novel geometry-independent C1 continuity constraint that also preserves the sparsity of the coupled problem. The performance of the proposed formulation is verified through several challenging second- and fourth-order problems. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
52	a56330168500	Zou Z.	p515	True	Journal	284	Isogeometric Bézier dual mortaring: Refineable higher-order spline dual bases and weakly continuous geometry	In this paper we develop the isogeometric Bézier dual mortar method. It is based on Bézier extraction and projection and is applicable to any spline space which can be represented in Bézier form (i.e., NURBS, T-splines, LR-splines, etc.). The approach weakly enforces the continuity of the solution at patch interfaces and the error can be adaptively controlled by leveraging the refineability of the underlying slave dual spline basis without introducing any additional degrees of freedom. As a consequence, optimal higher-order convergence rates can be achieved without the need for an expensive shared master/slave segmentation step. We also develop weakly continuous geometry as a particular application of isogeometric Bézier dual mortaring. Weakly continuous geometry is a geometry description where the weak continuity constraints are built into properly modified Bézier extraction operators. As a result, multi-patch models can be processed in a solver directly without having to employ a mortaring solution strategy. We demonstrate the utility of the approach on several challenging benchmark problems. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
52	a56330168500	Zou Z.	p764	True	Journal	373	A Geometrically Exact Isogeometric Blended Shell: Formulation, Benchmarking, and Automotive Application	We present a geometrically exact isogeometric blended shell formulation. In other words, all geometric quantities appearing in the blended theory are evaluated exactly and no approximations are employed. The blended approach allows higher-order shell theories, like Kirchhoff-Love, to be combined with Reissner-Mindlin shell formulations, which have rotational degrees of freedom. In this way, rotations can be employed only where needed to simplify shell modeling such as at kinks and intersections. Away from these regions shear locking free formulations can be employed to improve robustness, accuracy, and efficiency. We compare our approach to standard shell elements commonly used in industry on several benchmarks to explore the behavior of the element. We then model an inner car hood to demonstrate our ability to handle complex CAD geometry in a simple manner without geometry cleanup and mesh generation steps. This shell element forms the basis of the newly developed Isogeometrx structural solver. © 2017 SAE International.
53	a9942259800	Scott M.A.	p14	False	Journal	12	An isogeometric Reissner–Mindlin shell element based on Bézier dual basis functions: Overcoming locking and improved coarse mesh accuracy	We develop a mixed geometrically nonlinear isogeometric Reissner–Mindlin shell element for the analysis of thin-walled structures that leverages Bézier dual basis functions to address both shear and membrane locking and to improve the quality of computed stresses. The accuracy of computed solutions over coarse meshes, that have highly non-interpolatory control meshes, is achieved through the application of a continuous rotational approach. The starting point of the formulation is the modified Hellinger–Reissner variational principle with independent displacement, membrane, and shear strains as the unknown fields. To overcome locking, the strain variables are interpolated with lower-order spline bases while the variations of the strain variables are interpolated with the corresponding Bézier dual bases. Leveraging the orthogonality property of the Bézier dual basis, the strain variables are condensed out of the system with only a slight increase in the bandwidth of the resulting linear system. The condensed approach preserves the accuracy of the non-condensed mixed approach but with fewer degrees of freedom. From a practical point of view, since the Bézier dual basis is completely specified through Bézier extraction, any spline space that admits Bézier extraction can utilize the proposed approach directly. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
53	a9942259800	Scott M.A.	p52	False	Journal	41	Isogeometric Bézier dual mortaring: The enriched Bézier dual basis with application to second- and fourth-order problems	In this paper, we present an algorithm to construct enriched Bézier dual basis functions that can reproduce higher-order polynomials. Our construction is unique in that it is based on Bézier extraction and projection, allowing it to be used for tensor product and unstructured polynomial spline spaces, is well-conditioned, and is quadrature-free. When used as a basis for dual mortar methods, optimal approximations are achieved for both second- and fourth-order problems. In the context of fourth-order problems, both C0 and C1 continuity constraints must be applied at each intersection. We develop a novel geometry-independent C1 continuity constraint that also preserves the sparsity of the coupled problem. The performance of the proposed formulation is verified through several challenging second- and fourth-order problems. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
53	a9942259800	Scott M.A.	p141	False	Journal	99	Isogeometric boundary element methods and patch tests for linear elastic problems: Formulation, numerical integration, and applications	An Isogeometric Boundary Element Method for solving three-dimensional boundary-value problems of classical linear elasticity theory is proposed. The method is developed as a generalization of the author's earlier work on Laplace's equation to Navier's equations. As a result the proposed method features (i) proper basis functions for approximating Dirichlet and Neumann data, (ii) high-order collocation schemes for weakly singular, singular, and hyper-singular integral operators, (iii) state-of-the-art numerical integration schemes capable of handling geometries with disparate dimensions, (iv) well-conditioned linear algebraic systems, with the condition number independent of the mesh size. Boundary Element Patch Tests, as extensions of concepts widely used for finite element methods, are also introduced. It is shown how these tests can be used to assess the veracity of boundary element formulations and numerical integration schemes, implementations, and geometric precision of Computer Aided Design models. The method is applied to two challenging case studies, representative of industrial applications. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
53	a9942259800	Scott M.A.	p274	False	Journal	180	Dynamics of a capsule flowing in a tube under pulsatile flow	We analyze numerically the behavior of a deformable micro-capsule confined in a pipe under a pulsatile flow. The capsule moves and is deformed by the action of a pulsatile flow inside the tube with a non-null mean velocity. This configuration can be found in the nature and in many bioengineering systems where artificial capsules are driven by micro-pumps through micro-channels. The capsule is considered as a thin hyperelastic membrane, which encloses an internal fluid. As it has been demonstrated in the literature, this model represents a wide range of artificial capsules, for example, the alginate-based capsules, typically used in bioengineering applications. A hybrid isogeometric finite element method and boundary element method based on a T-spline discretization and formulated in the time domain is used to solve the mechanical and hydrodynamical equations. The influence of the relative rigidity of the membrane, frequency and amplitude of the pulsatile flow is studied. Results show that the behavior of the capsule differs from steady flows and it depends strongly on the frequency of the flow and mechanical characteristic of the capsule. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
53	a9942259800	Scott M.A.	p496	False	Journal	268	Bézier B̄ projection	In this paper we demonstrate the use of Bézier projection to alleviate locking phenomena in structural mechanics applications of isogeometric analysis. Interpreting the well-known B̄ projection in two different ways we develop two formulations for locking problems in beams and nearly incompressible elastic solids. One formulation leads to a sparse symmetric system and the other leads to a sparse non-symmetric system. To demonstrate the utility of Bézier projection for both geometry and material locking phenomena we focus on transverse shear locking in Timoshenko beams and volumetric locking in nearly compressible linear elasticity although the approach can be applied generally to other types of locking phenomena as well. Bézier projection is a local projection technique with optimal approximation properties, which in many cases produces solutions that are comparable to global L2 projection. In the context of B̄ methods, the use of Bézier projection produces sparse stiffness matrices with only a slight increase in bandwidth when compared to standard displacement-based methods. Of particular importance is that the approach is applicable to any spline representation that can be written in Bézier form like NURBS, T-splines, LR-splines, etc. We discuss in detail how to integrate this approach into an existing finite element framework with minimal disruption through the use of Bézier extraction operators and a newly introduced dual basis for the Bézier projection operator. We then demonstrate the behavior of the two proposed formulations through several challenging benchmark problems. © 2018
53	a9942259800	Scott M.A.	p515	False	Journal	284	Isogeometric Bézier dual mortaring: Refineable higher-order spline dual bases and weakly continuous geometry	In this paper we develop the isogeometric Bézier dual mortar method. It is based on Bézier extraction and projection and is applicable to any spline space which can be represented in Bézier form (i.e., NURBS, T-splines, LR-splines, etc.). The approach weakly enforces the continuity of the solution at patch interfaces and the error can be adaptively controlled by leveraging the refineability of the underlying slave dual spline basis without introducing any additional degrees of freedom. As a consequence, optimal higher-order convergence rates can be achieved without the need for an expensive shared master/slave segmentation step. We also develop weakly continuous geometry as a particular application of isogeometric Bézier dual mortaring. Weakly continuous geometry is a geometry description where the weak continuity constraints are built into properly modified Bézier extraction operators. As a result, multi-patch models can be processed in a solver directly without having to employ a mortaring solution strategy. We demonstrate the utility of the approach on several challenging benchmark problems. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
53	a9942259800	Scott M.A.	p677	False	Journal	328	A 3D isogeometric BE–FE analysis with dynamic remeshing for the simulation of a deformable particle in shear flows	A three-dimensional isogeometric coupled boundary element and finite element approach based on analysis suitable T-splines is developed for the simulation of deformable capsules suspended in shear flows. Boundary element analysis is used to solve the fluid Stokes equation whereas the hydrodynamic membrane load is computed via isogeometric analysis under the assumption that the membrane is a hyper-elastic thin shell with negligible bending resistance. The smoothness of the T-spline basis functions accommodate large deformations of the capsule without the need for additional smoothing techniques, and can be used to accurately compute the membrane load. A balanced distribution of membrane elements can be constructed using an unstructured locally refined mesh. These properties are coupled with an adaptive temporal implicit integration scheme. Several benchmark examples are solved to illustrate the accuracy and potential of the method. The approach is then applied to simulate the dynamics of a capsule in a real geometry of a brain capillary. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
53	a9942259800	Scott M.A.	p745	False	Journal	360	Hierarchically refined and coarsened splines for moving interface problems, with particular application to phase-field models of prostate tumor growth	Moving interface problems are ubiquitous in science and engineering. To develop an accurate and efficient methodology for this class of problems, we present algorithms for local h-adaptivity of hierarchical B-splines to be utilized in isogeometric analysis. We extend Bézier projection, an efficient quadrature-free local projection technique, to the hierarchical setting. In this case, extraction operators may not be invertible. To address this issue we develop a multi-level reconstruction operator which maintains the locality properties of the projection. We also introduce a balance parameter to control the overlap of hierarchical functions leading to improved numerical conditioning. We apply our algorithms to the simulation of localized prostate cancer growth. We model this disease using the phase-field method and a set of diffusion–reaction equations to account for the dynamics of nutrients and a key biomarker termed Prostate Specific Antigen. Our results include examples on simple 2D and 3D domains and a more compelling tissue-scale, patient-specific simulation, which is run over a prostate anatomy extracted from medical images. Our methods for local h-adaptivity efficiently capture the evolving interface between the tumor and the neighboring healthy tissue with remarkable accuracy in all cases. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
53	a9942259800	Scott M.A.	p764	False	Journal	373	A Geometrically Exact Isogeometric Blended Shell: Formulation, Benchmarking, and Automotive Application	We present a geometrically exact isogeometric blended shell formulation. In other words, all geometric quantities appearing in the blended theory are evaluated exactly and no approximations are employed. The blended approach allows higher-order shell theories, like Kirchhoff-Love, to be combined with Reissner-Mindlin shell formulations, which have rotational degrees of freedom. In this way, rotations can be employed only where needed to simplify shell modeling such as at kinks and intersections. Away from these regions shear locking free formulations can be employed to improve robustness, accuracy, and efficiency. We compare our approach to standard shell elements commonly used in industry on several benchmarks to explore the behavior of the element. We then model an inner car hood to demonstrate our ability to handle complex CAD geometry in a simple manner without geometry cleanup and mesh generation steps. This shell element forms the basis of the newly developed Isogeometrx structural solver. © 2017 SAE International.
53	a9942259800	Scott M.A.	p870	False	Journal	403	Isogeometric design and analysis	[No abstract available]
54	a57201257192	Miao D.	p14	False	Journal	12	An isogeometric Reissner–Mindlin shell element based on Bézier dual basis functions: Overcoming locking and improved coarse mesh accuracy	We develop a mixed geometrically nonlinear isogeometric Reissner–Mindlin shell element for the analysis of thin-walled structures that leverages Bézier dual basis functions to address both shear and membrane locking and to improve the quality of computed stresses. The accuracy of computed solutions over coarse meshes, that have highly non-interpolatory control meshes, is achieved through the application of a continuous rotational approach. The starting point of the formulation is the modified Hellinger–Reissner variational principle with independent displacement, membrane, and shear strains as the unknown fields. To overcome locking, the strain variables are interpolated with lower-order spline bases while the variations of the strain variables are interpolated with the corresponding Bézier dual bases. Leveraging the orthogonality property of the Bézier dual basis, the strain variables are condensed out of the system with only a slight increase in the bandwidth of the resulting linear system. The condensed approach preserves the accuracy of the non-condensed mixed approach but with fewer degrees of freedom. From a practical point of view, since the Bézier dual basis is completely specified through Bézier extraction, any spline space that admits Bézier extraction can utilize the proposed approach directly. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
54	a57201257192	Miao D.	p52	True	Journal	41	Isogeometric Bézier dual mortaring: The enriched Bézier dual basis with application to second- and fourth-order problems	In this paper, we present an algorithm to construct enriched Bézier dual basis functions that can reproduce higher-order polynomials. Our construction is unique in that it is based on Bézier extraction and projection, allowing it to be used for tensor product and unstructured polynomial spline spaces, is well-conditioned, and is quadrature-free. When used as a basis for dual mortar methods, optimal approximations are achieved for both second- and fourth-order problems. In the context of fourth-order problems, both C0 and C1 continuity constraints must be applied at each intersection. We develop a novel geometry-independent C1 continuity constraint that also preserves the sparsity of the coupled problem. The performance of the proposed formulation is verified through several challenging second- and fourth-order problems. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
54	a57201257192	Miao D.	p496	True	Journal	268	Bézier B̄ projection	In this paper we demonstrate the use of Bézier projection to alleviate locking phenomena in structural mechanics applications of isogeometric analysis. Interpreting the well-known B̄ projection in two different ways we develop two formulations for locking problems in beams and nearly incompressible elastic solids. One formulation leads to a sparse symmetric system and the other leads to a sparse non-symmetric system. To demonstrate the utility of Bézier projection for both geometry and material locking phenomena we focus on transverse shear locking in Timoshenko beams and volumetric locking in nearly compressible linear elasticity although the approach can be applied generally to other types of locking phenomena as well. Bézier projection is a local projection technique with optimal approximation properties, which in many cases produces solutions that are comparable to global L2 projection. In the context of B̄ methods, the use of Bézier projection produces sparse stiffness matrices with only a slight increase in bandwidth when compared to standard displacement-based methods. Of particular importance is that the approach is applicable to any spline representation that can be written in Bézier form like NURBS, T-splines, LR-splines, etc. We discuss in detail how to integrate this approach into an existing finite element framework with minimal disruption through the use of Bézier extraction operators and a newly introduced dual basis for the Bézier projection operator. We then demonstrate the behavior of the two proposed formulations through several challenging benchmark problems. © 2018
55	a56260937200	Bischoff M.	p14	False	Journal	12	An isogeometric Reissner–Mindlin shell element based on Bézier dual basis functions: Overcoming locking and improved coarse mesh accuracy	We develop a mixed geometrically nonlinear isogeometric Reissner–Mindlin shell element for the analysis of thin-walled structures that leverages Bézier dual basis functions to address both shear and membrane locking and to improve the quality of computed stresses. The accuracy of computed solutions over coarse meshes, that have highly non-interpolatory control meshes, is achieved through the application of a continuous rotational approach. The starting point of the formulation is the modified Hellinger–Reissner variational principle with independent displacement, membrane, and shear strains as the unknown fields. To overcome locking, the strain variables are interpolated with lower-order spline bases while the variations of the strain variables are interpolated with the corresponding Bézier dual bases. Leveraging the orthogonality property of the Bézier dual basis, the strain variables are condensed out of the system with only a slight increase in the bandwidth of the resulting linear system. The condensed approach preserves the accuracy of the non-condensed mixed approach but with fewer degrees of freedom. From a practical point of view, since the Bézier dual basis is completely specified through Bézier extraction, any spline space that admits Bézier extraction can utilize the proposed approach directly. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
56	a57081918700	Oesterle B.	p14	False	Journal	12	An isogeometric Reissner–Mindlin shell element based on Bézier dual basis functions: Overcoming locking and improved coarse mesh accuracy	We develop a mixed geometrically nonlinear isogeometric Reissner–Mindlin shell element for the analysis of thin-walled structures that leverages Bézier dual basis functions to address both shear and membrane locking and to improve the quality of computed stresses. The accuracy of computed solutions over coarse meshes, that have highly non-interpolatory control meshes, is achieved through the application of a continuous rotational approach. The starting point of the formulation is the modified Hellinger–Reissner variational principle with independent displacement, membrane, and shear strains as the unknown fields. To overcome locking, the strain variables are interpolated with lower-order spline bases while the variations of the strain variables are interpolated with the corresponding Bézier dual bases. Leveraging the orthogonality property of the Bézier dual basis, the strain variables are condensed out of the system with only a slight increase in the bandwidth of the resulting linear system. The condensed approach preserves the accuracy of the non-condensed mixed approach but with fewer degrees of freedom. From a practical point of view, since the Bézier dual basis is completely specified through Bézier extraction, any spline space that admits Bézier extraction can utilize the proposed approach directly. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
57	a55487415500	Dornisch W.	p14	False	Journal	12	An isogeometric Reissner–Mindlin shell element based on Bézier dual basis functions: Overcoming locking and improved coarse mesh accuracy	We develop a mixed geometrically nonlinear isogeometric Reissner–Mindlin shell element for the analysis of thin-walled structures that leverages Bézier dual basis functions to address both shear and membrane locking and to improve the quality of computed stresses. The accuracy of computed solutions over coarse meshes, that have highly non-interpolatory control meshes, is achieved through the application of a continuous rotational approach. The starting point of the formulation is the modified Hellinger–Reissner variational principle with independent displacement, membrane, and shear strains as the unknown fields. To overcome locking, the strain variables are interpolated with lower-order spline bases while the variations of the strain variables are interpolated with the corresponding Bézier dual bases. Leveraging the orthogonality property of the Bézier dual basis, the strain variables are condensed out of the system with only a slight increase in the bandwidth of the resulting linear system. The condensed approach preserves the accuracy of the non-condensed mixed approach but with fewer degrees of freedom. From a practical point of view, since the Bézier dual basis is completely specified through Bézier extraction, any spline space that admits Bézier extraction can utilize the proposed approach directly. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
57	a55487415500	Dornisch W.	p515	False	Journal	284	Isogeometric Bézier dual mortaring: Refineable higher-order spline dual bases and weakly continuous geometry	In this paper we develop the isogeometric Bézier dual mortar method. It is based on Bézier extraction and projection and is applicable to any spline space which can be represented in Bézier form (i.e., NURBS, T-splines, LR-splines, etc.). The approach weakly enforces the continuity of the solution at patch interfaces and the error can be adaptively controlled by leveraging the refineability of the underlying slave dual spline basis without introducing any additional degrees of freedom. As a consequence, optimal higher-order convergence rates can be achieved without the need for an expensive shared master/slave segmentation step. We also develop weakly continuous geometry as a particular application of isogeometric Bézier dual mortaring. Weakly continuous geometry is a geometry description where the weak continuity constraints are built into properly modified Bézier extraction operators. As a result, multi-patch models can be processed in a solver directly without having to employ a mortaring solution strategy. We demonstrate the utility of the approach on several challenging benchmark problems. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p15	True	Journal	13	Physical-Layer Security for Vehicle-to-Everything Networks: Increasing Security while Maintaining Reliable Communications	This article highlights the potential contribution of physical-layer security in making vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) networks more secure against eavesdropping. We showcase a set of experiments using a mobile testbed for both types of networks and demonst rate that finite block-length physical-layer security coding increases the security while maintaining reliable communications. The fundamental tradeoffs in achieving both reliability and security through physical-layer efforts are also discussed in terms of relative eavesdropper location in an urban environment. © 2020 IEEE.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p38	False	Journal	20	On the effects of channel sparsity on joint estimators in aeronautical telemetry	Minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) equalizers are a viable solution to mitigate the frequency selectivity of the aeronautical telemetry channel. Because the MMSE equalizer filter coefficients are a function of the carrier frequency offset (CFO), the equivalent discrete-time channel, and the noise variance, reliable estimates of those parameters are required. The CFO is due primarily to the high velocity of the airborne transmitter. Because the equivalent discrete-time channel in aeronautical telemetry is sparse, the performance of the joint estimator based on a sparse channel estimator is superior to the performance of a traditional nonsparse maximum-likelihood-inspired joint estimator. The improvement is seen in lower estimator error variances for the parameters, particularly for the CFO and channel estimate, and in the postequalizer bit-error rate. Simulation results demonstrate that the postequalizer bit-error rate using the sparse estimator is almost as good as that using ideal estimators. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p85	False	Journal	20	Sparse Equalization in Aeronautical Telemetry Using Two Transmit Antennas	This correspondence explores the application of sparse equalizers in generalized time-reversed space-time block codes (GTR-STBCs) for a two-transmit/one-receive antenna aeronautical telemetry link. It is shown that the jointly optimum design of the sparse equalizer coefficients and the power sharing parameter \rho in GTR-STBCs is computationally challenging because the active tap ratio of the sparse equalizers is a non-convex function of \rho. A search algorithm based on a grid search followed by an interpolation is shown to yield impressive results. Our numerical results demonstrate that depending on signal-to-noise ratio and channel conditions, the number of non-zero taps of sparse equalizers for GTR-STBCs can be reduced by 53% to 86\% at the cost of 0.25 dB relaxation in the mean-squared error. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p148	False	Conference	26	Space-Time Coded ARTM CPM for Aeronautical Telemetry	This paper shows that burst-based orthogonal spacetime block-coded ARTM CPM is capable of solving the two-antenna problem in aeronautical telemetry, but detection requires a prohibitively complex trellis detector. In single-input, single-output (SISO) applications, pulse truncation and state-space partitioning reduce the computational complexity of the trellis detector with only modest bit error rate (BER) performance penalties. In this paper it is shown that layering pulse truncation and state-space partition complexity-reducing techniques with a burst-based orthogonal space-time block-code does not introduce additional BER performance losses relative to the SISO case. © 2019 IEEE.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p159	True	Journal	111	On Sparse Channel Estimation in Aeronautical Telemetry	This paper examines the application of sparse estimation techniques for the estimation of a discrete-time equivalent multipath channel in the aeronautical telemetry context. The sensing matrix comprises samples of shaped offset QPSK-TG (a continuous phase modulation) based on the pilot bit sequence currently defined in the aeronautical telemetry standard. Representative algorithms from the three broad classes of sparse estimators were examined side by side using computer simulations to estimate the postequalizer bit error rate (BER). Ideal and nonideal frequency offset synchronization were assumed in the simulations. The results show that the performance of the matching pursuit (MP) algorithms seemed to be better suited to this application in the sense that no additional steps were required and the postequalizer BER of the best MP algorithm was slightly better than that of the other sparse estimation techniques. In the case of both ideal and nonideal frequency offset synchronization, the postequalizer BER achieved by the generalized orthogonal MP algorithm was approximately 1.5 dB better than that obtained using the nonsparse-constrained maximum likelihood channel estimate. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p232	False	Conference	55	Physical-Layer Security: Does it Work in a Real Environment?	This paper applies channel sounding measurements to enable physical-layer security coding. The channel measurements were acquired in an indoor environment and used to assess the secrecy capacity as a function of physical location. A variety of Reed-Muller wiretap codes were applied to the channel measurements to determine the most effective code for the environment. The results suggest that deploying physical-layer security coding is a three-point design process, where channel sounding data guides 1) the physical placement of the antennas, 2) the power settings of the transmitter, and 3) the selection of wiretap coding. © 2019 IEEE.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p249	True	Journal	111	Approximate MLSE Equalization of SOQPSK-TG in Aeronautical Telemetry	An approximate maximum likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE) equalizer for shaped offset QPSK, version TG (SOQPSK-TG) is derived based on the pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) approximation of SOQPSK-TG using the two principal PAM pulses. The resulting equalizer is a generalization of the equalizer based on the Ungerboeck observation model, where the generalization is to two parallel, cross-correlated symbol streams over parallel intersymbol interference channels. The bit error rate (BER) performance and computational complexity of the approximate MLSE equalizer operating over three example channels, motivated by multipath propagation in aeronautical telemetry and with increasing selectivity, are presented. The BER performance was evaluated using computer simulations and shown to be approximately 5-8 dB better than the best frequency-domain minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) equalizers published in the open literature. The computational complexity, measured by the number of real-valued multiplications, is comparable to that of the frequency-domain MMSE equalizers. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p308	False	Conference	88	DFT-based frequency offset estimators for 16-APSK	In this paper, we analyze several DFT-based frequency offset estimators for use with the 16-APSK digital modulation scheme. Even a small frequency offset between radio transmitters and receivers can cause phase information to be lost, so a system to align the phases is required to reliably demodulate PSK signals. These estimators have been adapted for 16-APSK from methods originally intended for use with QPSK and CPM. These methods consist of a coarse search and a fine search with an optional dichotomous search to improve accuracy. We analyze the estimator error variance and bit error rate associated with several methods of frequency estimation. These estimators exhibit small estimate error and variance and can provide bit error rates close to the ideal AWGN BER. © 2019 International Foundation for Telemetering. All rights reserved.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p309	False	Conference	89	Doppler power spectra from vehicle-to-everything propagation experiments	This paper presents the results of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) propagation experiments. The experimental results are summarized by Doppler power spectra. Our measurements indicate the need for a dynamic system that can handle the variable channels experienced in vehicle-to-everything communications. © 2019 International Foundation for Telemetering. All rights reserved.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p311	True	Conference	91	On carrier frequency and phase synchronization for coded 16-APSK in aeronautical mobile telemetry	This paper examines the problem of carrier phase and frequency estimation for coded 16-APSK in aeronautical mobile telemetry. Given the fact that coded systems tend to operate at lower signal-to-noise ratios than uncoded systems, the synchronizer must operate at these lower signal-to-noise ratios. For a 30 kHz frequency offset and a 10 Mbit/s 16-APSK signal, the conventional phase lock loop (PLL) system does not achieve consistent lock to be a useful approach. Consequently, a blind feed-forward approach, based on the FFT, and an initialized feedback approach based on the PLL were examined. The feed-forward estimator is capable of achieving BER ideal performance for Eb/N0 ≥ 6 dB using 1024 symbols. The feedback estimator, initialized using a feed-forward estimate based on 1024 symbols is also capable of achieving BER ideal performance for Eb/N0 ≥ 6 dB. Both synchronizers require a sufficiently good blind estimate: the estimate based on 2014 symbols appears to be the minimum value to achieve good performance. © 2019 International Foundation for Telemetering. All rights reserved.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p312	False	Conference	92	Polarization diversity and equalization of frequency selective channels in telemetry environment for 16APSK	Providing RHCP and LHCP outputs from the antennas vertical (V) and horizontal (H) dipoles in the resonant cavity within the antenna feeds is the current practice of ground-based station receivers in aeronautical telemetry. The equalizers on the market, operate on either LHCP or RHCP alone, or a combined signal created by co-phasing and adding the RHCP and LHCP outputs. In this paper, we show how to optimally combine the V and H dipole outputs and demonstrate that an equalizer operating on this optimally-combined signal outperforms an equalizer operating on the RHCP, LHCP, or the combined signals. Finally, we show how to optimally combine the RHCP and LHCP outputs for equalization, where this optimal combination performs as good as the optimally combined V and H signals. © 2019 International Foundation for Telemetering. All rights reserved.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p414	True	Journal	224	Spectrum allocations: The aeronautical telemetry story in the USA	Aeronautical telemetry encompasses all the technologies necessary to successfully monitor airborne test articles, such as fixed and rotary wing aircraft, missiles, and drones. Aeronautical telemetry is primarily focused on the final stages of development when the test article performs the maneuvers required to operate in its deployed environment. Necessarily, the test article is 'in the air' while the flight test engineers who monitor its performance are 'on the ground.' The key enabling resource for aeronautical telemetry is spectrum: bandwidth is needed to transmit the measurements from the test article to the ground so flight test engineers can monitor the test, the safety of which is paramount. © 1986-2012 IEEE.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p435	False	Conference	156	On peak-to-average power ratio optimization for coded APSK	The symmetric information rate is used to define the relationship between the APSK constellation parameters, the code rate, and the average and peak Eb=N0. Minimizing the average Eb=N0 reproduces the DVB-S2 constellation parameters for 16- And 32-APSK. Minimizing the peak Eb=N0 produces DVB-S2 constellation parameters for 16- And 32-APSK that minimize the peak-to-average power ratio. The peak-to-average power ratio gains are less than 1 dB, but when used on coded systems with very steep decoded bit error probability vs. Eb=N0 curves, the gains can be significant. © 2018 IEEE.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p574	False	Conference	219	On the performance of filter based equalizers for 16apsk in aeronautical telemetry environment	16APSK is a candidate modulation for aeronautical telemetry because it has better spectral efficiency than SOQPSK-TG, but requires a linear RF power amplifier. This paper investigates the BER performance of filter-based equalizers for 16APSK operating over multipath channels measured at Edwards AFB. The results show that decision feedback equalizers outperform the other equalizers and are capable of providing excellent multipath mitigation. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p618	False	Conference	255	Unification of signal models for soqpsk	This paper begins by summarizing a recent advancement in the way that shaped offset quadrature phase shift keying (SOQPSK) waveforms can be viewed. This new viewpoint succeeds in eliminating the need for SOQPSK to be thought of as a “special” kind of correlated, ternary continuous phase modulation (CPM). Instead, SOQPSK can be viewed as an ordinary, binary CPM. We provide all of the details necessary to achieve a complete unification of SOQPSK models at the waveform level, at the bit sequence level, and in terms of waveform initialization. With this information, SOQPSK users can easily mix and match SOQPSK models at the transmitter and receiver in order to make use of the advantages of each model. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p619	False	Conference	256	Cfo estimation by exploiting channel sparsity in aeronautical telemetry	In this paper, we explore a carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation scheme with sparsity-constraint (SC) on the aeronautical telemetry channels. This SC CFO estimator is implemented in two steps. In the first step, channel support is recovered by combining compressed sensing techniques with the CFO estimate based on the non-sparsity constraint (NSC) on the channel. Next we use the estimated channel support to derive the SC CFO estimator. Simulations are performed to compare the performance of the SC CFO estimator against the existing NSC CFO estimators using shaped offset QPSK version TG (SOQPSK-TG) modulated iNET-formatted data over an aeronautical test channel. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p711	True	Journal	350	Space-Time Coding for Aeronautical Telemetry: Part i - Estimators	This paper derives and analyzes the estimators required for detection and decoding of Alamouti-encoded-shaped offset QPSK version TG (SOQPSK-TG). The joint maximum likelihood (ML) estimators for the frequency offset, channel delays, and channel gains are derived and analyzed. As a complexity-reducing technique, a sequential version of the ML estimators is developed. The Cramér-Rao bound for the parameters is derived and used to analyze the performance of the estimators to determine pilot sequence length. The complexity of the frequency estimator is reduced by applying the Zoom FFT algorithm in the coarse search. The complexity of the channel delay estimator was reduced by developing a novel version of the simplex search algorithm that operated on a discrete two-dimensional grid. These estimation algorithms were implemented in a prototype demodulator that was field tested at Edwards AFB. © 2017 IEEE.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p712	True	Journal	350	Space-Time Coding for Aeronautical Telemetry: Part II - Decoder and System Performance	This paper describes the use of Alamouti-encoded-shaped offset QPSK version TG (SOQPSK-TG) to solve the two-antenna problem in aeronautical telemetry. The Alamouti space-time block code is used to encode the phase states in the complex exponential representation of SOQPSK-TG. Because SOQPSK-TG possesses memory, the Alamouti decoder is a sequence estimator. Maximum likelihood and least squares sequence decoders are derived. To reduce the number of states, the eight-waveform cross-correlated trellis-coded quadrature modulation (XTCQM) approximate representation of SOQPSK-TG is used. A prototype decoder based on the least squares decoder and the estimators described in Part I and operating at a data rate of 10 Mb/s was tested in the laboratory in test flights at the Air Force Test Center, Edwards AFB. The test flights demonstrate that Alamouti-encoded SOQPSK-TG, as described in this paper, using the least squares decoder based on the estimators described in Part I solves the two antenna problem in aeronautical telemetry. © 2017 IEEE.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p807	True	Conference	342	On if-to-baseband translation and resampling in sampled-data receivers	This paper summarizes the design of a discrete-time quadrature downconversion and resampling processor that operates on samples of a 70 MHz IF signal. The unique properties of discrete-time processing-aliasing due to resampling bandpass signals and polyphase filter decompositions- are applied to create a low-complexity approach that does not require any arithmetic operations at the IF sample rate. The required tasks are performed in two stages: a downsample-by-2 operation followed by a more traditional resampler based on a polyphase filterbank.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p847	True	Conference	371	Optimizing coded 16-APSK for aeronautical mobile telemetry	This paper investigates the application of 16-APSK modulation to aeronautical mobile telemetry. The peak-to-average power ratio vs. code rate tradeoffis mapped to an optimization problem involving spectral efficiency and the constellation parameters. The optimization results produce a theoretically optimum solution that is 3.95 times more spectrally efficient as uncoded SOQPSKTG. When implementation losses and the available IRIG 106 LDPC code rates are factored in, the advantage drops to 3.20 times the spectral efficiency of SOQPSK-TG.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p848	False	Conference	372	Sparse MMSE equalizer for GTR-STBC in aeronautical telemetry	This paper investigates the performance of sparse minimum mean squared error (MMSE) equalizer for generalized time-reversed space-time block codes (GTR-STBC) in aeronautical telemetry. GTR-STBC equipped with MMSE equalizer performs the best trade-offbetween the signal-tonoise ratio and inter-symbol interference by allocating unequal power over aeronautical telemetry channels. However, aeronautical telemetry channels are in general consists of larger delay spreads which make the MMSE equalization of aeronautical channels with GTR-STBC computationally complex. Interestingly enough, in spite of larger delays aeronautical channels are made of few sparsely distributed multipaths and therefore their MMSE equalizers are highly compressible. In this paper, compressed sensing based greedy algorithm is used for the design of sparse MMSE equalizer and a convex curve-fitting algorithm is used to find the sub-optimum power allocation parameter at the same sparsity level for GTR-STBC. Our simulation results show that 75-90% of the non-zero equalizer taps can be reduced with a slight relaxation of the mean-squared error (or equivalently slight degradation of bit-error rate performance). It is also observed that the optimum transmitter power profile for the sparse MMSE equalizer is different than that of the non-sparse equalizer.
58	a7202083837	Rice M.	p886	True	Conference	398	A summary of data-aided equalizer experiments at edwards AFB	This paper summarizes the analysis of bit error rate data captured during flight tests designed to compare data-aided equalizers with SOQPSK-TG to unequalized and currently available blind, adaptive equalizers with SOQPSK-TG. The number of bit errors, on a second-by-second basis, are analyzed. The results are different for each test point. Given the uncertain behavior of the preamble detector for the data-aided equalizer and the differing channel conditions between the data-aided equalizer channel and the conventional serial streaming telemetry channel, we are unable to draw any firm comparative conclusions.
59	a57210290270	Clark B.	p15	False	Journal	13	Physical-Layer Security for Vehicle-to-Everything Networks: Increasing Security while Maintaining Reliable Communications	This article highlights the potential contribution of physical-layer security in making vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) networks more secure against eavesdropping. We showcase a set of experiments using a mobile testbed for both types of networks and demonst rate that finite block-length physical-layer security coding increases the security while maintaining reliable communications. The fundamental tradeoffs in achieving both reliability and security through physical-layer efforts are also discussed in terms of relative eavesdropper location in an urban environment. © 2020 IEEE.
59	a57210290270	Clark B.	p232	False	Conference	55	Physical-Layer Security: Does it Work in a Real Environment?	This paper applies channel sounding measurements to enable physical-layer security coding. The channel measurements were acquired in an indoor environment and used to assess the secrecy capacity as a function of physical location. A variety of Reed-Muller wiretap codes were applied to the channel measurements to determine the most effective code for the environment. The results suggest that deploying physical-layer security coding is a three-point design process, where channel sounding data guides 1) the physical placement of the antennas, 2) the power settings of the transmitter, and 3) the selection of wiretap coding. © 2019 IEEE.
60	a57210288045	Flanary D.	p15	False	Journal	13	Physical-Layer Security for Vehicle-to-Everything Networks: Increasing Security while Maintaining Reliable Communications	This article highlights the potential contribution of physical-layer security in making vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) networks more secure against eavesdropping. We showcase a set of experiments using a mobile testbed for both types of networks and demonst rate that finite block-length physical-layer security coding increases the security while maintaining reliable communications. The fundamental tradeoffs in achieving both reliability and security through physical-layer efforts are also discussed in terms of relative eavesdropper location in an urban environment. © 2020 IEEE.
60	a57210288045	Flanary D.	p232	False	Conference	55	Physical-Layer Security: Does it Work in a Real Environment?	This paper applies channel sounding measurements to enable physical-layer security coding. The channel measurements were acquired in an indoor environment and used to assess the secrecy capacity as a function of physical location. A variety of Reed-Muller wiretap codes were applied to the channel measurements to determine the most effective code for the environment. The results suggest that deploying physical-layer security coding is a three-point design process, where channel sounding data guides 1) the physical placement of the antennas, 2) the power settings of the transmitter, and 3) the selection of wiretap coding. © 2019 IEEE.
61	a57210287166	Jensen B.	p15	False	Journal	13	Physical-Layer Security for Vehicle-to-Everything Networks: Increasing Security while Maintaining Reliable Communications	This article highlights the potential contribution of physical-layer security in making vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) networks more secure against eavesdropping. We showcase a set of experiments using a mobile testbed for both types of networks and demonst rate that finite block-length physical-layer security coding increases the security while maintaining reliable communications. The fundamental tradeoffs in achieving both reliability and security through physical-layer efforts are also discussed in terms of relative eavesdropper location in an urban environment. © 2020 IEEE.
61	a57210287166	Jensen B.	p232	True	Conference	55	Physical-Layer Security: Does it Work in a Real Environment?	This paper applies channel sounding measurements to enable physical-layer security coding. The channel measurements were acquired in an indoor environment and used to assess the secrecy capacity as a function of physical location. A variety of Reed-Muller wiretap codes were applied to the channel measurements to determine the most effective code for the environment. The results suggest that deploying physical-layer security coding is a three-point design process, where channel sounding data guides 1) the physical placement of the antennas, 2) the power settings of the transmitter, and 3) the selection of wiretap coding. © 2019 IEEE.
61	a57210287166	Jensen B.	p309	False	Conference	89	Doppler power spectra from vehicle-to-everything propagation experiments	This paper presents the results of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) propagation experiments. The experimental results are summarized by Doppler power spectra. Our measurements indicate the need for a dynamic system that can handle the variable channels experienced in vehicle-to-everything communications. © 2019 International Foundation for Telemetering. All rights reserved.
62	a57211254337	Nelson N.	p15	False	Journal	13	Physical-Layer Security for Vehicle-to-Everything Networks: Increasing Security while Maintaining Reliable Communications	This article highlights the potential contribution of physical-layer security in making vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) networks more secure against eavesdropping. We showcase a set of experiments using a mobile testbed for both types of networks and demonst rate that finite block-length physical-layer security coding increases the security while maintaining reliable communications. The fundamental tradeoffs in achieving both reliability and security through physical-layer efforts are also discussed in terms of relative eavesdropper location in an urban environment. © 2020 IEEE.
63	a57210292389	Norman K.	p15	False	Journal	13	Physical-Layer Security for Vehicle-to-Everything Networks: Increasing Security while Maintaining Reliable Communications	This article highlights the potential contribution of physical-layer security in making vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) networks more secure against eavesdropping. We showcase a set of experiments using a mobile testbed for both types of networks and demonst rate that finite block-length physical-layer security coding increases the security while maintaining reliable communications. The fundamental tradeoffs in achieving both reliability and security through physical-layer efforts are also discussed in terms of relative eavesdropper location in an urban environment. © 2020 IEEE.
63	a57210292389	Norman K.	p232	False	Conference	55	Physical-Layer Security: Does it Work in a Real Environment?	This paper applies channel sounding measurements to enable physical-layer security coding. The channel measurements were acquired in an indoor environment and used to assess the secrecy capacity as a function of physical location. A variety of Reed-Muller wiretap codes were applied to the channel measurements to determine the most effective code for the environment. The results suggest that deploying physical-layer security coding is a three-point design process, where channel sounding data guides 1) the physical placement of the antennas, 2) the power settings of the transmitter, and 3) the selection of wiretap coding. © 2019 IEEE.
63	a57210292389	Norman K.	p309	True	Conference	89	Doppler power spectra from vehicle-to-everything propagation experiments	This paper presents the results of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) propagation experiments. The experimental results are summarized by Doppler power spectra. Our measurements indicate the need for a dynamic system that can handle the variable channels experienced in vehicle-to-everything communications. © 2019 International Foundation for Telemetering. All rights reserved.
64	a57218761022	Perrins E.	p15	False	Journal	13	Physical-Layer Security for Vehicle-to-Everything Networks: Increasing Security while Maintaining Reliable Communications	This article highlights the potential contribution of physical-layer security in making vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) networks more secure against eavesdropping. We showcase a set of experiments using a mobile testbed for both types of networks and demonst rate that finite block-length physical-layer security coding increases the security while maintaining reliable communications. The fundamental tradeoffs in achieving both reliability and security through physical-layer efforts are also discussed in terms of relative eavesdropper location in an urban environment. © 2020 IEEE.
65	a35147940600	Harrison W.K.	p15	False	Journal	13	Physical-Layer Security for Vehicle-to-Everything Networks: Increasing Security while Maintaining Reliable Communications	This article highlights the potential contribution of physical-layer security in making vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) networks more secure against eavesdropping. We showcase a set of experiments using a mobile testbed for both types of networks and demonst rate that finite block-length physical-layer security coding increases the security while maintaining reliable communications. The fundamental tradeoffs in achieving both reliability and security through physical-layer efforts are also discussed in terms of relative eavesdropper location in an urban environment. © 2020 IEEE.
65	a35147940600	Harrison W.K.	p84	False	Journal	64	Postprocessing the outputs of an interacting multiple-model Kalman filter using a Markovian trellis to estimate parameter values of aged Li-ion cells	Lithium-ion battery modeling for use in battery management systems requires models that can adapt to the changing behavior of a cell as it ages. One method to enable this adaptivity is to select the most representative model from a set of “pre-aged” models that represent the characteristics of the cell as different cyclic and calendar aging processes occur. By modeling the aging of a cell as a Markovian process, an interacting multiple-model Kalman filter (IMM) can be utilized to determine a time-varying probability mass function that specifies the probability that each of the models under consideration is the best representation of the cell under observation. While the output of the IMM is useful by itself, its predictions can be improved by post-processing. In this paper, we present methods to analyze the time-series probability mass function produced by the IMM using the Viterbi and BCJR algorithms in common use in the digital-communications discipline. These algorithms seek to identify the “best path” through the space of available models over time, based on the likelihoods produced by the IMM and the Markovian transition probabilities. Through the use of these post-processing algorithms, confidence in the best-fitting model can be improved. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
65	a35147940600	Harrison W.K.	p142	False	Conference	24	Irregular quadrature amplitude modulation for adaptive physical-layer security	We propose adding an irregular quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation to a wireless transmission scheme in order to obtain greater control over the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required to successfully decode the signal. By altering the separation between adjacent symbols, the minimum required SNR is raised without degradation in the performance of the scheme. This allows the system to adapt to preferable channel conditions for the authorized user, making it harder for eavesdroppers to intercept and decode the transmission, thus making the communication safer. In addition, we show that by overlaying a coset code onto the QAM constellation, a new, stronger security gap metric can be further improved. Results show the effectiveness of this strategy with an interleaved coding for secrecy with a hidden key (ICSHK) scheme. © 2019 IEEE.
65	a35147940600	Harrison W.K.	p186	True	Journal	127	Generating a Binary Symmetric Channel for Wiretap Codes	In this paper, we fill a void between information theoretic security and practical coding over the Gaussian wiretap channel using a three-stage encoder/decoder technique. Security is measured using Kullback-Leibler divergence and resolvability techniques along with a limited number of practical assumptions regarding the eavesdropper's decoder. The results specify a general coding recipe for obtaining both secure and reliable communications over the Gaussian wiretap channel, and one specific set of concatenated codes is presented as a test case for the sake of providing simulation-based evaluation of security and reliability over the network. It is shown that there exists a threshold in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over a Gaussian channel, such that receivers experiencing SNR below the threshold have no practical hope of receiving information about the message when the three-stage coding technique is applied. Results further indicate that the two innermost encoding stages successfully approximate a binary symmetric channel, allowing the outermost encoding stage (e.g., a wiretap code) to focus solely on secrecy coding over this approximated channel. © 2005-2012 IEEE.
65	a35147940600	Harrison W.K.	p232	False	Conference	55	Physical-Layer Security: Does it Work in a Real Environment?	This paper applies channel sounding measurements to enable physical-layer security coding. The channel measurements were acquired in an indoor environment and used to assess the secrecy capacity as a function of physical location. A variety of Reed-Muller wiretap codes were applied to the channel measurements to determine the most effective code for the environment. The results suggest that deploying physical-layer security coding is a three-point design process, where channel sounding data guides 1) the physical placement of the antennas, 2) the power settings of the transmitter, and 3) the selection of wiretap coding. © 2019 IEEE.
65	a35147940600	Harrison W.K.	p240	False	Conference	58	Full-Duplex Jamming for Enhanced Hidden-Key Secrecy	This paper presents a practical physical-layer security scheme based on coding methodologies combined with self-jamming to combat advantaged eavesdroppers, i.e., eavesdroppers that may possess an equal or even better channel than the legitimate receiver. We introduce a strengthened security gap notion, where reliability is assured by typical bit-error rate (BER) measurements, but secrecy is guaranteed by considering the entire distribution of messages upon reception, instead of average measures. Relying on this new security gap notion, we then propose a scheme that combines concatenated coding with self-jamming by the legitimate receiver for effective security and reliability even when eavesdroppers possess a channel with equal or better conditions than the legitimate receiver. © 2019 IEEE.
65	a35147940600	Harrison W.K.	p241	False	Conference	59	Adaptive Physical-Layer Security Through Punctured Coding for Secrecy	We propose a coding methodology for physical layer security with adaptive characteristics, whereby adaptive we mean that the system must be tunable to different operational points/signal-to-noise ratio levels of both the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper. Based on interleaving and scrambling as techniques that shuffle the original message before transmission, we consider puncturing over an interleaving/scrambling key and/or over the message as a mechanism to provide the required adaptability to channel conditions. The proposed techniques have shown suitable adaptability to different channel quality levels of the legitimate receiver and eavesdropper, while still guaranteeing the desired reliability for the legitimate receiver and secrecy against the eavesdropper. © 2019 IEEE.
65	a35147940600	Harrison W.K.	p253	False	Conference	60	Polar coding for physical-layer security without knowledge of the eavesdropper's channel	We propose an adaptive secrecy scheme using polar codes with random frozen bits for a general wiretap channel, in which to protect the data from a potential eavesdropper, part or all of the frozen bits are randomly generated per message. To assess the secrecy level of the proposed scheme, three types of decoding strategies are evaluated: a matching decoder which knows the positions of all inserted bits inside the blocklength and tries to estimate them using the same decoding techniques, a blind decoder which treats all the frozen bits as the same value, and a random decoder which considers those dynamic bits as random at the receiver. Results are presented in terms of the system security gap, assuming an adaptive decoding strategy. It is shown that the system achieves combined secrecy and reliability. The proposed scheme does not assume knowledge of the eavesdropper's channel when defining the indices of information and frozen bits. © 2019 IEEE.
65	a35147940600	Harrison W.K.	p309	False	Conference	89	Doppler power spectra from vehicle-to-everything propagation experiments	This paper presents the results of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) propagation experiments. The experimental results are summarized by Doppler power spectra. Our measurements indicate the need for a dynamic system that can handle the variable channels experienced in vehicle-to-everything communications. © 2019 International Foundation for Telemetering. All rights reserved.
65	a35147940600	Harrison W.K.	p434	False	Conference	155	Active Topology Inference in Store, Code, and Forward Networks	This paper presents a technique for active topology inference in store, code, and forward networks. Many techniques exist for topology inference and are well suited for storeand- forward and cut-through switching; however, these simpler techniques fail to capitalize on the flexibility of recoding afforded by store, code, and forward networks. This is in contrast to network coding, which recodes the data whenever possible and consequently achieves the maximum flow (and minimum cut) of throughput across a network. The technique herein utilizes a single probe message between a single source and potentially many destination nodes to achieve deterministic topology inference. © 2018 IEEE.
65	a35147940600	Harrison W.K.	p435	False	Conference	156	On peak-to-average power ratio optimization for coded APSK	The symmetric information rate is used to define the relationship between the APSK constellation parameters, the code rate, and the average and peak Eb=N0. Minimizing the average Eb=N0 reproduces the DVB-S2 constellation parameters for 16- And 32-APSK. Minimizing the peak Eb=N0 produces DVB-S2 constellation parameters for 16- And 32-APSK that minimize the peak-to-average power ratio. The peak-to-average power ratio gains are less than 1 dB, but when used on coded systems with very steep decoded bit error probability vs. Eb=N0 curves, the gains can be significant. © 2018 IEEE.
65	a35147940600	Harrison W.K.	p469	False	Conference	171	A Rateless Approach to Physical-Layer Security	A majority of coding constructions for physical-layer security are based on linear block codes and their cosets. One issue with these codes is that they require knowledge of channel state information (CSI) for both the friendly party and the eavesdropper in the wiretap channel prior to constructing the code. In this paper, we present a framework for rateless physical-layer security codes over the wiretap channel by introducing both fixed and adaptive variants of rateless security coding schemes. These techniques can be used to reduce the requirements on CSI prior to code construction, because the codes will either adapt to the operating parameters of the legitimate user's channel on the fly and/or target a maximum allowable probability of intercept (POI) at the eavesdropper. All channels in play are packet erasure channels (PECs), as these channels are quite pervasive in most real-world network applications. We further present the details of an actual implementation of rateless physical-layer security coding over a Wi-Fi network. © 2018 IEEE.
65	a35147940600	Harrison W.K.	p470	False	Conference	172	Nested QPSK Encoding for Information Theoretic Security	This paper proposes a method to provide secrecy for digital communications with arbitrarily large quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations for transmission over a Gaussian fading wiretap channel. This is accomplished by breaking the constellation down into nested quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) symbols and randomizing the assignment between message bits and modulated symbols using channel state information (CSI). If enough random bits can be generated from CSI it becomes possible to uniquely map an arbitrary message to any symbol in the large QAM constellation. The proposed method can thereby provide perfect secrecy while maintaining high reliability by exclusively assigning minimum-distance-mapped constellations through the randomization for use by the legitimate decoder. © 2018 IEEE.
65	a35147940600	Harrison W.K.	p575	True	Conference	220	Physical-layer security for aeronautical telemetry	In this paper, we investigate the application of physical-layer security coding for next generation aeronautical telemetry communication systems. The coding we refer to is similar to error-control coding, but the codes are deployed for two purposes: to achieve reliable communications, and to achieve secure communications. We consider a single eavesdropper on an air-to-ground aeronautical telemetry link, and show how the overhead measured by the rate of the code can be used to keep secrets from eavesdroppers over noisy channels, rather than recover from channel errors. We show simple examples that work over erasure channels to achieve a security constraint, and then consider approaches to more practical coding constructions for Gaussian channels that satisfies both reliability and security constraints on the network. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
66	a57201912667	Hendricks L.J.	p16	True	Journal	14	High-Speed Acoustic Impact-Echo Sounding of Concrete Bridge Decks	Evaluation of deteriorating highway bridges requires new, rapid inspection methods to effectively guide repair in an era of limited fiscal resources. Of all the components of a bridge, the bridge deck typically deteriorates most quickly and must therefore be regularly inspected for non-visible internal cracking, called delamination, for which early detection and repair can enhance safety and performance as well as reduce long-term maintenance costs. This research demonstrates the development and deployment of a multi-channel acoustic impact-echo sounding apparatus equipped with specially-configured tire chains for acoustic excitation of the concrete, microphones, an array of sensors for establishing spatial position estimates, and a data processing architecture for accurately detecting and mapping delaminations in concrete bridge decks at high speeds. The new apparatus achieved very accurate results at speeds between 25 and 45 km/h across a bridge deck. These results demonstrate an orders-of-magnitude increase in data collection speed over all other acoustic impact-echo sounding techniques described in the literature. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
67	a7202282831	Baxter J.S.	p16	False	Journal	14	High-Speed Acoustic Impact-Echo Sounding of Concrete Bridge Decks	Evaluation of deteriorating highway bridges requires new, rapid inspection methods to effectively guide repair in an era of limited fiscal resources. Of all the components of a bridge, the bridge deck typically deteriorates most quickly and must therefore be regularly inspected for non-visible internal cracking, called delamination, for which early detection and repair can enhance safety and performance as well as reduce long-term maintenance costs. This research demonstrates the development and deployment of a multi-channel acoustic impact-echo sounding apparatus equipped with specially-configured tire chains for acoustic excitation of the concrete, microphones, an array of sensors for establishing spatial position estimates, and a data processing architecture for accurately detecting and mapping delaminations in concrete bridge decks at high speeds. The new apparatus achieved very accurate results at speeds between 25 and 45 km/h across a bridge deck. These results demonstrate an orders-of-magnitude increase in data collection speed over all other acoustic impact-echo sounding techniques described in the literature. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
67	a7202282831	Baxter J.S.	p103	False	Journal	77	Automated sounding for concrete bridge deck inspection through a multi-channel, continuously moving platform	A new multi-channel, automated, air-coupled, impact-echo sounding device was designed, constructed, and demonstrated in this work. The apparatus includes seven replicated impactor and recording units, a moving trailer platform, a distance measurement instrument, and signal processing modules. A series of computer algorithms is used to determine the presence of delamination on concrete bridge decks based on the bandlimited acoustic energy value computed from the acoustic response associated with each impact. Compared to traditional sounding methods, this device significantly decreases the required inspection time, eliminates subjectivity, and increases safety by substantially reducing the exposure of inspectors to live traffic. © 2019
67	a7202282831	Baxter J.S.	p258	False	Journal	169	Automated Air-Coupled Impact-Echo Testing of a Concrete Bridge Deck from a Continuously Moving Platform	The objective of this work was to develop an automated air-coupled impact-echo testing device for mapping the occurrence of delamination in a concrete bridge deck from a continuously moving platform with a fast, repeatable excitation mechanism and algorithms for collecting and analyzing the acoustic data. The apparatus developed in this research included an impactor unit, a moving platform, a microphone for air-coupled sensing, a distance measurement instrument, and signal processing modules. Given the absence of an existing universal threshold for differentiating among intact and delaminated areas using the new device, a delamination detection threshold value was determined in a first field demonstration also involving chain dragging and coring of a concrete bridge deck. While the maps of the air-coupled impact-echo data and chain-dragging data exhibit a high degree of similarity and are highly consistent with the results of coring, a quantitative method of comparison also demonstrates the utility of the new device across a broad range of delamination percentages. Specifically, the results indicate that the percentage of the deck area determined to be delaminated using impact-echo testing was within 3 percentage points of that determined to be delaminated using chain dragging for 10 of the 13 deck test sections, which generally exhibited delamination percentages ranging from 7 to 21%. Finally, testing with the new device was more than seven times faster than chain dragging. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
67	a7202282831	Baxter J.S.	p523	False	Journal	290	Vertical electrical impedance testing of a concrete bridge deck using a rolling probe	The speed of vertical electrical impedance testing of a concrete bridge deck using a new rolling probe was demonstrated in this research to be 190 m2/h, which is more than six times faster than the speed at which data were collected using the static probe utilized in earlier research. Furthermore, with impedance measurements obtained at a longitudinal spacing of approximately 0.1 m, the spatial resolution was 12 times greater than that of the static probe. Vertical electrical impedance testing was performed together with half-cell potential testing, chaining, cover depth, and chloride concentration testing, and an interpretation of these data sets was developed that synergistically incorporated the deck maintenance history. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
68	a57218107757	Chou Y.	p16	False	Journal	14	High-Speed Acoustic Impact-Echo Sounding of Concrete Bridge Decks	Evaluation of deteriorating highway bridges requires new, rapid inspection methods to effectively guide repair in an era of limited fiscal resources. Of all the components of a bridge, the bridge deck typically deteriorates most quickly and must therefore be regularly inspected for non-visible internal cracking, called delamination, for which early detection and repair can enhance safety and performance as well as reduce long-term maintenance costs. This research demonstrates the development and deployment of a multi-channel acoustic impact-echo sounding apparatus equipped with specially-configured tire chains for acoustic excitation of the concrete, microphones, an array of sensors for establishing spatial position estimates, and a data processing architecture for accurately detecting and mapping delaminations in concrete bridge decks at high speeds. The new apparatus achieved very accurate results at speeds between 25 and 45 km/h across a bridge deck. These results demonstrate an orders-of-magnitude increase in data collection speed over all other acoustic impact-echo sounding techniques described in the literature. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
69	a57198832579	Thomas M.	p16	False	Journal	14	High-Speed Acoustic Impact-Echo Sounding of Concrete Bridge Decks	Evaluation of deteriorating highway bridges requires new, rapid inspection methods to effectively guide repair in an era of limited fiscal resources. Of all the components of a bridge, the bridge deck typically deteriorates most quickly and must therefore be regularly inspected for non-visible internal cracking, called delamination, for which early detection and repair can enhance safety and performance as well as reduce long-term maintenance costs. This research demonstrates the development and deployment of a multi-channel acoustic impact-echo sounding apparatus equipped with specially-configured tire chains for acoustic excitation of the concrete, microphones, an array of sensors for establishing spatial position estimates, and a data processing architecture for accurately detecting and mapping delaminations in concrete bridge decks at high speeds. The new apparatus achieved very accurate results at speeds between 25 and 45 km/h across a bridge deck. These results demonstrate an orders-of-magnitude increase in data collection speed over all other acoustic impact-echo sounding techniques described in the literature. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
70	a57218097969	Boekweg E.	p16	False	Journal	14	High-Speed Acoustic Impact-Echo Sounding of Concrete Bridge Decks	Evaluation of deteriorating highway bridges requires new, rapid inspection methods to effectively guide repair in an era of limited fiscal resources. Of all the components of a bridge, the bridge deck typically deteriorates most quickly and must therefore be regularly inspected for non-visible internal cracking, called delamination, for which early detection and repair can enhance safety and performance as well as reduce long-term maintenance costs. This research demonstrates the development and deployment of a multi-channel acoustic impact-echo sounding apparatus equipped with specially-configured tire chains for acoustic excitation of the concrete, microphones, an array of sensors for establishing spatial position estimates, and a data processing architecture for accurately detecting and mapping delaminations in concrete bridge decks at high speeds. The new apparatus achieved very accurate results at speeds between 25 and 45 km/h across a bridge deck. These results demonstrate an orders-of-magnitude increase in data collection speed over all other acoustic impact-echo sounding techniques described in the literature. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
71	a7003302831	Guthrie W.S.	p16	False	Journal	14	High-Speed Acoustic Impact-Echo Sounding of Concrete Bridge Decks	Evaluation of deteriorating highway bridges requires new, rapid inspection methods to effectively guide repair in an era of limited fiscal resources. Of all the components of a bridge, the bridge deck typically deteriorates most quickly and must therefore be regularly inspected for non-visible internal cracking, called delamination, for which early detection and repair can enhance safety and performance as well as reduce long-term maintenance costs. This research demonstrates the development and deployment of a multi-channel acoustic impact-echo sounding apparatus equipped with specially-configured tire chains for acoustic excitation of the concrete, microphones, an array of sensors for establishing spatial position estimates, and a data processing architecture for accurately detecting and mapping delaminations in concrete bridge decks at high speeds. The new apparatus achieved very accurate results at speeds between 25 and 45 km/h across a bridge deck. These results demonstrate an orders-of-magnitude increase in data collection speed over all other acoustic impact-echo sounding techniques described in the literature. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
71	a7003302831	Guthrie W.S.	p103	False	Journal	77	Automated sounding for concrete bridge deck inspection through a multi-channel, continuously moving platform	A new multi-channel, automated, air-coupled, impact-echo sounding device was designed, constructed, and demonstrated in this work. The apparatus includes seven replicated impactor and recording units, a moving trailer platform, a distance measurement instrument, and signal processing modules. A series of computer algorithms is used to determine the presence of delamination on concrete bridge decks based on the bandlimited acoustic energy value computed from the acoustic response associated with each impact. Compared to traditional sounding methods, this device significantly decreases the required inspection time, eliminates subjectivity, and increases safety by substantially reducing the exposure of inspectors to live traffic. © 2019
71	a7003302831	Guthrie W.S.	p258	True	Journal	169	Automated Air-Coupled Impact-Echo Testing of a Concrete Bridge Deck from a Continuously Moving Platform	The objective of this work was to develop an automated air-coupled impact-echo testing device for mapping the occurrence of delamination in a concrete bridge deck from a continuously moving platform with a fast, repeatable excitation mechanism and algorithms for collecting and analyzing the acoustic data. The apparatus developed in this research included an impactor unit, a moving platform, a microphone for air-coupled sensing, a distance measurement instrument, and signal processing modules. Given the absence of an existing universal threshold for differentiating among intact and delaminated areas using the new device, a delamination detection threshold value was determined in a first field demonstration also involving chain dragging and coring of a concrete bridge deck. While the maps of the air-coupled impact-echo data and chain-dragging data exhibit a high degree of similarity and are highly consistent with the results of coring, a quantitative method of comparison also demonstrates the utility of the new device across a broad range of delamination percentages. Specifically, the results indicate that the percentage of the deck area determined to be delaminated using impact-echo testing was within 3 percentage points of that determined to be delaminated using chain dragging for 10 of the 13 deck test sections, which generally exhibited delamination percentages ranging from 7 to 21%. Finally, testing with the new device was more than seven times faster than chain dragging. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
71	a7003302831	Guthrie W.S.	p523	True	Journal	290	Vertical electrical impedance testing of a concrete bridge deck using a rolling probe	The speed of vertical electrical impedance testing of a concrete bridge deck using a new rolling probe was demonstrated in this research to be 190 m2/h, which is more than six times faster than the speed at which data were collected using the static probe utilized in earlier research. Furthermore, with impedance measurements obtained at a longitudinal spacing of approximately 0.1 m, the spatial resolution was 12 times greater than that of the static probe. Vertical electrical impedance testing was performed together with half-cell potential testing, chaining, cover depth, and chloride concentration testing, and an interpretation of these data sets was developed that synergistically incorporated the deck maintenance history. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
72	a16066928300	Mazzeo B.A.	p16	False	Journal	14	High-Speed Acoustic Impact-Echo Sounding of Concrete Bridge Decks	Evaluation of deteriorating highway bridges requires new, rapid inspection methods to effectively guide repair in an era of limited fiscal resources. Of all the components of a bridge, the bridge deck typically deteriorates most quickly and must therefore be regularly inspected for non-visible internal cracking, called delamination, for which early detection and repair can enhance safety and performance as well as reduce long-term maintenance costs. This research demonstrates the development and deployment of a multi-channel acoustic impact-echo sounding apparatus equipped with specially-configured tire chains for acoustic excitation of the concrete, microphones, an array of sensors for establishing spatial position estimates, and a data processing architecture for accurately detecting and mapping delaminations in concrete bridge decks at high speeds. The new apparatus achieved very accurate results at speeds between 25 and 45 km/h across a bridge deck. These results demonstrate an orders-of-magnitude increase in data collection speed over all other acoustic impact-echo sounding techniques described in the literature. © 2020, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
72	a16066928300	Mazzeo B.A.	p103	False	Journal	77	Automated sounding for concrete bridge deck inspection through a multi-channel, continuously moving platform	A new multi-channel, automated, air-coupled, impact-echo sounding device was designed, constructed, and demonstrated in this work. The apparatus includes seven replicated impactor and recording units, a moving trailer platform, a distance measurement instrument, and signal processing modules. A series of computer algorithms is used to determine the presence of delamination on concrete bridge decks based on the bandlimited acoustic energy value computed from the acoustic response associated with each impact. Compared to traditional sounding methods, this device significantly decreases the required inspection time, eliminates subjectivity, and increases safety by substantially reducing the exposure of inspectors to live traffic. © 2019
72	a16066928300	Mazzeo B.A.	p258	False	Journal	169	Automated Air-Coupled Impact-Echo Testing of a Concrete Bridge Deck from a Continuously Moving Platform	The objective of this work was to develop an automated air-coupled impact-echo testing device for mapping the occurrence of delamination in a concrete bridge deck from a continuously moving platform with a fast, repeatable excitation mechanism and algorithms for collecting and analyzing the acoustic data. The apparatus developed in this research included an impactor unit, a moving platform, a microphone for air-coupled sensing, a distance measurement instrument, and signal processing modules. Given the absence of an existing universal threshold for differentiating among intact and delaminated areas using the new device, a delamination detection threshold value was determined in a first field demonstration also involving chain dragging and coring of a concrete bridge deck. While the maps of the air-coupled impact-echo data and chain-dragging data exhibit a high degree of similarity and are highly consistent with the results of coring, a quantitative method of comparison also demonstrates the utility of the new device across a broad range of delamination percentages. Specifically, the results indicate that the percentage of the deck area determined to be delaminated using impact-echo testing was within 3 percentage points of that determined to be delaminated using chain dragging for 10 of the 13 deck test sections, which generally exhibited delamination percentages ranging from 7 to 21%. Finally, testing with the new device was more than seven times faster than chain dragging. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
72	a16066928300	Mazzeo B.A.	p523	False	Journal	290	Vertical electrical impedance testing of a concrete bridge deck using a rolling probe	The speed of vertical electrical impedance testing of a concrete bridge deck using a new rolling probe was demonstrated in this research to be 190 m2/h, which is more than six times faster than the speed at which data were collected using the static probe utilized in earlier research. Furthermore, with impedance measurements obtained at a longitudinal spacing of approximately 0.1 m, the spatial resolution was 12 times greater than that of the static probe. Vertical electrical impedance testing was performed together with half-cell potential testing, chaining, cover depth, and chloride concentration testing, and an interpretation of these data sets was developed that synergistically incorporated the deck maintenance history. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
73	a57213342768	Gardner J.W.	p17	True	Journal	15	Managing Production Yields and Rework through Feedback on Speed, Quality, and Quantity	Balancing priorities of production speed and conformance quality is an ongoing challenge in production and operations management. Organizations may emphasize these priorities through various forms of performance feedback. However, the impacts of using feedback to emphasize speed, quality, and quantity remain unclear in production settings. This study employs controlled laboratory experiments to examine the impact of real-time feedback on production quantities, first time yield percentages, and rework percentages. Drawing on concepts from speed-accuracy tradeoffs, we study four types of feedback: speed, accuracy, joint speed and accuracy, and yields. Laboratory activities focus on the repetitive task of converting paper-based medical records to electronic data formats. These tasks are critical inputs to data analytics and are similar in nature to simple independent manufacturing and service tasks. We study feedback effects in a setting critical to practice but rarely studied in research, where workers are incentivized for both speed and quality as they perform production tasks that explicitly allow rework. The results show that production yields worsen under speed feedback but improve under each form of quality-containing feedback. Results also show that each form of quality-containing feedback increases the proportion of correctly reworked to produced errors through different mechanisms of increased error fixing, decreased error production, or both. © 2020 Production and Operations Management Society
73	a57213342768	Gardner J.W.	p132	False	Journal	91	When do workarounds help or hurt patient outcomes? The moderating role of operational failures	Hospital providers often use workarounds to circumvent processes so that patients can receive care. Workarounds in response to operational failures enable care to continue and therefore may be indicative of workers' commitment. On the other hand, workarounds in the absence of operational failures may signal an ineffective approach associated with lower quality of care and worse patient outcomes. Working closely with healthcare providers, we developed a survey to measure workaround behaviors and operational failures on medical/surgical units. The lead author surveyed over 4,000 nurses from 63 hospitals throughout the United States. We matched this data with audit data on the incidence of pressure injuries among over 21,000 patients on 262 nursing units in 56 survey hospitals. Hospital-acquired pressure injuries are a significant risk to patient health and hospital costs. We do not find support for our hypothesis that workarounds are associated with a higher rate of hospital-acquired pressure injuries. However, when we take into account the moderating role of operational failures on the relationship between workarounds and pressure injuries, we find significant results. When nursing units have lower levels of operational failures, workarounds are associated with higher rates of hospital-acquired pressure injuries. Our results provide evidence that workarounds may be associated with negative patient outcomes, if they stem from a process-avoiding approach. The best results can be achieved by reducing both operational failures and workarounds via instilling a process-focused approach. © 2019 Association for Supply Chain Management, Inc.
74	a56584019300	Mulford R.B.	p18	True	Journal	16	Experimental demonstration of heat loss and turn-down ratio for a multi-panel, actively deployed radiator	Origami-inspired, dynamic spacecraft radiators have been proposed which utilize an expandable/collapsible surface capable of large variations in emitting surface area. In this work, an experimental prototype of this concept is realized and its performance is analyzed. In particular, we demonstrate the capability of maintaining a spacecraft component at a desired operating temperature through the expansion and contraction of a collapsible radiator to control radiative heat loss. Four aluminum panels are connected via a flexible hinge constructed from interwoven copper wires and suspended from an actuating framework. The radiator panels are connected to a heated aluminum block. The radiator is placed in a vacuum environment with cooled surroundings (173 K) and the total radiative cooling power is determined as a function of radiator actuation position for a constant aluminum block temperature. As the radiator actuates from extended to collapsed, the heat transfer decreases and the fin efficiency increases. For a limited actuation range, the four-panel radiator exhibits a turn-down ratio (largest cooling power / smallest cooling power) of 1.31. A numerical model validated in this work predicts a turn-down ratio of 2.27 for actuation over the full range of radiator positions in surroundings at 4 K. Future revisions that exhibit an increase in panel and hinge thermal conductivities and utilizing eight panels would yield a turn-down ratio of 6.01. Assuming infinite thermal conductivity and infinite hinge conductance, the turn-down ratios for two, four and eight panel radiators, respectively, are 2.00, 3.98, and 7.92. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
74	a56584019300	Mulford R.B.	p147	True	Journal	103	Heat transfer, efficiency and turn-down ratio of a dynamic radiative heat exchanger	Efficient heat transfer is critical in the design and optimization of thermal control systems. Static radiative heat exchangers are often simple and reliable systems but typically cannot be adapted to environmental changes. Adaptable radiative heat exchangers can be adjusted in response to variations in the thermal environment or operating conditions and have the potential for increased efficiency and reduced cost. Dynamic control of a radiative heat exchanger is possible through geometric manipulation of a segmented, self-irradiating fin, consisting of rigid panels that are linked by thermal hinges in an accordion arrangement. In this paper, a numerical model is described to predict the temperature profile and efficiency of a radiative heat exchanger, accounting for conduction and self-irradiation. Governing equations are cast in terms of the conduction-radiation interaction parameter, surface emissivity, actuation angle, and the thermal conductance of the hinges linking the panels. Results indicate that a turn-down ratio (largest possible heat rate divided by smallest possible heat rate) of greater than three is possible for realistic panel geometries and materials. Self-irradiation decreases the turn-down ratio, and there is evidence that an optimal number of rigid panels exists for any combination of panel geometry and device temperature. The maximum efficiency occurs when the plates are in the collapsed position, but the heat rate is at a minimum in this configuration. Finally, the properties and geometry of the plates are shown to have a more significant effect on the turn-down ratio than the properties of the thermal hinges. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
74	a56584019300	Mulford R.B.	p263	True	Journal	164	Control of Net Radiative Heat Transfer with a Variable-Emissivity Accordion Tessellation	Origami tessellations have been proposed as a mechanism for control of radiative heat transfer through the use of the cavity effect. This work explores the impact of a changing projected surface area and varying apparent radiative properties on the net radiative heat transfer of an accordion fold comprised of V-grooves. The net radiative heat transfer of an accordion tessellation is obtained by a thermal energy balance at the cavity openings with radiative properties of the cavities given as a function of various cavity parameters. Results of the analytical model are experimentally confirmed. An accordion tessellation, constructed of stainless-steel shim stock, is positioned to achieve a specified fold angle and placed in a vacuum environment while heated by Joule heating. A thermal camera records the apparent temperature of the cavity openings for various fold angles. Results are compared to apparent temperatures predicted with the analytical model. Analytically and experimentally obtained temperatures agree within 5% and all measurements fall within experimental uncertainty. For diffusely irradiated surfaces, the decrease in projected surface area dominates, causing a continuous decrease in net radiative heat transfer for a collapsing accordion fold. Highly reflective specular surfaces exposed to diffuse irradiation experience large turn-down ratios (7.5× reduction in heat transfer) in the small angle ranges. Specular surfaces exposed to collimated irradiation achieve a turn down ratio of 3.35 between V-groove angles of 120 deg and 150 deg. The approach outlined here may be extended to modeling the net radiative heat transfer for other origami tessellations. © 2019 by ASME.
74	a56584019300	Mulford R.B.	p448	True	Journal	252	Total hemispherical apparent radiative properties of the infinite V-groove with specular reflection	Multiple reflections in a cavity geometry augment the emission and absorption of the cavity opening relative to a flat surface in a phenomenon known as the cavity effect. The extent of the cavity effect is quantified using apparent absorptivity and apparent emissivity. Analysis of complicated thermal systems is simplified through application of apparent radiative properties to cavity geometries. The apparent radiative properties of a specularly-reflecting, gray, isothermal V-groove have been derived analytically, but these results have not been validated experimentally or numerically. Additionally, the model for apparent absorptivity of an infinite V-groove subjected to partial illumination in the presence of collimated irradiation is not available. In this work, the following existing models for a specularly-reflecting V-groove are collected into a single source: (1) the apparent absorptivity of a diffusely irradiated V-groove, (2) the apparent emissivity of an isothermal V-groove and (3) the apparent absorptivity of a V-groove subject to collimated irradiation with full-illumination. Further, a new analytical model is developed to predict the apparent absorptivity of an infinite V-groove subject to collimated irradiation with partial-illumination. A custom, Monte Carlo ray tracing solver is used to predict the apparent radiative properties for all cases as a means of numerical verification by comparing the ray tracing data with the results from the new model in this work and the previously existing models. For diffuse irradiation, the analytical model and ray tracing data show excellent agreement with an average discrepancy of 4.4 × 10−4, verifying the diffuse-irradiation analytical model. Similar agreement is found for collimated irradiation, where the full and partial illumination models indicate average discrepancies of 4.9 × 10−4 and 4.6 × 10−4 when compared with ray tracing data. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
74	a56584019300	Mulford R.B.	p579	False	Conference	224	Adaptive net radiative heat transfer and thermal management with origami-structured surfaces	The ability to control radiative behavior through the angular positioning of structured surfaces (e.g. the cavity effect) offers the ability to provide thermal management in dynamic radiative environments. Structures comprised of origami tessellations offer a means to achieve angular cavities that approach black-like behavior during collapse by exploiting use of the cavity effect. Expanded origami surfaces exhibit intrinsic radiative properties while collapsed surfaces exhibit increasingly black-like behavior as the cavity aspect ratio increases. Actuation of such surfaces provides the means to achieve any apparent radiative behavior between these two extremes. This work explores the use of three origami structures (finite V-groove, hinged V-groove and Miura-ori) and their respective apparent radiative properties as a function of cavity geometry using Monte Carlo ray tracing. Results are presented as a function of tessellation geometry and degree of actuation (i.e. collapse). Ray tracing models are benchmarked with V-groove geometries for which analytical models exist in the literature. Convergence for ray independence was determined to be satisfactory when the standard error of the mean for every test case was less than 0.005. Deviation in the apparent absorptivity for finite V-groove relative to the infinite V-groove is quantified. The apparent absorptivity of the Miura-ori fold exhibits sensitivity to the fold geometry when the angle of the unit cell is varied, but is relatively insensitive to the length ratio of the panel. The variable nature of the net radiative heat transfer, achievable through actuation, affords a method for thermal management of components with variable heat dissipation and/or variable radiative environments. © 2018 International Heat Transfer Conference. All rights reserved.
74	a56584019300	Mulford R.B.	p589	True	Journal	305	Total hemispherical apparent radiative properties of the infinite V-Groove with diffuse reflection	[No abstract available]
75	a57217581937	Salt S.D.	p18	False	Journal	16	Experimental demonstration of heat loss and turn-down ratio for a multi-panel, actively deployed radiator	Origami-inspired, dynamic spacecraft radiators have been proposed which utilize an expandable/collapsible surface capable of large variations in emitting surface area. In this work, an experimental prototype of this concept is realized and its performance is analyzed. In particular, we demonstrate the capability of maintaining a spacecraft component at a desired operating temperature through the expansion and contraction of a collapsible radiator to control radiative heat loss. Four aluminum panels are connected via a flexible hinge constructed from interwoven copper wires and suspended from an actuating framework. The radiator panels are connected to a heated aluminum block. The radiator is placed in a vacuum environment with cooled surroundings (173 K) and the total radiative cooling power is determined as a function of radiator actuation position for a constant aluminum block temperature. As the radiator actuates from extended to collapsed, the heat transfer decreases and the fin efficiency increases. For a limited actuation range, the four-panel radiator exhibits a turn-down ratio (largest cooling power / smallest cooling power) of 1.31. A numerical model validated in this work predicts a turn-down ratio of 2.27 for actuation over the full range of radiator positions in surroundings at 4 K. Future revisions that exhibit an increase in panel and hinge thermal conductivities and utilizing eight panels would yield a turn-down ratio of 6.01. Assuming infinite thermal conductivity and infinite hinge conductance, the turn-down ratios for two, four and eight panel radiators, respectively, are 2.00, 3.98, and 7.92. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
76	a57214937519	Hyatt L.P.	p18	False	Journal	16	Experimental demonstration of heat loss and turn-down ratio for a multi-panel, actively deployed radiator	Origami-inspired, dynamic spacecraft radiators have been proposed which utilize an expandable/collapsible surface capable of large variations in emitting surface area. In this work, an experimental prototype of this concept is realized and its performance is analyzed. In particular, we demonstrate the capability of maintaining a spacecraft component at a desired operating temperature through the expansion and contraction of a collapsible radiator to control radiative heat loss. Four aluminum panels are connected via a flexible hinge constructed from interwoven copper wires and suspended from an actuating framework. The radiator panels are connected to a heated aluminum block. The radiator is placed in a vacuum environment with cooled surroundings (173 K) and the total radiative cooling power is determined as a function of radiator actuation position for a constant aluminum block temperature. As the radiator actuates from extended to collapsed, the heat transfer decreases and the fin efficiency increases. For a limited actuation range, the four-panel radiator exhibits a turn-down ratio (largest cooling power / smallest cooling power) of 1.31. A numerical model validated in this work predicts a turn-down ratio of 2.27 for actuation over the full range of radiator positions in surroundings at 4 K. Future revisions that exhibit an increase in panel and hinge thermal conductivities and utilizing eight panels would yield a turn-down ratio of 6.01. Assuming infinite thermal conductivity and infinite hinge conductance, the turn-down ratios for two, four and eight panel radiators, respectively, are 2.00, 3.98, and 7.92. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
76	a57214937519	Hyatt L.P.	p33	True	Journal	28	Developable mechanisms on right conical surfaces	An approach for designing developable mechanisms on a conical surface is presented. By aligning the joint axes of spherical mechanisms to the ruling lines, the links can be created in a way that the mechanism conforms to a conical surface. Terminology is defined for mechanisms mapped onto a right cone. Models are developed to describe the motion of the mechanism with respect to the apex of the cone, and connections are made to cylindrical developable mechanisms using projected angles. The Loop Sum Method is presented as an approach to determine the geometry of the cone to which a given spherical mechanism can be mapped. A method for position analysis is presented to determine the location of any point along the link of a mechanism with respect to the conical geometry. These methods are also applied to multiloop spherical mechanisms. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
76	a57214937519	Hyatt L.P.	p94	True	Journal	72	Using Cyclic Quadrilaterals to Design Cylindrical Developable Mechanisms	Developable mechanisms on regular cylindrical surfaces can be described using cyclic quadrilaterals. Mechanisms can exist in either an open or crossed configuration, and these configurations correspond to convex and crossed cyclic quadrilaterals. Using equations developed for both convex and crossed cyclic quadrilaterals, the geometry of the reference surface to which a four-bar mechanism can be mapped is found. Grashof mechanisms can be mapped to two surfaces in open or crossed configurations. The only way to map a non-Grashof mechanism to a cylindrical surface is in its open configuration. Extramobile and intramobile behavior can be achieved depending on selected pairs within a cyclic quadrilateral and its position within the circumcircle. Selecting different sets of links as the ground link changes the potential behavior of the mechanism. Different cases are tabulated to represent all possibilities. A non-Grashof developable mechanism can only exhibit extramobile or intramobile behavior if all of the joints lie on one half of the circumcircle. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
77	a57217581770	Meaker K.S.	p18	False	Journal	16	Experimental demonstration of heat loss and turn-down ratio for a multi-panel, actively deployed radiator	Origami-inspired, dynamic spacecraft radiators have been proposed which utilize an expandable/collapsible surface capable of large variations in emitting surface area. In this work, an experimental prototype of this concept is realized and its performance is analyzed. In particular, we demonstrate the capability of maintaining a spacecraft component at a desired operating temperature through the expansion and contraction of a collapsible radiator to control radiative heat loss. Four aluminum panels are connected via a flexible hinge constructed from interwoven copper wires and suspended from an actuating framework. The radiator panels are connected to a heated aluminum block. The radiator is placed in a vacuum environment with cooled surroundings (173 K) and the total radiative cooling power is determined as a function of radiator actuation position for a constant aluminum block temperature. As the radiator actuates from extended to collapsed, the heat transfer decreases and the fin efficiency increases. For a limited actuation range, the four-panel radiator exhibits a turn-down ratio (largest cooling power / smallest cooling power) of 1.31. A numerical model validated in this work predicts a turn-down ratio of 2.27 for actuation over the full range of radiator positions in surroundings at 4 K. Future revisions that exhibit an increase in panel and hinge thermal conductivities and utilizing eight panels would yield a turn-down ratio of 6.01. Assuming infinite thermal conductivity and infinite hinge conductance, the turn-down ratios for two, four and eight panel radiators, respectively, are 2.00, 3.98, and 7.92. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
78	a55542008600	Dwivedi V.H.	p18	False	Journal	16	Experimental demonstration of heat loss and turn-down ratio for a multi-panel, actively deployed radiator	Origami-inspired, dynamic spacecraft radiators have been proposed which utilize an expandable/collapsible surface capable of large variations in emitting surface area. In this work, an experimental prototype of this concept is realized and its performance is analyzed. In particular, we demonstrate the capability of maintaining a spacecraft component at a desired operating temperature through the expansion and contraction of a collapsible radiator to control radiative heat loss. Four aluminum panels are connected via a flexible hinge constructed from interwoven copper wires and suspended from an actuating framework. The radiator panels are connected to a heated aluminum block. The radiator is placed in a vacuum environment with cooled surroundings (173 K) and the total radiative cooling power is determined as a function of radiator actuation position for a constant aluminum block temperature. As the radiator actuates from extended to collapsed, the heat transfer decreases and the fin efficiency increases. For a limited actuation range, the four-panel radiator exhibits a turn-down ratio (largest cooling power / smallest cooling power) of 1.31. A numerical model validated in this work predicts a turn-down ratio of 2.27 for actuation over the full range of radiator positions in surroundings at 4 K. Future revisions that exhibit an increase in panel and hinge thermal conductivities and utilizing eight panels would yield a turn-down ratio of 6.01. Assuming infinite thermal conductivity and infinite hinge conductance, the turn-down ratios for two, four and eight panel radiators, respectively, are 2.00, 3.98, and 7.92. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
78	a55542008600	Dwivedi V.H.	p263	False	Journal	164	Control of Net Radiative Heat Transfer with a Variable-Emissivity Accordion Tessellation	Origami tessellations have been proposed as a mechanism for control of radiative heat transfer through the use of the cavity effect. This work explores the impact of a changing projected surface area and varying apparent radiative properties on the net radiative heat transfer of an accordion fold comprised of V-grooves. The net radiative heat transfer of an accordion tessellation is obtained by a thermal energy balance at the cavity openings with radiative properties of the cavities given as a function of various cavity parameters. Results of the analytical model are experimentally confirmed. An accordion tessellation, constructed of stainless-steel shim stock, is positioned to achieve a specified fold angle and placed in a vacuum environment while heated by Joule heating. A thermal camera records the apparent temperature of the cavity openings for various fold angles. Results are compared to apparent temperatures predicted with the analytical model. Analytically and experimentally obtained temperatures agree within 5% and all measurements fall within experimental uncertainty. For diffusely irradiated surfaces, the decrease in projected surface area dominates, causing a continuous decrease in net radiative heat transfer for a collapsing accordion fold. Highly reflective specular surfaces exposed to diffuse irradiation experience large turn-down ratios (7.5× reduction in heat transfer) in the small angle ranges. Specular surfaces exposed to collimated irradiation achieve a turn down ratio of 3.35 between V-groove angles of 120 deg and 150 deg. The approach outlined here may be extended to modeling the net radiative heat transfer for other origami tessellations. © 2019 by ASME.
79	a56714263700	Jones M.R.	p18	False	Journal	16	Experimental demonstration of heat loss and turn-down ratio for a multi-panel, actively deployed radiator	Origami-inspired, dynamic spacecraft radiators have been proposed which utilize an expandable/collapsible surface capable of large variations in emitting surface area. In this work, an experimental prototype of this concept is realized and its performance is analyzed. In particular, we demonstrate the capability of maintaining a spacecraft component at a desired operating temperature through the expansion and contraction of a collapsible radiator to control radiative heat loss. Four aluminum panels are connected via a flexible hinge constructed from interwoven copper wires and suspended from an actuating framework. The radiator panels are connected to a heated aluminum block. The radiator is placed in a vacuum environment with cooled surroundings (173 K) and the total radiative cooling power is determined as a function of radiator actuation position for a constant aluminum block temperature. As the radiator actuates from extended to collapsed, the heat transfer decreases and the fin efficiency increases. For a limited actuation range, the four-panel radiator exhibits a turn-down ratio (largest cooling power / smallest cooling power) of 1.31. A numerical model validated in this work predicts a turn-down ratio of 2.27 for actuation over the full range of radiator positions in surroundings at 4 K. Future revisions that exhibit an increase in panel and hinge thermal conductivities and utilizing eight panels would yield a turn-down ratio of 6.01. Assuming infinite thermal conductivity and infinite hinge conductance, the turn-down ratios for two, four and eight panel radiators, respectively, are 2.00, 3.98, and 7.92. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
79	a56714263700	Jones M.R.	p147	False	Journal	103	Heat transfer, efficiency and turn-down ratio of a dynamic radiative heat exchanger	Efficient heat transfer is critical in the design and optimization of thermal control systems. Static radiative heat exchangers are often simple and reliable systems but typically cannot be adapted to environmental changes. Adaptable radiative heat exchangers can be adjusted in response to variations in the thermal environment or operating conditions and have the potential for increased efficiency and reduced cost. Dynamic control of a radiative heat exchanger is possible through geometric manipulation of a segmented, self-irradiating fin, consisting of rigid panels that are linked by thermal hinges in an accordion arrangement. In this paper, a numerical model is described to predict the temperature profile and efficiency of a radiative heat exchanger, accounting for conduction and self-irradiation. Governing equations are cast in terms of the conduction-radiation interaction parameter, surface emissivity, actuation angle, and the thermal conductance of the hinges linking the panels. Results indicate that a turn-down ratio (largest possible heat rate divided by smallest possible heat rate) of greater than three is possible for realistic panel geometries and materials. Self-irradiation decreases the turn-down ratio, and there is evidence that an optimal number of rigid panels exists for any combination of panel geometry and device temperature. The maximum efficiency occurs when the plates are in the collapsed position, but the heat rate is at a minimum in this configuration. Finally, the properties and geometry of the plates are shown to have a more significant effect on the turn-down ratio than the properties of the thermal hinges. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
79	a56714263700	Jones M.R.	p263	False	Journal	164	Control of Net Radiative Heat Transfer with a Variable-Emissivity Accordion Tessellation	Origami tessellations have been proposed as a mechanism for control of radiative heat transfer through the use of the cavity effect. This work explores the impact of a changing projected surface area and varying apparent radiative properties on the net radiative heat transfer of an accordion fold comprised of V-grooves. The net radiative heat transfer of an accordion tessellation is obtained by a thermal energy balance at the cavity openings with radiative properties of the cavities given as a function of various cavity parameters. Results of the analytical model are experimentally confirmed. An accordion tessellation, constructed of stainless-steel shim stock, is positioned to achieve a specified fold angle and placed in a vacuum environment while heated by Joule heating. A thermal camera records the apparent temperature of the cavity openings for various fold angles. Results are compared to apparent temperatures predicted with the analytical model. Analytically and experimentally obtained temperatures agree within 5% and all measurements fall within experimental uncertainty. For diffusely irradiated surfaces, the decrease in projected surface area dominates, causing a continuous decrease in net radiative heat transfer for a collapsing accordion fold. Highly reflective specular surfaces exposed to diffuse irradiation experience large turn-down ratios (7.5× reduction in heat transfer) in the small angle ranges. Specular surfaces exposed to collimated irradiation achieve a turn down ratio of 3.35 between V-groove angles of 120 deg and 150 deg. The approach outlined here may be extended to modeling the net radiative heat transfer for other origami tessellations. © 2019 by ASME.
79	a56714263700	Jones M.R.	p448	False	Journal	252	Total hemispherical apparent radiative properties of the infinite V-groove with specular reflection	Multiple reflections in a cavity geometry augment the emission and absorption of the cavity opening relative to a flat surface in a phenomenon known as the cavity effect. The extent of the cavity effect is quantified using apparent absorptivity and apparent emissivity. Analysis of complicated thermal systems is simplified through application of apparent radiative properties to cavity geometries. The apparent radiative properties of a specularly-reflecting, gray, isothermal V-groove have been derived analytically, but these results have not been validated experimentally or numerically. Additionally, the model for apparent absorptivity of an infinite V-groove subjected to partial illumination in the presence of collimated irradiation is not available. In this work, the following existing models for a specularly-reflecting V-groove are collected into a single source: (1) the apparent absorptivity of a diffusely irradiated V-groove, (2) the apparent emissivity of an isothermal V-groove and (3) the apparent absorptivity of a V-groove subject to collimated irradiation with full-illumination. Further, a new analytical model is developed to predict the apparent absorptivity of an infinite V-groove subject to collimated irradiation with partial-illumination. A custom, Monte Carlo ray tracing solver is used to predict the apparent radiative properties for all cases as a means of numerical verification by comparing the ray tracing data with the results from the new model in this work and the previously existing models. For diffuse irradiation, the analytical model and ray tracing data show excellent agreement with an average discrepancy of 4.4 × 10−4, verifying the diffuse-irradiation analytical model. Similar agreement is found for collimated irradiation, where the full and partial illumination models indicate average discrepancies of 4.9 × 10−4 and 4.6 × 10−4 when compared with ray tracing data. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
79	a56714263700	Jones M.R.	p579	False	Conference	224	Adaptive net radiative heat transfer and thermal management with origami-structured surfaces	The ability to control radiative behavior through the angular positioning of structured surfaces (e.g. the cavity effect) offers the ability to provide thermal management in dynamic radiative environments. Structures comprised of origami tessellations offer a means to achieve angular cavities that approach black-like behavior during collapse by exploiting use of the cavity effect. Expanded origami surfaces exhibit intrinsic radiative properties while collapsed surfaces exhibit increasingly black-like behavior as the cavity aspect ratio increases. Actuation of such surfaces provides the means to achieve any apparent radiative behavior between these two extremes. This work explores the use of three origami structures (finite V-groove, hinged V-groove and Miura-ori) and their respective apparent radiative properties as a function of cavity geometry using Monte Carlo ray tracing. Results are presented as a function of tessellation geometry and degree of actuation (i.e. collapse). Ray tracing models are benchmarked with V-groove geometries for which analytical models exist in the literature. Convergence for ray independence was determined to be satisfactory when the standard error of the mean for every test case was less than 0.005. Deviation in the apparent absorptivity for finite V-groove relative to the infinite V-groove is quantified. The apparent absorptivity of the Miura-ori fold exhibits sensitivity to the fold geometry when the angle of the unit cell is varied, but is relatively insensitive to the length ratio of the panel. The variable nature of the net radiative heat transfer, achievable through actuation, affords a method for thermal management of components with variable heat dissipation and/or variable radiative environments. © 2018 International Heat Transfer Conference. All rights reserved.
79	a56714263700	Jones M.R.	p589	False	Journal	305	Total hemispherical apparent radiative properties of the infinite V-Groove with diffuse reflection	[No abstract available]
80	a8608718200	Iverson B.D.	p18	False	Journal	16	Experimental demonstration of heat loss and turn-down ratio for a multi-panel, actively deployed radiator	Origami-inspired, dynamic spacecraft radiators have been proposed which utilize an expandable/collapsible surface capable of large variations in emitting surface area. In this work, an experimental prototype of this concept is realized and its performance is analyzed. In particular, we demonstrate the capability of maintaining a spacecraft component at a desired operating temperature through the expansion and contraction of a collapsible radiator to control radiative heat loss. Four aluminum panels are connected via a flexible hinge constructed from interwoven copper wires and suspended from an actuating framework. The radiator panels are connected to a heated aluminum block. The radiator is placed in a vacuum environment with cooled surroundings (173 K) and the total radiative cooling power is determined as a function of radiator actuation position for a constant aluminum block temperature. As the radiator actuates from extended to collapsed, the heat transfer decreases and the fin efficiency increases. For a limited actuation range, the four-panel radiator exhibits a turn-down ratio (largest cooling power / smallest cooling power) of 1.31. A numerical model validated in this work predicts a turn-down ratio of 2.27 for actuation over the full range of radiator positions in surroundings at 4 K. Future revisions that exhibit an increase in panel and hinge thermal conductivities and utilizing eight panels would yield a turn-down ratio of 6.01. Assuming infinite thermal conductivity and infinite hinge conductance, the turn-down ratios for two, four and eight panel radiators, respectively, are 2.00, 3.98, and 7.92. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
80	a8608718200	Iverson B.D.	p79	False	Journal	59	Closed-Loop, Axial Temperature Control of Etched Silicon Microcolumn for Tunable Thermal Gradient Gas Chromatography	Combining the resolution of conventional gas chromatography systems with the size factor of microGC systems is important for improving the affordability and portability of high performance gas analysis. Recent work has demonstrated the feasibility of high resolution separation of gases in a benchtopscale short column system by controlling thermal gradients through the column. This work reports a microfabricated thermally controllable gas chromatographic column with a small footprint (approximately 6.25 cm2). The design of the 20 cm column utilizes 21 individually controllable thin film heaters and conduction cooling to produce a desired temperature profile. The reported device is capable of heating and cooling rates exceeding 8000 °C/min and can reach temperatures of 350 °C. The control methods allow for excellent disturbance rejection and precision to within +/- 1 °C. Each length of the column between heaters was demonstrated to be individually controllable and displayed quadratic temperature profiles. This paper focuses on the fabrication process and implementation of the thermal control strategy. [2019-0113] © 1992-2012 IEEE.
80	a8608718200	Iverson B.D.	p147	False	Journal	103	Heat transfer, efficiency and turn-down ratio of a dynamic radiative heat exchanger	Efficient heat transfer is critical in the design and optimization of thermal control systems. Static radiative heat exchangers are often simple and reliable systems but typically cannot be adapted to environmental changes. Adaptable radiative heat exchangers can be adjusted in response to variations in the thermal environment or operating conditions and have the potential for increased efficiency and reduced cost. Dynamic control of a radiative heat exchanger is possible through geometric manipulation of a segmented, self-irradiating fin, consisting of rigid panels that are linked by thermal hinges in an accordion arrangement. In this paper, a numerical model is described to predict the temperature profile and efficiency of a radiative heat exchanger, accounting for conduction and self-irradiation. Governing equations are cast in terms of the conduction-radiation interaction parameter, surface emissivity, actuation angle, and the thermal conductance of the hinges linking the panels. Results indicate that a turn-down ratio (largest possible heat rate divided by smallest possible heat rate) of greater than three is possible for realistic panel geometries and materials. Self-irradiation decreases the turn-down ratio, and there is evidence that an optimal number of rigid panels exists for any combination of panel geometry and device temperature. The maximum efficiency occurs when the plates are in the collapsed position, but the heat rate is at a minimum in this configuration. Finally, the properties and geometry of the plates are shown to have a more significant effect on the turn-down ratio than the properties of the thermal hinges. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
80	a8608718200	Iverson B.D.	p263	False	Journal	164	Control of Net Radiative Heat Transfer with a Variable-Emissivity Accordion Tessellation	Origami tessellations have been proposed as a mechanism for control of radiative heat transfer through the use of the cavity effect. This work explores the impact of a changing projected surface area and varying apparent radiative properties on the net radiative heat transfer of an accordion fold comprised of V-grooves. The net radiative heat transfer of an accordion tessellation is obtained by a thermal energy balance at the cavity openings with radiative properties of the cavities given as a function of various cavity parameters. Results of the analytical model are experimentally confirmed. An accordion tessellation, constructed of stainless-steel shim stock, is positioned to achieve a specified fold angle and placed in a vacuum environment while heated by Joule heating. A thermal camera records the apparent temperature of the cavity openings for various fold angles. Results are compared to apparent temperatures predicted with the analytical model. Analytically and experimentally obtained temperatures agree within 5% and all measurements fall within experimental uncertainty. For diffusely irradiated surfaces, the decrease in projected surface area dominates, causing a continuous decrease in net radiative heat transfer for a collapsing accordion fold. Highly reflective specular surfaces exposed to diffuse irradiation experience large turn-down ratios (7.5× reduction in heat transfer) in the small angle ranges. Specular surfaces exposed to collimated irradiation achieve a turn down ratio of 3.35 between V-groove angles of 120 deg and 150 deg. The approach outlined here may be extended to modeling the net radiative heat transfer for other origami tessellations. © 2019 by ASME.
80	a8608718200	Iverson B.D.	p271	False	Journal	178	Influence of micro-structured superhydrophobic surfaces on nucleation and natural convection in a heated pool	This work experimentally explores sub-boiling pool nucleation on micro-structured superhydrophobic surfaces. All surfaces tested were submerged in a 20 mm deep pool of water and heated from below to maintain a constant surface temperature, while the side walls of the pool were insulated, and the top was covered. Three thermocouples positioned in the pool obtain the average pool temperature. A heat flux sensor is placed directly beneath the surface to measure the heat flux supplied to the pool. Free convection heat transfer coefficients are obtained for the sub-boiling temperature range of 40–90 °C. Six surface types are studied: smooth hydrophilic, smooth hydrophobic, superhydrophobic with rib/cavity structures, superhydrophobic with rib/cavity structures and additional sparsely spaced ribs to close off the cavities, circular posts, and circular holes. It is found that structured superhydrophobic surfaces provide cavities for nucleation to occur. More dissolved air effervesces from the water as the surface temperature increases due to an increased level of supersaturation and convection. The nucleation leads to large air bubble formations that reduce the overall convection coefficient when compared to the smooth surfaces. For the rib/cavity structured surfaces, the bubbles form in an anisotropic manner and are aligned with the surface structure. More bubbles are observed on the superhydrophobic surfaces where the cavities are bounded. Since water's ability to dissolve air is dependent on temperature, heat and mass transfer cannot be treated independently on any of the superhydrophobic surfaces studied here. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
80	a8608718200	Iverson B.D.	p433	False	Journal	241	CIP2A immunosensor comprised of vertically-aligned carbon nanotube interdigitated electrodes towards point-of-care oral cancer screening	Vertically aligned carbon nanotube array (VANTA) coatings have recently garnered significant attention due in part to their unique material properties including light absorption, chemical inertness, and electrical conductivity. Herein we report the first use of VANTAs grown via chemical vapor deposition in a 2D interdigitated electrode (IDE) footprint with a high height-to-width aspect ratio (3:1 or 75:25 µm). The VANTA-IDEs were functionalized with an antibody (Ab) specific to the human cancerous inhibitor PP2A (CIP2A)—an oncoprotein that is associated with a variety of malignancies such as oral, breast, and multiple myeloma cancers. The resultant label-free immunosensor was capable of detecting CIP2A across a wide linear sensing range (1−100 pg/mL) with a detection limit of 0.24 pg/mL within saliva supernatant—a range that is more sensitive than the corresponding CIP2A enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These results help pave the way for rapid cancer screening tests at the point-of-care (POC) such as for the early-stage diagnosis of oral cancer at a dentist's office. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
80	a8608718200	Iverson B.D.	p448	False	Journal	252	Total hemispherical apparent radiative properties of the infinite V-groove with specular reflection	Multiple reflections in a cavity geometry augment the emission and absorption of the cavity opening relative to a flat surface in a phenomenon known as the cavity effect. The extent of the cavity effect is quantified using apparent absorptivity and apparent emissivity. Analysis of complicated thermal systems is simplified through application of apparent radiative properties to cavity geometries. The apparent radiative properties of a specularly-reflecting, gray, isothermal V-groove have been derived analytically, but these results have not been validated experimentally or numerically. Additionally, the model for apparent absorptivity of an infinite V-groove subjected to partial illumination in the presence of collimated irradiation is not available. In this work, the following existing models for a specularly-reflecting V-groove are collected into a single source: (1) the apparent absorptivity of a diffusely irradiated V-groove, (2) the apparent emissivity of an isothermal V-groove and (3) the apparent absorptivity of a V-groove subject to collimated irradiation with full-illumination. Further, a new analytical model is developed to predict the apparent absorptivity of an infinite V-groove subject to collimated irradiation with partial-illumination. A custom, Monte Carlo ray tracing solver is used to predict the apparent radiative properties for all cases as a means of numerical verification by comparing the ray tracing data with the results from the new model in this work and the previously existing models. For diffuse irradiation, the analytical model and ray tracing data show excellent agreement with an average discrepancy of 4.4 × 10−4, verifying the diffuse-irradiation analytical model. Similar agreement is found for collimated irradiation, where the full and partial illumination models indicate average discrepancies of 4.9 × 10−4 and 4.6 × 10−4 when compared with ray tracing data. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
80	a8608718200	Iverson B.D.	p500	False	Journal	271	Bubble nucleation in superhydrophobic microchannels due to subcritical heating	This work experimentally studies the effects of single wall heating on laminar flow in a high-aspect ratio superhydrophobic microchannel. When water that is saturated with air is used as the working liquid, the non-wetted cavities on the superhydrophobic surfaces act as nucleation sites and allow air to effervesce out of the water and onto the surface when heated. Previous works in the literature have only considered the opposite case where the water is undersaturated and absorbs air out the cavities for a microchannel setting. The microchannel considered in this work consists of a rib/cavity structured superhydrophobic surface and a glass surface separated by spacers. The microchannel is 60 mm long by 14 mm wide and two channel heights of nominally 183 μm and 366 μm are explored. The superhydrophobic side is in contact with a heated aluminum block and a camera is used to visualize the flow through the glass side. Thermocouples are embedded in the aluminum to record the temperature profile along the length of the channel. Temperatures are maintained below the boiling temperature of the working liquid. The friction factor-Reynolds product (fRe) is obtained via pressure drop and volumetric flow-rate measurements. Five surface types/configurations are investigated: smooth hydrophilic, smooth hydrophobic, superhydrophobic with ribs perpendicular to the flow, superhydrophobic with ribs parallel to the flow, and superhydrophobic with ribs parallel to the flow with several breaker ridges perpendicular to the flow. The surface type/configuration has a significant impact on the mass transport dynamics. For surfaces with closed cell micro-structures, large bubbles eventually form and adversely affect fRe and lead to higher temperatures along the channel. When degassed water is used, no bubble nucleation is observed and the air initially trapped in the superhydrophobic cavities is quickly absorbed by the water. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
80	a8608718200	Iverson B.D.	p579	True	Conference	224	Adaptive net radiative heat transfer and thermal management with origami-structured surfaces	The ability to control radiative behavior through the angular positioning of structured surfaces (e.g. the cavity effect) offers the ability to provide thermal management in dynamic radiative environments. Structures comprised of origami tessellations offer a means to achieve angular cavities that approach black-like behavior during collapse by exploiting use of the cavity effect. Expanded origami surfaces exhibit intrinsic radiative properties while collapsed surfaces exhibit increasingly black-like behavior as the cavity aspect ratio increases. Actuation of such surfaces provides the means to achieve any apparent radiative behavior between these two extremes. This work explores the use of three origami structures (finite V-groove, hinged V-groove and Miura-ori) and their respective apparent radiative properties as a function of cavity geometry using Monte Carlo ray tracing. Results are presented as a function of tessellation geometry and degree of actuation (i.e. collapse). Ray tracing models are benchmarked with V-groove geometries for which analytical models exist in the literature. Convergence for ray independence was determined to be satisfactory when the standard error of the mean for every test case was less than 0.005. Deviation in the apparent absorptivity for finite V-groove relative to the infinite V-groove is quantified. The apparent absorptivity of the Miura-ori fold exhibits sensitivity to the fold geometry when the angle of the unit cell is varied, but is relatively insensitive to the length ratio of the panel. The variable nature of the net radiative heat transfer, achievable through actuation, affords a method for thermal management of components with variable heat dissipation and/or variable radiative environments. © 2018 International Heat Transfer Conference. All rights reserved.
80	a8608718200	Iverson B.D.	p589	False	Journal	305	Total hemispherical apparent radiative properties of the infinite V-Groove with diffuse reflection	[No abstract available]
80	a8608718200	Iverson B.D.	p822	False	Journal	392	Two-phase flow pressure drop in superhydrophobic channels	Superhydrophobic surfaces have been shown to reduce drag in single-phase channel flow; however, little work has been done to characterize their drag-reducing ability found in two-phase flows. Adiabatic, air-water mixtures were used to explore the influence of hydrophobicity on two-phase flows and the hydrodynamics which might be present in flow condensation environments. Pressure drop measurements in a rectangular channel with one superhydrophobic wall (cross-section approximately 0.37 × 10 mm) and three transparent hydrophilic walls were obtained. Data for air/water mixtures with superficial Reynolds numbers ranging from 22–215 and 55–220, respectively, were obtained for superhydrophobic surfaces with three different cavity fractions. Agreement between experimentally obtained two-phase pressure drop data and correlations in the literature for conventional smooth control surfaces was better than 20 percent, which is within the accuracy of the correlations. The data reveal a reduction in the pressure drop for two-phase flow in a channel with a single superhydrophobic wall compared to a control scenario. The observed reduction is approximately 10 percent greater than the reduction that is observed for single-phase flow (relative to a classical channel). © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
80	a8608718200	Iverson B.D.	p858	False	Journal	401	Improving sensitivity of electrochemical sensors with convective transport in free-standing, carbon nanotube structures	High-aspect-ratio, porous membrane of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were developed through a templated microfabrication approach for electrochemical sensing. Nanostructured platinum (Pt) catalyst was deposited onto the CNTs with a facile, electroless deposition method, resulting in a Pt-nanowire-coated, CNT sensor (PN-CNT). Convective mass transfer enhancement was shown to improve PN-CNT sensor performance in the non‐enzymatic, amperometric sensing of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In particular, convective enhancement was achieved through the use of high surface area to fluid volume structures and concentration boundary layer confinement in a channel. Stir speed and sensor orientation especially influenced the measured current in stirred environments for sensors with through-channel diameters of 16 μm. Through-flow sensing produced drastically higher signals than stirred sensing with over 90% of the H2O2being oxidized as it passed through the PN-CNT sensor, even for low concentrations in the range of 50 nM to 500 μM. This effective utilization of the analyte in detection demonstrates the utility of exploiting convection in electrochemical sensing. For through‐flow at 100 μL s−1, a sensitivity of 24,300 μA mM−1 cm−2was achieved based on the frontal projected area (871 μA mM−1cm−2based on the nominal microchannel surface area), with a 0.03 μM limit of detection and a linear sensing range of 0.03–500 μM. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
81	a17341858700	Chowdhury S.	p19	True	Journal	17	Quantum Materials for Energy-Efficient Computing	[No abstract available]
82	a42062742100	Zhuang H.	p19	False	Journal	17	Quantum Materials for Energy-Efficient Computing	[No abstract available]
83	a55802018400	Coleman S.	p19	False	Journal	17	Quantum Materials for Energy-Efficient Computing	[No abstract available]
84	a36515506800	Patala S.	p19	False	Journal	17	Quantum Materials for Energy-Efficient Computing	[No abstract available]
85	a56735940800	Bair J.	p19	False	Journal	17	Quantum Materials for Energy-Efficient Computing	[No abstract available]
85	a56735940800	Bair J.	p56	False	Journal	17	Cryogenic Stress-Driven Grain Growth Observed via Microcompression with in situ Electron Backscatter Diffraction	The deformation of materials at cryogenic temperature is of interest for space, arctic, and fundamental science applications. In this work, a custom-built cooling system attached to a commercial picoindenter was used for in situ cryogenic microcompression testing of equal-channel angular-pressed copper with real-time electron backscatter diffraction. Stress-driven grain growth at cryogenic temperatures was observed during a series of elastic and plastic deformations. These results provide direct evidence for the previously predicted phenomenon, whereas previous ex situ examinations demonstrated coarsening after cryogenic loading when samples were not maintained at cryogenic temperatures between deformation and characterization. © 2020, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
86	a57194874146	Lu W.	p20	True	Journal	18	A new approach of reduction of carbon dioxide emission and optimal use of carbon and hydrogen content for the desired syngas production from coal	This research is designed to make progress in overcoming the challenges through the development of a two-stage coal processing. Specifically, a two-stage process was used to maximize the use of the carbon in coal or increase the carbon monoxide yield or lower carbon dioxide and methane yields. Carbon dioxide-char gasification in the absence of water can generate carbon monoxide with near-zero methane, which is desired to produce high-carbon and low-hydrogen chemicals such as oxalic acid through catalytic carbon monoxide coupling and hydrolysis. The technology is applicable to any coal, although Power River Basin (PRB) coal is used as an example feedstock in this research Also, the sodium-iron catalyst can accelerate not only the reaction kinetics in both stages but also increase the hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio in the syngas produced in the second stage. In other words, the catalyst is a multifunctional agent, which can not only intensify the overall coal process efficiency but also improve the qualities of the desired syngas products and reduce carbon dioxide emission. Thus, In the 1st stage, the catalysts can significantly reduce the CO2-char gasification by as high as 75.00%. In the 2nd stage, the H2/CO ratio of ideal syngas is ∼2:1 with near-0 CH4 generation and the CH4 production can be reduced as high as 61.29% for the CO2–H2O-Char coal gasification. The activation energy for the 2nd stage is reduced by as high as 35.43% than that of raw coal without use Na–Fe catalyst. The overall carbon footprint reduction for the study is reduced by 87.33% in the 1st stage and 96.77% compared to the direct coal combustion. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
87	a8935141300	Cao Q.	p20	False	Journal	18	A new approach of reduction of carbon dioxide emission and optimal use of carbon and hydrogen content for the desired syngas production from coal	This research is designed to make progress in overcoming the challenges through the development of a two-stage coal processing. Specifically, a two-stage process was used to maximize the use of the carbon in coal or increase the carbon monoxide yield or lower carbon dioxide and methane yields. Carbon dioxide-char gasification in the absence of water can generate carbon monoxide with near-zero methane, which is desired to produce high-carbon and low-hydrogen chemicals such as oxalic acid through catalytic carbon monoxide coupling and hydrolysis. The technology is applicable to any coal, although Power River Basin (PRB) coal is used as an example feedstock in this research Also, the sodium-iron catalyst can accelerate not only the reaction kinetics in both stages but also increase the hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio in the syngas produced in the second stage. In other words, the catalyst is a multifunctional agent, which can not only intensify the overall coal process efficiency but also improve the qualities of the desired syngas products and reduce carbon dioxide emission. Thus, In the 1st stage, the catalysts can significantly reduce the CO2-char gasification by as high as 75.00%. In the 2nd stage, the H2/CO ratio of ideal syngas is ∼2:1 with near-0 CH4 generation and the CH4 production can be reduced as high as 61.29% for the CO2–H2O-Char coal gasification. The activation energy for the 2nd stage is reduced by as high as 35.43% than that of raw coal without use Na–Fe catalyst. The overall carbon footprint reduction for the study is reduced by 87.33% in the 1st stage and 96.77% compared to the direct coal combustion. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
88	a57194231165	Xu B.	p20	False	Journal	18	A new approach of reduction of carbon dioxide emission and optimal use of carbon and hydrogen content for the desired syngas production from coal	This research is designed to make progress in overcoming the challenges through the development of a two-stage coal processing. Specifically, a two-stage process was used to maximize the use of the carbon in coal or increase the carbon monoxide yield or lower carbon dioxide and methane yields. Carbon dioxide-char gasification in the absence of water can generate carbon monoxide with near-zero methane, which is desired to produce high-carbon and low-hydrogen chemicals such as oxalic acid through catalytic carbon monoxide coupling and hydrolysis. The technology is applicable to any coal, although Power River Basin (PRB) coal is used as an example feedstock in this research Also, the sodium-iron catalyst can accelerate not only the reaction kinetics in both stages but also increase the hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio in the syngas produced in the second stage. In other words, the catalyst is a multifunctional agent, which can not only intensify the overall coal process efficiency but also improve the qualities of the desired syngas products and reduce carbon dioxide emission. Thus, In the 1st stage, the catalysts can significantly reduce the CO2-char gasification by as high as 75.00%. In the 2nd stage, the H2/CO ratio of ideal syngas is ∼2:1 with near-0 CH4 generation and the CH4 production can be reduced as high as 61.29% for the CO2–H2O-Char coal gasification. The activation energy for the 2nd stage is reduced by as high as 35.43% than that of raw coal without use Na–Fe catalyst. The overall carbon footprint reduction for the study is reduced by 87.33% in the 1st stage and 96.77% compared to the direct coal combustion. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
89	a6601976036	Adidharma H.	p20	False	Journal	18	A new approach of reduction of carbon dioxide emission and optimal use of carbon and hydrogen content for the desired syngas production from coal	This research is designed to make progress in overcoming the challenges through the development of a two-stage coal processing. Specifically, a two-stage process was used to maximize the use of the carbon in coal or increase the carbon monoxide yield or lower carbon dioxide and methane yields. Carbon dioxide-char gasification in the absence of water can generate carbon monoxide with near-zero methane, which is desired to produce high-carbon and low-hydrogen chemicals such as oxalic acid through catalytic carbon monoxide coupling and hydrolysis. The technology is applicable to any coal, although Power River Basin (PRB) coal is used as an example feedstock in this research Also, the sodium-iron catalyst can accelerate not only the reaction kinetics in both stages but also increase the hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio in the syngas produced in the second stage. In other words, the catalyst is a multifunctional agent, which can not only intensify the overall coal process efficiency but also improve the qualities of the desired syngas products and reduce carbon dioxide emission. Thus, In the 1st stage, the catalysts can significantly reduce the CO2-char gasification by as high as 75.00%. In the 2nd stage, the H2/CO ratio of ideal syngas is ∼2:1 with near-0 CH4 generation and the CH4 production can be reduced as high as 61.29% for the CO2–H2O-Char coal gasification. The activation energy for the 2nd stage is reduced by as high as 35.43% than that of raw coal without use Na–Fe catalyst. The overall carbon footprint reduction for the study is reduced by 87.33% in the 1st stage and 96.77% compared to the direct coal combustion. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
90	a35547089300	Gasem K.	p20	False	Journal	18	A new approach of reduction of carbon dioxide emission and optimal use of carbon and hydrogen content for the desired syngas production from coal	This research is designed to make progress in overcoming the challenges through the development of a two-stage coal processing. Specifically, a two-stage process was used to maximize the use of the carbon in coal or increase the carbon monoxide yield or lower carbon dioxide and methane yields. Carbon dioxide-char gasification in the absence of water can generate carbon monoxide with near-zero methane, which is desired to produce high-carbon and low-hydrogen chemicals such as oxalic acid through catalytic carbon monoxide coupling and hydrolysis. The technology is applicable to any coal, although Power River Basin (PRB) coal is used as an example feedstock in this research Also, the sodium-iron catalyst can accelerate not only the reaction kinetics in both stages but also increase the hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio in the syngas produced in the second stage. In other words, the catalyst is a multifunctional agent, which can not only intensify the overall coal process efficiency but also improve the qualities of the desired syngas products and reduce carbon dioxide emission. Thus, In the 1st stage, the catalysts can significantly reduce the CO2-char gasification by as high as 75.00%. In the 2nd stage, the H2/CO ratio of ideal syngas is ∼2:1 with near-0 CH4 generation and the CH4 production can be reduced as high as 61.29% for the CO2–H2O-Char coal gasification. The activation energy for the 2nd stage is reduced by as high as 35.43% than that of raw coal without use Na–Fe catalyst. The overall carbon footprint reduction for the study is reduced by 87.33% in the 1st stage and 96.77% compared to the direct coal combustion. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
91	a7004479819	Argyle M.	p20	False	Journal	18	A new approach of reduction of carbon dioxide emission and optimal use of carbon and hydrogen content for the desired syngas production from coal	This research is designed to make progress in overcoming the challenges through the development of a two-stage coal processing. Specifically, a two-stage process was used to maximize the use of the carbon in coal or increase the carbon monoxide yield or lower carbon dioxide and methane yields. Carbon dioxide-char gasification in the absence of water can generate carbon monoxide with near-zero methane, which is desired to produce high-carbon and low-hydrogen chemicals such as oxalic acid through catalytic carbon monoxide coupling and hydrolysis. The technology is applicable to any coal, although Power River Basin (PRB) coal is used as an example feedstock in this research Also, the sodium-iron catalyst can accelerate not only the reaction kinetics in both stages but also increase the hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio in the syngas produced in the second stage. In other words, the catalyst is a multifunctional agent, which can not only intensify the overall coal process efficiency but also improve the qualities of the desired syngas products and reduce carbon dioxide emission. Thus, In the 1st stage, the catalysts can significantly reduce the CO2-char gasification by as high as 75.00%. In the 2nd stage, the H2/CO ratio of ideal syngas is ∼2:1 with near-0 CH4 generation and the CH4 production can be reduced as high as 61.29% for the CO2–H2O-Char coal gasification. The activation energy for the 2nd stage is reduced by as high as 35.43% than that of raw coal without use Na–Fe catalyst. The overall carbon footprint reduction for the study is reduced by 87.33% in the 1st stage and 96.77% compared to the direct coal combustion. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
91	a7004479819	Argyle M.	p82	False	Journal	62	The effects of doping alumina with silica in alumina-supported NiO catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane	The production of ethylene via the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane is well-documented as an energy efficient process. Alumina-supported NiO catalysts make the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane more selective to ethylene and operate at low reaction temperatures (<500 °C). The addition of silica to the alumina supports of these NiO catalysts formed higher amounts of the NiAl2O4 spinel phase and had adjustable acidities and surface areas with calcination temperature, leading to increases in ethylene productivity. A 5 wt% silica-doped alumina support calcined at 1100 °C with 16 wt% NiO exhibited low acidity and a stable, low surface area, resulting in an ethylene productivity of 13.6 μmolethylene/s·gnickel or 1.32 × 10−2 μmolethylene/s·m2 at 500 °C. © 2019
91	a7004479819	Argyle M.	p419	False	Journal	229	A cost-effective approach to realization of the efficient methane chemical-looping combustion by using coal fly ash as a support for oxygen carrier	Developing highly reactive, durable and low-cost oxygen carrier (OC) is the key to the advancement of the chemical looping combustion (CLC) technology that is regarded as the most energy-efficient way for the capture of CO2 emitted from fossil fuel combustion. In this study, the byproduct from coal power plant, coal fly ash (FA) was utilized as the support for Cu-based OC in methane CLC. Its performance was investigated with a thermogravimetric analyzer and a lab-scale fixed bed reactor. The results showed the FA is better as a support of OC than the most commonly used Al2O3 in anti-carbon deposition and thus beneficial to the importance of the stability of FA supported OCs. Among all the tested OCs, the Cu-based OC synthesized with FA support and impregnation method demonstrated the best performance, with CH4 conversion of 94–100% and CO2 selectivity of 91–94% in ten cycles at 800–850 °C, and minor deactivation. The characterization of the fresh and spent OCs revealed that the FA support itself could provide 1.0–2.9 wt% active oxygen for fuel combustion, which is enabled by the iron oxide in FA. In addition, the distribution of Cu on the FA support became more uniform on spent OC than on the fresh one. Also, the partially irreversible CuO decomposition into Cu2O during cyclic tests was the main reason for the deactivation of OC. Thus, Use of FA as an OC support is conducive to both development of cost-effective CLC and an environmental-friendly utilization of waste FA. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
91	a7004479819	Argyle M.	p518	False	Journal	287	Low Temperature Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane by Ce-Modified NiNb Catalysts	Low temperature oxidative dehydrogenation catalysts are becoming a viable material for drastically altering the production of small chain alkenes. Among materials used, bimetallic and trimetallic nickel catalysts have shown great promise. In this study, we report a 38% increase in the rate of ethylene production with the addition of Ce to NiNb catalysts. Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane was performed in the temperature range of 250-350 °C. At 300 °C, the rate of ethylene production was maximized with a rate of 6.91 × 10-4 mmol gcat-1 s-1. At higher temperatures, the rate of deep oxidation to CO2 outcompeted the rate of ethylene formation. The improved rate due to the addition of Ce is attributed to ceria's ability to rapidly transport oxygen to the NiO active sites. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
92	a55413647400	Zhang F.	p20	False	Journal	18	A new approach of reduction of carbon dioxide emission and optimal use of carbon and hydrogen content for the desired syngas production from coal	This research is designed to make progress in overcoming the challenges through the development of a two-stage coal processing. Specifically, a two-stage process was used to maximize the use of the carbon in coal or increase the carbon monoxide yield or lower carbon dioxide and methane yields. Carbon dioxide-char gasification in the absence of water can generate carbon monoxide with near-zero methane, which is desired to produce high-carbon and low-hydrogen chemicals such as oxalic acid through catalytic carbon monoxide coupling and hydrolysis. The technology is applicable to any coal, although Power River Basin (PRB) coal is used as an example feedstock in this research Also, the sodium-iron catalyst can accelerate not only the reaction kinetics in both stages but also increase the hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio in the syngas produced in the second stage. In other words, the catalyst is a multifunctional agent, which can not only intensify the overall coal process efficiency but also improve the qualities of the desired syngas products and reduce carbon dioxide emission. Thus, In the 1st stage, the catalysts can significantly reduce the CO2-char gasification by as high as 75.00%. In the 2nd stage, the H2/CO ratio of ideal syngas is ∼2:1 with near-0 CH4 generation and the CH4 production can be reduced as high as 61.29% for the CO2–H2O-Char coal gasification. The activation energy for the 2nd stage is reduced by as high as 35.43% than that of raw coal without use Na–Fe catalyst. The overall carbon footprint reduction for the study is reduced by 87.33% in the 1st stage and 96.77% compared to the direct coal combustion. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
93	a55739722900	Zhang Y.	p20	False	Journal	18	A new approach of reduction of carbon dioxide emission and optimal use of carbon and hydrogen content for the desired syngas production from coal	This research is designed to make progress in overcoming the challenges through the development of a two-stage coal processing. Specifically, a two-stage process was used to maximize the use of the carbon in coal or increase the carbon monoxide yield or lower carbon dioxide and methane yields. Carbon dioxide-char gasification in the absence of water can generate carbon monoxide with near-zero methane, which is desired to produce high-carbon and low-hydrogen chemicals such as oxalic acid through catalytic carbon monoxide coupling and hydrolysis. The technology is applicable to any coal, although Power River Basin (PRB) coal is used as an example feedstock in this research Also, the sodium-iron catalyst can accelerate not only the reaction kinetics in both stages but also increase the hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio in the syngas produced in the second stage. In other words, the catalyst is a multifunctional agent, which can not only intensify the overall coal process efficiency but also improve the qualities of the desired syngas products and reduce carbon dioxide emission. Thus, In the 1st stage, the catalysts can significantly reduce the CO2-char gasification by as high as 75.00%. In the 2nd stage, the H2/CO ratio of ideal syngas is ∼2:1 with near-0 CH4 generation and the CH4 production can be reduced as high as 61.29% for the CO2–H2O-Char coal gasification. The activation energy for the 2nd stage is reduced by as high as 35.43% than that of raw coal without use Na–Fe catalyst. The overall carbon footprint reduction for the study is reduced by 87.33% in the 1st stage and 96.77% compared to the direct coal combustion. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
94	a7201970805	Fan M.	p20	False	Journal	18	A new approach of reduction of carbon dioxide emission and optimal use of carbon and hydrogen content for the desired syngas production from coal	This research is designed to make progress in overcoming the challenges through the development of a two-stage coal processing. Specifically, a two-stage process was used to maximize the use of the carbon in coal or increase the carbon monoxide yield or lower carbon dioxide and methane yields. Carbon dioxide-char gasification in the absence of water can generate carbon monoxide with near-zero methane, which is desired to produce high-carbon and low-hydrogen chemicals such as oxalic acid through catalytic carbon monoxide coupling and hydrolysis. The technology is applicable to any coal, although Power River Basin (PRB) coal is used as an example feedstock in this research Also, the sodium-iron catalyst can accelerate not only the reaction kinetics in both stages but also increase the hydrogen/carbon monoxide ratio in the syngas produced in the second stage. In other words, the catalyst is a multifunctional agent, which can not only intensify the overall coal process efficiency but also improve the qualities of the desired syngas products and reduce carbon dioxide emission. Thus, In the 1st stage, the catalysts can significantly reduce the CO2-char gasification by as high as 75.00%. In the 2nd stage, the H2/CO ratio of ideal syngas is ∼2:1 with near-0 CH4 generation and the CH4 production can be reduced as high as 61.29% for the CO2–H2O-Char coal gasification. The activation energy for the 2nd stage is reduced by as high as 35.43% than that of raw coal without use Na–Fe catalyst. The overall carbon footprint reduction for the study is reduced by 87.33% in the 1st stage and 96.77% compared to the direct coal combustion. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
94	a7201970805	Fan M.	p419	False	Journal	229	A cost-effective approach to realization of the efficient methane chemical-looping combustion by using coal fly ash as a support for oxygen carrier	Developing highly reactive, durable and low-cost oxygen carrier (OC) is the key to the advancement of the chemical looping combustion (CLC) technology that is regarded as the most energy-efficient way for the capture of CO2 emitted from fossil fuel combustion. In this study, the byproduct from coal power plant, coal fly ash (FA) was utilized as the support for Cu-based OC in methane CLC. Its performance was investigated with a thermogravimetric analyzer and a lab-scale fixed bed reactor. The results showed the FA is better as a support of OC than the most commonly used Al2O3 in anti-carbon deposition and thus beneficial to the importance of the stability of FA supported OCs. Among all the tested OCs, the Cu-based OC synthesized with FA support and impregnation method demonstrated the best performance, with CH4 conversion of 94–100% and CO2 selectivity of 91–94% in ten cycles at 800–850 °C, and minor deactivation. The characterization of the fresh and spent OCs revealed that the FA support itself could provide 1.0–2.9 wt% active oxygen for fuel combustion, which is enabled by the iron oxide in FA. In addition, the distribution of Cu on the FA support became more uniform on spent OC than on the fresh one. Also, the partially irreversible CuO decomposition into Cu2O during cyclic tests was the main reason for the deactivation of OC. Thus, Use of FA as an OC support is conducive to both development of cost-effective CLC and an environmental-friendly utilization of waste FA. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
95	a57217041570	Webb D.	p21	True	Conference	2	Low-Noise, Low-Power Pulse Shaper for Particle Detection (Invited Paper)	Pulse shapers are widely used in particle detector applications to reduce the rise and fall times of the pulse signal and to remove noise from the frontend amplifiers. We demonstrate a low-noise, low-power pulse shaper employing an active lowpass Salley-Key biquad filter, passive highpass filter, and input/output buffers. The design process is described to generate the desired transfer characteristic while incorporating tuning knobs to adapt the shaper characteristic to the needs of different applications. Utilizing only a single 1.8-V supply, the shaper consumes 1.5 mW and achieves an input-referred noise of 17 µVrms, both the lowest among state-of-the-art. The power efficiency normalized to bandwidth and noise is nearly 1.7× better than the next best design. © 2020 IEEE.
96	a57200117690	Song Y.	p21	False	Conference	2	Low-Noise, Low-Power Pulse Shaper for Particle Detection (Invited Paper)	Pulse shapers are widely used in particle detector applications to reduce the rise and fall times of the pulse signal and to remove noise from the frontend amplifiers. We demonstrate a low-noise, low-power pulse shaper employing an active lowpass Salley-Key biquad filter, passive highpass filter, and input/output buffers. The design process is described to generate the desired transfer characteristic while incorporating tuning knobs to adapt the shaper characteristic to the needs of different applications. Utilizing only a single 1.8-V supply, the shaper consumes 1.5 mW and achieves an input-referred noise of 17 µVrms, both the lowest among state-of-the-art. The power efficiency normalized to bandwidth and noise is nearly 1.7× better than the next best design. © 2020 IEEE.
96	a57200117690	Song Y.	p69	False	Conference	12	A 0.2-V 10-bit 5-kHz SAR ADC with Dynamic Bulk Biasing and Ultra-Low-Supply-Voltage Comparator	This paper describes a 10-bit 5-kHz SAR ADC under an ultra-low-supply-voltage of 0.2 V for low-power applications. To tolerate the severe variations in the subthreshold regime, a novel dynamic bulk biasing circuit senses the NMOS/PMOS strength ratio in the background and applies feedback to recover the circuit functionality. A new comparator relaxes the stringent speed-noise trade-off under the 0.2-V supply. Employing ac-coupling, stacked input pairs, and voltage-boosted load capacitors, the comparator achieves more than threefold improvement in speed with little noise penalty. The measured ADC consumes 22 nW and exhibits an SNDR of 52.8 dB at Nyquist, yielding an FoM of 12.3 fJ/conv.-step. Measurements of multiple chips show the proposed dynamic bulk biasing successfully improves the yield by nearly twofold in the presence of supply variations. © 2020 IEEE.
96	a57200117690	Song Y.	p175	False	Journal	119	An 8-bit 10-GHz 21-mW Time-Interleaved SAR ADC with Grouped DAC Capacitors and Dual-Path Bootstrapped Switch	An 8-bit 10-GHz 8× time-interleaved SAR ADC in 28-nm CMOS incorporates an aggressively scaled DAC with grouped capacitors in a symmetrical comb structure to afford a threefold reduction in the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance. A dual-path bootstrapped switch decouples critical signal from nonlinear capacitance to boost the sampling SFDR by more than 5 dB. The ADC demonstrates an SNDR of 36.9 dB at Nyquist while consuming 21 mW, yielding an FoM of 37 fJ/conv.-step, the lowest among the reported ADCs with similar speeds and resolutions and more than 2× improvement from the state-of-the-art. © 2018 IEEE.
96	a57200117690	Song Y.	p177	False	Conference	39	An 8-bit 10-GHz 21-mW Time-Interleaved SAR ADC with Grouped DAC Capacitors and Dual-Path Bootstrapped Switch	An 8-bit 10-GHz 8× time-interleaved SAR ADC in 28-nm CMOS incorporates an aggressively scaled DAC with grouped capacitors in a symmetrical comb structure to afford a threefold reduction in the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance. A dual-path bootstrapped switch decouples critical signal from nonlinear capacitance to boost the sampling SFDR by more than 5 dB. The ADC demonstrates an SNDR of 36.9 dB at Nyquist while consuming 21 mW,yielding an FoM of 37 fJ/conv.-step,the lowest among the reported ADCs with similar speeds and resolutions and more than 2× improvement from the state-of-the-art. © 2019 IEEE.
96	a57200117690	Song Y.	p498	False	Journal	269	Direct Measurement of High-Gain and Complementary Charge-Steering Amplifiers	This brief presents direct measurement of two novel dynamic amplifiers utilizing the 'charge-steering' topology. Employing a delayed clocking scheme, a four-stage charge-steering amplifier achieves the highest gain of any reported charge-steering topology. A complementary charge-steering amplifier exploits both charging and discharging cycles to double the throughput while reducing power consumption by 22%. Fabricated in 180-nm technology, this brief presents, for the first time, direct measurement results of charge-steering amplifiers, including gain, noise, linearity, common-mode response, and power supply rejection ratio. © 2004-2012 IEEE.
97	a57207689986	Rozsa J.	p21	False	Conference	2	Low-Noise, Low-Power Pulse Shaper for Particle Detection (Invited Paper)	Pulse shapers are widely used in particle detector applications to reduce the rise and fall times of the pulse signal and to remove noise from the frontend amplifiers. We demonstrate a low-noise, low-power pulse shaper employing an active lowpass Salley-Key biquad filter, passive highpass filter, and input/output buffers. The design process is described to generate the desired transfer characteristic while incorporating tuning knobs to adapt the shaper characteristic to the needs of different applications. Utilizing only a single 1.8-V supply, the shaper consumes 1.5 mW and achieves an input-referred noise of 17 µVrms, both the lowest among state-of-the-art. The power efficiency normalized to bandwidth and noise is nearly 1.7× better than the next best design. © 2020 IEEE.
97	a57207689986	Rozsa J.	p577	True	Conference	222	Byu mars rover at the 2018 university rover challenge	This paper describes the design and performance of the BYU mars rover with an emphasis on the wireless communications system and the transmission and reception of data vital to the performance of the rover. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
98	a57200699937	Gustafson E.	p21	False	Conference	2	Low-Noise, Low-Power Pulse Shaper for Particle Detection (Invited Paper)	Pulse shapers are widely used in particle detector applications to reduce the rise and fall times of the pulse signal and to remove noise from the frontend amplifiers. We demonstrate a low-noise, low-power pulse shaper employing an active lowpass Salley-Key biquad filter, passive highpass filter, and input/output buffers. The design process is described to generate the desired transfer characteristic while incorporating tuning knobs to adapt the shaper characteristic to the needs of different applications. Utilizing only a single 1.8-V supply, the shaper consumes 1.5 mW and achieves an input-referred noise of 17 µVrms, both the lowest among state-of-the-art. The power efficiency normalized to bandwidth and noise is nearly 1.7× better than the next best design. © 2020 IEEE.
99	a7202316035	Austin D.E.	p21	False	Conference	2	Low-Noise, Low-Power Pulse Shaper for Particle Detection (Invited Paper)	Pulse shapers are widely used in particle detector applications to reduce the rise and fall times of the pulse signal and to remove noise from the frontend amplifiers. We demonstrate a low-noise, low-power pulse shaper employing an active lowpass Salley-Key biquad filter, passive highpass filter, and input/output buffers. The design process is described to generate the desired transfer characteristic while incorporating tuning knobs to adapt the shaper characteristic to the needs of different applications. Utilizing only a single 1.8-V supply, the shaper consumes 1.5 mW and achieves an input-referred noise of 17 µVrms, both the lowest among state-of-the-art. The power efficiency normalized to bandwidth and noise is nearly 1.7× better than the next best design. © 2020 IEEE.
100	a35209941000	Chiang S.-H.W.	p21	False	Conference	2	Low-Noise, Low-Power Pulse Shaper for Particle Detection (Invited Paper)	Pulse shapers are widely used in particle detector applications to reduce the rise and fall times of the pulse signal and to remove noise from the frontend amplifiers. We demonstrate a low-noise, low-power pulse shaper employing an active lowpass Salley-Key biquad filter, passive highpass filter, and input/output buffers. The design process is described to generate the desired transfer characteristic while incorporating tuning knobs to adapt the shaper characteristic to the needs of different applications. Utilizing only a single 1.8-V supply, the shaper consumes 1.5 mW and achieves an input-referred noise of 17 µVrms, both the lowest among state-of-the-art. The power efficiency normalized to bandwidth and noise is nearly 1.7× better than the next best design. © 2020 IEEE.
100	a35209941000	Chiang S.-H.W.	p24	False	Conference	4	A Two-Step Multi-Stage Noise-Shaping Incremental Analog-to-Digital Converter (Invited Paper)	High resolution wide bandwidth applications require power-efficient high-accuracy data converters. Multi-Stage Noise-Shaping (MASH) is a useful technique for the design of stable high-order ?S modulators. In this paper, we propose a two-step MASH incremental ADC (IADC). In the first step it performs a third-order coarse quantization. Re-using the same hardware, in the second step the circuit performs fine quantization as a second-order IADC. Thus, it achieves fifth-order noise shaping with only three amplifiers. For a low oversampling ratio OSR = 32, the signal-to-noise ratio can be boosted by about 30 dB. The scheme is suitable for wide bandwidth applications. © 2020 IEEE.
100	a35209941000	Chiang S.-H.W.	p69	False	Conference	12	A 0.2-V 10-bit 5-kHz SAR ADC with Dynamic Bulk Biasing and Ultra-Low-Supply-Voltage Comparator	This paper describes a 10-bit 5-kHz SAR ADC under an ultra-low-supply-voltage of 0.2 V for low-power applications. To tolerate the severe variations in the subthreshold regime, a novel dynamic bulk biasing circuit senses the NMOS/PMOS strength ratio in the background and applies feedback to recover the circuit functionality. A new comparator relaxes the stringent speed-noise trade-off under the 0.2-V supply. Employing ac-coupling, stacked input pairs, and voltage-boosted load capacitors, the comparator achieves more than threefold improvement in speed with little noise penalty. The measured ADC consumes 22 nW and exhibits an SNDR of 52.8 dB at Nyquist, yielding an FoM of 12.3 fJ/conv.-step. Measurements of multiple chips show the proposed dynamic bulk biasing successfully improves the yield by nearly twofold in the presence of supply variations. © 2020 IEEE.
100	a35209941000	Chiang S.-H.W.	p128	False	Journal	90	A Low-Profile High-Efficiency Fast Battery Charger With Unifiable Constant-Current and Constant-Voltage Regulation	Present universal serial bus (USB) battery chargers often suffer from limitations to meet the increasing demand for quick charging due to compromised power efficiency and complicated hardware implementation. In this paper, we propose a charge unifiable (QU) control scheme that enables a battery charger to improve power efficiency in a low-profile hardware manner. This scheme features fully soft-switching (vis-à-vis hard switching) and single control scheme (vis-à-vis multiple) for distinct constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) charging modes. To the best of authors' knowledge, the proposed QU control scheme is the first to simultaneously offer fully soft-switching, innate CC-and-CV regulation, and seamless CC-to-CV transition. To verify the proposed design, we monolithically realize a low-profile high-efficiency fast battery charger based on this scheme. The prototype embodying a tiny 470-nH output inductor supports a maximum input voltage of 16V, output voltage of 2.2-4.2 V, output current of 0.1-2 A, and peak power efficiency of 96.2%. When benchmarked against state-of-the-art counterparts, the proposed charger features at least 2.1x smaller inductor and 7.2% higher power efficiency at both the maximum and the minimum output power charging scenarios. Further, this charger is the only design that features ≥ 91% power efficiency in the whole load range. IEEE
100	a35209941000	Chiang S.-H.W.	p175	False	Journal	119	An 8-bit 10-GHz 21-mW Time-Interleaved SAR ADC with Grouped DAC Capacitors and Dual-Path Bootstrapped Switch	An 8-bit 10-GHz 8× time-interleaved SAR ADC in 28-nm CMOS incorporates an aggressively scaled DAC with grouped capacitors in a symmetrical comb structure to afford a threefold reduction in the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance. A dual-path bootstrapped switch decouples critical signal from nonlinear capacitance to boost the sampling SFDR by more than 5 dB. The ADC demonstrates an SNDR of 36.9 dB at Nyquist while consuming 21 mW, yielding an FoM of 37 fJ/conv.-step, the lowest among the reported ADCs with similar speeds and resolutions and more than 2× improvement from the state-of-the-art. © 2018 IEEE.
100	a35209941000	Chiang S.-H.W.	p177	False	Conference	39	An 8-bit 10-GHz 21-mW Time-Interleaved SAR ADC with Grouped DAC Capacitors and Dual-Path Bootstrapped Switch	An 8-bit 10-GHz 8× time-interleaved SAR ADC in 28-nm CMOS incorporates an aggressively scaled DAC with grouped capacitors in a symmetrical comb structure to afford a threefold reduction in the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance. A dual-path bootstrapped switch decouples critical signal from nonlinear capacitance to boost the sampling SFDR by more than 5 dB. The ADC demonstrates an SNDR of 36.9 dB at Nyquist while consuming 21 mW,yielding an FoM of 37 fJ/conv.-step,the lowest among the reported ADCs with similar speeds and resolutions and more than 2× improvement from the state-of-the-art. © 2019 IEEE.
100	a35209941000	Chiang S.-H.W.	p277	False	Journal	182	A 9-Bit 10-MHz 28-μW SAR ADC Using Tapered Bit Periods and a Partially Interdigitated DAC	A successive-approximation-register (SAR) analogto- digital converter (ADC) incorporates "tapered bit periods" to reduce power consumption by minimizing the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) timing overhead. Utilizing a variable delay line and the standard SAR logic, the proposed technique reduces power by downsizing the DAC drivers and digital logic without decreasing the sampling rate. A detailed analysis derives, for the first time, a closed-form solution of the capacitive DAC settling time accounting for parasitics, and determines the time savings of the proposed design. In addition, this brief proposes a "partially interdigitated" DAC layout to reduce the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance to minimize the DAC power. A 9-bit prototype fabricated in 180-nm technology achieves a signal-to-noise-distortion ratio (SNDR) of 55.5 dB at a 10-MHz sampling rate while consuming 28 μW, yielding a figure-of-merit of 5.7 fJ/conversionstep, the lowest among published ADCs at similar speeds and resolutions. © 2004-2012 IEEE.
100	a35209941000	Chiang S.-H.W.	p475	False	Journal	262	Design and characterization of a package-less hybrid PDMS-CMOS-FR4 contact-imaging system for microfluidic integration	We demonstrate a hybrid "package-less" polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-FR4 system for contact imaging. The system embeds the CMOS image sensor directly in a PDMS layer instead of the standard chip package to support microfluidic structures much larger and more complex than those in prior art. The CMOS/PDMS layer is self-aligned to form a continuous, flat surface to provide structural support for upper microfluidic layers. The system consists of five layers of PDMS implementing fluid channels, valves, chambers, and inlets/outlets. A custom CMOS image sensor with integrated signal conditioning circuits directly captures light from sample fluid for high optical collection efficiency. Owing to the flexibility afforded by the integration process, the system demonstrates, for the first time, integrated valves in contact imaging. Moreover, we present the first direct comparison of the optical performance of a CMOS image sensor and a photomultiplier tube (PMT) in identical contact-imaging conditions. Measurements show that our CMOS sensor achieves 17 dB better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared with a commercial PMT across a broad range of integration times, with a maximum SNR of 47 dB. Chemiluminescent testing successfully shows signal detection for different analyte concentrations and integration times. The contact-imaging system demonstrates a detection limit of 25 μM of a 9,10-diphenylanthracene-based solution. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
100	a35209941000	Chiang S.-H.W.	p676	False	Journal	327	High-Precision, Mixed-Signal Mismatch Measurement of Metal-Oxide-Metal Capacitors	This brief presents a high-precision, mixed-signal mismatch measurement technique for metal-oxide-metal capacitors. The proposed technique incorporates a switched-capacitor op amp within the measurement circuit to significantly improve the measurement precision while relaxing the resolution requirement on the backend analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The proposed technique is also robust against multiple types of errors. A detailed analysis is presented to quantify the sensitivity improvement of the proposed technique over the conventional one. In addition, this brief proposes a multiplexing technique to measure a large number of capacitors in a single chip and a new layout to improve matching. A prototype fabricated in 180 nm technology demonstrates the ability to sense capacitor mismatch standard deviation as low as 0.045% with excellent repeatability, all without the need of a high-resolution ADC. © 2004-2012 IEEE.
100	a35209941000	Chiang S.-H.W.	p742	False	Journal	357	Design of low-power ultra-high voltage gain differential cascode stages	The conventional cascode circuit has long been used as the basis for the differential input stage to an op amp. The voltage gain of this stage can be maximised by operating the MOS devices in the moderate inversion region rather than the strong inversion region. In so doing, the voltage gains of the differential stage can reach values of over 120 dB and the power dissipation is minimised due to the low currents required. Harmonic distortion is also minimised by moderate inversion operation. Although the composite cascode or self-cascode has been successfully used as an op-amp differential stage, the conventional cascode differential circuit offers additional advantages and is compared to the composite cascode differential circuit in this work. A design procedure is also reported in this work for low-power, high voltage gain differential stages. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
101	a57219312906	Lam S.-H.	p22	True	Conference	3	Using a Deep Learning Model, Content Features, and Author Metadata to Recommend Research Papers	According to the Canadian Science Publishing, there are approximately 2.5 million scientific papers published each year. The huge volume of publications can be contributed to a substantial increase in the total number of academic journals, including the increasing number of predatory or fake scientific journals, which yield high volumes of poor-quality research work. The effect of this scenario is that there is an obsolete jungle of journals to flip through in searching for high-quality and relevant references for researchers, ranging from the ones who simply look for citations to cite or latest development and knowledge in a specific scientific area of study. Querying existing web search engines and research paper archived websites is not the solution to the problem, since they are m-equipped to suggest high quality publications to meet the users' information needs. In solving this problem, we propose an elegant research paper recommender, which is unique compared with existing ones, since besides considering the topics and contents of related publications, it also examines the authority and popularity of each publication to ensure its quality. Conducted empirical study shows that our recommender outperforms existing research paper recommenders and contributes to the design of searching relevant publications. © 2020 IEEE.
102	a57215534774	Brewer E.	p22	False	Conference	3	Using a Deep Learning Model, Content Features, and Author Metadata to Recommend Research Papers	According to the Canadian Science Publishing, there are approximately 2.5 million scientific papers published each year. The huge volume of publications can be contributed to a substantial increase in the total number of academic journals, including the increasing number of predatory or fake scientific journals, which yield high volumes of poor-quality research work. The effect of this scenario is that there is an obsolete jungle of journals to flip through in searching for high-quality and relevant references for researchers, ranging from the ones who simply look for citations to cite or latest development and knowledge in a specific scientific area of study. Querying existing web search engines and research paper archived websites is not the solution to the problem, since they are m-equipped to suggest high quality publications to meet the users' information needs. In solving this problem, we propose an elegant research paper recommender, which is unique compared with existing ones, since besides considering the topics and contents of related publications, it also examines the authority and popularity of each publication to ensure its quality. Conducted empirical study shows that our recommender outperforms existing research paper recommenders and contributes to the design of searching relevant publications. © 2020 IEEE.
103	a35303536900	Ng Y.-K.	p22	False	Conference	3	Using a Deep Learning Model, Content Features, and Author Metadata to Recommend Research Papers	According to the Canadian Science Publishing, there are approximately 2.5 million scientific papers published each year. The huge volume of publications can be contributed to a substantial increase in the total number of academic journals, including the increasing number of predatory or fake scientific journals, which yield high volumes of poor-quality research work. The effect of this scenario is that there is an obsolete jungle of journals to flip through in searching for high-quality and relevant references for researchers, ranging from the ones who simply look for citations to cite or latest development and knowledge in a specific scientific area of study. Querying existing web search engines and research paper archived websites is not the solution to the problem, since they are m-equipped to suggest high quality publications to meet the users' information needs. In solving this problem, we propose an elegant research paper recommender, which is unique compared with existing ones, since besides considering the topics and contents of related publications, it also examines the authority and popularity of each publication to ensure its quality. Conducted empirical study shows that our recommender outperforms existing research paper recommenders and contributes to the design of searching relevant publications. © 2020 IEEE.
103	a35303536900	Ng Y.-K.	p464	False	Conference	169	Movie recommendations using the deep learning approach	Recommendation systems are an important part of suggesting items especially in streaming services. For streaming movie services like Netflix, recommendation systems are essential for helping users find new movies to enjoy. In this paper, we propose a deep learning approach based on autoencoders to produce a collaborative filtering system which predicts movie ratings for a user based on a large database of ratings from other users. Using the MovieLens dataset, we explore the use of deep learning to predict users' ratings on new movies, thereby enabling movie recommendations. To verify the novelty and accuracy of our deep learning approach, we compare our approach to standard collaborative filtering techniques: k-nearest-neighbor and matrix-factorization. The experimental results show that our recommendation system outperforms a user-based neighborhood baseline both in terms of root mean squared error on predicted ratings and in a survey in which users judge between recommendations from both systems. © 2018 IEEE.
103	a35303536900	Ng Y.-K.	p465	False	Conference	170	A graduate school recommendation system using the multi-class support vector machine and KNN approaches	With the advancement in technology and increased demand on skilled workers these days, education becomes a stepping stone in securing jobs with long-term perspective. As competition for admission into higher education increases, it becomes even more important for applicants to find graduate schools that fit their requirements and expectation. Selecting appropriate schools to apply, however, is a time-consuming process, especially when looking for schools at graduate level due to the various factors in decision making imposed by the schools and applicants. In this paper, we propose a recommendation system that suggests appealing graduate programs to students based on the Support Vector Machine and K-Nearest Neighbor approaches. As graduate programs make decisions based on applicants' qualification, our recommender considers user's personal data and data of various graduate programs obtained from online education portals to make suggestions. We conduct an empirical study using data of current graduate schools and former graduate school applicants, and the performance evaluation validates the merit of our suggestions. © 2018 IEEE.
103	a35303536900	Ng Y.-K.	p530	True	Conference	191	CrsRecs: A personalized course recommendation system for college students	Every college student has different needs when it comes to learning. It can be difficult to decide which course is best to take on the road to graduation, and which professor will best suit the student's learning style. CrsRecs, our proposed course/professor recommendation system, makes that process much easier. Using topic analysis, tag analysis, sentiment analysis, predicted course/professor ratings, and survey data revealing student priorities with respect to classes (i.e., easy A, quality of the class, etc.), CrsRecs ranks potential courses in order of perceived preference for the student based on a hybrid technique combining the analysis results of a course. Empirical studies conducted to evaluate the performance of CrsRecs have revealed that CrsRecs not only suggests relevant courses to users by considering all the features of a course, but also outperforms existing state-of-the-art course recommendation approaches. © 2017 IEEE.
103	a35303536900	Ng Y.-K.	p531	False	Conference	192	Using tripartite graphs to make long tail recommendations	While current state-of-the-art recommendation systems perform fairly well, they generally do better at recommending the popular subset of all products available rather than matching consumers with the vast amount of niche products in what has been termed the "Long Tail". In their seminal work, "Challenging the Long Tail Recommendation", Yin et al. make an eloquent argument that the long tail is where organizations can create the most value for their consumers. They also argue that existing recommender systems operate fundamentally different for long tail products than for mainstream goods. While matrix factorization, nearest-neighbors, and clustering work well for the "head" market, the long tail is better represented by a graph; specifically a bipartite graph that connects a set of users to a set of goods. In this paper, we show the algorithms presented by Yin et al., as well as a set of similar algorithms proposed by Shang et al., which traverse the bipartite graphs through a random walker in order to identify similar users and products. We build on elements from each work, as well as elements from a Markov process, to facilitate the random walker's traversal of the graph into the long tail regions. This method specifically constructs paths into regions of the long tail that are favorable to users. © 2017 IEEE.
104	a57216811262	Erickson H.C.	p23	True	Journal	19	Insights into grain boundary energy structure-property relationships by examining computed [1 0 0] disorientation axis grain boundaries in Nickel	A study of 346 computed [1 0 0] disorientation axis grain boundaries provides insight into grain boundary energy structure-property relationships. The grain boundaries come from 6 coincidence site lattice misorientations at regularly spaced disorientation angles, and cover the full range of boundary plane orientations. The computed energy has clear trends in disorientation angle and boundary plane orientation. The data are used to reexamine the ‘special’ attribute frequently applied to low Σ coincidence site lattice misorientations and low-angle boundaries and to assess the accuracy of a face-centered cubic grain boundary energy function developed by Bulatov, Reed, and Kumar (Acta Mater. 65 (2014) 161-175). © 2020 Acta Materialia Inc.
105	a8705255200	Homer E.R.	p23	False	Journal	19	Insights into grain boundary energy structure-property relationships by examining computed [1 0 0] disorientation axis grain boundaries in Nickel	A study of 346 computed [1 0 0] disorientation axis grain boundaries provides insight into grain boundary energy structure-property relationships. The grain boundaries come from 6 coincidence site lattice misorientations at regularly spaced disorientation angles, and cover the full range of boundary plane orientations. The computed energy has clear trends in disorientation angle and boundary plane orientation. The data are used to reexamine the ‘special’ attribute frequently applied to low Σ coincidence site lattice misorientations and low-angle boundaries and to assess the accuracy of a face-centered cubic grain boundary energy function developed by Bulatov, Reed, and Kumar (Acta Mater. 65 (2014) 161-175). © 2020 Acta Materialia Inc.
105	a8705255200	Homer E.R.	p56	False	Journal	17	Cryogenic Stress-Driven Grain Growth Observed via Microcompression with in situ Electron Backscatter Diffraction	The deformation of materials at cryogenic temperature is of interest for space, arctic, and fundamental science applications. In this work, a custom-built cooling system attached to a commercial picoindenter was used for in situ cryogenic microcompression testing of equal-channel angular-pressed copper with real-time electron backscatter diffraction. Stress-driven grain growth at cryogenic temperatures was observed during a series of elastic and plastic deformations. These results provide direct evidence for the previously predicted phenomenon, whereas previous ex situ examinations demonstrated coarsening after cryogenic loading when samples were not maintained at cryogenic temperatures between deformation and characterization. © 2020, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
105	a8705255200	Homer E.R.	p80	False	Journal	60	Grain boundary structure–property model inference using polycrystals: the overdetermined case	Efforts to construct predictive grain boundary (GB) structure–property models have historically relied on property measurements or calculations made on bicrystals. Experimental bicrystals can be difficult or expensive to fabricate, and computational constraints limit atomistic bicrystal simulations to high-symmetry GBs (i.e., those with small enough GB periodicity). Although the use of bicrystal property data to construct GB structure–property models is more direct, in many experimental situations the only type of data available may be measurements of the effective properties of polycrystals. In this work, we investigate the possibility of inferring GB structure–property models from measurements of the homogenized effective properties of polycrystals when the form of the structure–property model is unknown. We present an idealized case study in which GB structure–property models for diffusivity are inferred from noisy simulation results of two-dimensional microstructures, under the assumption that the number of polycrystal measurements available is larger than the number of parameters in the inferred model. We also demonstrate how uncertainty quantification for the inferred structure–property models is easily performed within this framework. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
105	a8705255200	Homer E.R.	p88	False	Journal	67	An investigation of geometrically necessary dislocations and back stress in large grained tantalum via EBSD and CPFEM	This study explores the evolution of GNDs and their effects on back stress through experimental and computational methods. Four large-grained tantalum tensile specimens were strained in uniaxial tension, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data were collected, and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) maps of the four specimens in the unloaded state were produced. EBSD-based GND maps revealed several types of features with high GND content which caused back stress in the specimens. Correlations between five geometrically-based grain boundary (GB) transmission factors and the GB GND content were evaluated, and statistically significant correlations were found for transmission factors based on Livingston and Chalmer's N factor, Werner and Prantl's slip transfer number, and GB misorientation. The sign of individual components of the Nye tensor were used to visually and quantitatively identify clustering of GNDs of the same sign, thus giving additional evidence of increasing back stress due to deformation. Deformation of one of the specimens was simulated using multiple CPFEM based modeling approaches and predicted stress-strain responses are compared. The super dislocation model (SD model) — a crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) which incorporates elastic dislocation interactions — was able to isolate impact of back stress on the overall flow stress. The SD model predicted correct stresses when compared with experimental data; however, when the elastic interactions in the SD model were turned off, stress predictions were 25% too low. Thus, demonstrating the importance of incorporating back stress into the model. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
105	a8705255200	Homer E.R.	p208	False	Journal	141	Atomistic survey of grain boundary-dislocation interactions in FCC nickel	It is well known that grain boundaries (GBs) have a strong influence on mechanical properties of polycrystalline materials. Not as well-known is how different GBs interact with dislocations to influence dislocation movement. This work presents a molecular dynamics study of 33 different FCC Ni bicrystals, each subjected to four different loading conditions to induce incident dislocation-GB interactions in 132 unique configurations. The resulting simulations produce 189 dislocation-GB interactions. Each interaction is analyzed to determine properties that affect the likelihood of transmission, reflection, or absorption of the dislocation at the GB of interest. The results confirm the ability to predict the slip system of a transmitted dislocation using common geometric criteria. Furthermore, machine learning reveals that geometric properties, such as the minimum residual Burgers vector (RBV) and the disorientation angle between the two grains, are strong indicators of whether or not a dislocation will transmit through a GB. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
105	a8705255200	Homer E.R.	p243	True	Journal	159	High-throughput simulations for insight into grain boundary structure-property relationships and other complex microstructural phenomena	High-throughput simulations can be a powerful tool in the discovery of new materials and behaviors. As part of a special issue on Rising Stars in Computational Materials Science, this article uses the work of the author to show how high-throughput simulations have had an impact in grain boundary structure-property relationships and other complex microstructural phenomena. The work demonstrates how new tools designed to analyze large datasets produced by high-throughput simulations are enabling comprehensive grain boundary structure-property relationships to be obtained. High-throughput simulations are also used to demonstrate the impact descriptive and inferential statistics has had in extracting key aspects of deformation in metallic glasses. Finally, several different examples are used to show a balanced approach between simulations designed to survey and simulations designed for detailed analysis. Together, the two approaches provide a comprehensive picture of the variety of behaviors that exist, while ensuring that the physics underlying the behaviors are thoroughly understood. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
105	a8705255200	Homer E.R.	p417	False	Journal	227	Simulated Microstructural and Compositional Evolution of U-Pu-Zr Alloys Using the Potts-Phase Field Modeling Technique	U-Pu-Zr alloys are considered ideal metallic fuels for experimental breeder reactors because of their superior material properties and potential for increased burnup performance. However, significant constituent redistribution has been observed in these alloys when irradiated, or subject to a thermal gradient, resulting in inhomogeneity of both composition and phase, which, in turn, alters the fuel performance. The hybrid Potts-phase field method is reformulated for ternary alloys in a thermal gradient and utilized to simulate and predict constituent redistribution and phase transformations in the U-Pu-Zr nuclear fuel system. Simulated evolution profiles for the U-16Pu-23Zr (at. pct) alloy show concentric zones that are compared with published experimental results; discrepancies in zone size are attributed to thermal profile differences and assumptions related to the diffusivity values used. Twenty-one alloys, over the entire ternary compositional spectrum, are also simulated to investigate the effects of alloy composition on constituent redistribution and phase transformations. The U-40Pu-20Zr (at. pct) alloy shows the most potential for compositional uniformity and phase homogeneity, throughout a thermal gradient, while remaining in the compositional range of feasible alloys. © 2018, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.
105	a8705255200	Homer E.R.	p445	False	Journal	249	Effect of strain path on forming limits and retained austenite transformation in Q&P 1180 steel	Forming limits and retained austenite (RA) transformation in Q&P 1180 steel are quantified as a function of plastic strain levels for three different strain paths. In-plane uniaxial tension testing was performed in a standard test frame, while limiting dome height tooling was employed for out-of-plane biaxial and plane strain tension experiments. Sheet specimens were tested incrementally for each strain path, and the RA content at each level of strain was measured using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The biaxial tension strain path resulted in the greatest effective strain prior to necking at 0.355, compared to 0.123 for plane strain and 0.142 for uniaxial tension. EBSD measurements for various levels of plastic strain reveal a clear dependence of RA rate of transformation on strain path for the three linear strain paths that were employed in this work. Thinning strains appear to provide a slightly better correlation to RA transformation than effective strain levels, where biaxial tension achieved the greatest level just prior to necking, followed by plane-strain tension, and then uniaxial tension. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
105	a8705255200	Homer E.R.	p495	False	Conference	186	Crystallographic Reconstruction of Parent Austenite Twin Boundaries in a Lath Martensitic Steel	The study of post-transformation microstructures and their properties can be greatly enhanced by studying their dependence on the grain boundary content of parent microstructures. Recent work has extended the crystallographic reconstruction of parent austenite in steels to include the reconstruction of special boundaries, such as annealing twins. These reconstructions present unique challenges, as twinned austenite grains share a subset of possible daughter variant orientations. This gives rise to regions of ambiguity in a reconstruction. A technique for the reconstruction of twin boundaries is presented here that is capable of reconstructing 60° <1 1 1> twins, even in the case where twin regions are comprised entirely of variants that are common between the twin and the parent. This technique is demonstrated in the reconstruction of lath martensitic steels. The reconstruction method utilizes a delayed decision-making approach, where a chosen orientation relationship is used to define all possible groupings of daughter grains into possible parents before divisive decisions are made. These overlapping, inclusive groupings (called clusters) are compared to each other individually using their calculated parent austenite orientations and the topographical nature of the overlapping region. These comparisons are used to uncover possible locations of twin boundaries present in the parent austenite. This technique can be applied to future studies on the dependence of post-transformation microstructures on the special grain boundary content of parent microstructures. © 2018 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.
105	a8705255200	Homer E.R.	p668	False	Journal	322	Discovering the building blocks of atomic systems using machine learning: Application to grain boundaries	Machine learning has proven to be a valuable tool to approximate functions in high-dimensional spaces. Unfortunately, analysis of these models to extract the relevant physics is never as easy as applying machine learning to a large data set in the first place. Here we present a description of atomic systems that generates machine learning representations with a direct path to physical interpretation. As an example, we demonstrate its usefulness as a universal descriptor of grain boundary systems. Grain boundaries in crystalline materials are a quintessential example of a complex, high-dimensional system with broad impact on many physical properties including strength, ductility, corrosion resistance, crack resistance, and conductivity. In addition to modeling such properties, the method also provides insight into the physical "building blocks" that influence them. This opens the way to discover the underlying physics behind behaviors by understanding which building blocks map to particular properties. Once the structures are understood, they can then be optimized for desirable behaviors. © 2017 The Author(s).
105	a8705255200	Homer E.R.	p748	False	Journal	362	An RVE procedure for micromechanical prediction of mechanical behavior of dual-phase steel	A “bottom-up” representative volume element (RVE) for a dual phase steel was constructed based on measured microstructural properties (“microproperties”). This differs from the common procedure of inferring hypothetical microproperties by fitting to macroscopic behavior using an assumed micro-to-macrolaw. The bottom-up approach allows the assessment of the law itself by comparing RVE-predicted mechanical behavior with independent macroscopic measurements, thus revealing the nature of the controlling micromechanisms. An RVE for DP980 steel was constructed using actual microproperties. Finite element (FE) simulations of elastic-plastic transitions were compared with independent loading-unloading-loading and compression-tension experiments. Constitutive models of three types were utilized: 1) a standard continuum model, 2) a standard Crystal Plasticity (CP) model, and 3) a SuperDislocation (SD) model similar to CP but including the elastic interactions of discrete dislocations. These comparisons led to following conclusions: 1) While a constitutive model that ignores elastic interaction of defects can be fit to macroscopic or microscopic behavior, it cannot represent both accurately, 2) Elastic interactions among dislocations are the predominant source of nonlinearity in the nominally-elastic region (i.e. at stresses below the standard yield stress), and 3) Continuum stress inhomogeneity arising from the hard martensite / soft ferrite microstructure has a minor role in the observed transitional nonlinearity in the absence of discrete dislocation interactions. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
106	a57218879246	Huang J.-S.	p24	True	Conference	4	A Two-Step Multi-Stage Noise-Shaping Incremental Analog-to-Digital Converter (Invited Paper)	High resolution wide bandwidth applications require power-efficient high-accuracy data converters. Multi-Stage Noise-Shaping (MASH) is a useful technique for the design of stable high-order ?S modulators. In this paper, we propose a two-step MASH incremental ADC (IADC). In the first step it performs a third-order coarse quantization. Re-using the same hardware, in the second step the circuit performs fine quantization as a second-order IADC. Thus, it achieves fifth-order noise shaping with only three amplifiers. For a low oversampling ratio OSR = 32, the signal-to-noise ratio can be boosted by about 30 dB. The scheme is suitable for wide bandwidth applications. © 2020 IEEE.
107	a57218883196	Huang Y.-C.	p24	False	Conference	4	A Two-Step Multi-Stage Noise-Shaping Incremental Analog-to-Digital Converter (Invited Paper)	High resolution wide bandwidth applications require power-efficient high-accuracy data converters. Multi-Stage Noise-Shaping (MASH) is a useful technique for the design of stable high-order ?S modulators. In this paper, we propose a two-step MASH incremental ADC (IADC). In the first step it performs a third-order coarse quantization. Re-using the same hardware, in the second step the circuit performs fine quantization as a second-order IADC. Thus, it achieves fifth-order noise shaping with only three amplifiers. For a low oversampling ratio OSR = 32, the signal-to-noise ratio can be boosted by about 30 dB. The scheme is suitable for wide bandwidth applications. © 2020 IEEE.
108	a57218883472	Kao C.-W.	p24	False	Conference	4	A Two-Step Multi-Stage Noise-Shaping Incremental Analog-to-Digital Converter (Invited Paper)	High resolution wide bandwidth applications require power-efficient high-accuracy data converters. Multi-Stage Noise-Shaping (MASH) is a useful technique for the design of stable high-order ?S modulators. In this paper, we propose a two-step MASH incremental ADC (IADC). In the first step it performs a third-order coarse quantization. Re-using the same hardware, in the second step the circuit performs fine quantization as a second-order IADC. Thus, it achieves fifth-order noise shaping with only three amplifiers. For a low oversampling ratio OSR = 32, the signal-to-noise ratio can be boosted by about 30 dB. The scheme is suitable for wide bandwidth applications. © 2020 IEEE.
109	a57218875152	Hsu C.-W.	p24	False	Conference	4	A Two-Step Multi-Stage Noise-Shaping Incremental Analog-to-Digital Converter (Invited Paper)	High resolution wide bandwidth applications require power-efficient high-accuracy data converters. Multi-Stage Noise-Shaping (MASH) is a useful technique for the design of stable high-order ?S modulators. In this paper, we propose a two-step MASH incremental ADC (IADC). In the first step it performs a third-order coarse quantization. Re-using the same hardware, in the second step the circuit performs fine quantization as a second-order IADC. Thus, it achieves fifth-order noise shaping with only three amplifiers. For a low oversampling ratio OSR = 32, the signal-to-noise ratio can be boosted by about 30 dB. The scheme is suitable for wide bandwidth applications. © 2020 IEEE.
110	a36444802300	Chen C.-H.	p24	False	Conference	4	A Two-Step Multi-Stage Noise-Shaping Incremental Analog-to-Digital Converter (Invited Paper)	High resolution wide bandwidth applications require power-efficient high-accuracy data converters. Multi-Stage Noise-Shaping (MASH) is a useful technique for the design of stable high-order ?S modulators. In this paper, we propose a two-step MASH incremental ADC (IADC). In the first step it performs a third-order coarse quantization. Re-using the same hardware, in the second step the circuit performs fine quantization as a second-order IADC. Thus, it achieves fifth-order noise shaping with only three amplifiers. For a low oversampling ratio OSR = 32, the signal-to-noise ratio can be boosted by about 30 dB. The scheme is suitable for wide bandwidth applications. © 2020 IEEE.
111	a7402967162	Wallace J.W.	p25	True	Journal	20	Cooperative Relative UAV Attitude Estimation Using DoA and RF Polarization	Relative unmanned aerial vehicle attitude is estimated using only on-board radio-frequency signaling. The method uses a direction-of-arrival (DoA) vector estimate to determine two degrees-of-freedom (DoFs), a polarimetric narrowband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel estimate to specify the third DoF to within a 180^\circ ambiguity, and one of the several potential methods for ambiguity resolution. Simulation results demonstrate that the method accurately determines aircraft attitude, with errors proportional to DoA and MIMO channel estimate errors. This approach is useful for cooperative navigation when external navigation aids are not available, such as in GPS-denied environments. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
111	a7402967162	Wallace J.W.	p476	False	Journal	263	Secure Array Synthesis in Multipath Channels	While conventional antenna array synthesis determines the beamforming weights that create a specified antenna radiation pattern, secure array synthesis formulates the beamforming weights that enhance security for wireless transmission of sensitive data. This paper focuses on creating beamformers that improve the generation of secret encryption keys based on bidirectional estimation of the reciprocal electromagnetic propagation channel between two radios. The technique uses semidefinite programming to determine the array weights that maximize the average secure key rate under a constraint on the total transmit power. The numerical implementation of the technique incorporates array mutual coupling, and the results demonstrate that the technique outperforms a conventional beamforming solution, with the improvement becoming significant for certain channel correlation conditions. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
111	a7402967162	Wallace J.W.	p669	True	Journal	319	A Comparison of Indoor MIMO Measurements and Ray-Tracing at 24 and 2.55 GHz	Colocated 4× 4 multiple-input multiple-output measurements at 2.55 and 24 GHz are presented for two university buildings consisting of classrooms and offices. Link gain in hallways and connected laboratories looks similar at the two frequencies when the effect of lower effective receive antenna aperture with increasing frequency is removed. Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation through a wall or around hallway corners exhibits approximately 5-20 dB (11 dB on average) greater loss beyond the 20 dB aperture loss at 24 GHz compared to that at 2.55 GHz. Fixed directional antennas increase path loss (PL) by an average of 13 dB when misaligned. Capacity for normalized signal-to-noise ratio is very similar in the two bands and is close to that for the optimal independent identically distributed case, indicating sufficient multipath for spatial multiplexing at 24 GHz. A ray-tracing study suggests that material loss must increase from 2.55 to 24 GHz to correctly predict the higher PL at 24 GHz in severely obstructed scenarios, indicating a need for future material characterization in high microwave bands. The results suggest that 24 GHz is a viable option to replace medium-range (10-30 m) NLOS wireless services currently operating at 2.4 GHz. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
112	a56196521900	Mahmood A.	p25	False	Journal	20	Cooperative Relative UAV Attitude Estimation Using DoA and RF Polarization	Relative unmanned aerial vehicle attitude is estimated using only on-board radio-frequency signaling. The method uses a direction-of-arrival (DoA) vector estimate to determine two degrees-of-freedom (DoFs), a polarimetric narrowband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel estimate to specify the third DoF to within a 180^\circ ambiguity, and one of the several potential methods for ambiguity resolution. Simulation results demonstrate that the method accurately determines aircraft attitude, with errors proportional to DoA and MIMO channel estimate errors. This approach is useful for cooperative navigation when external navigation aids are not available, such as in GPS-denied environments. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
112	a56196521900	Mahmood A.	p145	True	Journal	101	Nonreciprocal Radio System Calibration for Propagation-Based Key Generation	Propagation-based secret key generation (SKG) is a physical layer method for establishing encryption keys based on two radios observing a reciprocal propagation channel. However, nonreciprocal contributions to the channel introduced by the radio circuitry significantly degrade the ability to reliably generate keys using such methods, necessitating the development of calibration methods for removing the impact of channel nonreciprocity. This paper uses a total least squares (TLS) algorithm coupled with a detailed model of the multiple-input multiple-output radio frequency circuitry and propagation for the radio system to achieve such a calibration. Simulations show that the method is highly effective in removing the impact of nonreciprocal circuit contributions over a range of operational parameters. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
112	a56196521900	Mahmood A.	p593	True	Conference	236	A compact low-cost direction finding system for unmanned aerial vehicles	This paper considers the application where a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) must determine the bearing to another UAV already in flight in an environment where GPS is denied through malicious jamming. The development therefore presents the design of a compact and low-power circuit architecture for radio frequency direction finding. The system uses switches to sequentially connect the elements of a circular array antenna to the receive circuitry. While simple architecturally, this causes phase differences between estimates that must be calibrated through use of a reference receive channel. A MUSIC-based bearing estimator developed on a small on-board processor shows the ability to accurately estimate the azimuth and elevation angles to the remote UAV during experimental flight tests. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
113	a35597296700	Jensen M.A.	p25	False	Journal	20	Cooperative Relative UAV Attitude Estimation Using DoA and RF Polarization	Relative unmanned aerial vehicle attitude is estimated using only on-board radio-frequency signaling. The method uses a direction-of-arrival (DoA) vector estimate to determine two degrees-of-freedom (DoFs), a polarimetric narrowband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel estimate to specify the third DoF to within a 180^\circ ambiguity, and one of the several potential methods for ambiguity resolution. Simulation results demonstrate that the method accurately determines aircraft attitude, with errors proportional to DoA and MIMO channel estimate errors. This approach is useful for cooperative navigation when external navigation aids are not available, such as in GPS-denied environments. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
113	a35597296700	Jensen M.A.	p145	False	Journal	101	Nonreciprocal Radio System Calibration for Propagation-Based Key Generation	Propagation-based secret key generation (SKG) is a physical layer method for establishing encryption keys based on two radios observing a reciprocal propagation channel. However, nonreciprocal contributions to the channel introduced by the radio circuitry significantly degrade the ability to reliably generate keys using such methods, necessitating the development of calibration methods for removing the impact of channel nonreciprocity. This paper uses a total least squares (TLS) algorithm coupled with a detailed model of the multiple-input multiple-output radio frequency circuitry and propagation for the radio system to achieve such a calibration. Simulations show that the method is highly effective in removing the impact of nonreciprocal circuit contributions over a range of operational parameters. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
113	a35597296700	Jensen M.A.	p259	False	Journal	101	The Effect of Antenna Mutual Coupling on MIMO Radar System Performance	Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar systems use orthogonal signaling to enable combined transmit and receive beamforming through signal processing on the received signals. Because of the combined role of transmit and receive arrays in this processing for monostatic MIMO radar, mutual coupling present in these arrays impacts the beamforming in a unique way. This paper presents a mathematical model of a MIMO radar with coupled antennas and appropriate radio frequency circuitry. Application of the model to evaluate radar detection of a single target demonstrates that coupling can result in target detection angles that are in error by as much as 12° and increase beamformer response sidelobe levels by as much as 8 dB. The results also show that a simple matching network can improve detection performance, particularly when array mutual coupling is high. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
113	a35597296700	Jensen M.A.	p476	False	Journal	263	Secure Array Synthesis in Multipath Channels	While conventional antenna array synthesis determines the beamforming weights that create a specified antenna radiation pattern, secure array synthesis formulates the beamforming weights that enhance security for wireless transmission of sensitive data. This paper focuses on creating beamformers that improve the generation of secret encryption keys based on bidirectional estimation of the reciprocal electromagnetic propagation channel between two radios. The technique uses semidefinite programming to determine the array weights that maximize the average secure key rate under a constraint on the total transmit power. The numerical implementation of the technique incorporates array mutual coupling, and the results demonstrate that the technique outperforms a conventional beamforming solution, with the improvement becoming significant for certain channel correlation conditions. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
113	a35597296700	Jensen M.A.	p549	False	Conference	199	Moment method analysis of a reconfigurable OTA reverberation chamber	While determining modes in a rectangular cavity is a straightforward analytical exercise, fully understanding the behavior of the fields in a large over-moded cavity whose walls are lined with antennas, such as the reconfigurable over-the-air chamber, is a more complicated undertaking. This paper uses the Moment Method to analyze such a chamber, where each wall is lined with 9 monopole antennas. The evaluation of the cavity Green's function used in the numerical computation is accelerated through the use of Ewald's method. A comparison of scattering parameters between monopoles on the walls obtained both by the Moment Method analysis and experimental measurements shows that the technique is highly accurate in predicting the chamber field behavior. © 2018 Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
113	a35597296700	Jensen M.A.	p593	False	Conference	236	A compact low-cost direction finding system for unmanned aerial vehicles	This paper considers the application where a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) must determine the bearing to another UAV already in flight in an environment where GPS is denied through malicious jamming. The development therefore presents the design of a compact and low-power circuit architecture for radio frequency direction finding. The system uses switches to sequentially connect the elements of a circular array antenna to the receive circuitry. While simple architecturally, this causes phase differences between estimates that must be calibrated through use of a reference receive channel. A MUSIC-based bearing estimator developed on a small on-board processor shows the ability to accurately estimate the azimuth and elevation angles to the remote UAV during experimental flight tests. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
113	a35597296700	Jensen M.A.	p669	False	Journal	319	A Comparison of Indoor MIMO Measurements and Ray-Tracing at 24 and 2.55 GHz	Colocated 4× 4 multiple-input multiple-output measurements at 2.55 and 24 GHz are presented for two university buildings consisting of classrooms and offices. Link gain in hallways and connected laboratories looks similar at the two frequencies when the effect of lower effective receive antenna aperture with increasing frequency is removed. Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation through a wall or around hallway corners exhibits approximately 5-20 dB (11 dB on average) greater loss beyond the 20 dB aperture loss at 24 GHz compared to that at 2.55 GHz. Fixed directional antennas increase path loss (PL) by an average of 13 dB when misaligned. Capacity for normalized signal-to-noise ratio is very similar in the two bands and is close to that for the optimal independent identically distributed case, indicating sufficient multipath for spatial multiplexing at 24 GHz. A ray-tracing study suggests that material loss must increase from 2.55 to 24 GHz to correctly predict the higher PL at 24 GHz in severely obstructed scenarios, indicating a need for future material characterization in high microwave bands. The results suggest that 24 GHz is a viable option to replace medium-range (10-30 m) NLOS wireless services currently operating at 2.4 GHz. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
114	a55649569259	Mehmood R.	p25	False	Journal	20	Cooperative Relative UAV Attitude Estimation Using DoA and RF Polarization	Relative unmanned aerial vehicle attitude is estimated using only on-board radio-frequency signaling. The method uses a direction-of-arrival (DoA) vector estimate to determine two degrees-of-freedom (DoFs), a polarimetric narrowband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel estimate to specify the third DoF to within a 180^\circ ambiguity, and one of the several potential methods for ambiguity resolution. Simulation results demonstrate that the method accurately determines aircraft attitude, with errors proportional to DoA and MIMO channel estimate errors. This approach is useful for cooperative navigation when external navigation aids are not available, such as in GPS-denied environments. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
114	a55649569259	Mehmood R.	p476	True	Journal	263	Secure Array Synthesis in Multipath Channels	While conventional antenna array synthesis determines the beamforming weights that create a specified antenna radiation pattern, secure array synthesis formulates the beamforming weights that enhance security for wireless transmission of sensitive data. This paper focuses on creating beamformers that improve the generation of secret encryption keys based on bidirectional estimation of the reciprocal electromagnetic propagation channel between two radios. The technique uses semidefinite programming to determine the array weights that maximize the average secure key rate under a constraint on the total transmit power. The numerical implementation of the technique incorporates array mutual coupling, and the results demonstrate that the technique outperforms a conventional beamforming solution, with the improvement becoming significant for certain channel correlation conditions. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
114	a55649569259	Mehmood R.	p593	False	Conference	236	A compact low-cost direction finding system for unmanned aerial vehicles	This paper considers the application where a small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) must determine the bearing to another UAV already in flight in an environment where GPS is denied through malicious jamming. The development therefore presents the design of a compact and low-power circuit architecture for radio frequency direction finding. The system uses switches to sequentially connect the elements of a circular array antenna to the receive circuitry. While simple architecturally, this causes phase differences between estimates that must be calibrated through use of a reference receive channel. A MUSIC-based bearing estimator developed on a small on-board processor shows the ability to accurately estimate the azimuth and elevation angles to the remote UAV during experimental flight tests. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
114	a55649569259	Mehmood R.	p669	False	Journal	319	A Comparison of Indoor MIMO Measurements and Ray-Tracing at 24 and 2.55 GHz	Colocated 4× 4 multiple-input multiple-output measurements at 2.55 and 24 GHz are presented for two university buildings consisting of classrooms and offices. Link gain in hallways and connected laboratories looks similar at the two frequencies when the effect of lower effective receive antenna aperture with increasing frequency is removed. Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation through a wall or around hallway corners exhibits approximately 5-20 dB (11 dB on average) greater loss beyond the 20 dB aperture loss at 24 GHz compared to that at 2.55 GHz. Fixed directional antennas increase path loss (PL) by an average of 13 dB when misaligned. Capacity for normalized signal-to-noise ratio is very similar in the two bands and is close to that for the optimal independent identically distributed case, indicating sufficient multipath for spatial multiplexing at 24 GHz. A ray-tracing study suggests that material loss must increase from 2.55 to 24 GHz to correctly predict the higher PL at 24 GHz in severely obstructed scenarios, indicating a need for future material characterization in high microwave bands. The results suggest that 24 GHz is a viable option to replace medium-range (10-30 m) NLOS wireless services currently operating at 2.4 GHz. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
115	a55849071700	Koch D.P.	p26	True	Journal	21	Relative multiplicative extended Kalman filter for observable GPS-denied navigation	This work presents a multiplicative extended Kalman filter (MEKF) for estimating the relative state of a multirotor vehicle operating in a GPS-denied environment. The filter fuses data from an inertial measurement unit and altimeter with relative-pose updates from a keyframe-based visual odometry or laser scan-matching algorithm. Because the global position and heading states of the vehicle are unobservable in the absence of global measurements such as GPS, the filter in this article estimates the state with respect to a local frame that is colocated with the odometry keyframe. As a result, the odometry update provides nearly direct measurements of the relative vehicle pose, making those states observable. Recent publications have rigorously documented the theoretical advantages of such an observable parameterization, including improved consistency, accuracy, and system robustness, and have demonstrated the effectiveness of such an approach during prolonged multirotor flight tests. This article complements this prior work by providing a complete, self-contained, tutorial derivation of the relative MEKF, which has been thoroughly motivated but only briefly described to date. This article presents several improvements and extensions to the filter while clearly defining all quaternion conventions and properties used, including several new useful properties relating to error quaternions and their Euler-angle decomposition. Finally, this article derives the filter both for traditional dynamics defined with respect to an inertial frame, and for robocentric dynamics defined with respect to the vehicle’s body frame, and provides insights into the subtle differences that arise between the two formulations. © The Author(s) 2020.
115	a55849071700	Koch D.P.	p466	False	Journal	257	Relative Navigation: A Keyframe-Based Approach for Observable GPS-Degraded Navigation	As relevant technologies become smaller and less expensive, micro air vehicles (MAVs) are transitioning from predominantly military and hobbyist applications to mainstream use. Exciting new applications include the delivery of medical supplies to remote areas, infrastructure inspection, environmental change detection, precision agriculture, survelliance of visible satellites. These issues are particularly prevalent when flying near the ground, where safety and reliability are especially important. © 1991-2012 IEEE.
116	a57190404271	Wheeler D.O.	p26	False	Journal	21	Relative multiplicative extended Kalman filter for observable GPS-denied navigation	This work presents a multiplicative extended Kalman filter (MEKF) for estimating the relative state of a multirotor vehicle operating in a GPS-denied environment. The filter fuses data from an inertial measurement unit and altimeter with relative-pose updates from a keyframe-based visual odometry or laser scan-matching algorithm. Because the global position and heading states of the vehicle are unobservable in the absence of global measurements such as GPS, the filter in this article estimates the state with respect to a local frame that is colocated with the odometry keyframe. As a result, the odometry update provides nearly direct measurements of the relative vehicle pose, making those states observable. Recent publications have rigorously documented the theoretical advantages of such an observable parameterization, including improved consistency, accuracy, and system robustness, and have demonstrated the effectiveness of such an approach during prolonged multirotor flight tests. This article complements this prior work by providing a complete, self-contained, tutorial derivation of the relative MEKF, which has been thoroughly motivated but only briefly described to date. This article presents several improvements and extensions to the filter while clearly defining all quaternion conventions and properties used, including several new useful properties relating to error quaternions and their Euler-angle decomposition. Finally, this article derives the filter both for traditional dynamics defined with respect to an inertial frame, and for robocentric dynamics defined with respect to the vehicle’s body frame, and provides insights into the subtle differences that arise between the two formulations. © The Author(s) 2020.
116	a57190404271	Wheeler D.O.	p254	False	Journal	166	Direct Relative Edge Optimization, A Robust Alternative for Pose Graph Optimization	Pose graph optimization is a common problem in robotics and associated fields. Most commonly, pose graph optimization is performed by finding the set of pose estimates which are the most likely for a given set of measurements. In some situations, arbitrarily large errors in pose graph initialization are unavoidable and can cause these pose-based methods to diverge or fail especially in cases where global inputs become available after some time after initialization. This letter details the parameterization of the classic pose graph problem in a relative context, optimizing directly over relative edge constraints between vertices in the pose graph and not on the poses themselves. Unlike previous literature on relative optimization, this letter details relative optimization over an entire pose graph, instead of a subset of edges, resulting in greater robustness to arbitrarily large errors than the classic pose-based or prior relative edge-based methods. Several small-scale simulation comparison studies, along with single and multi-agent hardware experiments, are presented. Results point to relative edge optimization as a strong candidate for solving real-world pose graph optimization problems that contain large heading propagation or initialization errors. © 2016 IEEE.
116	a57190404271	Wheeler D.O.	p466	True	Journal	257	Relative Navigation: A Keyframe-Based Approach for Observable GPS-Degraded Navigation	As relevant technologies become smaller and less expensive, micro air vehicles (MAVs) are transitioning from predominantly military and hobbyist applications to mainstream use. Exciting new applications include the delivery of medical supplies to remote areas, infrastructure inspection, environmental change detection, precision agriculture, survelliance of visible satellites. These issues are particularly prevalent when flying near the ground, where safety and reliability are especially important. © 1991-2012 IEEE.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p26	False	Journal	21	Relative multiplicative extended Kalman filter for observable GPS-denied navigation	This work presents a multiplicative extended Kalman filter (MEKF) for estimating the relative state of a multirotor vehicle operating in a GPS-denied environment. The filter fuses data from an inertial measurement unit and altimeter with relative-pose updates from a keyframe-based visual odometry or laser scan-matching algorithm. Because the global position and heading states of the vehicle are unobservable in the absence of global measurements such as GPS, the filter in this article estimates the state with respect to a local frame that is colocated with the odometry keyframe. As a result, the odometry update provides nearly direct measurements of the relative vehicle pose, making those states observable. Recent publications have rigorously documented the theoretical advantages of such an observable parameterization, including improved consistency, accuracy, and system robustness, and have demonstrated the effectiveness of such an approach during prolonged multirotor flight tests. This article complements this prior work by providing a complete, self-contained, tutorial derivation of the relative MEKF, which has been thoroughly motivated but only briefly described to date. This article presents several improvements and extensions to the filter while clearly defining all quaternion conventions and properties used, including several new useful properties relating to error quaternions and their Euler-angle decomposition. Finally, this article derives the filter both for traditional dynamics defined with respect to an inertial frame, and for robocentric dynamics defined with respect to the vehicle’s body frame, and provides insights into the subtle differences that arise between the two formulations. © The Author(s) 2020.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p30	False	Journal	25	An iterative pose estimation algorithm based on epipolar geometry with application to multi-target tracking	This paper introduces a new algorithm for estimating the relative pose of a moving camera using consecutive frames of a video sequence. State-of-the-art algorithms for calculating the relative pose between two images use matching features to estimate the essential matrix. The essential matrix is then decomposed into the relative rotation and normalized translation between frames. To be robust to noise and feature match outliers, these methods generate a large number of essential matrix hypotheses from randomly selected minimal subsets of feature pairs, and then score these hypotheses on all feature pairs. Alternatively, the algorithm introduced in this paper calculates relative pose hypotheses by directly optimizing the rotation and normalized translation between frames, rather than calculating the essential matrix and then performing the decomposition. The resulting algorithm improves computation time by an order of magnitude. If an inertial measurement unit (IMU) is available, it is used to seed the optimizer, and in addition, we reuse the best hypothesis at each iteration to seed the optimizer thereby reducing the number of relative pose hypotheses that must be generated and scored. These advantages greatly speed up performance and enable the algorithm to run in real-time on low cost embedded hardware. We show application of our algorithm to visual multi-target tracking (MTT) in the presence of parallax and demonstrate its real-time performance on a 640 480 video sequence captured on a UAV. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p34	False	Conference	5	State-Dependent LQR Control for a Tilt-Rotor UAV	This paper develops a control scheme capable of controlling a tilt-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle during nominal hover and fixed-wing flight as well as through transitions between flight modes. The control scheme consists of two parts: a low-level angular rate controller and variable mixer, and a trajectory tracking state-dependent LQR controller. In developing this controller we also present an aerodynamic model of a tilt-rotor with parameters for the Convergence aircraft by E-Flite. Finally we present simulation results for a representative trajectory consisting of vertical takeoff and landing as well as fixed-wing flight. © 2020 AACC.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p190	False	Conference	40	Relative moving target tracking and circumnavigation	This paper develops observers and controllers for relative estimation and circumnavigation of a moving ground target using bearing-only measurements or range with bearing measurements. A bearing-only observer, range with bearing observer, a general circumnavigation velocity command for an arbitrary aircraft, and nonlinear velocity-based multirotor controller are developed. The observers are designed in the body-fixed reference frame, while the velocity command and multirotor controller are developed in the body-level frame, independent of aircraft heading. This enables target circumnavigation in GPS-denied environments when only a camera-IMU estimator is used for state estimation and ensures observable conditions for the estimator. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the observers, velocity command, and multirotor controller under various target motions. © 2019 American Automatic Control Council.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p192	False	Conference	42	Tracking multiple vehicles constrained to a road network from a uav with sparse visual measurements	Many multiple target tracking algorithms operate in the local frame of the sensor and have difficulty with track reallocation when targets move in and out of the sensor field of view. This poses a problem when an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is tracking multiple ground targets on a road network larger than its field of view. We propose a Rao-Blackwellized Particle Filter (RBPF) to maintain individual target tracks and to perform probabilistic data association when the targets are constrained to a road network. This is particularly useful when a target leaves then re-enters the UAV's field of view. The RBPF is structured as a particle filter of particle filters. The top level filter handles data association and each of its particles maintains a bank of particle filters to handle target tracking. The tracking particle filters incorporate both positive and negative information when a measurement is received. We then implement a receding horizon controller to improve the filter certainty of multiple target locations. The controller prioritizes searching for targets based on the entropy of each target's estimate. © 2019 American Automatic Control Council.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p341	False	Journal	194	Relative Heading Estimation and Its Application in Target Handoff in GPS-Denied Environments	In this paper, we address the problem of target handoff between two fixed wing aircrafts that do not have access to Global Positioning Systems. The problem requires estimating the relative pose between the vehicles. We assume that onboard inertial measurement units can provide roll and pitch estimates of the aircraft attitude. We examine the observability of other relative states needed to do the handoff problem. In particular, we consider two different scenarios. In the first scenario, we assume that the relative position between the aircrafts is measured, as would be the case for a radar or a lidar sensor. We assume that the two aircrafts do not exchange their airspeed and turn rate information. Under mild assumptions, we show that the relative heading between the two aircrafts is observable. In the second scenario, we assume that only the bearing angle between the two aircrafts is measured, as would be the case for a vision sensor. We prove state observability for maneuvers that are relevant to target tracking and handoff. We also present an estimation algorithm that uses a bank of extended Kalman filters to estimate the relative states. Simulation results with full vehicle dynamics demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. © 1993-2012 IEEE.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p346	False	Journal	195	Safe2Ditch: Emergency landing for small unmanned aircraft systems	Emergency landing is a critical safety feature for the expected increase of autonomous vehicles in the airspace. This paper presents Safe2Ditch, an autonomous crash management system for landing small unmanned aerial vehicles in populated environments. Using a prepopulated database, the highest-rated landing site is selected. As the vehicle progresses toward the selected landing site, a camera is used to image the area around the landing site. Using a recently developed visual multiple target tracker, moving ground obstacles are tracked and geolocated using a flat Earth model. These inertial target estimates are used to revise the landing site and allow the vehicle to land quickly in the presence of non-cooperative obstacles. The complete system is demonstrated through 2000 Monte Carlo simulations and 16 hardware flight tests. Copyright © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p369	False	Conference	131	Adaptive control of large-scale soft robot manipulators with unknown payloads	The compliance and other nonlinear dynamics of large-scale soft robots makes effective control difficult. This is especially true when working with unknown payloads or when the system dynamics change over time which is likely to happen for soft robots. In this paper, we present a novel method of coupling model reference adaptive control (MRAC) with model predictive control (MPC) for platforms with antagonistic pneumatic actuators. We demonstrate its utility on a fully inflatable, six degreeof-freedom pneumatically actuated soft robot manipulator that is over two meters long. Specifically, we compare control performance with no integral controller, with an integral controller, and with MRAC when running a nominal model predictive controller with significant weight attached to the end effector. © 2019 ASME.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p452	False	Conference	158	Autonomous target following with monocular camera on UAS using Recursive-RANSAC tracker	This paper presents a vision-based target tracking and following system using a monocular camera on an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). The R-RANSAC tracker tracks multiple moving objects in the camera field of view and the proposed controller is capable of following a particular target selected by a user while keeping the target in the center of the image. The main contribution of this paper is that multiple objects can be tracked without imposing restrictions such as color, shape, etc. Also, the hardware test shows that the system is able to follow a target autonomously in a real-world outdoor environment. The proposed algorithm is validated on a 3DR X-8 multirotor platform using a downward facing camera. © 2018 IEEE.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p460	False	Conference	165	Improved Track Continuity in Multi Target Tracking by Fusing Multiple Input Sources	Reliable track continuity is an important characteristic of multiple target tracking (MTT) algorithms. In the specific case of tracking multiple ground targets from an aerial platform, challenges arise due to realistic operating environments such as imperfections in the measurement source. Some popular visual detection techniques include Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi (KLT)-based motion detection, difference imaging, and object feature matching. Each of these algorithmic detectors has fundamental limitations in regard to providing consistent measurements. In this paper we present a scalable detection framework that leverages multiple measurement sources. We also present the recursive random sample consensus (R-RANSAC) algorithm in a data fusion architecture that can simultaneously accommodate multiple measurement sources. We demonstrate robust track continuity using post-processed flight data and show real-time computational performance. © 2018 AACC.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p461	False	Conference	166	Visual Multiple Target Tracking from a Descending Aerial Platform	A real-time visual multiple target tracker is demonstrated onboard a descending multirotor. Measurements of moving ground targets are generated using the Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi (KLT) tracking method. Homography-based image registration is used to align the measurements into the same coordinate frame, allowing for the detection of independently moving objects. The recently developed Recursive-RANSAC algorithm uses the visual measurements to estimate targets in clutter. Altitude-dependent tuning increases track continuity and coverage during the descent of the vehicle. The algorithm requires no operator interaction and increases the situation awareness of the unmanned aerial system. Real-time tracking efficiency is analyzed on GPUs and CPUs. Tracking results are presented and discussed using the MOTA and MOTP metrics. © 2018 AACC.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p463	False	Conference	168	Extending Motion Detection to Track Stopped Objects in Visual Multi-Target Tracking	Various solutions to visual multi-target tracking have been proposed, but many of them are not capable of running in real time from a moving camera on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). We present a tracker that runs in real time and tracks multiple objects while accounting for camera motion on a UAV. Our algorithm is capable of processing over 10 frames per second on a 1280x720 video sequence. We utilize Recursive-RANSAC, an efficient algorithm for tracking multiple objects in clutter. Our work combines motion detection with optical flow and feature matching to allow stationary objects to be tracked. We use a feature prioritization algorithm to reduce computational complexity and spatial redundancy. We also present a ghost track reduction method which prevents tracking non-existent objects when true objects are no longer visible. We demonstrate the performance of our tracker on a moving camera video sequence. Video results are available at https://youtu.be/6bXjKb-6qY. © 2018 AACC.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p466	False	Journal	257	Relative Navigation: A Keyframe-Based Approach for Observable GPS-Degraded Navigation	As relevant technologies become smaller and less expensive, micro air vehicles (MAVs) are transitioning from predominantly military and hobbyist applications to mainstream use. Exciting new applications include the delivery of medical supplies to remote areas, infrastructure inspection, environmental change detection, precision agriculture, survelliance of visible satellites. These issues are particularly prevalent when flying near the ground, where safety and reliability are especially important. © 1991-2012 IEEE.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p651	False	Journal	314	Ground-based sense-and-avoid system for small unmanned aircraft	In this Paper, we present a complete, proof-of-concept sense-and-avoid solution for small unmanned aircraft systems, including a small low-cost ground-based radar system, multitarget tracking and estimation, collision detection, and an avoidance planner. We describe the development of a small frequency-modulated continuous-wave phased-array radar system that provides a three-dimensional surveillance volume. The radar measurements are processed using the recursive random sample consensus algorithm, producing tracks for the intruders and the ownship. We propose a collision-detection algorithm based on the geometric relationship between encountering aircraft. If a collision threat is detected, a collision-free new path is generated for the ownship using a two-step path-planning algorithm. In the first step, an initial suboptimal path is generated using an A search. In the second step, the path is refined using a variant of the potential fields technique, adapted to the sense-and-avoid scenario. The performance of the complete system is demonstrated with flight-test experiments. © 2018 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc.. All rights reserved.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p716	False	Conference	300	Counter UAS using a formation controlled dragnet	Rapidly developing UAS technology necessitates reliable counter UAS systems. This paper proposes a formation controlled dragnet as a possible solution and compares potential intercept algorithms that can be used in this scenario. Proportional navigation and target-predictive path planning, both existing algorithms, are explored and an original approach, Adaptive Radius Optimal Defense (AROD), is introduced. Simulation results are given and the strengths and weaknesses of each approach are discussed. Based on the simulation results, some advantages that AROD offers over other existing algorithms are listed. Possible improvements and future research directions are also suggested. © 2017 IEEE.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p781	False	Journal	350	Comparison and Analysis of Recursive-RANSAC for Multiple Target Tracking	In both simulated and real experiments, the recursive random sample consensus (R-RANSAC) algorithm has shown promise as an efficient multiple target tracking (MTT) filter. In this paper, we introduce a generalized and modular framework for the R-RANSAC algorithm, analyze the sensitivity of the R-RANSAC tuning parameters, and compare R-RANSAC to five well-known MTT algorithms. We show that R-RANSAC offers a unique balance between low computational complexity, excellent track continuity, and good performance in cluttered environments. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p794	False	Conference	331	Relative target estimation using a cascade of extended Kalman filters	This paper presents a method of tracking multiple ground targets from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in a 3D reference frame. The tracking method uses a monocular camera and makes no assumptions on the shape of the terrain or the target motion. The UAV runs two cascaded estimators. The first is an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), which is responsible for tracking the UAV's state, such as position and velocity relative to a fixed frame. The second estimator is an EKF that is responsible for estimating a fixed number of landmarks within the camera's field of view. Landmarks are parameterized by a quaternion associated with bearing from the camera's optical axis and an inverse distance parameter. The bearing quaternion allows for a minimal representation of each landmark's direction and distance, a filter with no singularities, and a fast update rate due to few trigonometric functions. Three methods for estimating the ground target positions are demonstrated: the first uses the landmark estimator directly on the targets, the second computes the target depth with a weighted average of converged landmark depths, and the third extends the target's measured bearing vector to intersect a ground plane approximated from the landmark estimates. Simulation results show that the third target estimation method yields the most accurate results. © 2017, Institute of Navigation.
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p827	True	Journal	395	Foreword	[No abstract available]
117	a35562442700	Beard R.W.	p837	False	Journal	397	Minimum required detection range for detect and avoid of unmanned aircraft systems	For unmanned aircraft systems to gain full access to the National Airspace System, they must have the capability to detect and avoid other aircraft. To safely avoid another aircraft, an unmanned aircraft must detect the intruder aircraft with ample time and distance to allow the ownship to track the intruder, perform risk assessment, plan an avoidance path, and execute the maneuver. This paper describes two analytical methods for finding the minimum detection range to ensure that these detection and avoidance steps can be carried out. The first method, time-based geometric velocity vectors, includes the bank-angle dynamics of the ownship; whereas the second, geometric velocity vectors, assumes an instantaneous bank-angle maneuver. The solution using the first method must be found numerically, whereas the second has a closed-form analytical solution. These methods are compared to two existing methods. The results show the time-based geometric velocity vectors approach is precise, the geometric velocity vectors approach is a good approximation under many conditions, and the two existing approaches are good approximations at large ownship speeds relative to the intruder speed, fast ownship bank-angle transients, and small ownship bank angles. Copyright © 2017 by Brigham Young University.
118	a7006542177	McLain T.W.	p26	False	Journal	21	Relative multiplicative extended Kalman filter for observable GPS-denied navigation	This work presents a multiplicative extended Kalman filter (MEKF) for estimating the relative state of a multirotor vehicle operating in a GPS-denied environment. The filter fuses data from an inertial measurement unit and altimeter with relative-pose updates from a keyframe-based visual odometry or laser scan-matching algorithm. Because the global position and heading states of the vehicle are unobservable in the absence of global measurements such as GPS, the filter in this article estimates the state with respect to a local frame that is colocated with the odometry keyframe. As a result, the odometry update provides nearly direct measurements of the relative vehicle pose, making those states observable. Recent publications have rigorously documented the theoretical advantages of such an observable parameterization, including improved consistency, accuracy, and system robustness, and have demonstrated the effectiveness of such an approach during prolonged multirotor flight tests. This article complements this prior work by providing a complete, self-contained, tutorial derivation of the relative MEKF, which has been thoroughly motivated but only briefly described to date. This article presents several improvements and extensions to the filter while clearly defining all quaternion conventions and properties used, including several new useful properties relating to error quaternions and their Euler-angle decomposition. Finally, this article derives the filter both for traditional dynamics defined with respect to an inertial frame, and for robocentric dynamics defined with respect to the vehicle’s body frame, and provides insights into the subtle differences that arise between the two formulations. © The Author(s) 2020.
118	a7006542177	McLain T.W.	p39	False	Journal	32	Relative navigation of fixed-wing aircraft in GPS-denied environments	This work enables GPS-denied flight on fixed-wing UAS by accounting for fixed-wing-specific sensing requirements and using a methodology called relative navigation as an overarching framework. The development of an odometry-like, front-end, EKF-based estimator that utilizes only a monocular camera and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) is presented. The filter uses the measurement model of the multi-state-constraint Kalman filter. The filter also regularly resets its origin in coordination with the declaration of keyframe images. The keyframe-to-keyframe odometry estimates and their covariances are sent to a global back end that represents the global state as a pose graph. The back end is better suited to represent nonlinear uncertainties and incorporate opportunistic global constraints. We also introduce a method to account for front-end velocity bias in the back-end optimization. The paper provides simulation and hardware flight-test results of the front-end estimator and performs several back-end optimizations on the front-end data. © 2020 Institute of Navigation
118	a7006542177	McLain T.W.	p121	False	Journal	81	Cooperative relative navigation of multiple aircraft in global positioning system-denied/degraded environments	This paper introduces a method for enabling multiple small unmannedaircraft to improve navigational accuracy in Global Positioning System (GPS)-denied environments by cooperatively sharing information. The method uses a multilevel framework called relative navigation and visual-inertial odometry: Both of which have been used for singlevehicle GPS-denied navigation. This work modifies the relative navigation architecture by adding the necessary elements to enable decentralized, cooperative operations. The proposed framework also includes the ability to incorporate intervehicle measurements and uses a new concept called the coordinated reset, which is necessary for optimizing the cooperative odometry and improving localization. A simple communication protocol is presented, as well as flight-test results that show its effectiveness. The method is first demonstrated in simulation, including Monte Carlo testing, to show the expected improvement gained from cooperation. Finally, results from hardware testing are presented that show the ability of the system to reject initialization errors, to operate with temporary communications dropouts, and to greatly reduce the total amount of shared data compared to a naive approach. The proposed method is able to improve both global navigation accuracy and the accuracy of the relative aircraft positions for missions that require formation flying. © 2020 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
118	a7006542177	McLain T.W.	p191	False	Conference	41	Visual servoing with feed-forward for precision shipboard landing of an autonomous multirotor	In this paper the problem of performing a precision landing of an autonomous multirotor on a small barge at sea is studied. An image-based visual servoing approach, which was initially developed for landing on stationary targets, is extended to suit the shipboard landing case. The approach includes visual servoing for aligning the multirotor with a target on the vessel, and a velocity feed-forward term which is estimated online by fusing vision and GPS velocity measurements. Special considerations are made to account for the presence of wind, and the approach is validated through full-scale outdoor hardware flight tests. The hardware system is composed entirely from off-the-shelf components that are commonly used in industry. © 2019 American Automatic Control Council.
118	a7006542177	McLain T.W.	p213	False	Conference	48	Deep RC: Enabling remote control through deep learning	Human remote-control (RC) pilots have the ability to perceive the position and orientation of an aircraft using only third-person-perspective visual sensing. While novice pilots often struggle when learning to control RC aircraft, they can sense the orientation of the aircraft with relative ease. In this paper, we hypothesize and demonstrate that deep learning methods can be used to mimic the human ability to perceive the orientation of an aircraft from monocular imagery. This work uses a neural network to directly sense the aircraft attitude. The network is combined with more conventional image processing methods for visual tracking of the aircraft. The aircraft track and attitude measurements from the convolutional neural network (CNN) are combined in a particle filter that provides a complete state estimate of the aircraft. The network topology, training, and testing results are presented as well as filter development and results. The proposed method was tested in simulation and hardware flight demonstrations. © 2019 IEEE.
118	a7006542177	McLain T.W.	p215	False	Conference	50	Error-state LQR control of a multirotor UAV	We propose an implementation of an LQR controller for the full-state tracking of a time-dependent trajectory with a multirotor UAV. The proposed LQR formulation is based in Lie theory and linearized at each time step according to the multirotor's current state. We show experiments in both simulation and hardware that demonstrate the proposed control scheme's ability to accurately reach and track a given trajectory. The implementation is shown to run onboard at the full rate of a UAV's estimated state. © 2019 IEEE.
118	a7006542177	McLain T.W.	p216	False	Conference	51	Visual servoing for multirotor precision landing in daylight and after-dark conditions	The problem of precision landing for autonomous multirotor UAVs operating during the day and at night is studied. A vision-based approach is proposed and consists of varying-degree-of-freedom image-based visual servoing (VDOF IBVS), and a specialized landing marker. The proposed approach is validated through extensive flight testing outdoors in both daylight and after-dark conditions, and is done using a standard off-the-shelf autopilot system. © 2019 IEEE.
118	a7006542177	McLain T.W.	p254	False	Journal	166	Direct Relative Edge Optimization, A Robust Alternative for Pose Graph Optimization	Pose graph optimization is a common problem in robotics and associated fields. Most commonly, pose graph optimization is performed by finding the set of pose estimates which are the most likely for a given set of measurements. In some situations, arbitrarily large errors in pose graph initialization are unavoidable and can cause these pose-based methods to diverge or fail especially in cases where global inputs become available after some time after initialization. This letter details the parameterization of the classic pose graph problem in a relative context, optimizing directly over relative edge constraints between vertices in the pose graph and not on the poses themselves. Unlike previous literature on relative optimization, this letter details relative optimization over an entire pose graph, instead of a subset of edges, resulting in greater robustness to arbitrarily large errors than the classic pose-based or prior relative edge-based methods. Several small-scale simulation comparison studies, along with single and multi-agent hardware experiments, are presented. Results point to relative edge optimization as a strong candidate for solving real-world pose graph optimization problems that contain large heading propagation or initialization errors. © 2016 IEEE.
118	a7006542177	McLain T.W.	p466	False	Journal	257	Relative Navigation: A Keyframe-Based Approach for Observable GPS-Degraded Navigation	As relevant technologies become smaller and less expensive, micro air vehicles (MAVs) are transitioning from predominantly military and hobbyist applications to mainstream use. Exciting new applications include the delivery of medical supplies to remote areas, infrastructure inspection, environmental change detection, precision agriculture, survelliance of visible satellites. These issues are particularly prevalent when flying near the ground, where safety and reliability are especially important. © 1991-2012 IEEE.
118	a7006542177	McLain T.W.	p497	False	Conference	187	Relative visual-inertial odometry for fixed-wing aircraft in GPS-denied environments	This paper introduces an odometry-like front-end estimator for GPS-denied fixed-wing flight using a monocular camera. This development is a critical component for enabling fixed-wing aircraft to use a novel methodology called relative navigation. Relative navigation allows a single vehicle to gracefully accommodate intermittent GPS or geo-registered image updates. It can also enable communication and a computationally feasible cooperative, batch-based navigation approach for numerous vehicles. This paper presents a visual-odometry estimator that is appropriate for fixed-wing flight characteristics and sensing requirements. We propose a modification to the multi-state-constraint Kalman filter which, instead of running the filter in a single inertial/global frame, regularly resets the navigation frame to a new local origin. The vehicle operates based on the most recent keyframe and produces a marginalized change in pose (odometry) and covariance output whenever the keyframe is updated. This allows the front end to operate at the IMU rate to accommodate guidance and control inputs while sharing marginalized keyframe-to-keyframe odometry estimates with a back-end, graph optimization at a much lower rate than traditional batch navigation schemes. Results from testing the proposed method in a high-fidelity simulation of the filter is also presented. © 2018 IEEE.
118	a7006542177	McLain T.W.	p651	False	Journal	314	Ground-based sense-and-avoid system for small unmanned aircraft	In this Paper, we present a complete, proof-of-concept sense-and-avoid solution for small unmanned aircraft systems, including a small low-cost ground-based radar system, multitarget tracking and estimation, collision detection, and an avoidance planner. We describe the development of a small frequency-modulated continuous-wave phased-array radar system that provides a three-dimensional surveillance volume. The radar measurements are processed using the recursive random sample consensus algorithm, producing tracks for the intruders and the ownship. We propose a collision-detection algorithm based on the geometric relationship between encountering aircraft. If a collision threat is detected, a collision-free new path is generated for the ownship using a two-step path-planning algorithm. In the first step, an initial suboptimal path is generated using an A search. In the second step, the path is refined using a variant of the potential fields technique, adapted to the sense-and-avoid scenario. The performance of the complete system is demonstrated with flight-test experiments. © 2018 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc.. All rights reserved.
118	a7006542177	McLain T.W.	p662	False	Conference	289	Deep visual gravity vector detection for unmanned aircraft attitude estimation	This paper demonstrates a feasible method for using a deep neural network as a sensor to estimate the attitude of a flying vehicle using only flight video. A dataset of still images and associated gravity vectors was collected and used to perform supervised learning. The network builds on a previously trained network and was trained to be able to approximate the attitude of the camera with an average error of about 8 degrees. Flight test video was recorded and processed with a relatively simple visual odometry method. The aircraft attitude is then estimated with the visual odometry as the state propagation and network providing the attitude measurement in an extended Kalman filter. Results show that the proposed method of having the neural network provide a gravity vector attitude measurement from the flight imagery reduces the standard deviation of the attitude error by approximately 12 times compared to a baseline approach. © 2017 IEEE.
118	a7006542177	McLain T.W.	p788	False	Conference	325	A well clear recommendation for small UAS in high-density, ADS-B-enabled airspace	With the growing popularity of small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), there is a significant need to enable small UAS to detect and avoid collisions with both manned and unmanned aircraft. The capabilities of ADS-B make it an attractive sensor for detect and avoid (DAA), but it is susceptible to frequency congestion. This paper quantitatively analyzes the frequency limitations of 978 MHz ADS-B. It then uses these limitations to make a recommendation for well clear in ADS-B-equipped airspace that has a high density of small UAS operations. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
118	a7006542177	McLain T.W.	p837	False	Journal	397	Minimum required detection range for detect and avoid of unmanned aircraft systems	For unmanned aircraft systems to gain full access to the National Airspace System, they must have the capability to detect and avoid other aircraft. To safely avoid another aircraft, an unmanned aircraft must detect the intruder aircraft with ample time and distance to allow the ownship to track the intruder, perform risk assessment, plan an avoidance path, and execute the maneuver. This paper describes two analytical methods for finding the minimum detection range to ensure that these detection and avoidance steps can be carried out. The first method, time-based geometric velocity vectors, includes the bank-angle dynamics of the ownship; whereas the second, geometric velocity vectors, assumes an instantaneous bank-angle maneuver. The solution using the first method must be found numerically, whereas the second has a closed-form analytical solution. These methods are compared to two existing methods. The results show the time-based geometric velocity vectors approach is precise, the geometric velocity vectors approach is a good approximation under many conditions, and the two existing approaches are good approximations at large ownship speeds relative to the intruder speed, fast ownship bank-angle transients, and small ownship bank angles. Copyright © 2017 by Brigham Young University.
119	a36668159600	Brink K.M.	p26	False	Journal	21	Relative multiplicative extended Kalman filter for observable GPS-denied navigation	This work presents a multiplicative extended Kalman filter (MEKF) for estimating the relative state of a multirotor vehicle operating in a GPS-denied environment. The filter fuses data from an inertial measurement unit and altimeter with relative-pose updates from a keyframe-based visual odometry or laser scan-matching algorithm. Because the global position and heading states of the vehicle are unobservable in the absence of global measurements such as GPS, the filter in this article estimates the state with respect to a local frame that is colocated with the odometry keyframe. As a result, the odometry update provides nearly direct measurements of the relative vehicle pose, making those states observable. Recent publications have rigorously documented the theoretical advantages of such an observable parameterization, including improved consistency, accuracy, and system robustness, and have demonstrated the effectiveness of such an approach during prolonged multirotor flight tests. This article complements this prior work by providing a complete, self-contained, tutorial derivation of the relative MEKF, which has been thoroughly motivated but only briefly described to date. This article presents several improvements and extensions to the filter while clearly defining all quaternion conventions and properties used, including several new useful properties relating to error quaternions and their Euler-angle decomposition. Finally, this article derives the filter both for traditional dynamics defined with respect to an inertial frame, and for robocentric dynamics defined with respect to the vehicle’s body frame, and provides insights into the subtle differences that arise between the two formulations. © The Author(s) 2020.
119	a36668159600	Brink K.M.	p39	False	Journal	32	Relative navigation of fixed-wing aircraft in GPS-denied environments	This work enables GPS-denied flight on fixed-wing UAS by accounting for fixed-wing-specific sensing requirements and using a methodology called relative navigation as an overarching framework. The development of an odometry-like, front-end, EKF-based estimator that utilizes only a monocular camera and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) is presented. The filter uses the measurement model of the multi-state-constraint Kalman filter. The filter also regularly resets its origin in coordination with the declaration of keyframe images. The keyframe-to-keyframe odometry estimates and their covariances are sent to a global back end that represents the global state as a pose graph. The back end is better suited to represent nonlinear uncertainties and incorporate opportunistic global constraints. We also introduce a method to account for front-end velocity bias in the back-end optimization. The paper provides simulation and hardware flight-test results of the front-end estimator and performs several back-end optimizations on the front-end data. © 2020 Institute of Navigation
119	a36668159600	Brink K.M.	p121	False	Journal	81	Cooperative relative navigation of multiple aircraft in global positioning system-denied/degraded environments	This paper introduces a method for enabling multiple small unmannedaircraft to improve navigational accuracy in Global Positioning System (GPS)-denied environments by cooperatively sharing information. The method uses a multilevel framework called relative navigation and visual-inertial odometry: Both of which have been used for singlevehicle GPS-denied navigation. This work modifies the relative navigation architecture by adding the necessary elements to enable decentralized, cooperative operations. The proposed framework also includes the ability to incorporate intervehicle measurements and uses a new concept called the coordinated reset, which is necessary for optimizing the cooperative odometry and improving localization. A simple communication protocol is presented, as well as flight-test results that show its effectiveness. The method is first demonstrated in simulation, including Monte Carlo testing, to show the expected improvement gained from cooperation. Finally, results from hardware testing are presented that show the ability of the system to reject initialization errors, to operate with temporary communications dropouts, and to greatly reduce the total amount of shared data compared to a naive approach. The proposed method is able to improve both global navigation accuracy and the accuracy of the relative aircraft positions for missions that require formation flying. © 2020 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
119	a36668159600	Brink K.M.	p254	False	Journal	166	Direct Relative Edge Optimization, A Robust Alternative for Pose Graph Optimization	Pose graph optimization is a common problem in robotics and associated fields. Most commonly, pose graph optimization is performed by finding the set of pose estimates which are the most likely for a given set of measurements. In some situations, arbitrarily large errors in pose graph initialization are unavoidable and can cause these pose-based methods to diverge or fail especially in cases where global inputs become available after some time after initialization. This letter details the parameterization of the classic pose graph problem in a relative context, optimizing directly over relative edge constraints between vertices in the pose graph and not on the poses themselves. Unlike previous literature on relative optimization, this letter details relative optimization over an entire pose graph, instead of a subset of edges, resulting in greater robustness to arbitrarily large errors than the classic pose-based or prior relative edge-based methods. Several small-scale simulation comparison studies, along with single and multi-agent hardware experiments, are presented. Results point to relative edge optimization as a strong candidate for solving real-world pose graph optimization problems that contain large heading propagation or initialization errors. © 2016 IEEE.
119	a36668159600	Brink K.M.	p497	False	Conference	187	Relative visual-inertial odometry for fixed-wing aircraft in GPS-denied environments	This paper introduces an odometry-like front-end estimator for GPS-denied fixed-wing flight using a monocular camera. This development is a critical component for enabling fixed-wing aircraft to use a novel methodology called relative navigation. Relative navigation allows a single vehicle to gracefully accommodate intermittent GPS or geo-registered image updates. It can also enable communication and a computationally feasible cooperative, batch-based navigation approach for numerous vehicles. This paper presents a visual-odometry estimator that is appropriate for fixed-wing flight characteristics and sensing requirements. We propose a modification to the multi-state-constraint Kalman filter which, instead of running the filter in a single inertial/global frame, regularly resets the navigation frame to a new local origin. The vehicle operates based on the most recent keyframe and produces a marginalized change in pose (odometry) and covariance output whenever the keyframe is updated. This allows the front end to operate at the IMU rate to accommodate guidance and control inputs while sharing marginalized keyframe-to-keyframe odometry estimates with a back-end, graph optimization at a much lower rate than traditional batch navigation schemes. Results from testing the proposed method in a high-fidelity simulation of the filter is also presented. © 2018 IEEE.
120	a57200206301	Amini E.	p27	True	Journal	22	Municipal wastewater treatment by semi-continuous and membrane algal-bacterial photo-bioreactors	Conventional wastewater treatment systems demand a high cost mechanical aeration. Using algal-bacterial systems helps to reach a cost-efficient treatment method by eliminating mechanical aeration, since algae produce the oxygen needed for treatment process. In this study, two groups of experiments were performed for domestic wastewater treatment processes. For the first group, semi-continuous microalgae-bacterial photo-bioreactors were cultivated. Chlorella Vulgaris and activated sludge (AS) were used as microalgae and bacterial inoculums, respectively. The effect of different algae and AS ratios on the chemical oxygen demand (COD), N-NH4 + and P-PO4 3− removal was studied. The removal efficiency of COD was above 93 % for the three tested algae and AS inoculum ratios (5:1, 1:1, and 1:5). The reactor with algae: AS inoculum ratio of 5:1 achieved the highest final N-NH4 + and P-PO4 3− removal efficiencies (88.0 ± 1.0 % and 84.0 ± 1.0 %, respectively). Furthermore, the highest biomass concentration (1.96 g L-1 from initial amount of 0.3 g L-1) was observed in the reactor with algae: AS ratio of 5:1. The ratio of 5:1 (algae: AS) was found as the optimum ratio which promoted the cooperation between microalgae and AS for nutrient removal. For the second group of experiments, the optimum ratio of 5:1 (algae: AS) was used in a membrane bioreactor, and the results showed that this reactor enhanced the final removal efficacies from 88 to 98 % and from 84 to 89 % for N-NH4 + and P-PO4 3-, respectively. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
120	a57200206301	Amini E.	p802	False	Conference	338	Investigation of merging flames in horizontal and vertical geometries	One of the main needs for accurate shrub combustion modeling is the complicated flame growth pattern due to merging of flames from multiple leaves and small branches. The interactions of neighboring flames have only been studied using regularly spaced fuel sources located on a horizontal plane. Flames in a burning shrub or tree merge to form large flames from fuel arrangements, which are not described by horizontal plane geometries. A careful study of flame interactions from fuels in three-dimensional arrangements is a necessary step in strengthening operational field models in complex fuel structures. The purpose of this research is to imitate the flame merging of the solid fuels in different geometries in order to describe fire behavior in complex fuel structures, such as trees or shrubs. Ceramic felt soaked in n-heptane were used as a fuel source to conduct flame-merging experiments. Flame characteristics such as flame length and flame width were measured for both single and merged flames. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
120	a57200206301	Amini E.	p809	False	Conference	344	Analysis of pyrolysis products from live shrub fuels	Approximately 6 million acres per year are burned by prescribed fire shrublands in the southeastern United States. Burning the understory every 2-4 years prevents fires from spreading to the canopy. However, combustion of live shrubs is not well understood, and has been shown to differ from combustion of dead biomass fuels. The purpose of this study is to investigate pyrolysis products from live shrub fuels. The pyrolysis products constitute the fuel for the gaseous flames in a fire. Amounts of pyrolyzed species depend on heating rate, temperature, fuel type, and fuel properties. In order to provide pyrolysis conditions and oxygen-free environment, a flat-flame burner (FFB) was designed and operated in a fuel-rich mode. Hot and cold traps were used to separate low and high molecular weight (tars) pyrolysis products and then analyzed in two different GC-MS systems. The data obtained help focus modeling efforts for combustion of live shrubs. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
120	a57200206301	Amini E.	p810	True	Conference	345	Pyrolysis of live vegetation at slow heating rates	Wildland fire is an important component of many American ecosystems. Wildland fires can have necessary ecological influences in many North American ecosystems or can dangerously affect life, property and natural resources. These hazards decrease with the proper application of controlled burning. Controlled burning destroys smaller plants and also decreases combustible materials and the potential for ignition and fire propagation in the fuel bed. Fuel bed pyrolysis and ignition determine fire ignition and propagation rates in both wildland fires and prescribed burning, but the details of solid fuel reaction under wildland fire conditions remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to provide fundamental information about pyrolysis of live shrub fuels at slow heating rates. A programmable heater apparatus was used to study the pyrolysis products of three different kind of live shrubs from forests of the Southeastern United States. Low and high molecular weight pyrolysis products were collected in a cold trap and then analyzed using GC-MS.
120	a57200206301	Amini E.	p812	False	Conference	347	Investigation of merging flames in Horizontal and vertical Geometries	One of the main needs for accurate shrub combustion modeling is the complicated flame growth pattern due to merging of flames from multiple leaves and small branches. A careful study of flame interactions from fuels in three-dimensional arrangements is a necessary step in strengthening operational field models in complex fuel structures. The purpose of this research is to imitate the flame merging of the solid fuels in different geometries in order to describe fire behavior in complex fuel structures, such as trees or shrubs. Ceramic felts soaked in n-heptane were used as a fuel source to conduct flame-merging experiments. Flame characteristics such as flame length and flame width were measured for both single and merged flames. Our data shows that by altering the separation distance between felts in both vertical and horizontal directions, flame area, height and width vary to a large extent. The region of flame merging is mapped in both the horizontal and vertical directions. These data are being used to develop flame-merging correlations as a function of flame spacing, similar to correlations that have been developed for multiple flames in the horizontal plane.
121	a57190131647	Babaei A.	p27	False	Journal	22	Municipal wastewater treatment by semi-continuous and membrane algal-bacterial photo-bioreactors	Conventional wastewater treatment systems demand a high cost mechanical aeration. Using algal-bacterial systems helps to reach a cost-efficient treatment method by eliminating mechanical aeration, since algae produce the oxygen needed for treatment process. In this study, two groups of experiments were performed for domestic wastewater treatment processes. For the first group, semi-continuous microalgae-bacterial photo-bioreactors were cultivated. Chlorella Vulgaris and activated sludge (AS) were used as microalgae and bacterial inoculums, respectively. The effect of different algae and AS ratios on the chemical oxygen demand (COD), N-NH4 + and P-PO4 3− removal was studied. The removal efficiency of COD was above 93 % for the three tested algae and AS inoculum ratios (5:1, 1:1, and 1:5). The reactor with algae: AS inoculum ratio of 5:1 achieved the highest final N-NH4 + and P-PO4 3− removal efficiencies (88.0 ± 1.0 % and 84.0 ± 1.0 %, respectively). Furthermore, the highest biomass concentration (1.96 g L-1 from initial amount of 0.3 g L-1) was observed in the reactor with algae: AS ratio of 5:1. The ratio of 5:1 (algae: AS) was found as the optimum ratio which promoted the cooperation between microalgae and AS for nutrient removal. For the second group of experiments, the optimum ratio of 5:1 (algae: AS) was used in a membrane bioreactor, and the results showed that this reactor enhanced the final removal efficacies from 88 to 98 % and from 84 to 89 % for N-NH4 + and P-PO4 3-, respectively. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
122	a35612908400	Mehrnia M.R.	p27	False	Journal	22	Municipal wastewater treatment by semi-continuous and membrane algal-bacterial photo-bioreactors	Conventional wastewater treatment systems demand a high cost mechanical aeration. Using algal-bacterial systems helps to reach a cost-efficient treatment method by eliminating mechanical aeration, since algae produce the oxygen needed for treatment process. In this study, two groups of experiments were performed for domestic wastewater treatment processes. For the first group, semi-continuous microalgae-bacterial photo-bioreactors were cultivated. Chlorella Vulgaris and activated sludge (AS) were used as microalgae and bacterial inoculums, respectively. The effect of different algae and AS ratios on the chemical oxygen demand (COD), N-NH4 + and P-PO4 3− removal was studied. The removal efficiency of COD was above 93 % for the three tested algae and AS inoculum ratios (5:1, 1:1, and 1:5). The reactor with algae: AS inoculum ratio of 5:1 achieved the highest final N-NH4 + and P-PO4 3− removal efficiencies (88.0 ± 1.0 % and 84.0 ± 1.0 %, respectively). Furthermore, the highest biomass concentration (1.96 g L-1 from initial amount of 0.3 g L-1) was observed in the reactor with algae: AS ratio of 5:1. The ratio of 5:1 (algae: AS) was found as the optimum ratio which promoted the cooperation between microalgae and AS for nutrient removal. For the second group of experiments, the optimum ratio of 5:1 (algae: AS) was used in a membrane bioreactor, and the results showed that this reactor enhanced the final removal efficacies from 88 to 98 % and from 84 to 89 % for N-NH4 + and P-PO4 3-, respectively. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
123	a8208300700	Shayegan J.	p27	False	Journal	22	Municipal wastewater treatment by semi-continuous and membrane algal-bacterial photo-bioreactors	Conventional wastewater treatment systems demand a high cost mechanical aeration. Using algal-bacterial systems helps to reach a cost-efficient treatment method by eliminating mechanical aeration, since algae produce the oxygen needed for treatment process. In this study, two groups of experiments were performed for domestic wastewater treatment processes. For the first group, semi-continuous microalgae-bacterial photo-bioreactors were cultivated. Chlorella Vulgaris and activated sludge (AS) were used as microalgae and bacterial inoculums, respectively. The effect of different algae and AS ratios on the chemical oxygen demand (COD), N-NH4 + and P-PO4 3− removal was studied. The removal efficiency of COD was above 93 % for the three tested algae and AS inoculum ratios (5:1, 1:1, and 1:5). The reactor with algae: AS inoculum ratio of 5:1 achieved the highest final N-NH4 + and P-PO4 3− removal efficiencies (88.0 ± 1.0 % and 84.0 ± 1.0 %, respectively). Furthermore, the highest biomass concentration (1.96 g L-1 from initial amount of 0.3 g L-1) was observed in the reactor with algae: AS ratio of 5:1. The ratio of 5:1 (algae: AS) was found as the optimum ratio which promoted the cooperation between microalgae and AS for nutrient removal. For the second group of experiments, the optimum ratio of 5:1 (algae: AS) was used in a membrane bioreactor, and the results showed that this reactor enhanced the final removal efficacies from 88 to 98 % and from 84 to 89 % for N-NH4 + and P-PO4 3-, respectively. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
124	a57192643299	Safdari M.-S.	p27	False	Journal	22	Municipal wastewater treatment by semi-continuous and membrane algal-bacterial photo-bioreactors	Conventional wastewater treatment systems demand a high cost mechanical aeration. Using algal-bacterial systems helps to reach a cost-efficient treatment method by eliminating mechanical aeration, since algae produce the oxygen needed for treatment process. In this study, two groups of experiments were performed for domestic wastewater treatment processes. For the first group, semi-continuous microalgae-bacterial photo-bioreactors were cultivated. Chlorella Vulgaris and activated sludge (AS) were used as microalgae and bacterial inoculums, respectively. The effect of different algae and AS ratios on the chemical oxygen demand (COD), N-NH4 + and P-PO4 3− removal was studied. The removal efficiency of COD was above 93 % for the three tested algae and AS inoculum ratios (5:1, 1:1, and 1:5). The reactor with algae: AS inoculum ratio of 5:1 achieved the highest final N-NH4 + and P-PO4 3− removal efficiencies (88.0 ± 1.0 % and 84.0 ± 1.0 %, respectively). Furthermore, the highest biomass concentration (1.96 g L-1 from initial amount of 0.3 g L-1) was observed in the reactor with algae: AS ratio of 5:1. The ratio of 5:1 (algae: AS) was found as the optimum ratio which promoted the cooperation between microalgae and AS for nutrient removal. For the second group of experiments, the optimum ratio of 5:1 (algae: AS) was used in a membrane bioreactor, and the results showed that this reactor enhanced the final removal efficacies from 88 to 98 % and from 84 to 89 % for N-NH4 + and P-PO4 3-, respectively. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
124	a57192643299	Safdari M.-S.	p802	False	Conference	338	Investigation of merging flames in horizontal and vertical geometries	One of the main needs for accurate shrub combustion modeling is the complicated flame growth pattern due to merging of flames from multiple leaves and small branches. The interactions of neighboring flames have only been studied using regularly spaced fuel sources located on a horizontal plane. Flames in a burning shrub or tree merge to form large flames from fuel arrangements, which are not described by horizontal plane geometries. A careful study of flame interactions from fuels in three-dimensional arrangements is a necessary step in strengthening operational field models in complex fuel structures. The purpose of this research is to imitate the flame merging of the solid fuels in different geometries in order to describe fire behavior in complex fuel structures, such as trees or shrubs. Ceramic felt soaked in n-heptane were used as a fuel source to conduct flame-merging experiments. Flame characteristics such as flame length and flame width were measured for both single and merged flames. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
124	a57192643299	Safdari M.-S.	p809	True	Conference	344	Analysis of pyrolysis products from live shrub fuels	Approximately 6 million acres per year are burned by prescribed fire shrublands in the southeastern United States. Burning the understory every 2-4 years prevents fires from spreading to the canopy. However, combustion of live shrubs is not well understood, and has been shown to differ from combustion of dead biomass fuels. The purpose of this study is to investigate pyrolysis products from live shrub fuels. The pyrolysis products constitute the fuel for the gaseous flames in a fire. Amounts of pyrolyzed species depend on heating rate, temperature, fuel type, and fuel properties. In order to provide pyrolysis conditions and oxygen-free environment, a flat-flame burner (FFB) was designed and operated in a fuel-rich mode. Hot and cold traps were used to separate low and high molecular weight (tars) pyrolysis products and then analyzed in two different GC-MS systems. The data obtained help focus modeling efforts for combustion of live shrubs. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
124	a57192643299	Safdari M.-S.	p810	False	Conference	345	Pyrolysis of live vegetation at slow heating rates	Wildland fire is an important component of many American ecosystems. Wildland fires can have necessary ecological influences in many North American ecosystems or can dangerously affect life, property and natural resources. These hazards decrease with the proper application of controlled burning. Controlled burning destroys smaller plants and also decreases combustible materials and the potential for ignition and fire propagation in the fuel bed. Fuel bed pyrolysis and ignition determine fire ignition and propagation rates in both wildland fires and prescribed burning, but the details of solid fuel reaction under wildland fire conditions remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to provide fundamental information about pyrolysis of live shrub fuels at slow heating rates. A programmable heater apparatus was used to study the pyrolysis products of three different kind of live shrubs from forests of the Southeastern United States. Low and high molecular weight pyrolysis products were collected in a cold trap and then analyzed using GC-MS.
124	a57192643299	Safdari M.-S.	p812	False	Conference	347	Investigation of merging flames in Horizontal and vertical Geometries	One of the main needs for accurate shrub combustion modeling is the complicated flame growth pattern due to merging of flames from multiple leaves and small branches. A careful study of flame interactions from fuels in three-dimensional arrangements is a necessary step in strengthening operational field models in complex fuel structures. The purpose of this research is to imitate the flame merging of the solid fuels in different geometries in order to describe fire behavior in complex fuel structures, such as trees or shrubs. Ceramic felts soaked in n-heptane were used as a fuel source to conduct flame-merging experiments. Flame characteristics such as flame length and flame width were measured for both single and merged flames. Our data shows that by altering the separation distance between felts in both vertical and horizontal directions, flame area, height and width vary to a large extent. The region of flame merging is mapped in both the horizontal and vertical directions. These data are being used to develop flame-merging correlations as a function of flame spacing, similar to correlations that have been developed for multiple flames in the horizontal plane.
125	a57215136260	Weaver B.P.	p28	True	Journal	23	Estimating correlations with censored data	KEY POINT: Including censored observations, when estimating correlations, has a nontrivial impact on the analysis. © 2020, © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
126	a56442655200	Kaufeld K.	p28	False	Journal	23	Estimating correlations with censored data	KEY POINT: Including censored observations, when estimating correlations, has a nontrivial impact on the analysis. © 2020, © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
127	a55827824100	Warr R.	p28	False	Journal	23	Estimating correlations with censored data	KEY POINT: Including censored observations, when estimating correlations, has a nontrivial impact on the analysis. © 2020, © 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
127	a55827824100	Warr R.	p275	False	Journal	181	Failure time distributions for complex equipment	The exponential distribution is inadequate as a failure time model for most components; however, under certain conditions (in particular, that component failure rates are small and mutually independent, and failed components are immediately replaced or perfectly repaired), it is applicable to complex repairable systems with large numbers of components in series, regardless of component distributions, as shown by Drenick in 1960. This result implies that system behavior may become simpler as more components are added. We review necessary conditions for the result and present some simulation studies to assess how well it holds in systems with finite numbers of components. We also note that Drenick's result is analogous to similar results in other systems disciplines, again resulting in simpler behavior as the number of entities in the system increases. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
128	a57197773578	Pack A.T.	p29	True	Journal	24	Social impact in product design, an exploration of current industry practices	Though academic research for identifying and considering the social impact of products is emerging, additional insights can be gained from engineers who design products every day. This paper explores current practices in industries used by design engineers to consider the social impact of products. Forty-six individuals from 34 different companies were interviewed to discover what disconnects exist between academia and industry when considering a product's social impact. These interviews were also used to discover how social impact might be considered in a design setting moving forward. This is not a study to find “the state of the art,” but considers the average engineering professional's work to design products in various industries. Social impact assessments (SIA) and social life cycle assessments (SLCA) are two of the most common processes discussed in the literature to evaluate social impact, both generally and in products. Interestingly, these processes did not arise in any discussion in interviews, despite respondents affirming that they do consider social impact in the product design. Processes used to predict social impact, rather than simply evaluate, were discussed by the respondents. These tended to be developed within the company and often related to industry imposed government regulations. To build on this study, the findings herein should be further validated for executives, managers, and engineers. A study specific to these roles should be designed to understand the disconnect better. Additionally, processes should be developed to assist engineers in considering the social impact of their products. Work should also be done to help educate engineers and their leaders on the value of considering the social impact in product design. Copyright © 2019 by ASME
128	a57197773578	Pack A.T.	p358	False	Journal	199	Using a Product's Sustainability Space as a Design Exploration Tool	Sustainable design is often practiced and assessed through the consideration of three essential areas: economic sustainability, environmental sustainability, and social sustainability. For even the simplest of products, the complexities of these three areas and their tradeoffs cause decision-making transparency to be lost in most practical situations. The existing field of multiobjective optimization offers a natural framework to define and explore a given design space. In this paper, a method for defining a product's sustainability space (defined by economic, environmental, and social sustainability objectives) is outlined and used to explore the tradeoffs within the space, thus offering both the design team and the decision makers a means of better understanding the sustainability tradeoffs. This paper concludes that sustainable product development can indeed benefit from tradeoff characterization using multiobjective optimization techniques - even when using only basic models of sustainability. Interestingly, the unique characteristics of the three essential sustainable development areas lead to an alternative view of some traditional multiobjective optimization concepts, such as weak-Pareto optimality. The sustainable redesign of a machine to drill boreholes for water wells is presented as a practical example for method demonstration and discussion. Copyright © The Author(s) 2019.
128	a57197773578	Pack A.T.	p584	True	Conference	229	Social impact in product design, an exploration of current industry practices	Though academic research for identifying and considering the social impact of products is emerging, the actual use of these processes in industry is undeclared in the literature. The gap between academic research and the industry adoption of these theories and methodologies can have real consequences. This paper explores current practices in industry that design engineers use to consider the social impact of products during the customer use stage. 30 people from nineteen different companies were interviewed to discover what disconnects exist between academia and industry when considering a product’s social impact. Although social impact assessments (SIA) and social life cycle assessments (SLCA) are two of the most common evaluative processes discussed in the literature, not a single company interviewed used either of these processes despite affirming that they do consider social impact in product design. Predictive processes were discussed by the respondents that tended to be developed within the company and often related to government regulations. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
128	a57197773578	Pack A.T.	p818	True	Conference	353	An assessment of village drill sustainability, with recommendations	Sustainability is commonly broken into three categories: Economic, environmental, and social. For products, there is a need for design tools that allow decision makers to handle the tradeoffs between each of these three pillars of sustainability. This paper simultaneously assesses all three pillars of sustainability for the Village Drill, a machine used to dig water wells in rural areas around the world. Using data and methods from Mattson et al. [1, 2] relationships are developed between the drill's design parameters and key sustainability issues. These relationships are used to evaluate the sustainability of the current drill design as well as any alternatives. One million random sets of drill parameters are generated and the resulting drill alternatives are evaluated. A three-dimensional design space for the sustainability of the drill is found and recommendations are given with potential for improvements in each pillar of sustainability. © 2017 ASME.
129	a57204761536	Phipps E.R.	p29	False	Journal	24	Social impact in product design, an exploration of current industry practices	Though academic research for identifying and considering the social impact of products is emerging, additional insights can be gained from engineers who design products every day. This paper explores current practices in industries used by design engineers to consider the social impact of products. Forty-six individuals from 34 different companies were interviewed to discover what disconnects exist between academia and industry when considering a product's social impact. These interviews were also used to discover how social impact might be considered in a design setting moving forward. This is not a study to find “the state of the art,” but considers the average engineering professional's work to design products in various industries. Social impact assessments (SIA) and social life cycle assessments (SLCA) are two of the most common processes discussed in the literature to evaluate social impact, both generally and in products. Interestingly, these processes did not arise in any discussion in interviews, despite respondents affirming that they do consider social impact in the product design. Processes used to predict social impact, rather than simply evaluate, were discussed by the respondents. These tended to be developed within the company and often related to industry imposed government regulations. To build on this study, the findings herein should be further validated for executives, managers, and engineers. A study specific to these roles should be designed to understand the disconnect better. Additionally, processes should be developed to assist engineers in considering the social impact of their products. Work should also be done to help educate engineers and their leaders on the value of considering the social impact in product design. Copyright © 2019 by ASME
129	a57204761536	Phipps E.R.	p584	False	Conference	229	Social impact in product design, an exploration of current industry practices	Though academic research for identifying and considering the social impact of products is emerging, the actual use of these processes in industry is undeclared in the literature. The gap between academic research and the industry adoption of these theories and methodologies can have real consequences. This paper explores current practices in industry that design engineers use to consider the social impact of products during the customer use stage. 30 people from nineteen different companies were interviewed to discover what disconnects exist between academia and industry when considering a product’s social impact. Although social impact assessments (SIA) and social life cycle assessments (SLCA) are two of the most common evaluative processes discussed in the literature, not a single company interviewed used either of these processes despite affirming that they do consider social impact in product design. Predictive processes were discussed by the respondents that tended to be developed within the company and often related to government regulations. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p29	False	Journal	24	Social impact in product design, an exploration of current industry practices	Though academic research for identifying and considering the social impact of products is emerging, additional insights can be gained from engineers who design products every day. This paper explores current practices in industries used by design engineers to consider the social impact of products. Forty-six individuals from 34 different companies were interviewed to discover what disconnects exist between academia and industry when considering a product's social impact. These interviews were also used to discover how social impact might be considered in a design setting moving forward. This is not a study to find “the state of the art,” but considers the average engineering professional's work to design products in various industries. Social impact assessments (SIA) and social life cycle assessments (SLCA) are two of the most common processes discussed in the literature to evaluate social impact, both generally and in products. Interestingly, these processes did not arise in any discussion in interviews, despite respondents affirming that they do consider social impact in the product design. Processes used to predict social impact, rather than simply evaluate, were discussed by the respondents. These tended to be developed within the company and often related to industry imposed government regulations. To build on this study, the findings herein should be further validated for executives, managers, and engineers. A study specific to these roles should be designed to understand the disconnect better. Additionally, processes should be developed to assist engineers in considering the social impact of their products. Work should also be done to help educate engineers and their leaders on the value of considering the social impact in product design. Copyright © 2019 by ASME
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p46	False	Journal	24	Analysis of perceived social impacts of existing products designed for the developing world, with implications for new product development	Engineered products often have more social impacts than are realized. A product review was conducted to bring this to light. In this paper, we show the extent to which different social impacts in 11 impact categories are co-present in 150 products and how this can help engineers and others during the product development process. Specifically, we show how social impact categories not previously considered can be identified. The product review resulted in 13,200 data points that were divided into two data sets, one with 8800 data points from which a social impact probability table was created. The remaining data points were then used to validate the table. All data points were then combined to create a final social impact probability table. This table provides insight for how various social impact categories correlate and can assist engineers in expanding their views to include additional social impact objectives and thus achieve a design with broader social impact or a design with minimized unwanted negative social impact. A simple method for predicting social impact is also created in order to assist engineers when developing products with social impacts in mind. © 2019 by ASME.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p59	False	Journal	24	A Method for Creating Product Social Impact Models of Engineered Products	All products impact the lives of their users, this is called social impact. Some social impacts are commonly recognized by the engineering community, such as impacts to a user's health and safety, while other social impacts can be more difficult to recognize, such as impacts on families and gender roles. When engineers make design decisions, without considering social impacts, they can unknowingly cause negative social impacts. Even harming the user and/or society. Despite its challenges, measuring a program's or policy's social impact is a common practice in the field of social sciences. These measurements are made using social impact indicators, which are simply the things observed to verify that true progress is being made. While there are clear benefits to predicting the social impact of an engineered product, it is unclear how engineers should select indicators and build predictive social impact models that are functions of engineering parameters and decisions. This paper introduces a method for selecting social impact indicators and creating predictive social impact models that can help engineers predict and improve the social impact of their products. As a first step in the method, an engineer identifies the product's users, objectives, and requirements. Then, the social impact categories that are related to the product are determined. From each of these categories, the engineer selects several social impact indicators. Finally, models are created for each indicator to predict how a product's parameters will change these indicators. The impact categories and indicators can be translated into product requirements and performance measures that can be used in product development processes. This method is used to predict the social impact of the proposed, expanded U.S. Mexico border wall. © 2019 Copernicus GmbH. All rights reserved.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p194	False	Journal	131	Quantifying the effects of various factors on the utility of design ethnography in the developing world	Ethnography, a tool traditionally used by social scientists, has been adopted by product design engineers as a tool to build empathy, understand customers and their contexts, and learn about needs for a product. This tool is particularly valuable for designers from the developed world working on products for customers in developing communities as differences in culture, language, and life experience make the designer’s intuition less reliable in these communities. This paper reports the use of design ethnography under a variety of conditions in the developing world. The data analyzed here come from field studies completed in four different developing communities on four different continents. Researchers had varying degrees of cultural familiarity, language fluency, and community partner participation in each location. Other factors were also included in the study such as the effects of gender and age of the respondents, the ethnographic activity used, and others. Some of the results are intuitive and some are surprising, but all are quantified through rigorous statistical analysis. The results of this study can help design teams of all types including NGOs, student teams, industrial teams, and any other team with an interest in product design in developing communities. These results can help teams plan their own ethnographic activities to increase the likelihood of collecting information that is useful for making product design decisions based on the conditions of their particular project. © 2019, Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p262	False	Journal	172	Over-Design Versus Redesign as a Response to Future Requirements	Though little research has been done in the field of over-design as a product development strategy, an over-design approach can help products avoid the issue of premature obsolescence. This paper compares over-design to redesign as approaches to address the emergence of future requirements. Net present value (NPV) analyses of several real world applications are examined from the perspective of manufacturers (i.e., defense contractors, automobile, pharmaceutical, and microprocessor manufactures) and customers (i.e., purchases of vehicles, televisions, cell phones, washing machines, and buildings). This analysis is used to determine the conditions under which an over-design approach provides a greater benefit than a redesign approach. Over-design is found to have a higher NPV than redesign when future requirements occur soon after the initial release, discount rates are low, initial research, and development cost or price is high, and when the incremental costs of the future requirements are low. © 2019 by ASME.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p285	True	Journal	186	Product development: Principles and tools for creating desirable and transferable designs	Introduction This book explores the evolution of products from the beginning idea through mass-production. Rather than prescribing a one-size-fits-all process, the authors explain the theory behind product development and challenge readers to develop their own customized development process uniquely suited for their individual situation. In addition to theory, the book provides development case studies, exercises and self-evaluation criteria at the end of each chapter, and a product development reference that introduces a wide variety of design tools and methods. Class-tested for three consecutive years by hundreds of students in four different courses, the book is an ideal text for senior design classes in mechanical engineering and related disciplines as well as a reference for practicing engineers/product designers. Focuses on excellent design outcomes, rather than rote activities; Maximizes readers’ contextual understanding with real examples of student design and case studies; Reinforces readers’ grasp of theory and best-practices with exercises at the end of each chapter and self-evaluation criteria; Includes a comprehensive product development reference ordered alphabetically and cross-referenced by stage of development, design skills, and design objective; Adopts a concise and engaging writing style and attractive layout with many informative figures. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p297	False	Conference	79	The personification of big data	Organizations all over the world, both national and international, gather demographic data so that the progress of nations and peoples can be tracked. This data is often made available to the public in the form of aggregated national level data or individual responses (microdata). Product designers likewise conduct surveys to better understand their customer and create personas. Personas are archetypes of the individuals who will use, maintain, sell or otherwise be affected by the products created by designers. Personas help designers better understand the person the product is designed for. Unfortunately, the process of collecting customer information and creating personas is often a slow and expensive process. In this paper, we introduce a new method of creating personas, leveraging publicly available databanks of both aggregated national level and information on individuals in the population. A computational persona generator is introduced that creates a population of personas that mirrors a real population in terms of size and statistics. Realistic individual personas are filtered from this population for use in product development. © 2019 Design Society. All rights reserved.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p317	False	Conference	97	Factors leading to sustainable social impact on the affected communities of engineering service learning projects	University engineering programs across the USA engage in service learning projects. These projects involve student teams designing and implementing products or solutions for communities in need, often in developing nations. There has been much research done relating to pedagogy and the impact of these programs on student learning. However, less research has been done on measuring the impact of these programs on the affected communities. This paper examines factors that practitioners believe are related to successfully delivering a desirable and transferable solution to affected communities. The authors identified 46 distinct factors from the literature that implicitly or explicitly are suggested to contribute to successful project outcomes. Formed as postulates in this paper, these 46 factors have been separated into 5 categories to assist understanding and implementing these factors into service learning programs. Lastly, different methods of analyzing and measuring project success and impact are discussed. Future methods for proving the viability of the 46 postulates are discussed as well. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p320	False	Conference	100	Benefits of a short-term engineering study abroad: A survey of students over the past 15 years	Since 2004, Brigham Young University has offered a graduate study abroad course in mechanical engineering to help prepare students to be leaders in globally-influenced product development organizations. The course is offered as a study abroad program where faculty lead a group of students across several countries to learn about global product development. This is accomplished in a 2-3 week time period consisting of visits to companies and universities as well as participation in cultural activities. While much research has been done on the benefits of study abroad, it remains unclear how effective study abroad programs are at helping engineering students, especially short-term study abroad programs. The purpose of this paper is to present and examine the benefits of a short-term, study abroad program to engineering students. Data was collected from students who have taken the Global Product Development Course over the past 15 years in a mixed methods survey. Trends show that technical and cultural visits positively effect engineering students in their perception of global product development. It is also shown that a short, 2-3 week, engineering study abroad program can be as or more effective than traditional study abroad programs in certain areas. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p323	False	Conference	103	Machine learning for evaluating the social impact of engineered products: A framework	Evaluating the social impact indicators of engineered products is crucial to better understanding how products affect individuals’ lives and discover how to design for positive social impact. Most existing methods for evaluating social impact indicators require direct human interaction with users of a product, such as one-on-one interviews. These interactions produce high-fidelity data that are rich in information but provide only a single snapshot in time of the product’s impacts and are less frequently collected due to the significant human resources and cost associated with obtaining them. A framework is proposed that describes how low-fidelity data passively obtained using remote sensors, satellites, and digital technology can be collected and correlated with high-fidelity, low-frequency data using machine learning. Using this framework provides an inexpensive way to continuously monitor the social impact indicators of products by augmenting high-fidelity, low-frequency data with low-fidelity, continuously-collected data using machine learning. We illustrate an application of this framework by demonstrating how it can be used to examine the gender-related social impact indicators of water pumps in Uganda. The provided example uses a deep learning model to correlate pump handle movement (measured via an integrated motion unit) with user type (man, woman, or child) of 1,200 hand pump users. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p325	False	Conference	105	Establishing baseline performance for off-the-shelf nitrile seals for the India Mark II hand pump system	Accessing clean water is a persistent, and life threatening, challenge for millions of people in the world. Mechanical hand pumps have a long history of helping people access clean ground water for drinking and daily use. Among the most ubiquitous are the India Mark II and III pump systems, for which there are more than 4,000,000 installed across the world. These are estimated to serve between 600M and 1B people. All pumps degrade in performance over time, requiring service; many do not receive it causing pumps to become dysfunctional. The purpose of this paper is to establish a baseline for nitrile seal performance of India Mark II hand pump systems. Understanding off-the-shelf performance and using it as a baseline is an important step toward understanding degradation of performance over time, which is the focus of a much larger study to understand – mechanically and socially – how hand pumps perform, degrade, and ultimately meet human needs. In this paper, 110 off-the-shelf nitrile seals that were purchased in Uganda were tested and the following was characterized: (i) geometric variation, (ii) material variation, (iii) leak performance, and (iv) correlation between these. The seal leak performance was found to be very robust to variations in geometry and material at zero cycles. This important baseline supports our future work to understand how and to what degree seals become sensitive to geometric and material degradation during use. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p353	False	Conference	124	Do capstone students really understand the needs of the customer?: Observations on students’ blind spots left by early program curriculum	Student capstone teams have varying degrees of success in meeting the expectations of their project sponsors. Keeping sponsors happy is important to these programs in order to ensure continued support from these industry representatives, so finding ways to improve project outcomes is critical. In order to find blind spots that students may have been left with after their first 6-7 weeks of instruction, we conducted structured interviews with students in capstone programs at Brigham Young University and the US Air Force Academy. These interviews were then transcribed, coded, and analyzed for themes that may have been well understood or misunderstood by students. We found that a significant number of students had not understood concepts such as a design being more than a prototype, that sponsors have expectations for the tradeoffs between product cost and performance, or that they need to be thinking about how their designs might be deployed. It was also interesting to note that most students also reported feeling confident in their understanding despite their apparent lack thereof, indicating that these could represent major blind spots for students. We propose that developing methods for teaching these principles early on will help students see more clearly what their end goals need to be, and thus help them be more successful in delivering desirable designs. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p354	False	Conference	125	The technology/tactics (TEC/TAC) plot: Explicit representation of user actions in the product design space	The initial phases of the design process – including interactions with stakeholders, ideation of concept candidates, and the selection of the best candidates – have a large impact on the success of a project as a whole. They also tend to be the most unstructured portion of the project, and are often marginalized by teams who assume they already understand stakeholder needs and the best solution paths to pursue. Design researchers have developed methods shown to increase the creativity and divergent thinking of the design team during these initial phases of design. Nevertheless, these methods often rely on only a vague or amorphous representation of the design space (the set of all possible concepts the design team could feasibly select to meet the objective of the project). In this paper, we introduce a particular design-space structure that can help teams ideate and evaluate their ideation, thus improving the early phases of the design process. The design space presented here is a vector space with a basis of technology (the physical product people will use) and tactics (the procedure for using the product). Also presented are definitions, principles, and sub-theories that facilitate the creation and use of technology-tactics plots to represent the design space. Considering the design space in this structured way, the design team can gain valuable insights that improve the effectiveness of the initial stages of design, and may yield additional benefits to the design process as a whole, if further developed. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p358	True	Journal	199	Using a Product's Sustainability Space as a Design Exploration Tool	Sustainable design is often practiced and assessed through the consideration of three essential areas: economic sustainability, environmental sustainability, and social sustainability. For even the simplest of products, the complexities of these three areas and their tradeoffs cause decision-making transparency to be lost in most practical situations. The existing field of multiobjective optimization offers a natural framework to define and explore a given design space. In this paper, a method for defining a product's sustainability space (defined by economic, environmental, and social sustainability objectives) is outlined and used to explore the tradeoffs within the space, thus offering both the design team and the decision makers a means of better understanding the sustainability tradeoffs. This paper concludes that sustainable product development can indeed benefit from tradeoff characterization using multiobjective optimization techniques - even when using only basic models of sustainability. Interestingly, the unique characteristics of the three essential sustainable development areas lead to an alternative view of some traditional multiobjective optimization concepts, such as weak-Pareto optimality. The sustainable redesign of a machine to drill boreholes for water wells is presented as a practical example for method demonstration and discussion. Copyright © The Author(s) 2019.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p525	False	Journal	274	Toward a Universal Social Impact Metric for Engineered Products That Alleviate Poverty	One of the purposes of creating products for developing countries is to improve the consumer's quality of life. Currently, there is no standard method for measuring the social impact of these types of products. As a result, engineers have used their own metrics, if at all. Some of the common metrics used include products sold and revenue, which measure the financial success of a product without recognizing the social successes or failures it might have. In this paper, we introduce a potential universal metric, the product impact metric (PIM), which quantifies the impact a product has on impoverished individuals - especially those living in developing countries. It measures social impact broadly in five dimensions: health, education, standard of living, employment quality, and security. By measuring impact multidimensionally, it captures impacts both anticipated and unanticipated, thereby providing a broader assessment of the product's total impact than with other more specific metrics. The PIM is calculated based on 18 simple field measurements of the consumer. It is inspired by the UN's Multidimensional Poverty Index (UNMPI) created by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The UNMPI measures how level of poverty within a nation changes year after year, and the PIM measures how an individual's poverty level changes after being affected by an engineered product. The PIM can be used to measure social impact (using specific data from products introduced into the market) or predict social impact (using personas that represent real individuals). Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p584	False	Conference	229	Social impact in product design, an exploration of current industry practices	Though academic research for identifying and considering the social impact of products is emerging, the actual use of these processes in industry is undeclared in the literature. The gap between academic research and the industry adoption of these theories and methodologies can have real consequences. This paper explores current practices in industry that design engineers use to consider the social impact of products during the customer use stage. 30 people from nineteen different companies were interviewed to discover what disconnects exist between academia and industry when considering a product’s social impact. Although social impact assessments (SIA) and social life cycle assessments (SLCA) are two of the most common evaluative processes discussed in the literature, not a single company interviewed used either of these processes despite affirming that they do consider social impact in product design. Predictive processes were discussed by the respondents that tended to be developed within the company and often related to government regulations. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p585	False	Conference	230	Over-design versus redesign as a response to future requirements	Though little research has been done in the field of overdesign as a product development strategy, an over-design approach can help products avoid the issue of premature obsolescence. This paper compares over-design to redesign as approaches to address the emergence of future requirements. Net present value (NPV) analyses of several real world applications are examined from the perspective of manufacturers and customers. This analysis is used to determine the conditions under which an over-design approach provides a greater benefit than a redesign approach. Over-design is found to have a higher net present value than redesign when future requirements occur soon after the initial release, discount rates are low, initial research and development cost or price is high, and when the incremental costs of the future requirements are low. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p689	False	Journal	335	Design for excess capability to handle uncertain product requirements in a developing world setting	Products designed for the developing world often go unused or underused by the intended customers. One cause of this problem is uncertainty regarding the actual requirements of customers in the developing world. This can result when designers, with experience in technologically advanced countries, apply their own value structure to the products they design. Because of the designers’ lack of experience in the culture and environment of the developing world, the actual requirements are only partially known to them. This problem can be mitigated by (i) optimizing product flexibility and adaptability to react to uncertain requirements, and (ii) reducing the most critical uncertainties. The flexibility of a product to adapt to new or changing requirements has been shown to extend the service life of large complex engineered systems (e.g., aircraft carriers, aircraft, communication systems, and space craft). These systems must remain in service for extended periods of time, even though the environments and requirements may change dramatically. Applying these proven techniques to products designed for the developing world can alleviate the problem of uncertain requirements. This paper presents and demonstrates a technique aimed at improving the success of developing world engineering projects. Flexibility and adaptability minimize the impact of uncertainties, and are enabled by numerically optimized amounts of designed-in excess. A sensitivity analysis performed on the system model helps the designer prioritize the set of uncertain requirements and parameters for refinement. The technique is demonstrated in the design of a cookstove intended for use in the developing world. © 2017, Springer-Verlag London.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p743	True	Journal	358	Village Drill: A Case Study in Engineering for Global Development with Five Years of Data Post Market-Introduction	This paper presents a case study in engineering for global development. It introduces the Village Drill, which is an engineered product that has - 5 years after its introduction to the market - enabled hundreds of thousands of people across 15 countries and three continents to have access to clean water. The Village Drill creates a 15 cm (6 in) borehole as deep as 76 m (250 ft) to reach groundwater suitable for drinking. The case study presents facts for the actual development and sustaining and are unaltered for the purpose of publication. This approach provides the reader with a realistic view of the development time, testing conditions, fundraising, and the work needed to sustain the drill through 5 years of sales and distribution. The purpose of the case study is to provide sufficient and frank data about a real project so as to promote discussion, critique, and other evaluations that will lead to new developments that inspire and inform successful engineering for global development. As part of the case, the paper describes six fundamental items: the product, the customer, the impact, the manufacturing, the delivery, and the revenue model of the drill. Copyright © 2017 by ASME.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p818	False	Conference	353	An assessment of village drill sustainability, with recommendations	Sustainability is commonly broken into three categories: Economic, environmental, and social. For products, there is a need for design tools that allow decision makers to handle the tradeoffs between each of these three pillars of sustainability. This paper simultaneously assesses all three pillars of sustainability for the Village Drill, a machine used to dig water wells in rural areas around the world. Using data and methods from Mattson et al. [1, 2] relationships are developed between the drill's design parameters and key sustainability issues. These relationships are used to evaluate the sustainability of the current drill design as well as any alternatives. One million random sets of drill parameters are generated and the resulting drill alternatives are evaluated. A three-dimensional design space for the sustainability of the drill is found and recommendations are given with potential for improvements in each pillar of sustainability. © 2017 ASME.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p819	False	Conference	354	A simple starting point for designing for and/or assessing the social impact of products	In this paper we present a starting point for designing for and/or assessing the social impact of engineered products. The starting point is a set of tables comprising products, their general functional characteristics, and the accompanying social impacts. We have constructed these tables by first extracting a set of social impact categories from the literature, then 65 products were qualitatively reviewed to find their social impact. The resulting product impact tables can be used at either the beginning of the product development process to decide what social impact to design for and discover product functions that lead to it, or later to qualitatively assess the social impact of a product being designed and/or to assess the impact of an existing product. © 2017 ASME.
130	a7004300863	Mattson C.A.	p874	False	Conference	392	Towards a universal social impact metric for engineered products that alleviate poverty	More than ever before, engineers are creating products for developing countries. One of the purposes of these products is to improve the consumer's quality of life. Currently, there is no established method of measuring the social impact of these types of products. As a result, engineers have used their own metrics to assess their product's impact, if at all. Some of the common metrics used include products sold and revenue, which measure the financial success of a product without recognizing the social successes or failures it might have. In this paper we introduce a potential metric, the Product Impact Metric (PIM), which quantifies the impact a product has on impoverished individuals - especially those living in developing countries. It measures social impact broadly in five dimensions: Health, education, standard of living, employment quality, and security. The PIM is inspired by the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) created by the United Nations Development Programme. The MPI measures how the depth of poverty within a nation changes year after year, and the PIM measures how an individual's quality of life changes after being affected by an engineered product. The Product Impact Metric can be used to predict social impacts (using personas that represent real individuals) or measure social impacts (using specific data from products introduced into the market). © 2017 ASME.
131	a8421746800	Dahlin E.C.	p29	False	Journal	24	Social impact in product design, an exploration of current industry practices	Though academic research for identifying and considering the social impact of products is emerging, additional insights can be gained from engineers who design products every day. This paper explores current practices in industries used by design engineers to consider the social impact of products. Forty-six individuals from 34 different companies were interviewed to discover what disconnects exist between academia and industry when considering a product's social impact. These interviews were also used to discover how social impact might be considered in a design setting moving forward. This is not a study to find “the state of the art,” but considers the average engineering professional's work to design products in various industries. Social impact assessments (SIA) and social life cycle assessments (SLCA) are two of the most common processes discussed in the literature to evaluate social impact, both generally and in products. Interestingly, these processes did not arise in any discussion in interviews, despite respondents affirming that they do consider social impact in the product design. Processes used to predict social impact, rather than simply evaluate, were discussed by the respondents. These tended to be developed within the company and often related to industry imposed government regulations. To build on this study, the findings herein should be further validated for executives, managers, and engineers. A study specific to these roles should be designed to understand the disconnect better. Additionally, processes should be developed to assist engineers in considering the social impact of their products. Work should also be done to help educate engineers and their leaders on the value of considering the social impact in product design. Copyright © 2019 by ASME
131	a8421746800	Dahlin E.C.	p46	False	Journal	24	Analysis of perceived social impacts of existing products designed for the developing world, with implications for new product development	Engineered products often have more social impacts than are realized. A product review was conducted to bring this to light. In this paper, we show the extent to which different social impacts in 11 impact categories are co-present in 150 products and how this can help engineers and others during the product development process. Specifically, we show how social impact categories not previously considered can be identified. The product review resulted in 13,200 data points that were divided into two data sets, one with 8800 data points from which a social impact probability table was created. The remaining data points were then used to validate the table. All data points were then combined to create a final social impact probability table. This table provides insight for how various social impact categories correlate and can assist engineers in expanding their views to include additional social impact objectives and thus achieve a design with broader social impact or a design with minimized unwanted negative social impact. A simple method for predicting social impact is also created in order to assist engineers when developing products with social impacts in mind. © 2019 by ASME.
131	a8421746800	Dahlin E.C.	p59	False	Journal	24	A Method for Creating Product Social Impact Models of Engineered Products	All products impact the lives of their users, this is called social impact. Some social impacts are commonly recognized by the engineering community, such as impacts to a user's health and safety, while other social impacts can be more difficult to recognize, such as impacts on families and gender roles. When engineers make design decisions, without considering social impacts, they can unknowingly cause negative social impacts. Even harming the user and/or society. Despite its challenges, measuring a program's or policy's social impact is a common practice in the field of social sciences. These measurements are made using social impact indicators, which are simply the things observed to verify that true progress is being made. While there are clear benefits to predicting the social impact of an engineered product, it is unclear how engineers should select indicators and build predictive social impact models that are functions of engineering parameters and decisions. This paper introduces a method for selecting social impact indicators and creating predictive social impact models that can help engineers predict and improve the social impact of their products. As a first step in the method, an engineer identifies the product's users, objectives, and requirements. Then, the social impact categories that are related to the product are determined. From each of these categories, the engineer selects several social impact indicators. Finally, models are created for each indicator to predict how a product's parameters will change these indicators. The impact categories and indicators can be translated into product requirements and performance measures that can be used in product development processes. This method is used to predict the social impact of the proposed, expanded U.S. Mexico border wall. © 2019 Copernicus GmbH. All rights reserved.
131	a8421746800	Dahlin E.C.	p323	False	Conference	103	Machine learning for evaluating the social impact of engineered products: A framework	Evaluating the social impact indicators of engineered products is crucial to better understanding how products affect individuals’ lives and discover how to design for positive social impact. Most existing methods for evaluating social impact indicators require direct human interaction with users of a product, such as one-on-one interviews. These interactions produce high-fidelity data that are rich in information but provide only a single snapshot in time of the product’s impacts and are less frequently collected due to the significant human resources and cost associated with obtaining them. A framework is proposed that describes how low-fidelity data passively obtained using remote sensors, satellites, and digital technology can be collected and correlated with high-fidelity, low-frequency data using machine learning. Using this framework provides an inexpensive way to continuously monitor the social impact indicators of products by augmenting high-fidelity, low-frequency data with low-fidelity, continuously-collected data using machine learning. We illustrate an application of this framework by demonstrating how it can be used to examine the gender-related social impact indicators of water pumps in Uganda. The provided example uses a deep learning model to correlate pump handle movement (measured via an integrated motion unit) with user type (man, woman, or child) of 1,200 hand pump users. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
131	a8421746800	Dahlin E.C.	p584	False	Conference	229	Social impact in product design, an exploration of current industry practices	Though academic research for identifying and considering the social impact of products is emerging, the actual use of these processes in industry is undeclared in the literature. The gap between academic research and the industry adoption of these theories and methodologies can have real consequences. This paper explores current practices in industry that design engineers use to consider the social impact of products during the customer use stage. 30 people from nineteen different companies were interviewed to discover what disconnects exist between academia and industry when considering a product’s social impact. Although social impact assessments (SIA) and social life cycle assessments (SLCA) are two of the most common evaluative processes discussed in the literature, not a single company interviewed used either of these processes despite affirming that they do consider social impact in product design. Predictive processes were discussed by the respondents that tended to be developed within the company and often related to government regulations. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
131	a8421746800	Dahlin E.C.	p819	False	Conference	354	A simple starting point for designing for and/or assessing the social impact of products	In this paper we present a starting point for designing for and/or assessing the social impact of engineered products. The starting point is a set of tables comprising products, their general functional characteristics, and the accompanying social impacts. We have constructed these tables by first extracting a set of social impact categories from the literature, then 65 products were qualitatively reviewed to find their social impact. The resulting product impact tables can be used at either the beginning of the product development process to decide what social impact to design for and discover product functions that lead to it, or later to qualitatively assess the social impact of a product being designed and/or to assess the impact of an existing product. © 2017 ASME.
132	a57203660684	White J.H.	p30	True	Journal	25	An iterative pose estimation algorithm based on epipolar geometry with application to multi-target tracking	This paper introduces a new algorithm for estimating the relative pose of a moving camera using consecutive frames of a video sequence. State-of-the-art algorithms for calculating the relative pose between two images use matching features to estimate the essential matrix. The essential matrix is then decomposed into the relative rotation and normalized translation between frames. To be robust to noise and feature match outliers, these methods generate a large number of essential matrix hypotheses from randomly selected minimal subsets of feature pairs, and then score these hypotheses on all feature pairs. Alternatively, the algorithm introduced in this paper calculates relative pose hypotheses by directly optimizing the rotation and normalized translation between frames, rather than calculating the essential matrix and then performing the decomposition. The resulting algorithm improves computation time by an order of magnitude. If an inertial measurement unit (IMU) is available, it is used to seed the optimizer, and in addition, we reuse the best hypothesis at each iteration to seed the optimizer thereby reducing the number of relative pose hypotheses that must be generated and scored. These advantages greatly speed up performance and enable the algorithm to run in real-time on low cost embedded hardware. We show application of our algorithm to visual multi-target tracking (MTT) in the presence of parallax and demonstrate its real-time performance on a 640 480 video sequence captured on a UAV. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.
132	a57203660684	White J.H.	p463	True	Conference	168	Extending Motion Detection to Track Stopped Objects in Visual Multi-Target Tracking	Various solutions to visual multi-target tracking have been proposed, but many of them are not capable of running in real time from a moving camera on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). We present a tracker that runs in real time and tracks multiple objects while accounting for camera motion on a UAV. Our algorithm is capable of processing over 10 frames per second on a 1280x720 video sequence. We utilize Recursive-RANSAC, an efficient algorithm for tracking multiple objects in clutter. Our work combines motion detection with optical flow and feature matching to allow stationary objects to be tracked. We use a feature prioritization algorithm to reduce computational complexity and spatial redundancy. We also present a ghost track reduction method which prevents tracking non-existent objects when true objects are no longer visible. We demonstrate the performance of our tracker on a moving camera video sequence. Video results are available at https://youtu.be/6bXjKb-6qY. © 2018 AACC.
133	a57218095797	Clark R.	p31	True	Journal	26	Tracking joint angles during whole-arm movements using electromagnetic sensors	Electromagnetic (EM) motion tracking systems are suitable for many research and clinical applications, including in vivo measurements of whole-arm movements. Unfortunately, the methodology for in vivo measurements of whole-arm movements using EM sensors is not well described in the literature, making it difficult to perform new measurements and all but impossible to make meaningful comparisons between studies. The recommendations of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) have provided a great service, but by necessity they do not provide clear guidance or standardization on all required steps. The goal of this paper was to provide a comprehensive methodology for using EM sensors to measure whole-arm movements in vivo. We selected methodological details from past studies that were compatible with the ISB recommendations and suitable for measuring whole-arm movements using EM sensors, filling in gaps with recommendations from our own past experiments. The presented methodology includes recommendations for defining coordinate systems (CSs) and joint angles, placing sensors, performing sensor-to-body calibration, calculating rotation matrices from sensor data, and extracting unique joint angles from rotation matrices. We present this process, including all equations, for both the right and left upper limbs, models with nine or seven degrees-of-freedom (DOF), and two different calibration methods. Providing a detailed methodology for the entire process in one location promotes replicability of studies by allowing researchers to clearly define their experimental methods. It is hoped that this paper will simplify new investigations of whole-arm movement using EM sensors and facilitate comparison between studies. © 2020 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). All rights reserved.
134	a57218102993	Dickinson T.	p31	False	Journal	26	Tracking joint angles during whole-arm movements using electromagnetic sensors	Electromagnetic (EM) motion tracking systems are suitable for many research and clinical applications, including in vivo measurements of whole-arm movements. Unfortunately, the methodology for in vivo measurements of whole-arm movements using EM sensors is not well described in the literature, making it difficult to perform new measurements and all but impossible to make meaningful comparisons between studies. The recommendations of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) have provided a great service, but by necessity they do not provide clear guidance or standardization on all required steps. The goal of this paper was to provide a comprehensive methodology for using EM sensors to measure whole-arm movements in vivo. We selected methodological details from past studies that were compatible with the ISB recommendations and suitable for measuring whole-arm movements using EM sensors, filling in gaps with recommendations from our own past experiments. The presented methodology includes recommendations for defining coordinate systems (CSs) and joint angles, placing sensors, performing sensor-to-body calibration, calculating rotation matrices from sensor data, and extracting unique joint angles from rotation matrices. We present this process, including all equations, for both the right and left upper limbs, models with nine or seven degrees-of-freedom (DOF), and two different calibration methods. Providing a detailed methodology for the entire process in one location promotes replicability of studies by allowing researchers to clearly define their experimental methods. It is hoped that this paper will simplify new investigations of whole-arm movement using EM sensors and facilitate comparison between studies. © 2020 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). All rights reserved.
135	a57218105310	Loaiza J.	p31	False	Journal	26	Tracking joint angles during whole-arm movements using electromagnetic sensors	Electromagnetic (EM) motion tracking systems are suitable for many research and clinical applications, including in vivo measurements of whole-arm movements. Unfortunately, the methodology for in vivo measurements of whole-arm movements using EM sensors is not well described in the literature, making it difficult to perform new measurements and all but impossible to make meaningful comparisons between studies. The recommendations of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) have provided a great service, but by necessity they do not provide clear guidance or standardization on all required steps. The goal of this paper was to provide a comprehensive methodology for using EM sensors to measure whole-arm movements in vivo. We selected methodological details from past studies that were compatible with the ISB recommendations and suitable for measuring whole-arm movements using EM sensors, filling in gaps with recommendations from our own past experiments. The presented methodology includes recommendations for defining coordinate systems (CSs) and joint angles, placing sensors, performing sensor-to-body calibration, calculating rotation matrices from sensor data, and extracting unique joint angles from rotation matrices. We present this process, including all equations, for both the right and left upper limbs, models with nine or seven degrees-of-freedom (DOF), and two different calibration methods. Providing a detailed methodology for the entire process in one location promotes replicability of studies by allowing researchers to clearly define their experimental methods. It is hoped that this paper will simplify new investigations of whole-arm movement using EM sensors and facilitate comparison between studies. © 2020 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). All rights reserved.
136	a57197795830	Geiger D.W.	p31	False	Journal	26	Tracking joint angles during whole-arm movements using electromagnetic sensors	Electromagnetic (EM) motion tracking systems are suitable for many research and clinical applications, including in vivo measurements of whole-arm movements. Unfortunately, the methodology for in vivo measurements of whole-arm movements using EM sensors is not well described in the literature, making it difficult to perform new measurements and all but impossible to make meaningful comparisons between studies. The recommendations of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) have provided a great service, but by necessity they do not provide clear guidance or standardization on all required steps. The goal of this paper was to provide a comprehensive methodology for using EM sensors to measure whole-arm movements in vivo. We selected methodological details from past studies that were compatible with the ISB recommendations and suitable for measuring whole-arm movements using EM sensors, filling in gaps with recommendations from our own past experiments. The presented methodology includes recommendations for defining coordinate systems (CSs) and joint angles, placing sensors, performing sensor-to-body calibration, calculating rotation matrices from sensor data, and extracting unique joint angles from rotation matrices. We present this process, including all equations, for both the right and left upper limbs, models with nine or seven degrees-of-freedom (DOF), and two different calibration methods. Providing a detailed methodology for the entire process in one location promotes replicability of studies by allowing researchers to clearly define their experimental methods. It is hoped that this paper will simplify new investigations of whole-arm movement using EM sensors and facilitate comparison between studies. © 2020 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). All rights reserved.
136	a57197795830	Geiger D.W.	p707	False	Conference	299	Toward quantitative characterization of essential tremor for future tremor suppression	Tremor is the most common movement deficit and manifests in a variety of disorders, including Essential Tremor, Parkinson's Disease, Dystonia, and Cerebellar Ataxia. Although medication and surgical interventions have significantly reduced patient suffering, they are only partially effective and can carry undesired side effects, leaving many patients without satisfactory treatment options. Wearable tremor-suppressing devices could provide an alternative to medication and surgery. Multiple research groups have developed orthotic prototypes to low-pass filter tremor, but these devices have not yet been optimized for in-vivo use. Optimizing non-invasive tremor suppression requires an understanding of where the tremor originates mechanically (which muscles) and how it propagates to the hand (where it matters most). Here we present on the beginnings of our multi-pronged work to determine the origin, propagation, and distribution of Essential Tremor, and we provide preliminary results. © 2017 IEEE.
137	a14033673100	Charles S.K.	p31	False	Journal	26	Tracking joint angles during whole-arm movements using electromagnetic sensors	Electromagnetic (EM) motion tracking systems are suitable for many research and clinical applications, including in vivo measurements of whole-arm movements. Unfortunately, the methodology for in vivo measurements of whole-arm movements using EM sensors is not well described in the literature, making it difficult to perform new measurements and all but impossible to make meaningful comparisons between studies. The recommendations of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB) have provided a great service, but by necessity they do not provide clear guidance or standardization on all required steps. The goal of this paper was to provide a comprehensive methodology for using EM sensors to measure whole-arm movements in vivo. We selected methodological details from past studies that were compatible with the ISB recommendations and suitable for measuring whole-arm movements using EM sensors, filling in gaps with recommendations from our own past experiments. The presented methodology includes recommendations for defining coordinate systems (CSs) and joint angles, placing sensors, performing sensor-to-body calibration, calculating rotation matrices from sensor data, and extracting unique joint angles from rotation matrices. We present this process, including all equations, for both the right and left upper limbs, models with nine or seven degrees-of-freedom (DOF), and two different calibration methods. Providing a detailed methodology for the entire process in one location promotes replicability of studies by allowing researchers to clearly define their experimental methods. It is hoped that this paper will simplify new investigations of whole-arm movement using EM sensors and facilitate comparison between studies. © 2020 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). All rights reserved.
137	a14033673100	Charles S.K.	p183	False	Journal	125	Simulated Tremor Propagation in the Upper Limb: From Muscle Activity to Joint Displacement	Although tremor is the most common movement disorder, there are few noninvasive treatment options. Creating effective tremor suppression devices requires a knowledge of where tremor originates mechanically (which muscles) and how it propagates through the limb (to which degrees-of-freedom (DOF)). To simulate tremor propagation, we created a simple model of the upper limb, with tremorogenic activity in the 15 major superficial muscles as inputs and tremulous joint displacement in the seven major DOF as outputs. The model approximated the muscle excitation-contraction dynamics, musculoskeletal geometry, and mechanical impedance of the limb. From our simulations, we determined fundamental principles for tremor propagation: (1) The distribution of tremor depends strongly on musculoskeletal dynamics. (2) The spreading of tremor is due to inertial coupling (primarily) and musculoskeletal geometry (secondarily). (3) Tremorogenic activity in a given muscle causes significant tremor in only a small subset of DOF, though these affected DOF may be distant from the muscle. (4) Assuming uniform distribution of tremorogenic activity among muscles, tremor increases proximal-distally, and the contribution from muscles increases proximal-distally. (5) Although adding inertia (e.g., with weighted utensils) is often used to suppress tremor, it is possible to increase tremor by adding inertia to the wrong DOF. (6) Similarly, adding viscoelasticity to the wrong DOF can increase tremor. Based solely on the musculoskeletal system, these principles indicate that tremor treatments targeting muscles should focus first on the distal muscles, and devices targeting DOF should focus first on the distal DOF. © 2019 by ASME.
137	a14033673100	Charles S.K.	p212	False	Journal	144	EFFECT OF GYROSCOPE PARAMETERS ON GYROSCOPIC TREMOR SUPPRESSION IN A SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM	Although tremor is one of the most common movement disorders, there are few effective tremor-suppressing options available to patients. Gyrostabilization is a potential option, but we do not currently know how to optimize gyrostabilization for tremor suppression. To address this gap, we present a systematic investigation of how gyrostabilizer parameters affect tremor suppression in a single degree of freedom (DOF). A simple model with a single DOF at the wrist and a gyroscope mounted on the back of the hand was used to focus on the most basic effects. We simulated the frequency response of the system (hand + gyroscope) to a tremorogenic input torque at the wrist. Varying system parameters one at a time, we determined the effect of individual parameters on the system's frequency response. To minimize the bandwidth without adding significant inertia, the inertia and spin speed of the flywheel should be as high as design constraints allow, whereas the distance from the wrist joint axis to the gyroscope and the precession stiffness and damping should be kept as low as possible. The results demonstrate the potential of gyroscopic tremor suppression and can serve as foundation for further investigations of gyroscopic tremor suppression in the upper limb. © 2019 World Scientific Publishing Company.
137	a14033673100	Charles S.K.	p307	False	Journal	188	Frequency response of the leap motion controller and its suitability for measuring tremor	Although tremor is one of the most common movement disorders, it is evaluated using relatively coarse clinical scales. We propose to measure tremor in clinical settings using the Leap Motion Controller (LMC), which is a markerless motion capture sensor that has a low cost, zero set-up time, and dynamic accuracy of 1.2 mm. However, the frequency response of the LMC has not been characterized, so its ability to track oscillations such as tremor is unknown. To characterize the frequency response of the LMC, we measured the position of a mannequin hand simultaneously with the LMC and a high-resolution encoder while the mannequin hand oscillated at various combinations of frequency (1–15 Hz) and amplitudes (0.01–30 mm). We calculated the magnitude ratio and phase shift of the LMC and found the bandwidth of the LMC to range from 0–3 Hz to 0–5 Hz for tremor amplitudes greater than the dynamic accuracy. This bandwidth is too small to accurately measure most tremors. However, we developed an inverse filter to estimate the actual tremor amplitude and phase despite the limited bandwidth. Over the combinations of frequency and amplitude mentioned above, the inverse filter estimated the actual tremor amplitude and phase with errors of 3% and 2%, respectively. © 2018
137	a14033673100	Charles S.K.	p707	True	Conference	299	Toward quantitative characterization of essential tremor for future tremor suppression	Tremor is the most common movement deficit and manifests in a variety of disorders, including Essential Tremor, Parkinson's Disease, Dystonia, and Cerebellar Ataxia. Although medication and surgical interventions have significantly reduced patient suffering, they are only partially effective and can carry undesired side effects, leaving many patients without satisfactory treatment options. Wearable tremor-suppressing devices could provide an alternative to medication and surgery. Multiple research groups have developed orthotic prototypes to low-pass filter tremor, but these devices have not yet been optimized for in-vivo use. Optimizing non-invasive tremor suppression requires an understanding of where the tremor originates mechanically (which muscles) and how it propagates to the hand (where it matters most). Here we present on the beginnings of our multi-pronged work to determine the origin, propagation, and distribution of Essential Tremor, and we provide preliminary results. © 2017 IEEE.
137	a14033673100	Charles S.K.	p761	False	Journal	320	Fundamental Principles of Tremor Propagation in the Upper Limb	Although tremor is the most common movement disorder, there exist few effective tremor-suppressing devices, in part because the characteristics of tremor throughout the upper limb are unknown. To clarify, optimally suppressing tremor requires a knowledge of the mechanical origin, propagation, and distribution of tremor throughout the upper limb. Here we present the first systematic investigation of how tremor propagates between the shoulder, elbow, forearm, and wrist. We simulated tremor propagation using a linear, time-invariant, lumped-parameter model relating joint torques and the resulting joint displacements. The model focused on the seven main degrees of freedom from the shoulder to the wrist and included coupled joint inertia, damping, and stiffness. We deliberately implemented a simple model to focus first on the most basic effects. Simulating tremorogenic joint torque as a sinusoidal input, we used the model to establish fundamental principles describing how input parameters (torque location and frequency) and joint impedance (inertia, damping, and stiffness) affect tremor propagation. We expect that the methods and principles presented here will serve as the groundwork for future refining studies to understand the origin, propagation, and distribution of tremor throughout the upper limb in order to enable the future development of optimal tremor-suppressing devices. © 2016, Biomedical Engineering Society.
138	a57205285411	Rose M.T.	p32	True	Journal	27	Case study: Noise reduction of a vacuum-assisted toilet	Flushing a vacuum-assisted toilet generates noise levels that can be disturbing both to users and those nearby. Peak radiated noise levels correlate with the time when the valve opens and closes, while the noise levels when the valve is completely open are also relatively high. Significant noise ranges between 300 Hz and 3000 Hz. It was hypothesized that increasing the in-tube distance between the flush valve and the bowl in addition to increasing the bend radius of the tube would reduce radiated noise levels. These modifications resulted in a reduction of about 14 dB in the radiated noise during the valve opening and closing in addition to a reduction of about 5 dB while the valve is completely opened. Intermediate results of varying the tube length and bend radius are presented to show their effects on the radiated sound levels. Two tube inserts were designed to fit (1) underneath and (2) behind the toilet in a compact manner. They were tested to show that they maintain noise control performance without modifying any other part of the toilet. © 2020 Institute of Noise Control Engineering. © 2020 Institute of Noise Control Engineering. All rights reserved.
139	a57205288709	Pielstick B.D.	p32	False	Journal	27	Case study: Noise reduction of a vacuum-assisted toilet	Flushing a vacuum-assisted toilet generates noise levels that can be disturbing both to users and those nearby. Peak radiated noise levels correlate with the time when the valve opens and closes, while the noise levels when the valve is completely open are also relatively high. Significant noise ranges between 300 Hz and 3000 Hz. It was hypothesized that increasing the in-tube distance between the flush valve and the bowl in addition to increasing the bend radius of the tube would reduce radiated noise levels. These modifications resulted in a reduction of about 14 dB in the radiated noise during the valve opening and closing in addition to a reduction of about 5 dB while the valve is completely opened. Intermediate results of varying the tube length and bend radius are presented to show their effects on the radiated sound levels. Two tube inserts were designed to fit (1) underneath and (2) behind the toilet in a compact manner. They were tested to show that they maintain noise control performance without modifying any other part of the toilet. © 2020 Institute of Noise Control Engineering. © 2020 Institute of Noise Control Engineering. All rights reserved.
140	a57205293533	Jones Z.T.	p32	False	Journal	27	Case study: Noise reduction of a vacuum-assisted toilet	Flushing a vacuum-assisted toilet generates noise levels that can be disturbing both to users and those nearby. Peak radiated noise levels correlate with the time when the valve opens and closes, while the noise levels when the valve is completely open are also relatively high. Significant noise ranges between 300 Hz and 3000 Hz. It was hypothesized that increasing the in-tube distance between the flush valve and the bowl in addition to increasing the bend radius of the tube would reduce radiated noise levels. These modifications resulted in a reduction of about 14 dB in the radiated noise during the valve opening and closing in addition to a reduction of about 5 dB while the valve is completely opened. Intermediate results of varying the tube length and bend radius are presented to show their effects on the radiated sound levels. Two tube inserts were designed to fit (1) underneath and (2) behind the toilet in a compact manner. They were tested to show that they maintain noise control performance without modifying any other part of the toilet. © 2020 Institute of Noise Control Engineering. © 2020 Institute of Noise Control Engineering. All rights reserved.
141	a6701746882	Sommerfeldt S.D.	p32	False	Journal	27	Case study: Noise reduction of a vacuum-assisted toilet	Flushing a vacuum-assisted toilet generates noise levels that can be disturbing both to users and those nearby. Peak radiated noise levels correlate with the time when the valve opens and closes, while the noise levels when the valve is completely open are also relatively high. Significant noise ranges between 300 Hz and 3000 Hz. It was hypothesized that increasing the in-tube distance between the flush valve and the bowl in addition to increasing the bend radius of the tube would reduce radiated noise levels. These modifications resulted in a reduction of about 14 dB in the radiated noise during the valve opening and closing in addition to a reduction of about 5 dB while the valve is completely opened. Intermediate results of varying the tube length and bend radius are presented to show their effects on the radiated sound levels. Two tube inserts were designed to fit (1) underneath and (2) behind the toilet in a compact manner. They were tested to show that they maintain noise control performance without modifying any other part of the toilet. © 2020 Institute of Noise Control Engineering. © 2020 Institute of Noise Control Engineering. All rights reserved.
141	a6701746882	Sommerfeldt S.D.	p138	False	Journal	97	Modeling acoustic resonators using higher-order equivalent circuits	Helmholtz resonators are widely used, but classical models for the resonators, such as the lumped-element equivalent circuit, are inaccurate for most geometries. This article presents higher-order equivalent circuits for describing the resonators based on the one-dimensional wave equation. Impedance expressions are also derived. These circuits and expressions are given for various constituent resonator components, which may be combined to model resonators with curved, tapered, and straight necks. Resonance frequency predictions using this theory are demonstrated on two realistic resonators. The higher-order predictions are also applied to the theory of side branch attenuators in a duct and the theory of resonator coupling with a mode of an enclosure. © 2019 Institute of Noise Control Engineering.
141	a6701746882	Sommerfeldt S.D.	p673	False	Journal	325	Analysis of the external radiation from circular cylindrical shells	Structurally radiated sound power is a critical design parameter. The acoustic radiation mode approach for computing sound power was developed in the early 1990s and has since been widely used. It has been shown to be a rather efficient approach for determining the radiated sound power. In previous research, radiation mode expressions have been developed for planar and spherical structures, as well as axisymmetric modes of internal and external radiation from cylinders. In this work, the radiation modes for external radiating cylinders which account for both axial and circumferential dependence are presented. The expressions are uniquely developed using cylindrical basis functions which are a more natural match to the geometry than past developments, which have been based on spherical harmonics. Higher order radiation modes than have been previously presented are shown. The “leapfrog effect”, whereby higher order modes leapfrog over lower modes in terms of their radiation efficiencies as the frequency goes above the cut-on frequency for those modes, is discussed in detail. The relationships between the mode efficiency and the coincidence effect associated with the cut-on frequencies of the vibration modes are described. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
142	a10141271600	Gee K.L.	p32	False	Journal	27	Case study: Noise reduction of a vacuum-assisted toilet	Flushing a vacuum-assisted toilet generates noise levels that can be disturbing both to users and those nearby. Peak radiated noise levels correlate with the time when the valve opens and closes, while the noise levels when the valve is completely open are also relatively high. Significant noise ranges between 300 Hz and 3000 Hz. It was hypothesized that increasing the in-tube distance between the flush valve and the bowl in addition to increasing the bend radius of the tube would reduce radiated noise levels. These modifications resulted in a reduction of about 14 dB in the radiated noise during the valve opening and closing in addition to a reduction of about 5 dB while the valve is completely opened. Intermediate results of varying the tube length and bend radius are presented to show their effects on the radiated sound levels. Two tube inserts were designed to fit (1) underneath and (2) behind the toilet in a compact manner. They were tested to show that they maintain noise control performance without modifying any other part of the toilet. © 2020 Institute of Noise Control Engineering. © 2020 Institute of Noise Control Engineering. All rights reserved.
142	a10141271600	Gee K.L.	p117	False	Journal	78	Coherence analysis of the noise from a simulated highly heated laboratory-scale jet	Measurements of full-scale high-performance military aircraft reveal phenomena that are not widely seen at laboratory scales. However, recent modifications to large eddy-simulation (LES) methods allow for simulations of jets operating at a high-temperature ratio in a similar regime as military aircraft operating at afterburner. This work applies coherence analyses that have been previously used to study the jet noise field produced by military aircraft to the LES of a highly heated laboratory-scale jet. The coherence of the complex pressures along a near-field line approximately parallel to the shear layer as well as along the nozzle lip line shows evidence of distinct noise production mechanisms that transfer information differently from the flow to the field. A phenomenological comparison between the LES and measurements of an afterburning F-35 aircraft is then made. Although the LES is not run at the exact same conditions as the aircraft and does not reproduce all of the phenomena present in the aircraft’s jet noise field, differences between noise production mechanisms observed in the LES may describe some of the spatiospectral lobe phenomena observed in the measurements of the F-35. © 2020 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
142	a10141271600	Gee K.L.	p370	False	Conference	132	Three-way spectral decompositions of high-performance military aircraft noise	High-performance military aircraft noise contains large- and fine-scale turbulent mixing noise and broadband shock-associated noise. A three-way spectral decomposition quantifies the contribution from each noise type in the sound of a tied-down F-35B aircraft on a linear ground-based array spanning 35–152 deg. This large spatial aperture allows for detailed investigation into the spatial variation in broadband shock-associated noise and fine- and large-scale turbulent mixing noise. The spectral models used in the decomposition capture the main features of the measured spectra with three exceptions: 1) that the F-35B engine noise contains multiple spectral peaks in the maximum radiation region, 2) that the nonlinear propagation increases the high-frequency spectral levels, and 3) that the low-frequency levels in the maximum radiation region are less than those predicted by the large-scale similarity spectrum. The F-35B broadband shock-associated noise has the same characteristic shape and variation in peak frequency as overexpanded, laboratory-scale jets. However, the peak level and width exhibit different trends than laboratory-scale broadband shock-associated noise and those recently reported for the F/A-18E aircraft. The strengths and limitations of current models to represent the spatial variation in the spectral content of F-35B noise can guide research efforts to more fully understand the sound radiation. Copyright © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
142	a10141271600	Gee K.L.	p373	False	Conference	134	Crackle-related beamforming of military jet aircraft noise	Crackle is a perceptual feature of supersonic jet noise that is related to the presence of acoustic shocks. This study investigates the apparent source locations of events related to crackle for a high-performance military jet aircraft using an event-based, time-domain beamforming method. This method utilizes the cross correlation between adjacent microphones to determine the angle of propagation of an ensemble of shock-related events within the time waveform. This angle of propagation is then traced back towards the source to find the apparent source location. Based on the angle of propagation, derivative skewness, and overall sound pressure level, the microphone pairs along the array can be sorted into six groups. With increasing engine condition, groups related to the presence of crackle tend to shift downstream and broaden, in qualitative agreement with the general aeroacoustic source locations. However, a comparison with near-field acoustical holography shows that the apparent source region of crackle-related events appears upstream of the overall energy at intermediate power but appear to converge at maximum afterburner. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
142	a10141271600	Gee K.L.	p374	False	Conference	135	Coherence analysis of the noise from a simulated highly-heated laboratory-scale jet	Large-eddy simulations (LES) have been shown to reproduce the flow and acoustic fields of laboratory-scale jets with increasing accuracy. However, measurements of full-scale, high-performance military aircraft reveal phenomena that are not widely seen at laboratory scales. Recent modifications to LES methods allow for simulations of jets operating at a high temperature ratio, in a similar regime as military aircraft operating at afterburner. This work applies coherence analyses that have been previously used to study the jet noise field produced by military aircraft to the LES of a highly-heated, laboratory-scale jet. The coherence of the complex pressures along a near-field line approximately parallel to the shear layer shows evidence of four distinct field regions. The coherence between this line and complex pressures along the simulated jet lipline provide source regions in the jet plume corresponding to each field region. Differences in how information is transferred from the flow to the field suggests that the source regions represent different noise production mechanisms. The field regions compare favorably to some spatiospectral lobe features observed in measurements of an F-35B aircraft operating at afterburner, though do not reproduce all of the phenomena present in the aircraft’s jet noise field. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
142	a10141271600	Gee K.L.	p623	False	Conference	259	Spatiotemporal correlation analysis of jet noise from a round-nozzle supersonic aircraft	Spatiotemporal analysis of noise from a tethered F-35B provides insight into the spatial, spectral and temporal relationships within the sound field. Six engine power conditions ranging from 25% to 150% engine thrust request were measured using a 71-microphone linear ground array located approximately 8 m from the estimated shear layer. Mixing noise trends with engine power for the round-nozzle F-35B are similar to those of a nominally rectangular-nozzle high-performance jet aircraft [Harker et al, AIAA, 2016]. Cross-correlation and coherence measures are used to corroborate and confirm identifications of fine- and large-scale turbulent mixing noise contributions from a concurrent study of the F-35B dataset [Neilsen et al., AIAA, 2018]. The relationships observed between multiple spatiospectral lobes seen in the maximum radiation regions of prior and concurrent high-performance aircraft noise studies [Leete et al., AIAA, 2018] are confirmed and expanded upon. Correlograms help identify how the multiple spatiospectral lobes have different apparent phase speeds across the array, corresponding to different directionality, some components of which also change with engine power. Increased overlap of lobes with increased engine power appears to drive global decreases in field coherence. Finally, the structure of the spatiospectral lobes appears to be more visible in nondimensionalized coherence length than in the spectrum itself. Broadband shock-associated noise (BBSAN) is found in the upstream direction at engine powers of 75% engine thrust request and above. Coherence is also used to separate BBSAN from jet mixing noise because the BBSAN is coherent within the relevant frequency range while adjacent fine-scale mixing noise is not. However, correlation and coherence analyses show that the upstream BBSAN signature is related to sound received in the peak radiation region dominated by the spatiospectral lobes. Possible links between the shock-associated noise and the spatiospectral lobes are discussed. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
142	a10141271600	Gee K.L.	p624	False	Conference	260	Dependence of high-performance military aircraft noise on frequency and engine power	To further understand the unique characteristics of military aircraft noise, the sound field in the vicinity of a tied-down F-35B was measured for various engine powers, from 25% to 150% Engine Thrust Request (ETR). Synchronous measurements along a linear ground array approximately parallel to the shear layer were used to image the entire field through multisource statistically optimized near-field acoustical holography (M-SONAH). The field in the direction of maximum radiation consists of multiple lobes in the spatiospectral domain, which are manifest as multiple local maxima in space for a fixed frequency or multiple peaks in the spectra at a fixed location. Multiple lobes are observed at non-afterburning and afterburning engine conditions. As frequency increases for a given engine power, lobes appear towards the sideline and shift aft until they disappear beyond the measurement aperture and new lobe(s) take their place. As engine power is increased at a fixed frequency, the forwardmost lobe increases in its relative contribution to the field, which is a major contributing factor to the forward shift in overall directivity with increasing engine power. Field reconstructions and data in the forward direction outside of the region of maximum radiation show the presence of broadband shock-associated noise (BBSAN) for 75% ETR and above. Reconstructions along the nozzle lipline of the jet indicate the BBSAN originates from approximately the same region as the sources for the main radiation direction. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
142	a10141271600	Gee K.L.	p625	False	Conference	261	Inclusion of broadband shock-associated noise in spectral decomposition of noise from highperformance military aircraft	Attempts to reduce the noise from high-performance military aircraft requires an understanding of the different jet noise generation mechanisms. The primary noise sources originate from interactions between turbulent mixing noise associated with large and finescale turbulent structures and the ambient air. A nonideally expanded jet also contains broadband shock-associated noise. A three-way decomposition of the spectral density measured near a tied-down F-35B quantifies the contribution from each type of noise. The decomposition is performed on noise from a ground-based, linear array of microphones, approximately 8 m from the estimated shear layer, which spanned an angular aperture of 35° to 152° (relative to engine inlet). This large spatial aperture allows for a detailed investigation into the spatial variation in broadband shock-associated noise and fine and large-scale turbulent mixing noise. The spectral decompositions match the measured spectral levels with three main exceptions: 1) the F-35B noise contains multiple spectral peaks in the maximum radiation region, 2) nonlinear propagation increases the high-frequency spectral levels, and 3) the low-frequency levels in the maximum radiation region are less than those predicted by the large-scale similarity spectrum. The main peak of the F-35B broadband shock-associated noise, evident from 35°-70°, has the same characteristic shape and variation in peak frequency as overexpanded, laboratory-scale jets. The F-35B broadband shockassociated noise peak level and width exhibit different trends than laboratory-scale BBSAN and those recently reported for the F/A-18E [Tam et al., Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 422, 2018, pp. 92-111]. The strengths and limitations of current models to represent the spatial variation in the spectral content of F-35B noise can guide research efforts to more fully understand the sound radiation from high-performance military aircraft. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
142	a10141271600	Gee K.L.	p626	False	Conference	262	Comparison of noise from high-performance military aircraft for ground run-up and flyover operations	While the majority of jet noise analysis takes place with a static jet or aircraft, airbase and community military jet noise exposure happens for the most part when the aircraft is in flight. Comparisons between flyover and ground run-up measurements for high-performance military aircraft have not been previously published. This paper presents comparisons between static ground run-up and flyover measurements for the F-35 operating at 150% Engine Thrust Request. The overall sound pressure levels and spectra are shown for the two scenarios, as well as indicators of nonlinear propagation and shock content, specifically the derivative skewness and average steepening factor. The overall sound pressure level is reduced in the peak radiation direction aft of the aircraft but increased in the forward direction. The peak frequency of the noise is relatively unaffected by flight effects, though the amplitude of each frequency may vary. The increase in level in the forward direction results in shock formation that is absent during ground run-up measurements. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
142	a10141271600	Gee K.L.	p640	False	Journal	312	Effect of nozzle–plate distance on acoustic phenomena from supersonic impinging jet	For an adequate understanding of the broadband acoustic phenomena generated by a rocket exhaust jet impinging on a flame deflector, this study experimentally clarifies the factors that cause the difference in the broadband acoustic field of a supersonic ideally expanded jet impinging on an inclined flat plate for various nozzle–plate distances. According to previous studies, there are two possible factors: the Mach waves, which are radiated from the free-jet region and reflected by the plate, and the acoustic waves generated in the impingement region. To distinguish the effects of these factors, this study compares the following three results: the overall sound pressure level distribution, images extracted from the schlieren visualization movies using acoustic-triggered conditional sampling, and tracing lines of the acoustic intensity vectors of the Mach waves. The results reveal that the nozzle–plate distance affects the fraction of the Mach waves that are generated in the free-jet region and reflected by the plate, resulting in a higher overall sound pressure level in the upstream direction for larger nozzle–plate distances. It is concluded that the location of the plate relative to the source region of the Mach waves significantly affects the acoustic phenomena, owing to the variation in the nozzle–plate distances. Copyright © 2018 by Masahito Akamine, Koji Okamoto, Kent L. Gee, Tracianne B. Neilsen, Susumu Teramoto, Takeo Okunuki, and Seiji Tsutsumi.
142	a10141271600	Gee K.L.	p861	False	Conference	382	Acoustic shock formation in noise propagation during ground run-up operations of military aircraft	A distinctive feature of many propagating, high-amplitude jet noise waveforms is the presence of acoustic shocks. Metrics indicative of shock presence, specifically the skewness of the time derivative of the waveform, the average steepening factor, and a new wavelet-based metric called the shock energy fraction (SEF), are used to quantify the strength and prevalence of acoustic shocks within waveforms recorded 10-305 m from a tethered military aircraft. The derivative skewness is more sensitive to the presence of the largest and steepest shocks, while the ASF and SEF tend to emphasize aggregate behavior of the entire waveform. These metrics are applied at engine conditions ranging from 50% to 150% engine thrust request, over a wide range of angles and distances, to assess the growth and decay of shock waves. The responses of these metrics point to significant shock formation occurring through nonlinear propagation out to 76 m from the microphone array reference position. Although these strongest shocks decay, the metrics point to continued nonlinear propagation in the far-field, out to 305 m. Many of these features are accurately characterized using a nonlinear propagation scheme based on the Burgers equation, but this scheme fails to account for multipath interference and significant atmospheric effects over the long propagation distances, resulting in an overestimation of nonlinearity metrics. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
142	a10141271600	Gee K.L.	p862	False	Conference	383	Level-educed wavepacket representation of Mach 1.8 laboratory-scale jet noise	The search for an equivalent acoustic source model for high-speed jet noise has recently focused on wavepacket representations. A wavepacket is defined as a spatially extended source with an axial amplitude distribution that grows, saturates and decays, an axial phase relationship that produces directional noise, and correlation lengths longer than the integral length scales of the turbulent structures. This definition of a wavepacket has the same characteristics as the large-scale turbulent mixing noise; if the turbulent mixing noise can be isolated, the associate equivalent acoustic wavepacket—defined as a pressure fluctuation on a cylinder around the jet nozzle—can be found. An estimate of the frequencydependent, spatial variation in the large-scale turbulent mixing noise comes from a similarity spectra decomposition of the measured autospectral density, which in turn leads to data-educed wavenumber axial spectra associated with the frequency-dependent equivalent wavepackets. This wavepacket eduction technique has been applied to acoustical measurements of an unheated, Mach 1.8 jet in the near and far fields. At both locations, the resulting frequency-dependent, data-educed wavenumber spectra exhibit different types of self-similarity for low and high frequency regimes that become apparent when the axial wavenumber is scaled by the acoustic wavenumber, with a transition band between the two regimes. As expected, the data-educed wavenumber spectra can be used to predict field levels in the dominant radiation lobe. Addition of an uncorrelated source distribution, derived from the similarity spectra decomposition associated with the fine-scale turbulent mixing noise, creates a model that accounts for the sideline levels. This field-prediction ability of the wavepacket-plus-uncorrelated-distribution model is tested using the near and far field measurements. When predicting the field at the other location, the model’s average error is less than 2 dB for St = 0.04-0.25 but increases for larger St because the apparent directivity changes from near to far field, likely due to the frequency dependence of the extended source region. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
142	a10141271600	Gee K.L.	p863	False	Conference	384	Beamforming-based wavepacket model for noise environment predictions of tactical aircraft	Jet noise consists of extended, partially correlated sources such that a single-wavepacket source representation is inadequate. A multiple-wavepacket (MWP) model provides an analytical framework for jet-noise-like radiation to simulate jet noise field levels as well as the corresponding spatial coherence properties within the field. Here, a beamforming method with regularization is applied to noise measured by a linear array near a high-performance military aircraft. Beamforming results are decomposed into a reduced-order MWP model and the predicted radiation is validated in terms of level and coherence properties using benchmark measurements. Sound levels and coherence lengths generated by the beamforming results show good agreement with benchmark measurements over a range of frequencies that contribute significantly to the overall radiation. The MWP model is shown to predict full-scale specific features such as multilobe directivity patterns, and the addition of an uncorrelated distribution (UD) model adequately predicts the sideline radiation that is otherwise difficult to reproduce from wavepacket radiation. The MWP model predicted radiation characteristics are an improvement over single-wavepacket models, which do not incorporate spatiotemporal features of the radiation. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
142	a10141271600	Gee K.L.	p864	True	Conference	385	Characterization of supersonic laboratory-scale jet noise with vector acoustic intensity	A new method for the calculation of vector acoustic intensity from pressure microphone measurements has been applied to the aeroacoustic source characterization of an unheated, Mach 1.8 laboratory-scale jet. Because of the ability to unwrap the phase of the transfer functions between microphone pairs in the measurement of a radiating, broadband source, physically meaningful near-field intensity vectors are calculated up to the maximum analysis frequency of 32 kHz. The new intensity method is used to obtain a detailed description of the sound energy flow near the jet. The resulting intensity vectors have been used with a ray-tracing technique to identify the dominant source region over a broad range of frequencies. Additional aeroacoustics analyses provide insight into the frequency-dependent characteristics of jet noise radiation, including the nature of the hydrodynamic field and the transition between the principal lobe and sideline radiation. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
142	a10141271600	Gee K.L.	p865	False	Conference	386	Preliminary investigation of multilobe fighter jet noise sources using acoustical holography	An understanding of jet noise source mechanisms can facilitate targeted noise reduction efforts. This understanding has been enhanced with acoustic imaging technologies, such as near-field acoustical holography (NAH). In this study, multisource statistically optimized NAH (M-SONAH) was used to image the sound field near a tethered F-35 aircraft at multiple frequencies. A linear microphone array, placed along the ground, spanned the length of the jet exhaust plume. A multisource model of the sound field was included in the algorithm to incorporate the effects of the ground reflection on the measurement. Narrowband reconstructions elucidated fine details of the radiation patterns, such as multilobe radiation patterns (which may supersede “dual-lobe” patterns shown in previous studies), and broadband shock-associated noise. [Work supported by F-35 JPO.] © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
143	a7202277096	Thomson S.L.	p32	False	Journal	27	Case study: Noise reduction of a vacuum-assisted toilet	Flushing a vacuum-assisted toilet generates noise levels that can be disturbing both to users and those nearby. Peak radiated noise levels correlate with the time when the valve opens and closes, while the noise levels when the valve is completely open are also relatively high. Significant noise ranges between 300 Hz and 3000 Hz. It was hypothesized that increasing the in-tube distance between the flush valve and the bowl in addition to increasing the bend radius of the tube would reduce radiated noise levels. These modifications resulted in a reduction of about 14 dB in the radiated noise during the valve opening and closing in addition to a reduction of about 5 dB while the valve is completely opened. Intermediate results of varying the tube length and bend radius are presented to show their effects on the radiated sound levels. Two tube inserts were designed to fit (1) underneath and (2) behind the toilet in a compact manner. They were tested to show that they maintain noise control performance without modifying any other part of the toilet. © 2020 Institute of Noise Control Engineering. © 2020 Institute of Noise Control Engineering. All rights reserved.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p33	False	Journal	28	Developable mechanisms on right conical surfaces	An approach for designing developable mechanisms on a conical surface is presented. By aligning the joint axes of spherical mechanisms to the ruling lines, the links can be created in a way that the mechanism conforms to a conical surface. Terminology is defined for mechanisms mapped onto a right cone. Models are developed to describe the motion of the mechanism with respect to the apex of the cone, and connections are made to cylindrical developable mechanisms using projected angles. The Loop Sum Method is presented as an approach to determine the geometry of the cone to which a given spherical mechanism can be mapped. A method for position analysis is presented to determine the location of any point along the link of a mechanism with respect to the conical geometry. These methods are also applied to multiloop spherical mechanisms. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p94	False	Journal	72	Using Cyclic Quadrilaterals to Design Cylindrical Developable Mechanisms	Developable mechanisms on regular cylindrical surfaces can be described using cyclic quadrilaterals. Mechanisms can exist in either an open or crossed configuration, and these configurations correspond to convex and crossed cyclic quadrilaterals. Using equations developed for both convex and crossed cyclic quadrilaterals, the geometry of the reference surface to which a four-bar mechanism can be mapped is found. Grashof mechanisms can be mapped to two surfaces in open or crossed configurations. The only way to map a non-Grashof mechanism to a cylindrical surface is in its open configuration. Extramobile and intramobile behavior can be achieved depending on selected pairs within a cyclic quadrilateral and its position within the circumcircle. Selecting different sets of links as the ground link changes the potential behavior of the mechanism. Different cases are tabulated to represent all possibilities. A non-Grashof developable mechanism can only exhibit extramobile or intramobile behavior if all of the joints lie on one half of the circumcircle. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p104	False	Conference	17	Design and analysis of self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable arrays	Self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable (SDSR) arrays were introduced by the authors as a novel architecture of deployable space structures which leverages array surface topology, as opposed to dedicated structures, to achieve desirable deployed structural performance. The application of the technology to solar electric propulsion is discussed. The effects of array shape are discussed, concluding that circular arrays are more structurally efficient than several smaller rectangular arrays, especially for large scales. A system architecture is proposed that considers circular origami-based flasher SDSR arrays integrated with a spacecraft: stowage restraints during launch, deployment, and repeatable retraction. This paper studies the design and analysis of such arrays for scalability, including the performance metrics of specific power, power density, stiffness, and strength. Key advantages of the architecture are the trends of performance metrics which indicate increased performance with increased array power. The limiting constraint is found to be the stowed height dimension and another candidate folding pattern is discussed that eliminates the height constraint violation. Strengths and weaknesses of the architecture are discussed. © 2020, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p106	False	Journal	78	Self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable origami-based arrays for spacecraft	Spacecraft with large arrays sometimes have deployed sizes that are much larger than the launch volumes; in this case, deployable arrays are used. Several methods exist for stowing, deploying, and stiffening large space arrays. Often these functions are performed by separate systems. This work presents a novel array system that integrates these functions into one system, without the need for external deployment or stiffening structures. The integration comes from the combination of the kinematics of origami-based folding approaches, stored strain energy of compliant hinges, and tension cables. Additionally, due to the origami-based folding approach used, tunable deployed shapes and retraction are possible using reeled cables. The result is a new array architecture that is self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable (SDSR) and is described in this work. To understand the behavior of such systems, this work presents the modeling and testing of an SDSR array using an origami flasher pattern and discusses the results for the performance considerations of deployment motion, deployment stiffness, and dynamics. © 2020 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p115	False	Journal	83	On the modeling of a contact-aided cross-axis flexural pivot	This paper reports the study of a planar Cross-Axis Flexural Pivot (CAFP) comprising an additional contact pair. The proposed device may be useful for applications requiring a revolute joint that behaves differently when deflecting clockwise/anti-clockwise. The presence of the contact pair reduces the free length of one flexures, resulting in a considerable increment of the overall joint stiffness. The pivot behaviour is investigated, for different load cases, via the Chained-Beam-Constraint Model (CBCM), namely an accurate method to be applied in large deflection problems. A framework comprising Matlab and ANSYS is developed for testing the CAFP performances in terms of rotational stiffness, parasitic shift and maximum stress, with different combinations of geometrical aspect ratios and contact extensions. Results achieved via CBCM for a pure rotation applied to the CAFP's output link are then verified through Finite Element Analysis. The resulting performance maps show good agreement between the numerical results. Furthermore, the CBCM shows an improved computational efficiency, which is a crucial aspect for preliminary design steps. At last, direct comparison between simulations and experiments, developed by means of two custom test rigs, confirms the efficacy of the proposed design method for the modeling of contacts in large deflection problems. © 2019
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p136	False	Journal	95	Developable mechanisms on regular cylindrical surfaces	Developable mechanisms can provide high functionality and compact stowability. This paper presents engineering models to aid in the design of cylindrical developable mechanisms. These models take into account the added spatial restrictions imposed by the developable surface. Equations are provided for the kinematic analysis of cylindrical developable mechanisms. A new classification for developable mechanisms is also presented (intramobile, extramobile, and transmobile) and two graphical methods are provided for determining this classification for single-DOF planar cylindrical developable mechanisms. Characteristics specific to four-bar cylindrical developable mechanisms are also discussed. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p153	False	Journal	108	Heat set creases in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets to enable origami-based applications	Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets show promise for application in origami-based engineering design. Origami-based engineering provides advantages that are not readily available in traditional engineering design methods. Several processing methods were examined to identify trends and determine the effect of processing of PET sheets on the crease properties of origami mechanisms in PET. Various annealing times, temperatures, and cooling rates were evaluated and data collected for over 1000 samples. It was determined that annealing temperature plays the largest role in crease response. An increase in the crystallinity of a PET sheet while in the folded state likely increases the force response of the crease in PET sheets. An annealing time of at least 60 min at 160 C-180 C with a quick cooling results in a high force response in the crease. The effectiveness of the processing methods was demonstrated in several origami patterns of various complexities. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p246	False	Journal	161	Origami-Based Design of Conceal-and-Reveal Systems	This work introduces a type of motion termed "conceal-and-reveal" which is characterized by a state that protects a payload, a state that exposes the payload, and coupled motions between these two states. As techniques for thick, rigid origami-based engineering designs are being developed, origami is becoming increasingly more attractive as inspiration for complex systems. This paper proposes a process for designing origami-based conceal-and-reveal systems, which can be generalized to design similar thick, rigid origami-based systems. The process is demonstrated through the development of three conceal-and-reveal systems that present a luxury product to the consumer. The three designs also confirm that multiple origami crease patterns can be used to initiate viable approaches to achieving conceal-and-reveal motion. © 2019 by ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p283	False	Journal	185	Origami fold states: Concept and design tool	The ability of origami to alter its properties and behaviors with its shape makes it an elegant source of inspiration for many engineering designs challenges. Fold states specify the shape of the origami - its facets, creases, and fold angles. Origami research recognizes several acknowledged fold states: The unfolded, fully folded, and flat-folded states. However, these fold states are not comprehensive, excluding some of the most predominant fold states in origami-based devices. In this paper we propose a comprehensive list of fold states based on fold angles. We support the method of categorizing fold states by evaluating the functions and fold states of a large sample of origami-based devices. These correlations provide insight for selecting fold states for origami-based design. We discuss properties and behaviors of the fold states individually and provide a process for fold-state selection. © Author(s) 2019.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p314	False	Conference	94	Characteristics of self-deployment in origami-based systems	The potential of compliant mechanisms and related origami-based mechanical systems to store strain energy make them ideal candidates for applications requiring an actuation or deployment process, such as space system arrays, minimally invasive surgical devices and deployable barriers. Many origami structures can be thought of as a compliant mechanism because, like compliant mechanisms, its function is performed through the elastic deformation of its members. This stored strain energy could prove useful. There are opportunities using strain energy to develop approaches to deploy particular mechanical systems. In order to better understand the principles of self-actuation and promote the designs of such systems, a taxonomy of deployable origami mechanisms is presented. This taxonomy demonstrates that there are several different types of deployable origami mechanisms and provides an organizational method to better understand the design space. Characteristics of self deployment in concentrated, deployable origami strain energy mechanisms with internal actuation are identified and examples of strain energy based deployment are provided. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p315	False	Conference	95	Deployable euler spiral connectors (DESCs)	Deployable Euler Spiral Connectors (DESCs) are introduced as a way to use compliant flexures that lay flat when under strain in a stowed position. This paper presents the design of DESCs using the Euler spiral equations. An application of a spinal device is presented as a proof-of-concept of the use of DESCs. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p316	False	Conference	96	Cylindrical developable mechanisms for minimally invasive surgical instruments	Developable mechanisms conform to and emerge from developable, or specially curved, surfaces. The cylindrical developable mechanism can have applications in many industries due to the popularity of cylindrical or tube-based devices. Laparoscopic surgical devices in particular are widely composed of instruments attached at the proximal end of a cylindrical shaft. In this paper, properties of cylindrical developable mechanisms are discussed, including their behaviors, characteristics, and potential functions. One method for designing cylindrical developable mechanisms is discussed. Two example developable surgical devices that exemplify these behaviors, characteristics, and functions, along with the kinematic mechanisms comprising them, are discussed in detail. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p318	False	Conference	98	Conceptualizing stable states in origami-based devices using an energy visualization approach	In many origami-based applications a device needs to be maintained in one or more fold states. The origami stability integration method (OSIM) presented in this paper provides an approach for graphically combining various techniques to achieve stability. Techniques are divided into four groups based on whether they are intrinsic or extrinsic to the origami pattern and whether they exhibit differentiable or non-differentiable energy storage behaviors. These categorizations can help designers select appropriate techniques for their application. The paper also contains design considerations and resources for several intrinsic techniques. Finally, two case studies are presented which use the OSIM and the technique guidelines to conceptualize stability in origami-based devices. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p319	False	Conference	99	Thick folding through regionally-sandwiched compliant sheets	The regional-sandwiching of compliant sheets (ReCS) technique presented in this work creates flat-foldable, rigid-foldable, and self-deploying thick origami-based mechanisms. Regional-sandwiching of the compliant sheet is used to create mountain/valley assignments for each fold about a vertex, constraining motion to a single branch of folding. Strain energy in deflected flexible members is used to enable self-deployment. This work presents the methods to design origami-based mechanisms using the ReCS technique, including volume trimming at the vertex of the compliant sheet and of the panels used in the sandwich. Physical models of a simple single fold mechanism and a degree-four vertex mechanism are presented to demonstrate the ReCS technique using acrylic panels and spring steel. Consideration is given to the risk of yielding of the compliant sheet due to parasitic motion with possible mitigation of yielding by decreasing the thickness of the sheet. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p320	False	Conference	100	Benefits of a short-term engineering study abroad: A survey of students over the past 15 years	Since 2004, Brigham Young University has offered a graduate study abroad course in mechanical engineering to help prepare students to be leaders in globally-influenced product development organizations. The course is offered as a study abroad program where faculty lead a group of students across several countries to learn about global product development. This is accomplished in a 2-3 week time period consisting of visits to companies and universities as well as participation in cultural activities. While much research has been done on the benefits of study abroad, it remains unclear how effective study abroad programs are at helping engineering students, especially short-term study abroad programs. The purpose of this paper is to present and examine the benefits of a short-term, study abroad program to engineering students. Data was collected from students who have taken the Global Product Development Course over the past 15 years in a mixed methods survey. Trends show that technical and cultural visits positively effect engineering students in their perception of global product development. It is also shown that a short, 2-3 week, engineering study abroad program can be as or more effective than traditional study abroad programs in certain areas. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p321	False	Conference	101	Kirigami-based deployable transcrease hard stop models usable in origami patterns	Stopping origami in arbitrary fold states can present a challenge for origami-based design. In this paper two categories of kirigami-based models are presented for stopping the fold motion of individual creases using deployable hard stops. These models are transcrease (across a crease) and deploy from a flat sheet. The first category is planar and has behavior similar to a four-bar linkage. The second category is spherical and behaves like a degree-4 origami vertex. These models are based on the zero-thickness assumption of paper and can be applied to origami patterns made from thin materials, limiting the motion of the base origami pattern through self-interference within the original facets. Model parameters are based on a desired fold or dihedral angle, as well as facet dimensions. Examples show model benefits and limitations. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p367	False	Conference	129	Self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable origami-based arrays for spacecraft	Large deployable arrays are needed for spacecraft that require small stowed volumes. Several methods exist for stowing, deploying, and stiffening large space arrays. Often these functions are performed by separate systems. This paper presents a novel array system that integrates these functions into one system, without the need for external deployment or stiffening structures. The integration comes from the combination of the kinematics of origami-based folding approaches, stored strain energy of compliant hinges, and tension cables. Additionally, due to the origami-based folding approach used, tunable deployed shapes and retraction are possible using reeled cables. The result is a new class of arrays that are self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable (SDSR), which are described in this work. To understand the behavior of such systems, this paper presents the modeling and testing of an SDSR array using an origami flasher pattern and discusses the results for the performance metrics of stiffness and shape. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p381	False	Conference	139	Rigidly foldable thick origami using designed-offset linkages	We present new families of thick origami mechanisms that achieve rigid foldability and parallel stacking of panels in the flat-folded state using linkages for some or all of the hinges between panels. A degree-four vertex results in a multi-loop eight-bar spatial mechanism that can be analyzed as separate linkages. The individual linkages are designed so that they introduce offsets perpendicular to the panels that are mutually compatible around each vertex. This family of mechanisms offers the unique combination of a planar unfolded state, parallel-stacked panels in the flat folded state, and kinematic single-degree-of-freedom motion from the flat-unfolded to the flat-folded state. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p383	False	Journal	209	Developable mechanisms on developable surfaces	The trend toward smaller mechanism footprints and volumes, while maintaining the ability to perform complex tasks, presents the opportunity for exploration of hypercompact mechanical systems integrated with curved surfaces. Developable surfaces are shapes that a flat sheet can take without tearing or stretching, and they represent a wide range of manufactured surfaces. This work introduces “developable mechanisms” as devices that emerge from or conform to developable surfaces. They are made possible by aligning hinge axes with developable surface ruling lines to enable mobility. Because rigid-link motion depends on the relative orientation of hinge axes and not link geometry, links can take the shape of the corresponding developable surface. Mechanisms are classified by their associated surface type, and these relationships are defined and demonstrated by example. Developable mechanisms show promise for meeting unfilled needs using systems not previously envisioned. © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p412	False	Journal	222	A model for multi-input mechanical advantage in origami-based mechanisms	Mechanical advantage is traditionally defined for single-input and single-output rigidbody mechanisms. A generalized approach for identifying single-output mechanical advantage for a multiple-input compliant mechanism, such as many origami-based mechanisms, would prove useful in predicting complex mechanism behavior. While origamibased mechanisms are capable of offering unique solutions to engineering problems, the design process of such mechanisms is complicated by the interaction of motion and forces. This paper presents a model of the mechanical advantage for multi-input compliant mechanisms and explores how modifying the parameters of a model affects their behavior. The model is used to predict the force-deflection behavior of an origami-based mechanism (Oriceps) and is verified with experimental data from magnetic actuation of the mechanism. © 2018 by ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p454	False	Conference	160	Zipper Tube Reinforcement to Mitigate Flexible Shaft Buckling	The Zipper Tube Reinforcement (ZTR) is a novel support system developed to mitigate buckling in thin flexible devices used in robotic surgery. The ZTR was inspired by a construction technique called a Buckling Restrained Braced Frame (BRBF) and deployable booms for space applications. It utilizes a zipper function to allow a rolled sheet to deploy into a variable-length tube and stow in a small volume spooled on a mandrel. The tube envelops the device and allows it to support a much higher compressive load before buckling failure through the insertion stroke. The ZTR also enables the possibility of smaller, more flexible devices due to its design for continuous support and could find application in other fields. © 2018 IEEE.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p455	False	Conference	161	Modified Material Properties in Curved Panels Through Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints	Compliant joints have a number of advantages that make them suitable for highly constrained design problems. While much work has been done on the design of compliant joints manufactured from planar sheet materials, this work focuses on the design of cylindrically-curved joints. A method for using lamina emergent torsional (LET) joints to increase energy storage efficiency in curved sheet materials is presented. A numerical model is provided for predicting the stiffness and maximum applied moment of a curved LET joint. Predicted curved LET joint stiffnesses and maximum moments are utilized to create shape factors that produce an effective modulus of elasticity and an effective modulus of resilience. For a given case, the effective modulus of elasticity is shown to decrease by about three orders of magnitude while the effective resilience decreases by approximately one order of magnitude. Designers can use this information to tailor materials to fit design requirements or to select alternative materials that were previously unsuited for an application. © 2018 IEEE.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p456	False	Conference	162	An Origami-based Thickness-Accommodating Bistable Mechanism in Monolithic Thick-sheet Materials	Origami-based mechanisms can provide useful capabilities in folding large structures to stow in small volumes. However, when using monolithic thick-sheet materials for these types of mechanisms, accommodating the thickness proves challenging. One approach to solve this is to create compliant mechanisms along the fold lines that inherently store energy when actuated and causes the mechanism to tend toward its low energy state. This tendency can be used to create bistable states. We outline a method to use this stored energy to achieve bistable states and name the resulting mechanism an origami-based "Thickness-accommodating bistable interior vertex" (TABIV) in monolithic thick-sheet materials. The kinematics and energy-displacement relationships of this mechanism are derived. Prototypes are shown to exhibit the predicted bistable behavior and the mechanism is integrated and prototyped into origami-based mechanisms demonstrating advantageous multi-stable behaviors. © 2018 IEEE.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p457	False	Conference	163	Implementation of Rolling Contacts for SORCE Joints	The Synchronized-offset-rolling-contact element (SORCE) technique for thickness accommodation in origami-inspired mechanisms combines selected strengths of several thickness-accomadation techniques but with the tradeoff of manufacturing complexity of rolling joints. This work presents principles to facilitate the construction of rolling joints suitable for applications like the SORCE technique. These include leveraging fold-angle multipliers of origami vertices, variations of flexure assembly, sunken flexures, and form-closed rolling joints. Prototypes of origami-mechanisms using the SORCE technique are constructed demonstrating these principles. © 2018 IEEE.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p484	False	Conference	176	Outreach potential of displaying research artifacts in art museums	This paper explores how displaying engineering research artifacts in art museums can facilitate expanded outreach opportunities. A combination of visual art and innovative engineering offers an unusual opportunity to engage a wide spectrum of society. To evaluate the potential, faculty and students collaborated with the Brigham Young University Museum of Art to create a museum exhibition that connected the art of origami to engineering, math, science, and product design. A framework is introduced that includes the creation of a museum exhibition; and once the initial investment is made to create the central exhibition, the results are efficiently used to extend outreach efforts through first-generation products (coincident with the exhibition) and then through second-generation products (after the exhibition). The paper describes a detailed example of this framework and provides evidence to support the concept that displaying research artifacts in an art museum can expand research opportunities. Products from the exhibition that provided expanded outreach opportunities include the following: an exhibit catalog originally created for the gift shop that was expanded for publication with a national publisher; a tablet/smart phone app that includes origami instructions followed by related engineering activities, which has had broad use beyond the museum activity room; a video that was prepared for museum patrons but has since been made available to larger audiences; materials created for hands-on museum activities that were used for outreach activities after the exhibition; and leverage for industry visits that led to additional applications and research projects. This paper describes the museum exhibition, the first- and second-generation products, the impact of each product, and the benefits and pitfalls of using a museum exhibition to extend outreach impact. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p503	False	Journal	274	Membrane-Enhanced Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints for Surrogate Folds	Lamina emergent compliant mechanisms (including origami-adapted compliant mechanisms) are mechanical devices that can be fabricated from a planar material (a lamina) and have motion that emerges out of the fabrication plane. Lamina emergent compliant mechanisms often exhibit undesirable parasitic motions due to the planar fabrication constraint. This work introduces a type of lamina emergent torsion (LET) joint that reduces parasitic motions of lamina emergent mechanisms, and presents equations for modeling parasitic motion of LET joints. The membrane joint also makes possible one-way joints that can ensure origami-based mechanisms emerge from their flat state (a change point) into the desired configuration. Membrane-enhanced LET (M-LET) joints, including one-way surrogate folds, are described here and show promise for use in a wide range of compliant mechanisms and origami-based compliant mechanisms. They are demonstrated as individual joints and in mechanisms such as a kaleidocycle (a 6R Bricard linkage), degree-4 origami vertices (spherical mechanisms), and waterbomb base mechanisms (an 8R multi-degrees-of-freedom origami-based mechanism). © 2018 by ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p581	False	Conference	226	Origami-based design of conceal-and-reveal systems	This work introduces a type of motion termed “conceal-and-reveal” which is characterized by a state that protects a payload, a state that exposes the payload, and continuous motion between these two states. As techniques for thick, rigid origami-based engineering design are being developed, origami is becoming increasingly more attractive as inspiration for complex systems. This paper proposes a process for designing origami-based conceal-and-reveal systems, which can be generalized to design other thick, rigid origami-based systems. The process is demonstrated through the development of three conceal-and-reveal systems that present a luxury product to the consumer. The three designs also confirm that multiple origami crease patterns represent viable approaches to achieving conceal-and-reveal motion. Copyright © 2018 ASME
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p582	False	Conference	227	Automating the design of thick-origami mechanisms	Applying an origami pattern to thick, non-paper-like materials is a challenging task. Though many techniques have been developed to accommodate thickness in origami, creating 3D models of such thick-origami mechanisms is complex. The time and knowledge required to manually model an origami mechanism can impede the exploration of the design space and creation of robust designs. This work presents data structures based on origami that can be used in the automation of thick-origami mechanism design. These structures are described and an example computer program that implements them is investigated. The program automatically generates all the necessary 3D CAD part models and an assembly model for a user-specified origami crease pattern. Models resulting from the program for several crease patterns are demonstrated with a discussion of the advantages and limitations of the system. With further development of the data structures and program, this framework has the potential to help mitigate some of the barriers to more widespread use of origami-based design. Copyright © 2018 ASME
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p583	False	Conference	228	Retractable anti-buckling support systems for flexible medical devices	This work presents two novel support systems used to help mitigate flexible device buckling during insertion such as the insertion of medical device into the body. These systems are collapsible to accommodate the changing length of the flexible device as it is inserted. They use tension in wires or geometry to provide systems with lateral stiffness used to support the device. Through modeling, the performance of these systems can be predicted and they can be designed to a desired performance. This was validated in the geometry-based support system. They provide systems with small operating volumes and part counts. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p598	False	Journal	306	A Review of Thickness-Accommodation Techniques in Origami-Inspired Engineering	Origami has served as the inspiration for a number of engineered systems. In most cases, they require nonpaper materials where material thickness is non-negligible. Foldable mechanisms based on origami-like forms present special challenges for preserving kinematics and assuring non-self-intersection when the thickness of the panels must be accommodated. Several design approaches for constructing thick origami mechanisms by beginning with a zero-thickness origami pattern and transforming it into a rigidly foldable mechanism with thick panels are reviewed. The review includes existing approaches and introduces new hybrid approaches. The approaches are compared and contrasted and their manufacturability analyzed. © 2018 by ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p599	False	Journal	306	Closure to "discussion of 'a review of thickness-accommodation techniques in origami-inspired engineering'" (Lang, R. J., Tolman, K. A., Crampton, E. B., Magleby, S. P., and Howell, L. L., 2018, ASME Appl. Mech. Rev., 70(1), p. 010805)	[No abstract available]
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p600	False	Journal	307	Cylindrical cross-axis flexural pivots	The cylindrical cross-axis flexural pivot (CCAFP) is proposed as an ultra-compact flexure capable of being integrated into hollow cylindrical shafts, enabling shaft motion without inhibiting cables or other components inside the shaft. Mechanism geometry, materials, and manufacturing are proposed and the results analyzed and tested. A parametric finite element model of the CCAFP was created to analyze the force-deflection and strain-deflection relationships and the predicted behavior was verified by experiment. Analytic models of stress-limiting cam-surfaces suggest even larger motions may be possible when not limited by current practical constraints. The CCAFP is demonstrated and tested at multiple size scales and in multiple materials, ranging from 28.6 mm diameter 4130 steel (achieving 9 degrees of angular deflection) to 3 mm diameter NiTi (achieving an angular deflection of 85 degrees). The results are generalized to apply to a range of applications, and the CCAFP particularly shows promise for implementation in minimally invasive surgical instruments to decrease instrument size while maintaining instrument performance. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p699	False	Journal	342	Inverted L-arm gripper compliant mechanism	This work exploits the advantages of compliant mechanisms (devices that achieve their motion through the deflection of flexible members) to enable the creation of small instruments for minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Using flexures to achieve motion presents challenges, three of which are considered in this work. First, compliant mechanisms generally perform inadequately in compression. Second, for a 690 deg range of motion desired for each jaw, the bending stresses in the flexures are prohibitive considering materials used in current instruments. Third, for cables attached at fixed points on the mechanism, the mechanical advantage will vary considerably during actuation. Research results are presented that address these challenges using compliant mechanism principles as demonstrated in a two-degree-of-freedom (2DoF) L-Arm gripper. © 2017 by ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p762	False	Journal	371	Thick rigidly foldable origami mechanisms based on synchronized offset rolling contact elements	We present a general technique for achieving kinematic single degree of freedom (1DOF) origami-based mechanisms with thick rigid panels using synchronized offset rolling contact elements (SORCEs). We present general design analysis for planar and 3D relative motions between panels and show physically realized examples. The technique overcomes many of the limitations of previous approaches for thick rigidly foldable mechanisms. © 2017 by ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p815	False	Conference	350	Realizing origami mechanisms from metal sheets	Consideration of a product's manufacturability is a vital aspect of product design. When considering manufacturability of panels for origami-adapted products, there are tradeoffs between panel design approaches as well as thicknessaccommodation techniques. The use of bent sheet metal for panels shows promise as a panel design approach that mitigates several of these trade-offs. This paper describes a process that can be employed to use sheet metal in designs of origami-adapted mechanisms that utilize specific thickness-accommodation techniques. The process is demonstrated for a square-twist mechanism designed using the hinge shift technique for accommodating thickness in origami patterns. A Miura-ori mechanism is also shown in sheet metal. The characteristics of these bent panel approaches are discussed and compared to other approaches for designing panels for manufacturing. The use of bent sheet metal panels allows for mitigation of several trade-offs and shows the applicability of origami-adapted design to sheet metal. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p816	False	Conference	351	Designing for power transfer across fold-lines in mechanisms with origami-like movement using surrogate folds	As mechanisms with origami-like movement increase in popularity, there is a need for conducting electrical power across folds. This need could potentially be filled by the use of surrogate folds. Surrogate folds are a localized reduction in stiffness in a given direction allowing the material to function like a fold. Current methods for conducting across folds are reviewed along with current opportunities. A framework for designing conductive surrogate folds that can be adapted to fit specific applications is presented. Equations for calculating the resistance in single surrogate folds as well as arrays are given. Prototypes of several conductive joints are presented and discussed. The framework is then followed in the designing and manufacturing of a conductive origami-inspired mechanism. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p852	False	Conference	376	Elastic energy absorption of origami-based corrugations	The mechanical properties of origami tessellations may provide innovative new designs for energy absorbing applications. The elastic energy absorbing properties of a particular tesselation, the Miura-ori, is investigated. Analytical models for the kinematics and force-deflection of a unit cell based on two different modes of elastic energy absorption are derived. The force-deflection model is developed based on the application of compliant mechanism theory and virtual work analysis. The models are verified through comparison with published results for similar models, analysis using commercial kinematics software and comparison to physical testing. Physical prototypes are used to determine values stiffness terms. The analytical models are used to explore the effects of the key geometrical parameters of the tessellation. This work lays a foundation for the use of origami-based corrugations in elastic energy absorption applications. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p853	False	Conference	377	A framework for energy-based kinetostatic modeling of compliant mechanisms	Although energy-based methods have advantages over the Newtonian methods for kinetostatic modeling, the geometric nonlinearities inherent in deflections of compliant mechanisms preclude most of the energy-based theorems. Castigliano's first theorem and the Crotti-Engesser theorem, which don't require the problem being solved to be linear, are selected to construct the energy-based kinetostatic modeling framework for compliant mechanisms in this work. Utilization of these two theorems requires explicitly formulating the strain energy in terms of deflections and the complementary strain energy in terms of loads, which are derived based on the beam constraint model. The kinetostatic modeling of two compliant mechanisms are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of using Castigliano's first theorem and the Crotti-Engesser theorem with the explicit formulations in this framework. Future work will be focused on incorporating use of the principle of minimum strain energy and the principle of minimum complementary strain energy. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p854	False	Conference	378	Kinematics and discretization of curved-fold mechanisms	We present several new properties of curved-fold mechanisms, those with smoothly curved surfaces joined by sharp curved folds. After describing curved folds and various relationships among their geometric properties, we show that there is an important class, uniform folds, that is particularly well suited to low-degree-of-freedom mechanisms. There is a natural discretization algorithm for uniform curved folds; we present this algorithm and show discretized example mechanisms. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p855	False	Conference	379	Split-vertex technique for thickness-accommodation in origami-based mechanisms	A novel thickness-accommodation technique for origami based mechanisms is introduced. This technique modifies a zerothickness pattern by splitting each vertex along the minor folds into a system of two vertices. The modified fold pattern then has thickness applied to it and the resulting mechanism is kinematically equivalent to the modified fold pattern. Origami patterns that are rigid-foldable and only have two panels that stack between folds are utilized in the technique. The technique produces thick origami mechanisms where all panels lie in a plane in the unfolded state without any holes or protrusions and maintain a single degree of freedom. Steps for synthesizing split-vertex mechanisms are presented and examples of split-vertex mechanisms are shown. Advantages and potential applications of the technique are discussed. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
144	a6701720294	Magleby S.P.	p881	False	Conference	396	Highly compressible origami bellows for microgravity drilling-debris containment	The design and testing of an origami-based bellows for microgravity drilling is described. The potential benefits of an origami-based solution created an opportunity for application on NASA’s Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) to protect sensitive parts from debris. Origami-based bellows were designed to fit spatial limitations and meet needed compression ratios. Designs have demonstrated high mass reductions, improved stroke length, greatly decreased stowed volume, improved flexibility, and reduced reaction forces in comparison with traditional metal bellows. A nylon-reinforced polyvinyl fluoride based bellows with an aramid fiber stitched seam is well suited for debris containment in space conditions. Various epoxies maintained an adequate bond with polyvinyl fluoride below expected environmental temperature for bellows mounting. Asymmetric compression of the bellows occurs at extreme low temperatures and is preventable by balancing stiffness within the structure. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p33	False	Journal	28	Developable mechanisms on right conical surfaces	An approach for designing developable mechanisms on a conical surface is presented. By aligning the joint axes of spherical mechanisms to the ruling lines, the links can be created in a way that the mechanism conforms to a conical surface. Terminology is defined for mechanisms mapped onto a right cone. Models are developed to describe the motion of the mechanism with respect to the apex of the cone, and connections are made to cylindrical developable mechanisms using projected angles. The Loop Sum Method is presented as an approach to determine the geometry of the cone to which a given spherical mechanism can be mapped. A method for position analysis is presented to determine the location of any point along the link of a mechanism with respect to the conical geometry. These methods are also applied to multiloop spherical mechanisms. © 2020 Elsevier Ltd
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p75	False	Journal	55	A CPRBM-based method for large-deflection analysis of contact-aided compliant mechanisms considering beam-to-beam contacts	Contact-aided compliant mechanisms (CCMs) utilize contact to achieve enhanced functionality. The contact phenomenon of CCMs increases the difficulties of their analysis and design, especially when they exhibit beam-to-beam contact. Considering the particularity of CCMs analysis, which is more about the mechanisms’ deformation, this paper presents a numerical method to analyze the large deflection and stress of the CCMs considering beam-to-beam contacts. Based on our previous work on beam-to-rigid contact, the large deformation of general beams in CCMs is modeled by using the chained pseudo-rigid-body model (CPRBM). An approximation based on the geometric information of CPRBM is proposed in this paper to rapidly determine the moving boundary curve for beam-to-beam contact constraints. The static equilibrium configuration of CCMs is solved by minimizing its potential energy function under the geometric constraints from the boundary curves of contacts. A formulation is also provided to evaluate the normal stress along the deformed beam based on the deformation of CPRBM's torsional springs. Numerical examples and finite element analysis are used to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p94	False	Journal	72	Using Cyclic Quadrilaterals to Design Cylindrical Developable Mechanisms	Developable mechanisms on regular cylindrical surfaces can be described using cyclic quadrilaterals. Mechanisms can exist in either an open or crossed configuration, and these configurations correspond to convex and crossed cyclic quadrilaterals. Using equations developed for both convex and crossed cyclic quadrilaterals, the geometry of the reference surface to which a four-bar mechanism can be mapped is found. Grashof mechanisms can be mapped to two surfaces in open or crossed configurations. The only way to map a non-Grashof mechanism to a cylindrical surface is in its open configuration. Extramobile and intramobile behavior can be achieved depending on selected pairs within a cyclic quadrilateral and its position within the circumcircle. Selecting different sets of links as the ground link changes the potential behavior of the mechanism. Different cases are tabulated to represent all possibilities. A non-Grashof developable mechanism can only exhibit extramobile or intramobile behavior if all of the joints lie on one half of the circumcircle. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p105	False	Journal	72	Unpacking the Mathematics of Modeling Origami Folding Transformations with Quaternions	This paper seeks to bring mathematical clarity to the modelling of rigid motion origami involving quaternions and dual quaternions. We illustrate with an analysis of a single vertex Muria-ori pattern utilizing quaternions and an analysis of a multi-vertex Muria-ori pattern utilizing dual quaternions. We construct a complete lists of formulas that determine the edge vectors, normal vectors and fold angles throughout the folding transformations. In addition we provide explicit functional representations of the resulting folding transformations. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p115	False	Journal	83	On the modeling of a contact-aided cross-axis flexural pivot	This paper reports the study of a planar Cross-Axis Flexural Pivot (CAFP) comprising an additional contact pair. The proposed device may be useful for applications requiring a revolute joint that behaves differently when deflecting clockwise/anti-clockwise. The presence of the contact pair reduces the free length of one flexures, resulting in a considerable increment of the overall joint stiffness. The pivot behaviour is investigated, for different load cases, via the Chained-Beam-Constraint Model (CBCM), namely an accurate method to be applied in large deflection problems. A framework comprising Matlab and ANSYS is developed for testing the CAFP performances in terms of rotational stiffness, parasitic shift and maximum stress, with different combinations of geometrical aspect ratios and contact extensions. Results achieved via CBCM for a pure rotation applied to the CAFP's output link are then verified through Finite Element Analysis. The resulting performance maps show good agreement between the numerical results. Furthermore, the CBCM shows an improved computational efficiency, which is a crucial aspect for preliminary design steps. At last, direct comparison between simulations and experiments, developed by means of two custom test rigs, confirms the efficacy of the proposed design method for the modeling of contacts in large deflection problems. © 2019
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p124	False	Journal	88	Kinetostatic and dynamic modeling of flexure-based compliant mechanisms: A survey	Flexure-based compliant mechanisms are becoming increasingly promising in precision engineering, robotics, and other applications due to the excellent advantages of no friction, no backlash, no wear, and minimal requirement of assembly. Because compliant mechanisms have inherent coupling of kinematic-mechanical behaviors with large deflections and/or complex serial-parallel configurations, the kinetostatic and dynamic analyses are challenging in comparison to their rigid-body counterparts. To address these challenges, a variety of techniques have been reported in a growing stream of publications. This paper surveys and compares the conceptual ideas, key advances, and applicable scopes, and open problems of the state-of-the-art kinetostatic and dynamic modeling methods for compliant mechanisms in terms of small and large deflections. Future challenges are discussed and new opportunities for extended study are highlighted as well. The presented review provides a guide on how to select suitable modeling approaches for those engaged in the field of compliant mechanisms. © 2020 Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p136	False	Journal	95	Developable mechanisms on regular cylindrical surfaces	Developable mechanisms can provide high functionality and compact stowability. This paper presents engineering models to aid in the design of cylindrical developable mechanisms. These models take into account the added spatial restrictions imposed by the developable surface. Equations are provided for the kinematic analysis of cylindrical developable mechanisms. A new classification for developable mechanisms is also presented (intramobile, extramobile, and transmobile) and two graphical methods are provided for determining this classification for single-DOF planar cylindrical developable mechanisms. Characteristics specific to four-bar cylindrical developable mechanisms are also discussed. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p153	False	Journal	108	Heat set creases in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets to enable origami-based applications	Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets show promise for application in origami-based engineering design. Origami-based engineering provides advantages that are not readily available in traditional engineering design methods. Several processing methods were examined to identify trends and determine the effect of processing of PET sheets on the crease properties of origami mechanisms in PET. Various annealing times, temperatures, and cooling rates were evaluated and data collected for over 1000 samples. It was determined that annealing temperature plays the largest role in crease response. An increase in the crystallinity of a PET sheet while in the folded state likely increases the force response of the crease in PET sheets. An annealing time of at least 60 min at 160 C-180 C with a quick cooling results in a high force response in the crease. The effectiveness of the processing methods was demonstrated in several origami patterns of various complexities. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p162	False	Journal	112	Origami-inspired sacrificial joints for folding compliant mechanisms	Folding is a manufacturing method which can create complex 3D geometries from flat materials and can be particularly useful in cost-sensitive or planar-limited fabrication applications. This paper introduces compliant mechanisms that employ folding techniques from origami to evolve from a flat material to deployed state. We present origami-inspired sacrificial joints, joints which have mobility during assembly of the mechanism but are rigid in their final position, to create regions of high and low stiffness and the proper alignment of compliant flexures in folded mechanisms. To demonstrate the method we fold steel sheet to create some well-known and complex compliant mechanisms. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p201	False	Journal	135	Normalized Coordinate Equations and an Energy Method for Predicting Natural Curved-Fold Configurations	Of the many valid configurations that a curved fold may assume, it is of particular interest to identify natural - or lowest energy - configurations that physical models will preferentially assume. We present normalized coordinate equations - equations that relate fold surface properties to their edge of regression - to simplify curved-fold relationships. An energy method based on these normalized coordinate equations is developed to identify natural configurations of general curved folds. While it has been noted that natural configurations have nearly planar creases for curved folds, we show that nonplanar behavior near the crease ends substantially reduces the energy of a fold. © 2019 ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p246	False	Journal	161	Origami-Based Design of Conceal-and-Reveal Systems	This work introduces a type of motion termed "conceal-and-reveal" which is characterized by a state that protects a payload, a state that exposes the payload, and coupled motions between these two states. As techniques for thick, rigid origami-based engineering designs are being developed, origami is becoming increasingly more attractive as inspiration for complex systems. This paper proposes a process for designing origami-based conceal-and-reveal systems, which can be generalized to design similar thick, rigid origami-based systems. The process is demonstrated through the development of three conceal-and-reveal systems that present a luxury product to the consumer. The three designs also confirm that multiple origami crease patterns can be used to initiate viable approaches to achieving conceal-and-reveal motion. © 2019 by ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p283	False	Journal	185	Origami fold states: Concept and design tool	The ability of origami to alter its properties and behaviors with its shape makes it an elegant source of inspiration for many engineering designs challenges. Fold states specify the shape of the origami - its facets, creases, and fold angles. Origami research recognizes several acknowledged fold states: The unfolded, fully folded, and flat-folded states. However, these fold states are not comprehensive, excluding some of the most predominant fold states in origami-based devices. In this paper we propose a comprehensive list of fold states based on fold angles. We support the method of categorizing fold states by evaluating the functions and fold states of a large sample of origami-based devices. These correlations provide insight for selecting fold states for origami-based design. We discuss properties and behaviors of the fold states individually and provide a process for fold-state selection. © Author(s) 2019.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p314	False	Conference	94	Characteristics of self-deployment in origami-based systems	The potential of compliant mechanisms and related origami-based mechanical systems to store strain energy make them ideal candidates for applications requiring an actuation or deployment process, such as space system arrays, minimally invasive surgical devices and deployable barriers. Many origami structures can be thought of as a compliant mechanism because, like compliant mechanisms, its function is performed through the elastic deformation of its members. This stored strain energy could prove useful. There are opportunities using strain energy to develop approaches to deploy particular mechanical systems. In order to better understand the principles of self-actuation and promote the designs of such systems, a taxonomy of deployable origami mechanisms is presented. This taxonomy demonstrates that there are several different types of deployable origami mechanisms and provides an organizational method to better understand the design space. Characteristics of self deployment in concentrated, deployable origami strain energy mechanisms with internal actuation are identified and examples of strain energy based deployment are provided. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p315	False	Conference	95	Deployable euler spiral connectors (DESCs)	Deployable Euler Spiral Connectors (DESCs) are introduced as a way to use compliant flexures that lay flat when under strain in a stowed position. This paper presents the design of DESCs using the Euler spiral equations. An application of a spinal device is presented as a proof-of-concept of the use of DESCs. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p316	False	Conference	96	Cylindrical developable mechanisms for minimally invasive surgical instruments	Developable mechanisms conform to and emerge from developable, or specially curved, surfaces. The cylindrical developable mechanism can have applications in many industries due to the popularity of cylindrical or tube-based devices. Laparoscopic surgical devices in particular are widely composed of instruments attached at the proximal end of a cylindrical shaft. In this paper, properties of cylindrical developable mechanisms are discussed, including their behaviors, characteristics, and potential functions. One method for designing cylindrical developable mechanisms is discussed. Two example developable surgical devices that exemplify these behaviors, characteristics, and functions, along with the kinematic mechanisms comprising them, are discussed in detail. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p318	False	Conference	98	Conceptualizing stable states in origami-based devices using an energy visualization approach	In many origami-based applications a device needs to be maintained in one or more fold states. The origami stability integration method (OSIM) presented in this paper provides an approach for graphically combining various techniques to achieve stability. Techniques are divided into four groups based on whether they are intrinsic or extrinsic to the origami pattern and whether they exhibit differentiable or non-differentiable energy storage behaviors. These categorizations can help designers select appropriate techniques for their application. The paper also contains design considerations and resources for several intrinsic techniques. Finally, two case studies are presented which use the OSIM and the technique guidelines to conceptualize stability in origami-based devices. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p321	False	Conference	101	Kirigami-based deployable transcrease hard stop models usable in origami patterns	Stopping origami in arbitrary fold states can present a challenge for origami-based design. In this paper two categories of kirigami-based models are presented for stopping the fold motion of individual creases using deployable hard stops. These models are transcrease (across a crease) and deploy from a flat sheet. The first category is planar and has behavior similar to a four-bar linkage. The second category is spherical and behaves like a degree-4 origami vertex. These models are based on the zero-thickness assumption of paper and can be applied to origami patterns made from thin materials, limiting the motion of the base origami pattern through self-interference within the original facets. Model parameters are based on a desired fold or dihedral angle, as well as facet dimensions. Examples show model benefits and limitations. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p380	False	Conference	138	Regular 2D and 3D linkage-based origami tessellations	Linkage origami is one effective approach for addressing stiffness and accommodating panels of finite size in origami models and tessellations. However, successfully implementing linkage origami in tessellations can be challenging. In this work, multiple theorems are presented that provide criteria for designing origami units or cells that can be assembled into arbitrarily large tessellations. The application of these theorems is demonstrated through examples of tessellations in two and three dimensions. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p381	False	Conference	139	Rigidly foldable thick origami using designed-offset linkages	We present new families of thick origami mechanisms that achieve rigid foldability and parallel stacking of panels in the flat-folded state using linkages for some or all of the hinges between panels. A degree-four vertex results in a multi-loop eight-bar spatial mechanism that can be analyzed as separate linkages. The individual linkages are designed so that they introduce offsets perpendicular to the panels that are mutually compatible around each vertex. This family of mechanisms offers the unique combination of a planar unfolded state, parallel-stacked panels in the flat folded state, and kinematic single-degree-of-freedom motion from the flat-unfolded to the flat-folded state. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p383	False	Journal	209	Developable mechanisms on developable surfaces	The trend toward smaller mechanism footprints and volumes, while maintaining the ability to perform complex tasks, presents the opportunity for exploration of hypercompact mechanical systems integrated with curved surfaces. Developable surfaces are shapes that a flat sheet can take without tearing or stretching, and they represent a wide range of manufactured surfaces. This work introduces “developable mechanisms” as devices that emerge from or conform to developable surfaces. They are made possible by aligning hinge axes with developable surface ruling lines to enable mobility. Because rigid-link motion depends on the relative orientation of hinge axes and not link geometry, links can take the shape of the corresponding developable surface. Mechanisms are classified by their associated surface type, and these relationships are defined and demonstrated by example. Developable mechanisms show promise for meeting unfilled needs using systems not previously envisioned. © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p390	False	Journal	213	A design approach to fully compliant multistable mechanisms employing a single bistable mechanism	A fully compliant multistable mechanism is a monolithic structure that is capable of staying at multiple positions without power input, and has many applications including switches, valves, positioners. However, it is difficult to design such a mechanism because of the complexities of the multistable behavior, the practical stress limits and the buckling constraints. This paper discusses the design approach for fully compliant multistable mechanisms which employs a single bistable mechanism and several end-effectors connected in series. The force-displacement characteristics of the end-effectors are derived using the pseudo-rigid-body model. The design approach to the fully compliant multistable mechanism is provided to determine the design parameters for the flexible segments considering the critical buckling load and the bending strength. Two design examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p409	False	Journal	219	Regional Stiffness Reduction Using Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints for Flexible Printed Circuit Board Design	Flexible printed circuit boards (PCBs) make it possible for engineers to design devices that use space efficiently and can undergo changes in shape and configuration. However, they also suffer from tradeoffs due to nonideal material properties. Here, a method is presented that allows engineers to introduce regions of flexibility in otherwise rigid PCB substrates. This method employs geometric features to reduce local stiffness in the PCB, rather than reducing the global stiffness by material selection. Analytical and finite element models are presented to calculate the maximum stresses caused by deflection. An example device is produced and tested to verify the models. Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p412	False	Journal	222	A model for multi-input mechanical advantage in origami-based mechanisms	Mechanical advantage is traditionally defined for single-input and single-output rigidbody mechanisms. A generalized approach for identifying single-output mechanical advantage for a multiple-input compliant mechanism, such as many origami-based mechanisms, would prove useful in predicting complex mechanism behavior. While origamibased mechanisms are capable of offering unique solutions to engineering problems, the design process of such mechanisms is complicated by the interaction of motion and forces. This paper presents a model of the mechanical advantage for multi-input compliant mechanisms and explores how modifying the parameters of a model affects their behavior. The model is used to predict the force-deflection behavior of an origami-based mechanism (Oriceps) and is verified with experimental data from magnetic actuation of the mechanism. © 2018 by ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p413	False	Journal	223	Symmetric Equations for Evaluating Maximum Torsion Stress of Rectangular Beams in Compliant Mechanisms	There are several design equations available for calculating the torsional compliance and the maximum torsion stress of a rectangular cross-section beam, but most depend on the relative magnitude of the two dimensions of the cross-section (i.e., the thickness and the width). After reviewing the available equations, two thickness-to-width ratio independent equations that are symmetric with respect to the two dimensions are obtained for evaluating the maximum torsion stress of rectangular cross-section beams. Based on the resulting equations, outside lamina emergent torsional joints are analyzed and some useful design insights are obtained. These equations, together with the previous work on symmetric equations for calculating torsional compliance, provide a convenient and effective way for designing and optimizing torsional beams in compliant mechanisms. © 2018, The Author(s).
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p443	False	Journal	222	A pseudo-static model for dynamic analysis on frequency domain of distributed compliant mechanisms	This paper presents a pseudo-static modeling methodology for dynamic analysis of distributed compliant mechanisms to provide accurate and efficient solutions. First, a dynamic stiffness matrix of the flexible beam is deduced, which has the same definition and a similar form as the traditional static compliance/stiffness matrix but is frequency dependent. Second, the pseudo-static modeling procedure for the dynamic analysis is implemented in a statics-similar way based on D'alembert's principle. Then, all the kinematic, static and dynamic performances of compliant mechanisms can be analyzed based on the pseudo-static model. The superiority of the proposed method is that when it is used for the dynamic modeling of compliant mechanisms, the traditional dynamic modeling procedures, such as calculation of the elastic and kinetic energies as well as using Lagrange's equation, are avoided and the dynamic modeling is converted to a staticssimilar problem. Comparison of the proposed method with an elastic-beam-based model in previous literature and finite element analysis for an exemplary XY precision positioning stage reveals its high accuracy and easy operation. © 2018 by ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p446	False	Journal	250	Deployable lenticular stiffeners for origami-inspired mechanisms	Light-weight origami-inspired mechanisms can provide advantages in deployable space systems and other applications. However, a significant challenge in their design is ensuring that they are sufficiently stiff. Compliant, deployable stiffeners utilizing a profile that approximates the Euler Spiral are proposed as one possible solution. It is shown that a structure with this specific profile, called a lenticular stiffener, permits stiffeners to be flattened using a force applied at their edge. Formulas for calculating the increase in stiffness are developed. Relations needed to design the deployment behavior of the stiffeners are also derived. Finally, advantages of different configurations of stiffeners are evaluated. These results are verified through simulation and experiments. © 2018 Taylor & Francis.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p454	False	Conference	160	Zipper Tube Reinforcement to Mitigate Flexible Shaft Buckling	The Zipper Tube Reinforcement (ZTR) is a novel support system developed to mitigate buckling in thin flexible devices used in robotic surgery. The ZTR was inspired by a construction technique called a Buckling Restrained Braced Frame (BRBF) and deployable booms for space applications. It utilizes a zipper function to allow a rolled sheet to deploy into a variable-length tube and stow in a small volume spooled on a mandrel. The tube envelops the device and allows it to support a much higher compressive load before buckling failure through the insertion stroke. The ZTR also enables the possibility of smaller, more flexible devices due to its design for continuous support and could find application in other fields. © 2018 IEEE.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p455	False	Conference	161	Modified Material Properties in Curved Panels Through Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints	Compliant joints have a number of advantages that make them suitable for highly constrained design problems. While much work has been done on the design of compliant joints manufactured from planar sheet materials, this work focuses on the design of cylindrically-curved joints. A method for using lamina emergent torsional (LET) joints to increase energy storage efficiency in curved sheet materials is presented. A numerical model is provided for predicting the stiffness and maximum applied moment of a curved LET joint. Predicted curved LET joint stiffnesses and maximum moments are utilized to create shape factors that produce an effective modulus of elasticity and an effective modulus of resilience. For a given case, the effective modulus of elasticity is shown to decrease by about three orders of magnitude while the effective resilience decreases by approximately one order of magnitude. Designers can use this information to tailor materials to fit design requirements or to select alternative materials that were previously unsuited for an application. © 2018 IEEE.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p456	False	Conference	162	An Origami-based Thickness-Accommodating Bistable Mechanism in Monolithic Thick-sheet Materials	Origami-based mechanisms can provide useful capabilities in folding large structures to stow in small volumes. However, when using monolithic thick-sheet materials for these types of mechanisms, accommodating the thickness proves challenging. One approach to solve this is to create compliant mechanisms along the fold lines that inherently store energy when actuated and causes the mechanism to tend toward its low energy state. This tendency can be used to create bistable states. We outline a method to use this stored energy to achieve bistable states and name the resulting mechanism an origami-based "Thickness-accommodating bistable interior vertex" (TABIV) in monolithic thick-sheet materials. The kinematics and energy-displacement relationships of this mechanism are derived. Prototypes are shown to exhibit the predicted bistable behavior and the mechanism is integrated and prototyped into origami-based mechanisms demonstrating advantageous multi-stable behaviors. © 2018 IEEE.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p457	False	Conference	163	Implementation of Rolling Contacts for SORCE Joints	The Synchronized-offset-rolling-contact element (SORCE) technique for thickness accommodation in origami-inspired mechanisms combines selected strengths of several thickness-accomadation techniques but with the tradeoff of manufacturing complexity of rolling joints. This work presents principles to facilitate the construction of rolling joints suitable for applications like the SORCE technique. These include leveraging fold-angle multipliers of origami vertices, variations of flexure assembly, sunken flexures, and form-closed rolling joints. Prototypes of origami-mechanisms using the SORCE technique are constructed demonstrating these principles. © 2018 IEEE.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p479	False	Journal	265	Kinetostatic modeling of complex compliant mechanisms with serial-parallel substructures: A semi-analytical matrix displacement method	Kinetostatic analysis of compliant mechanisms are crucial at the early stage of design, and it can be difficult and laborsome for complex configurations with distributed compliance. In this paper, a kinetostatic modeling method for flexure-hinge-based compliant mechanisms with hybrid serial-parallel substructures is presented to provide accurate and concise solutions by combining the matrix displacement method with the transfer matrix method. The transition between the elemental stiffness matrix and the transfer matrix of flexure hinges/flexible beams is straightforward, enabling the condensation of a hybrid serial-parallel substructure into one equivalent two-node element simple. A general kinetostatic model of the whole compliant mechanisms is first established based on the equilibrium equation of the nodal force. Then, a condensed two-port mechanical network representing the input/output force-displacement relations of single-degree-of-freedom (DOF) compliant mechanisms and the Jacobian matrix for multi-DOF compliant mechanisms are respectively built. Comparison of the proposed method with the compliance matrix method in previous literature, finite element analysis and experiment for three exemplary mechanisms reveals good prediction accuracy, suggesting its feasibility for fast performance evaluation and parameter optimization at the initial stage of design. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p484	True	Conference	176	Outreach potential of displaying research artifacts in art museums	This paper explores how displaying engineering research artifacts in art museums can facilitate expanded outreach opportunities. A combination of visual art and innovative engineering offers an unusual opportunity to engage a wide spectrum of society. To evaluate the potential, faculty and students collaborated with the Brigham Young University Museum of Art to create a museum exhibition that connected the art of origami to engineering, math, science, and product design. A framework is introduced that includes the creation of a museum exhibition; and once the initial investment is made to create the central exhibition, the results are efficiently used to extend outreach efforts through first-generation products (coincident with the exhibition) and then through second-generation products (after the exhibition). The paper describes a detailed example of this framework and provides evidence to support the concept that displaying research artifacts in an art museum can expand research opportunities. Products from the exhibition that provided expanded outreach opportunities include the following: an exhibit catalog originally created for the gift shop that was expanded for publication with a national publisher; a tablet/smart phone app that includes origami instructions followed by related engineering activities, which has had broad use beyond the museum activity room; a video that was prepared for museum patrons but has since been made available to larger audiences; materials created for hands-on museum activities that were used for outreach activities after the exhibition; and leverage for industry visits that led to additional applications and research projects. This paper describes the museum exhibition, the first- and second-generation products, the impact of each product, and the benefits and pitfalls of using a museum exhibition to extend outreach impact. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p503	False	Journal	274	Membrane-Enhanced Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints for Surrogate Folds	Lamina emergent compliant mechanisms (including origami-adapted compliant mechanisms) are mechanical devices that can be fabricated from a planar material (a lamina) and have motion that emerges out of the fabrication plane. Lamina emergent compliant mechanisms often exhibit undesirable parasitic motions due to the planar fabrication constraint. This work introduces a type of lamina emergent torsion (LET) joint that reduces parasitic motions of lamina emergent mechanisms, and presents equations for modeling parasitic motion of LET joints. The membrane joint also makes possible one-way joints that can ensure origami-based mechanisms emerge from their flat state (a change point) into the desired configuration. Membrane-enhanced LET (M-LET) joints, including one-way surrogate folds, are described here and show promise for use in a wide range of compliant mechanisms and origami-based compliant mechanisms. They are demonstrated as individual joints and in mechanisms such as a kaleidocycle (a 6R Bricard linkage), degree-4 origami vertices (spherical mechanisms), and waterbomb base mechanisms (an 8R multi-degrees-of-freedom origami-based mechanism). © 2018 by ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p524	False	Journal	222	Rigidly foldable quadrilateral meshes from angle arrays	We present a design technique for generating rigidly foldable quadrilateral meshes (RFQMs), taking as input four arrays of direction angles and fold angles for horizontal and vertical folds. By starting with angles, rather than vertex coordinates, and enforcing the fold-angle multiplier condition at each vertex, it is possible to achieve arbitrarily large and complex panel arrays that flex from unfolded to flatly folded with a single degree-of-freedom (DOF). Furthermore, the design technique is computationally simple, reducing for some cases to a simple linear-programming problem. The resulting mechanisms have applications in architectural facades, furniture design, and more. © 2018 by ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p580	False	Conference	225	Three approaches for managing stiffness in origami-inspired mechanisms	Ensuring that deployable mechanisms are sufficiently rigid is a major challenge due to their large size relative to their mass. This paper examines three basic types of stiffener that can be applied to light, origami-inspired structures to manage their stiffness. These stiffeners are modeled analytically to enable prediction and optimization of their behavior. The results obtained from this analysis are compared to results from a finite-element analysis and experimental data. After verifying these models, the advantages and disadvantages of each stiffener type are considered. This comparison will facilitate stiffener selection for future engineering applications. Copyright © 2018 ASME
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p581	False	Conference	226	Origami-based design of conceal-and-reveal systems	This work introduces a type of motion termed “conceal-and-reveal” which is characterized by a state that protects a payload, a state that exposes the payload, and continuous motion between these two states. As techniques for thick, rigid origami-based engineering design are being developed, origami is becoming increasingly more attractive as inspiration for complex systems. This paper proposes a process for designing origami-based conceal-and-reveal systems, which can be generalized to design other thick, rigid origami-based systems. The process is demonstrated through the development of three conceal-and-reveal systems that present a luxury product to the consumer. The three designs also confirm that multiple origami crease patterns represent viable approaches to achieving conceal-and-reveal motion. Copyright © 2018 ASME
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p583	False	Conference	228	Retractable anti-buckling support systems for flexible medical devices	This work presents two novel support systems used to help mitigate flexible device buckling during insertion such as the insertion of medical device into the body. These systems are collapsible to accommodate the changing length of the flexible device as it is inserted. They use tension in wires or geometry to provide systems with lateral stiffness used to support the device. Through modeling, the performance of these systems can be predicted and they can be designed to a desired performance. This was validated in the geometry-based support system. They provide systems with small operating volumes and part counts. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p598	False	Journal	306	A Review of Thickness-Accommodation Techniques in Origami-Inspired Engineering	Origami has served as the inspiration for a number of engineered systems. In most cases, they require nonpaper materials where material thickness is non-negligible. Foldable mechanisms based on origami-like forms present special challenges for preserving kinematics and assuring non-self-intersection when the thickness of the panels must be accommodated. Several design approaches for constructing thick origami mechanisms by beginning with a zero-thickness origami pattern and transforming it into a rigidly foldable mechanism with thick panels are reviewed. The review includes existing approaches and introduces new hybrid approaches. The approaches are compared and contrasted and their manufacturability analyzed. © 2018 by ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p599	False	Journal	306	Closure to "discussion of 'a review of thickness-accommodation techniques in origami-inspired engineering'" (Lang, R. J., Tolman, K. A., Crampton, E. B., Magleby, S. P., and Howell, L. L., 2018, ASME Appl. Mech. Rev., 70(1), p. 010805)	[No abstract available]
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p600	False	Journal	307	Cylindrical cross-axis flexural pivots	The cylindrical cross-axis flexural pivot (CCAFP) is proposed as an ultra-compact flexure capable of being integrated into hollow cylindrical shafts, enabling shaft motion without inhibiting cables or other components inside the shaft. Mechanism geometry, materials, and manufacturing are proposed and the results analyzed and tested. A parametric finite element model of the CCAFP was created to analyze the force-deflection and strain-deflection relationships and the predicted behavior was verified by experiment. Analytic models of stress-limiting cam-surfaces suggest even larger motions may be possible when not limited by current practical constraints. The CCAFP is demonstrated and tested at multiple size scales and in multiple materials, ranging from 28.6 mm diameter 4130 steel (achieving 9 degrees of angular deflection) to 3 mm diameter NiTi (achieving an angular deflection of 85 degrees). The results are generalized to apply to a range of applications, and the CCAFP particularly shows promise for implementation in minimally invasive surgical instruments to decrease instrument size while maintaining instrument performance. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p699	False	Journal	342	Inverted L-arm gripper compliant mechanism	This work exploits the advantages of compliant mechanisms (devices that achieve their motion through the deflection of flexible members) to enable the creation of small instruments for minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Using flexures to achieve motion presents challenges, three of which are considered in this work. First, compliant mechanisms generally perform inadequately in compression. Second, for a 690 deg range of motion desired for each jaw, the bending stresses in the flexures are prohibitive considering materials used in current instruments. Third, for cables attached at fixed points on the mechanism, the mechanical advantage will vary considerably during actuation. Research results are presented that address these challenges using compliant mechanism principles as demonstrated in a two-degree-of-freedom (2DoF) L-Arm gripper. © 2017 by ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p762	False	Journal	371	Thick rigidly foldable origami mechanisms based on synchronized offset rolling contact elements	We present a general technique for achieving kinematic single degree of freedom (1DOF) origami-based mechanisms with thick rigid panels using synchronized offset rolling contact elements (SORCEs). We present general design analysis for planar and 3D relative motions between panels and show physically realized examples. The technique overcomes many of the limitations of previous approaches for thick rigidly foldable mechanisms. © 2017 by ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p815	False	Conference	350	Realizing origami mechanisms from metal sheets	Consideration of a product's manufacturability is a vital aspect of product design. When considering manufacturability of panels for origami-adapted products, there are tradeoffs between panel design approaches as well as thicknessaccommodation techniques. The use of bent sheet metal for panels shows promise as a panel design approach that mitigates several of these trade-offs. This paper describes a process that can be employed to use sheet metal in designs of origami-adapted mechanisms that utilize specific thickness-accommodation techniques. The process is demonstrated for a square-twist mechanism designed using the hinge shift technique for accommodating thickness in origami patterns. A Miura-ori mechanism is also shown in sheet metal. The characteristics of these bent panel approaches are discussed and compared to other approaches for designing panels for manufacturing. The use of bent sheet metal panels allows for mitigation of several trade-offs and shows the applicability of origami-adapted design to sheet metal. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p817	False	Conference	352	Optimization of origami-based tubes for lightweight deployable structures	Tubular origami may provide both the needed deployment displacement and sufficient strength to be useful as deployable structures. This paper reviews origami tube-based deployable mechanisms and a structural optimization of FEA models is performed. Symmetric and non-symmetric 4-sided tubes are evaluated. Panel geometries and thicknesses are varied to produce rigidly foldable origami-tube-based mechanisms that are both strong and lightweight. The mechanical properties of these tubes over various deployment lengths are discussed. Three different configurations of this mechanism are compared and the advantages of each are discussed. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p852	False	Conference	376	Elastic energy absorption of origami-based corrugations	The mechanical properties of origami tessellations may provide innovative new designs for energy absorbing applications. The elastic energy absorbing properties of a particular tesselation, the Miura-ori, is investigated. Analytical models for the kinematics and force-deflection of a unit cell based on two different modes of elastic energy absorption are derived. The force-deflection model is developed based on the application of compliant mechanism theory and virtual work analysis. The models are verified through comparison with published results for similar models, analysis using commercial kinematics software and comparison to physical testing. Physical prototypes are used to determine values stiffness terms. The analytical models are used to explore the effects of the key geometrical parameters of the tessellation. This work lays a foundation for the use of origami-based corrugations in elastic energy absorption applications. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p853	False	Conference	377	A framework for energy-based kinetostatic modeling of compliant mechanisms	Although energy-based methods have advantages over the Newtonian methods for kinetostatic modeling, the geometric nonlinearities inherent in deflections of compliant mechanisms preclude most of the energy-based theorems. Castigliano's first theorem and the Crotti-Engesser theorem, which don't require the problem being solved to be linear, are selected to construct the energy-based kinetostatic modeling framework for compliant mechanisms in this work. Utilization of these two theorems requires explicitly formulating the strain energy in terms of deflections and the complementary strain energy in terms of loads, which are derived based on the beam constraint model. The kinetostatic modeling of two compliant mechanisms are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of using Castigliano's first theorem and the Crotti-Engesser theorem with the explicit formulations in this framework. Future work will be focused on incorporating use of the principle of minimum strain energy and the principle of minimum complementary strain energy. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p854	False	Conference	378	Kinematics and discretization of curved-fold mechanisms	We present several new properties of curved-fold mechanisms, those with smoothly curved surfaces joined by sharp curved folds. After describing curved folds and various relationships among their geometric properties, we show that there is an important class, uniform folds, that is particularly well suited to low-degree-of-freedom mechanisms. There is a natural discretization algorithm for uniform curved folds; we present this algorithm and show discretized example mechanisms. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p855	False	Conference	379	Split-vertex technique for thickness-accommodation in origami-based mechanisms	A novel thickness-accommodation technique for origami based mechanisms is introduced. This technique modifies a zerothickness pattern by splitting each vertex along the minor folds into a system of two vertices. The modified fold pattern then has thickness applied to it and the resulting mechanism is kinematically equivalent to the modified fold pattern. Origami patterns that are rigid-foldable and only have two panels that stack between folds are utilized in the technique. The technique produces thick origami mechanisms where all panels lie in a plane in the unfolded state without any holes or protrusions and maintain a single degree of freedom. Steps for synthesizing split-vertex mechanisms are presented and examples of split-vertex mechanisms are shown. Advantages and potential applications of the technique are discussed. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p856	False	Conference	380	Rigidly foldable quadrilateral meshes from angle arrays	We present a design technique for generating rigidly fold-able quadrilateral meshes, taking as input four arrays of direction angles and fold angles for horizontal and vertical folds. By starting with angles, rather than vertex coordinates, and enforcing the fold-angle-multiplier condition at each vertex, it is possible to achieve arbitrarily large and complex panel arrays that flex from unfolded to flatly folded with a single degree of freedom. Furthermore, the design technique is computationally simple, reducing for some cases to a simple linear programming problem. The resulting mechanisms have applications in architectural facades, furniture design, and more. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
145	a57211516485	Howell L.L.	p881	False	Conference	396	Highly compressible origami bellows for microgravity drilling-debris containment	The design and testing of an origami-based bellows for microgravity drilling is described. The potential benefits of an origami-based solution created an opportunity for application on NASA’s Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) to protect sensitive parts from debris. Origami-based bellows were designed to fit spatial limitations and meet needed compression ratios. Designs have demonstrated high mass reductions, improved stroke length, greatly decreased stowed volume, improved flexibility, and reduced reaction forces in comparison with traditional metal bellows. A nylon-reinforced polyvinyl fluoride based bellows with an aramid fiber stitched seam is well suited for debris containment in space conditions. Various epoxies maintained an adequate bond with polyvinyl fluoride below expected environmental temperature for bellows mounting. Asymmetric compression of the bellows occurs at extreme low temperatures and is preventable by balancing stiffness within the structure. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
146	a57200077532	Willis J.	p34	True	Conference	5	State-Dependent LQR Control for a Tilt-Rotor UAV	This paper develops a control scheme capable of controlling a tilt-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle during nominal hover and fixed-wing flight as well as through transitions between flight modes. The control scheme consists of two parts: a low-level angular rate controller and variable mixer, and a trajectory tracking state-dependent LQR controller. In developing this controller we also present an aerodynamic model of a tilt-rotor with parameters for the Convergence aircraft by E-Flite. Finally we present simulation results for a representative trajectory consisting of vertical takeoff and landing as well as fixed-wing flight. © 2020 AACC.
146	a57200077532	Willis J.	p211	True	Journal	143	Disaster reconnaissance using multiple small unmanned aerial vehicles"	[No abstract available]
146	a57200077532	Willis J.	p576	True	Conference	221	Femtosats: Elegant flight telemetry payloads for model rockets	An elegant telemetry payload, which transmits IMU, atmospheric, or light data during flight and deployment from a small model rocket, is presented. Data is received by a custom, mobile, hand-pointed ground station. The payload is patterned after a thumb-sized satellite, called a femtosat. Its design is optimized for ease of implementation. The femtosat system resulted from a grassroots, student peer-mentoring program developed at Brigham Young University. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
147	a55613237293	Johnson J.	p34	False	Conference	5	State-Dependent LQR Control for a Tilt-Rotor UAV	This paper develops a control scheme capable of controlling a tilt-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle during nominal hover and fixed-wing flight as well as through transitions between flight modes. The control scheme consists of two parts: a low-level angular rate controller and variable mixer, and a trajectory tracking state-dependent LQR controller. In developing this controller we also present an aerodynamic model of a tilt-rotor with parameters for the Convergence aircraft by E-Flite. Finally we present simulation results for a representative trajectory consisting of vertical takeoff and landing as well as fixed-wing flight. © 2020 AACC.
148	a57208246750	Libano F.	p35	True	Journal	29	Understanding the Impact of Quantization, Accuracy, and Radiation on the Reliability of Convolutional Neural Networks on FPGAs	Convolutional neural networks are quickly becoming viable solutions for self-driving vehicles, military, and aerospace applications. At the same time, due to their high level of design flexibility, reprogrammable capability, low power consumption, and relatively low cost, the field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are very good candidates to implement the neural networks. Unfortunately, the radiation-induced errors are known to be an issue in static random-access memory (SRAM)-based FPGAs. More specifically, we have seen that particles can change the content of the FPGA's configuration memory, consequently corrupting the implemented circuit and generating the observable errors at the output. Through extensive fault injection, we determine the reliability impact of applying binary quantization to the convolutional layers of neural networks on FPGAs, by analyzing the relationships between model accuracy, resource utilization, performance, error criticality, and radiation cross section. We were able to find that a design with quantized convolutional layers can be 39% less sensitive to radiation, whereas the portion of errors that are considered critical (misclassifications) in the network is increased by 12%. Moreover, we also derive generic equations that consider both accuracy and radiation in order to model the overall failure rate of neural networks. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
148	a57208246750	Libano F.	p386	True	Journal	202	Selective hardening for neural networks in FPGAs	Neural networks are becoming an attractive solution for automatizing vehicles in the automotive, military, and aerospace markets. Thanks to their low-cost, low-power consumption, and flexibility, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are among the promising devices to implement neural networks. Unfortunately, FPGAs are also known to be susceptible to radiation-induced errors. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of radiation-induced errors in the output correctness of two neural networks [Iris Flower artificial neural network (ANN) and Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) convolutional neural network (CNN)] implemented in static random-access memory-based FPGAs. In particular, we notice that radiation can induce errors that modify the output of the network with or without affecting the neural network's functionality. We call the former critical errors and the latter tolerable errors. Through exhaustive fault injection, we identify the portions of Iris Flower ANN and MNIST CNN implementation on FPGAs that are more likely, once corrupted, to generate a critical or a tolerable error. Based on this analysis, we propose a selective hardening strategy that triplicates only the most vulnerable layers of the neural network. With neutron radiation testing, our selective hardening solution was able to mask 40% of faults with a marginal 8% overhead in one of our tested neural networks. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
149	a57206834042	Wilson B.	p35	False	Journal	29	Understanding the Impact of Quantization, Accuracy, and Radiation on the Reliability of Convolutional Neural Networks on FPGAs	Convolutional neural networks are quickly becoming viable solutions for self-driving vehicles, military, and aerospace applications. At the same time, due to their high level of design flexibility, reprogrammable capability, low power consumption, and relatively low cost, the field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are very good candidates to implement the neural networks. Unfortunately, the radiation-induced errors are known to be an issue in static random-access memory (SRAM)-based FPGAs. More specifically, we have seen that particles can change the content of the FPGA's configuration memory, consequently corrupting the implemented circuit and generating the observable errors at the output. Through extensive fault injection, we determine the reliability impact of applying binary quantization to the convolutional layers of neural networks on FPGAs, by analyzing the relationships between model accuracy, resource utilization, performance, error criticality, and radiation cross section. We were able to find that a design with quantized convolutional layers can be 39% less sensitive to radiation, whereas the portion of errors that are considered critical (misclassifications) in the network is increased by 12%. Moreover, we also derive generic equations that consider both accuracy and radiation in order to model the overall failure rate of neural networks. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
149	a57206834042	Wilson B.	p386	False	Journal	202	Selective hardening for neural networks in FPGAs	Neural networks are becoming an attractive solution for automatizing vehicles in the automotive, military, and aerospace markets. Thanks to their low-cost, low-power consumption, and flexibility, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are among the promising devices to implement neural networks. Unfortunately, FPGAs are also known to be susceptible to radiation-induced errors. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of radiation-induced errors in the output correctness of two neural networks [Iris Flower artificial neural network (ANN) and Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) convolutional neural network (CNN)] implemented in static random-access memory-based FPGAs. In particular, we notice that radiation can induce errors that modify the output of the network with or without affecting the neural network's functionality. We call the former critical errors and the latter tolerable errors. Through exhaustive fault injection, we identify the portions of Iris Flower ANN and MNIST CNN implementation on FPGAs that are more likely, once corrupted, to generate a critical or a tolerable error. Based on this analysis, we propose a selective hardening strategy that triplicates only the most vulnerable layers of the neural network. With neutron radiation testing, our selective hardening solution was able to mask 40% of faults with a marginal 8% overhead in one of our tested neural networks. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p35	False	Journal	29	Understanding the Impact of Quantization, Accuracy, and Radiation on the Reliability of Convolutional Neural Networks on FPGAs	Convolutional neural networks are quickly becoming viable solutions for self-driving vehicles, military, and aerospace applications. At the same time, due to their high level of design flexibility, reprogrammable capability, low power consumption, and relatively low cost, the field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are very good candidates to implement the neural networks. Unfortunately, the radiation-induced errors are known to be an issue in static random-access memory (SRAM)-based FPGAs. More specifically, we have seen that particles can change the content of the FPGA's configuration memory, consequently corrupting the implemented circuit and generating the observable errors at the output. Through extensive fault injection, we determine the reliability impact of applying binary quantization to the convolutional layers of neural networks on FPGAs, by analyzing the relationships between model accuracy, resource utilization, performance, error criticality, and radiation cross section. We were able to find that a design with quantized convolutional layers can be 39% less sensitive to radiation, whereas the portion of errors that are considered critical (misclassifications) in the network is increased by 12%. Moreover, we also derive generic equations that consider both accuracy and radiation in order to model the overall failure rate of neural networks. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p61	False	Conference	11	Using Partial Duplication with Compare to Detect Radiation-Induced Failure in a Commercial FPGA-Based Networking System	Duplication with compare, a circuit-level fault-detection technique, is used in this study in a partial manner to detect radiation-induced failures in a commercial FPGA-based networking system. A novel approach is taken to overcome challenges presented by multiple clock domains, the use of third-party IP, and the collection of error detection signals dispersed throughout the design. Novel fault injection techniques are also used to evaluate critical regions of the target design. Accelerated neutron radiation testing was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the applied technique. One design version was able to detect 45% of all failures with the proposed technique applied to 29% of the circuit components within the design. Another design version was able to detect 31% of all failures with the proposed technique applied to only 8% of circuit components. © 2020 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p100	False	Conference	16	Modeling common cause failures in systems with triple modular redundancy and repair	Triple modular redundancy (TMR) is commonly employed to increase the reliability and mean time to failure (MTTF) of a system. This improvement can be shown by using a continuous time Markov chain. However, typical Markov chain models do not model common cause failures (CCF), which is a singular event that simultaneously causes failure in multiple redundant modules. This paper introduces a new Markov chain to model CCF in TMR with repair systems. This new model is compared to the idealized models of TMR with repair without CCF. The fundamental limitations that CCF imposes on the system are shown and discussed. In a motivating example, it is seen that CCF imposes a limitation of 51× on the reliability improvement in a system with TMR and repair compared to a simplex system, (i.e., without TMR). A case study is also presented where the likelihood of CCF is reduced by a factor of 18× using various mitigation techniques. Reducing the CCF compounds the reliability improvement of TMR with repair and leads to a overall system reliability improvement of 10,000× compared to the simplex system as supported by the proposed model. © 2020 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p112	False	Journal	29	Improving the Reliability of TMR with Nontriplicated I/O on SRAM FPGAs	Triple modular redundancy (TMR) with repair is a commonly employed mitigation strategy used on SRAM field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to reduce the effects of ionizing radiation and improve a circuit's sensitive cross section. This article examines TMR circuits, where the I/O ports of the circuit have not been triplicated, but the internal circuitry has. Such circuits introduce single-point failures (SPFs) into the circuit that limit the neutron cross-sectional improvement offered by TMR to only 3× for the b13 benchmark circuit used in this article. This article proposes two different mitigation techniques to address SPFs, which alter the placement and routing of the circuit. These mitigation techniques reduce the neutron cross section by 26× over the unmitigated circuit while minimally affecting the circuit's maximum clock frequency and resource utilization. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p113	False	Journal	29	Statistical method to extract radiation-induced multiple-cell upsets in SRAM-Based FPGAs	Radiation-induced multiple-cell upsets (MCUs) are a concern because they can overcome the protection of error correction code and triplicated designs. Extracting MCU data from radiation tests is helpful to perform more accurate fault injection tests, where MCUs could be simulated with the injection of bits based on the MCUs shapes, sizes, and frequencies. This article presents a statistical method to extract MCU shapes and frequencies from components with no information regarding their physical layout. The proposed method can be used to extract MCU information from BRAM and CRAM alike. The results show the MCU data for three families of Xilinx field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). © 1963-2012 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p123	False	Journal	29	Applying Compiler-Automated Software Fault Tolerance to Multiple Processor Platforms	Several recent works have explored the feasibility of using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processing systems in radiation-prone environments, such as spacecraft. Typically, this approach requires some form of protection to ensure that the software can tolerate radiation upsets without compromising the system. Our recent work, COmpiler Assisted Software fault Tolerance (COAST), provides automated compiler modification of software programs to insert dual-or triple-modular redundancy. In this article, we extend COAST to support several new processing platforms, including RISC-V and Xilinx, San Jose, CA, USA, SoC-based products. The automated software protection mechanisms are tested for a variety of configurations, altering the benchmark and cache configuration. Across the different configurations, the cross sections were improved by 4× to 106×. In addition, a hardware-mitigation technique is tested using dual-lock-step cores on the Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA, Hercules platform, which is compared with the software-only mitigation approach. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p195	False	Conference	44	Single-Event Characterization of a Stratix® 10 FPGA Using Neutron Irradiation	FPGAs are being used in data center applications in large quantities. Single-event upsets (SEUs) occur more frequently within large-scale deployments of SRAM-based FPGAs. This work estimates the neutron cross section for SEUs in the configuration memory and memory blocks of a 14-nm FinFET Stratix 10 FPGA. SEU data was collected using a custom SEU data collection system. The developed system takes advantage of SEU mitigation features available on the device. The New York City FIT rate for SEUs is estimated to be 3.2 FIT per Mbit for configuration memory and 7.1 FIT per Mbit for memory blocks. © 2019 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p196	False	Conference	45	Neutron radiation testing of fault tolerant risc-v soft processor on xilinx SRAM-based FPGAs	Many space applications are considering the use of commercial SRAM-based FPGAs over radiation hardened devices. When using SRAM-based FPGAs, soft processors may be required to fulfill application requirements, but the FPGA designs must overcome radiation-induced soft errors to provide a reliable system. TMR is one solution in designing a fault tolerant soft processor to mitigate the failures caused by SEUs. This paper compares the neutron soft-error reliability of an unmitigated and TMR version of a Taiga RISC-V soft processor on a Xilinx SRAM-based FPGA. The TMR RISC-V processor showed a 33× reduction in the neutron cross section and a 27% decrease in operational frequency, resulting in a 24× improvement of the mean work to failure with a cost of around 5.6× resource utilization. © 2019 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p267	False	Conference	62	Impact of soft errors on large-scale FPGA cloud computing	FPGAs are being used in large numbers within cloud computing to provide high-performance, low-power alternatives to more traditional computing structures. While FPGAs provide a number of important benefits to cloud computing environments, they are susceptible to radiation-induced soft errors, which can lead to silent data corruption or system instability. Although soft errors within a single FPGA occur infrequently, soft errors in large-scale FPGAs systems can occur at a relatively high rate. This paper investigates the failure rate of several FPGA applications running within an FPGA cloud computing node by performing fault injection experiments to determine the susceptibility of these applications to soft-errors. The results from these experiments suggest that silent data corruption will occur every few hours within a 100,000 node FPGA system and that such a system can only maintain high-levels of reliability for short periods of operation. These results suggest that soft-error detection and mitigation techniques may be needed in large-scale FPGA systems. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p362	False	Journal	202	Strategies for Removing Common Mode Failures from TMR Designs Deployed on SRAM FPGAs	Triple modular redundancy (TMR) with repair has proven to be an effective strategy for mitigating the effects of single-event upsets within the configuration memory of static random access memory field-programmable gate arrays. Applying TMR to the design successfully reduces the design's neutron cross section by 80×. The effectiveness of TMR, however, is limited by the presence of single bits in the configuration memory which cause more than one TMR domain to fail simultaneously. We present three strategies to mitigate against these failures and improve the effectiveness of TMR: incremental routing, incremental placement, and striping. These techniques were tested using both fault injection and a wide spectrum neutron beam with the best technique offering a 400× reduction to the design's sensitive neutron cross section. An analysis from the radiation test shows that no single bits caused failure and that multicell upsets were the main cause of failure for these mitigation strategies. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p385	False	Journal	202	Microcontroller compiler-assisted software fault tolerance	Commercial off-the-shelf microcontrollers can be useful for noncritical processing on spaceborne platforms. These microprocessors can be inexpensive and consume small amounts of power. However, the software running on these processors is vulnerable to radiation upsets. In this paper, we present a fully automated, configurable, software-based tool to increase the reliability of microprocessors in high-radiation environments. This tool consists of a set of open-source LLVM compiler passes to automatically implement software-based mitigation techniques. We duplicate or triplicate computations and insert voting mechanisms into software during the compilation process, allowing for runtime error correction. While the techniques we implement are not novel, previous work has typically been closed source, processor architecture dependent, not automated, and not tested in real high-radiation environments. In contrast, the compiler passes presented in this paper are publicly available, highly customizable, and are platform independent and language independent. We have tested our modified software using both fault injection and through neutron beam radiation on a Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller. When tested by a neutron beam, we were able to decrease the cross section of programs by 17-29 × , increasing mean-work-to-failure by 4-7 ×. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p386	False	Journal	202	Selective hardening for neural networks in FPGAs	Neural networks are becoming an attractive solution for automatizing vehicles in the automotive, military, and aerospace markets. Thanks to their low-cost, low-power consumption, and flexibility, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are among the promising devices to implement neural networks. Unfortunately, FPGAs are also known to be susceptible to radiation-induced errors. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of radiation-induced errors in the output correctness of two neural networks [Iris Flower artificial neural network (ANN) and Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) convolutional neural network (CNN)] implemented in static random-access memory-based FPGAs. In particular, we notice that radiation can induce errors that modify the output of the network with or without affecting the neural network's functionality. We call the former critical errors and the latter tolerable errors. Through exhaustive fault injection, we identify the portions of Iris Flower ANN and MNIST CNN implementation on FPGAs that are more likely, once corrupted, to generate a critical or a tolerable error. Based on this analysis, we propose a selective hardening strategy that triplicates only the most vulnerable layers of the neural network. With neutron radiation testing, our selective hardening solution was able to mask 40% of faults with a marginal 8% overhead in one of our tested neural networks. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p404	False	Conference	150	Neutron Radiation Beam Results for the Xilinx UltraScale+ MPSoC	The paper summarizes the single-event upset (SEU) results obtained from neutron testing on the UltraScale+ MPSoC ZU9EG device. This complex device contains a large amount of programmable logic and multiple processor cores. Tests were performed on the programmable logic and the processing system simultaneously. Estimates of the single-event upset neutron cross section were obtained for the programmable logic CRAM, BRAM, OCM memory, and cache memories. During the test, no processor crashes or silent data corruptions were observed. In addition, a processor failure cross section was estimated for several software benchmark operating on the various processor cores. Several FPGA CRAM scrubbers were tested including an external JTAG, the Xilinx 'SEM' IP, and the use of the PCAP operating in baremetal. In parallel with these tests, single-event induced high current events were monitored using an external power supply and monitoring scripts. © 2018 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p405	False	Conference	151	Single-Event Characterization of 16 nm FinFET Xilinx UltraScale+ Devices with Heavy Ion and Neutron Irradiation	This study examines the single-event response of Xilinx 16nm FinFET UltraScale+ FPGA and MPSoC device families. Heavy-ion single-event latch-up, single-event upsets in configuration SRAM, BlockRAM™ memories, and flip-flops, and neutron-induced single-event latch-up results are provided. © 2018 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p588	False	Journal	304	Dynamic SEU Sensitivity of Designs on Two 28-nm SRAM-Based FPGA Architectures	Two field-programmable gate array (FPGA) designs are tested for dynamic single event upset (SEU) sensitivity on two different 28-nm static random access memory-based FPGAs - an Intel Stratix V and a Xilinx Kintex 7 FPGA. These designs were tested in both a conventional unmitigated version and a version to tolerate SEUs with feedback triple modular redundancy (TMR). The unmitigated design sensitivity and the low-level device sensitivity were found to be similar between the devices through neutron radiation testing. Results also show that feedback TMR and configuration scrubbing benefit both designs on both FPGAs. While TMR is helpful, the benefit of TMR depends on the design structure and the device architecture. TMR and scrubbing reduced dynamic SEU sensitivity by a factor of 4- 54×. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p690	False	Journal	336	Mitigated FPGA design of multi-gigabit transceivers for application in high radiation environments of High Energy Physics experiments	SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) logic devices are very attractive in applications where high data throughput is needed, such as the latest generation of High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments. FPGAs have been rarely used in such experiments because of their sensitivity to radiation. The present paper proposes a mitigation approach applied to commercial FPGA devices to meet the reliability requirements for the front-end electronics of the Liquid Argon (LAr) electromagnetic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment, located at CERN. Particular attention will be devoted to define a proper mitigation scheme of the multi-gigabit transceivers embedded in the FPGA, which is a critical part of the LAr data acquisition chain. A demonstrator board is being developed to validate the proposed methodology. Mitigation techniques such as Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) and scrubbing will be used to increase the robustness of the design and to maximize the fault tolerance from Single-Event Upsets (SEUs). © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p721	False	Conference	305	Move the Laser Spot, Not the DUT: Investigating the New Micro-mirror Capability and Challenges for Localizing SEE Sites on Large Modern ICs	Small spot size laser testing for single-event effects has proven to be a particularly productive path to insights on the physics of charge collection and circuit response that are difficult or impossible to obtain through broad ion beam tests. As a result, there are a number of such laser facilities; for example, four of them were compared in 2012 [1], but a relatively new facility at the facility at the University of Saskatchewan offers a unique galvo-mirror, laser-spot scanning capability in addition to the usual micrometer-based DUT motion stage [2]. Operating in a fashion similar to LASIX eye surgery, fast pin-point redirection of the laser beam makes tractable (seconds, not hours or days) comprehensive scanning of a millimeter size field-of-view. Combined with auto-stepping the field-of-view, this new spot scanning capability opens up the possibility of comprehensively covering a large die and finding all SEE sites, including the rare, but important, ones such as SEFIs. © 2017 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p722	False	Conference	306	Dynamic SEE Testing of Selected Architectural Features of Xilinx 28 nm Virtex-7 FPGAs	Recent proton and heavy ion SEE data are presented for selected Virtex-7 architectural features requiring dynamic in-beam testing: I/O blocks in various modes, IOSERDES, digital- and phase-locked loop clocks, and block memory's error correction circuitry. © 2017 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p823	False	Journal	393	A Hybrid Approach to FPGA Configuration Scrubbing	This paper describes a FPGA configuration scrubbing approach for Xilinx 7-Series FPGAs that combines the high-speed internal scrubbing available within these devices with an external scrubber. The internal scrubbing unit continuously monitors the frames of the FPGA configuration memory and corrects single-bit frame errors and is used to detect multi-bit frame errors. Multi-bit upsets are repaired by means of a secondary scrubbing mechanism that is primarily external to the FPGA fabric. This Xilinx 7-Series hybrid configuration scrubbing architecture scans 25,636,224 bits of the XC7Z020 device in several microseconds and detects upsets within 8 ms and then corrects most multi-cell upsets in under an additional 6 ms. This configuration scrubber was validated with configuration fault injection and neutron radiation testing. © 2016 IEEE.
150	a7003292762	Wirthlin M.	p824	False	Journal	393	Benefits of Complementary SEU Mitigation for the LEON3 Soft Processor on SRAM-Based FPGAs	A variety of mitigation techniques have been demonstrated to reduce the sensitivity of FPGA designs to soft errors. Without mitigation, SEUs can cause failure by altering the logic, routing, and state of a design operating on an SRAM-based FPGA. Various combinations of SEU mitigation and repair techniques are applied to the LEON3 soft-core processor to study the effects and complementary nature of each technique. This work focuses on Triple modular redundancy (TMR), configuration memory (CRAM) scrubbing, and internal block memory (BRAM) scrubbing. All mitigation methods demonstrate some improvement in both fault injection and neutron radiation testing. Results in this paper show complementary SEU mitigation techniques working together to improve fault-tolerance. The results also suggest that fault injection can be a good way to estimate the cross section of a design before going to a radiation test. TMR with CRAM scrubbing demonstrates a 27 × improvement whereas TMR with both CRAM and BRAM scrubbing demonstrates approximately a 50 × improvement. © 2016 IEEE.
151	a19638969800	Rech P.	p35	False	Journal	29	Understanding the Impact of Quantization, Accuracy, and Radiation on the Reliability of Convolutional Neural Networks on FPGAs	Convolutional neural networks are quickly becoming viable solutions for self-driving vehicles, military, and aerospace applications. At the same time, due to their high level of design flexibility, reprogrammable capability, low power consumption, and relatively low cost, the field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are very good candidates to implement the neural networks. Unfortunately, the radiation-induced errors are known to be an issue in static random-access memory (SRAM)-based FPGAs. More specifically, we have seen that particles can change the content of the FPGA's configuration memory, consequently corrupting the implemented circuit and generating the observable errors at the output. Through extensive fault injection, we determine the reliability impact of applying binary quantization to the convolutional layers of neural networks on FPGAs, by analyzing the relationships between model accuracy, resource utilization, performance, error criticality, and radiation cross section. We were able to find that a design with quantized convolutional layers can be 39% less sensitive to radiation, whereas the portion of errors that are considered critical (misclassifications) in the network is increased by 12%. Moreover, we also derive generic equations that consider both accuracy and radiation in order to model the overall failure rate of neural networks. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
151	a19638969800	Rech P.	p386	False	Journal	202	Selective hardening for neural networks in FPGAs	Neural networks are becoming an attractive solution for automatizing vehicles in the automotive, military, and aerospace markets. Thanks to their low-cost, low-power consumption, and flexibility, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are among the promising devices to implement neural networks. Unfortunately, FPGAs are also known to be susceptible to radiation-induced errors. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of radiation-induced errors in the output correctness of two neural networks [Iris Flower artificial neural network (ANN) and Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) convolutional neural network (CNN)] implemented in static random-access memory-based FPGAs. In particular, we notice that radiation can induce errors that modify the output of the network with or without affecting the neural network's functionality. We call the former critical errors and the latter tolerable errors. Through exhaustive fault injection, we identify the portions of Iris Flower ANN and MNIST CNN implementation on FPGAs that are more likely, once corrupted, to generate a critical or a tolerable error. Based on this analysis, we propose a selective hardening strategy that triplicates only the most vulnerable layers of the neural network. With neutron radiation testing, our selective hardening solution was able to mask 40% of faults with a marginal 8% overhead in one of our tested neural networks. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
152	a55301279200	Brunhaver J.	p35	False	Journal	29	Understanding the Impact of Quantization, Accuracy, and Radiation on the Reliability of Convolutional Neural Networks on FPGAs	Convolutional neural networks are quickly becoming viable solutions for self-driving vehicles, military, and aerospace applications. At the same time, due to their high level of design flexibility, reprogrammable capability, low power consumption, and relatively low cost, the field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are very good candidates to implement the neural networks. Unfortunately, the radiation-induced errors are known to be an issue in static random-access memory (SRAM)-based FPGAs. More specifically, we have seen that particles can change the content of the FPGA's configuration memory, consequently corrupting the implemented circuit and generating the observable errors at the output. Through extensive fault injection, we determine the reliability impact of applying binary quantization to the convolutional layers of neural networks on FPGAs, by analyzing the relationships between model accuracy, resource utilization, performance, error criticality, and radiation cross section. We were able to find that a design with quantized convolutional layers can be 39% less sensitive to radiation, whereas the portion of errors that are considered critical (misclassifications) in the network is increased by 12%. Moreover, we also derive generic equations that consider both accuracy and radiation in order to model the overall failure rate of neural networks. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
153	a7402258065	Lawson J.	p37	True	Journal	31	Comparison of conditional main effects analysis to the analysis of follow-up experiments for separating confounded two-factor interaction effects in 2 IVk−p fractional factorial experiments	Two-factor interactions, where the effect of one factor depends on the level of another factor, are common, and understanding them is often the key to solving quality problems or making process improvements using designed experiments. Resolution IV 2 (Formula presented.) fractional factorial designs are efficient and require fewer experiments or runs than resolution V or full factorial experiments. However, two-factor interactions are confounded with other two-factor interactions in resolution IV designs and their effects cannot be separated. Follow-up experiments have been recommended in the literature to separate the effects of significant but confounded strings of two-factor interactions in resolution IV designs. Recently, an analysis based on conditional main effects (or CMEs) has been shown to be useful in determining which interaction in a confounded string of two-factor interactions is actually causing the significance without the need for follow-up experiments. In this article, I investigate the value of this method of analysis by comparing its use with the analysis of follow-up experiments using the data from three published experiments where follow-up experiments were used to “de-alias” confounded interactions. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
153	a7402258065	Lawson J.	p189	True	Journal	130	Phase II monitoring of variability using Cusum and EWMA charts with individual observations	When monitoring a process mean in Phase II, it is well known that time-weighted control charts (such as the Cusum or EWMA) of individual observations are more sensitive for detecting small mean changes than are the traditional Shewhart control charts for individuals. Further, by collecting one observation every 12 minutes, rather than a subgroup of five every hour, the time-weighted charts of individual values result in a shorter ATS (average time to signal) than would be possible using Shewhart charts of subgrouped data. This article explores a similar strategy of monitoring process variability using time-weighted control charts and individual observations. The average time to signal a change in variability using these charts is studied when there are targets or known values for the in-control process mean and standard deviation. The results show that the ATS of both the Cusum and EWMA are substantially shorter than the ATS for the standard R charts or the more efficient S2 chart using subgroups of 5. The article also describes how the control limits for the EWMA chart to monitor process variability should be modified if the in-control process mean and standard deviations are unknown and must be estimated from a Phase I study. Computer functions that are available in R packages for creating Cusum-EWMA charts and computing their ARL (average run length) are demonstrated in this study and are included in the appendix. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
154	a36987999600	Afran M.S.	p38	True	Journal	20	On the effects of channel sparsity on joint estimators in aeronautical telemetry	Minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) equalizers are a viable solution to mitigate the frequency selectivity of the aeronautical telemetry channel. Because the MMSE equalizer filter coefficients are a function of the carrier frequency offset (CFO), the equivalent discrete-time channel, and the noise variance, reliable estimates of those parameters are required. The CFO is due primarily to the high velocity of the airborne transmitter. Because the equivalent discrete-time channel in aeronautical telemetry is sparse, the performance of the joint estimator based on a sparse channel estimator is superior to the performance of a traditional nonsparse maximum-likelihood-inspired joint estimator. The improvement is seen in lower estimator error variances for the parameters, particularly for the CFO and channel estimate, and in the postequalizer bit-error rate. Simulation results demonstrate that the postequalizer bit-error rate using the sparse estimator is almost as good as that using ideal estimators. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
154	a36987999600	Afran M.S.	p85	True	Journal	20	Sparse Equalization in Aeronautical Telemetry Using Two Transmit Antennas	This correspondence explores the application of sparse equalizers in generalized time-reversed space-time block codes (GTR-STBCs) for a two-transmit/one-receive antenna aeronautical telemetry link. It is shown that the jointly optimum design of the sparse equalizer coefficients and the power sharing parameter \rho in GTR-STBCs is computationally challenging because the active tap ratio of the sparse equalizers is a non-convex function of \rho. A search algorithm based on a grid search followed by an interpolation is shown to yield impressive results. Our numerical results demonstrate that depending on signal-to-noise ratio and channel conditions, the number of non-zero taps of sparse equalizers for GTR-STBCs can be reduced by 53% to 86\% at the cost of 0.25 dB relaxation in the mean-squared error. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
154	a36987999600	Afran M.S.	p159	False	Journal	111	On Sparse Channel Estimation in Aeronautical Telemetry	This paper examines the application of sparse estimation techniques for the estimation of a discrete-time equivalent multipath channel in the aeronautical telemetry context. The sensing matrix comprises samples of shaped offset QPSK-TG (a continuous phase modulation) based on the pilot bit sequence currently defined in the aeronautical telemetry standard. Representative algorithms from the three broad classes of sparse estimators were examined side by side using computer simulations to estimate the postequalizer bit error rate (BER). Ideal and nonideal frequency offset synchronization were assumed in the simulations. The results show that the performance of the matching pursuit (MP) algorithms seemed to be better suited to this application in the sense that no additional steps were required and the postequalizer BER of the best MP algorithm was slightly better than that of the other sparse estimation techniques. In the case of both ideal and nonideal frequency offset synchronization, the postequalizer BER achieved by the generalized orthogonal MP algorithm was approximately 1.5 dB better than that obtained using the nonsparse-constrained maximum likelihood channel estimate. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
154	a36987999600	Afran M.S.	p619	True	Conference	256	Cfo estimation by exploiting channel sparsity in aeronautical telemetry	In this paper, we explore a carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation scheme with sparsity-constraint (SC) on the aeronautical telemetry channels. This SC CFO estimator is implemented in two steps. In the first step, channel support is recovered by combining compressed sensing techniques with the CFO estimate based on the non-sparsity constraint (NSC) on the channel. Next we use the estimated channel support to derive the SC CFO estimator. Simulations are performed to compare the performance of the SC CFO estimator against the existing NSC CFO estimators using shaped offset QPSK version TG (SOQPSK-TG) modulated iNET-formatted data over an aeronautical test channel. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
154	a36987999600	Afran M.S.	p848	True	Conference	372	Sparse MMSE equalizer for GTR-STBC in aeronautical telemetry	This paper investigates the performance of sparse minimum mean squared error (MMSE) equalizer for generalized time-reversed space-time block codes (GTR-STBC) in aeronautical telemetry. GTR-STBC equipped with MMSE equalizer performs the best trade-offbetween the signal-tonoise ratio and inter-symbol interference by allocating unequal power over aeronautical telemetry channels. However, aeronautical telemetry channels are in general consists of larger delay spreads which make the MMSE equalization of aeronautical channels with GTR-STBC computationally complex. Interestingly enough, in spite of larger delays aeronautical channels are made of few sparsely distributed multipaths and therefore their MMSE equalizers are highly compressible. In this paper, compressed sensing based greedy algorithm is used for the design of sparse MMSE equalizer and a convex curve-fitting algorithm is used to find the sub-optimum power allocation parameter at the same sparsity level for GTR-STBC. Our simulation results show that 75-90% of the non-zero equalizer taps can be reduced with a slight relaxation of the mean-squared error (or equivalently slight degradation of bit-error rate performance). It is also observed that the optimum transmitter power profile for the sparse MMSE equalizer is different than that of the non-sparse equalizer.
154	a36987999600	Afran M.S.	p886	False	Conference	398	A summary of data-aided equalizer experiments at edwards AFB	This paper summarizes the analysis of bit error rate data captured during flight tests designed to compare data-aided equalizers with SOQPSK-TG to unequalized and currently available blind, adaptive equalizers with SOQPSK-TG. The number of bit errors, on a second-by-second basis, are analyzed. The results are different for each test point. Given the uncertain behavior of the preamble detector for the data-aided equalizer and the differing channel conditions between the data-aided equalizer channel and the conventional serial streaming telemetry channel, we are unable to draw any firm comparative conclusions.
155	a7003868048	Saquib M.	p38	False	Journal	20	On the effects of channel sparsity on joint estimators in aeronautical telemetry	Minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) equalizers are a viable solution to mitigate the frequency selectivity of the aeronautical telemetry channel. Because the MMSE equalizer filter coefficients are a function of the carrier frequency offset (CFO), the equivalent discrete-time channel, and the noise variance, reliable estimates of those parameters are required. The CFO is due primarily to the high velocity of the airborne transmitter. Because the equivalent discrete-time channel in aeronautical telemetry is sparse, the performance of the joint estimator based on a sparse channel estimator is superior to the performance of a traditional nonsparse maximum-likelihood-inspired joint estimator. The improvement is seen in lower estimator error variances for the parameters, particularly for the CFO and channel estimate, and in the postequalizer bit-error rate. Simulation results demonstrate that the postequalizer bit-error rate using the sparse estimator is almost as good as that using ideal estimators. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
155	a7003868048	Saquib M.	p85	False	Journal	20	Sparse Equalization in Aeronautical Telemetry Using Two Transmit Antennas	This correspondence explores the application of sparse equalizers in generalized time-reversed space-time block codes (GTR-STBCs) for a two-transmit/one-receive antenna aeronautical telemetry link. It is shown that the jointly optimum design of the sparse equalizer coefficients and the power sharing parameter \rho in GTR-STBCs is computationally challenging because the active tap ratio of the sparse equalizers is a non-convex function of \rho. A search algorithm based on a grid search followed by an interpolation is shown to yield impressive results. Our numerical results demonstrate that depending on signal-to-noise ratio and channel conditions, the number of non-zero taps of sparse equalizers for GTR-STBCs can be reduced by 53% to 86\% at the cost of 0.25 dB relaxation in the mean-squared error. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
155	a7003868048	Saquib M.	p159	False	Journal	111	On Sparse Channel Estimation in Aeronautical Telemetry	This paper examines the application of sparse estimation techniques for the estimation of a discrete-time equivalent multipath channel in the aeronautical telemetry context. The sensing matrix comprises samples of shaped offset QPSK-TG (a continuous phase modulation) based on the pilot bit sequence currently defined in the aeronautical telemetry standard. Representative algorithms from the three broad classes of sparse estimators were examined side by side using computer simulations to estimate the postequalizer bit error rate (BER). Ideal and nonideal frequency offset synchronization were assumed in the simulations. The results show that the performance of the matching pursuit (MP) algorithms seemed to be better suited to this application in the sense that no additional steps were required and the postequalizer BER of the best MP algorithm was slightly better than that of the other sparse estimation techniques. In the case of both ideal and nonideal frequency offset synchronization, the postequalizer BER achieved by the generalized orthogonal MP algorithm was approximately 1.5 dB better than that obtained using the nonsparse-constrained maximum likelihood channel estimate. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
155	a7003868048	Saquib M.	p619	False	Conference	256	Cfo estimation by exploiting channel sparsity in aeronautical telemetry	In this paper, we explore a carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation scheme with sparsity-constraint (SC) on the aeronautical telemetry channels. This SC CFO estimator is implemented in two steps. In the first step, channel support is recovered by combining compressed sensing techniques with the CFO estimate based on the non-sparsity constraint (NSC) on the channel. Next we use the estimated channel support to derive the SC CFO estimator. Simulations are performed to compare the performance of the SC CFO estimator against the existing NSC CFO estimators using shaped offset QPSK version TG (SOQPSK-TG) modulated iNET-formatted data over an aeronautical test channel. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
155	a7003868048	Saquib M.	p848	False	Conference	372	Sparse MMSE equalizer for GTR-STBC in aeronautical telemetry	This paper investigates the performance of sparse minimum mean squared error (MMSE) equalizer for generalized time-reversed space-time block codes (GTR-STBC) in aeronautical telemetry. GTR-STBC equipped with MMSE equalizer performs the best trade-offbetween the signal-tonoise ratio and inter-symbol interference by allocating unequal power over aeronautical telemetry channels. However, aeronautical telemetry channels are in general consists of larger delay spreads which make the MMSE equalization of aeronautical channels with GTR-STBC computationally complex. Interestingly enough, in spite of larger delays aeronautical channels are made of few sparsely distributed multipaths and therefore their MMSE equalizers are highly compressible. In this paper, compressed sensing based greedy algorithm is used for the design of sparse MMSE equalizer and a convex curve-fitting algorithm is used to find the sub-optimum power allocation parameter at the same sparsity level for GTR-STBC. Our simulation results show that 75-90% of the non-zero equalizer taps can be reduced with a slight relaxation of the mean-squared error (or equivalently slight degradation of bit-error rate performance). It is also observed that the optimum transmitter power profile for the sparse MMSE equalizer is different than that of the non-sparse equalizer.
155	a7003868048	Saquib M.	p886	False	Conference	398	A summary of data-aided equalizer experiments at edwards AFB	This paper summarizes the analysis of bit error rate data captured during flight tests designed to compare data-aided equalizers with SOQPSK-TG to unequalized and currently available blind, adaptive equalizers with SOQPSK-TG. The number of bit errors, on a second-by-second basis, are analyzed. The results are different for each test point. Given the uncertain behavior of the preamble detector for the data-aided equalizer and the differing channel conditions between the data-aided equalizer channel and the conventional serial streaming telemetry channel, we are unable to draw any firm comparative conclusions.
156	a57190402922	Ellingson G.	p39	True	Journal	32	Relative navigation of fixed-wing aircraft in GPS-denied environments	This work enables GPS-denied flight on fixed-wing UAS by accounting for fixed-wing-specific sensing requirements and using a methodology called relative navigation as an overarching framework. The development of an odometry-like, front-end, EKF-based estimator that utilizes only a monocular camera and an inertial measurement unit (IMU) is presented. The filter uses the measurement model of the multi-state-constraint Kalman filter. The filter also regularly resets its origin in coordination with the declaration of keyframe images. The keyframe-to-keyframe odometry estimates and their covariances are sent to a global back end that represents the global state as a pose graph. The back end is better suited to represent nonlinear uncertainties and incorporate opportunistic global constraints. We also introduce a method to account for front-end velocity bias in the back-end optimization. The paper provides simulation and hardware flight-test results of the front-end estimator and performs several back-end optimizations on the front-end data. © 2020 Institute of Navigation
156	a57190402922	Ellingson G.	p121	True	Journal	81	Cooperative relative navigation of multiple aircraft in global positioning system-denied/degraded environments	This paper introduces a method for enabling multiple small unmannedaircraft to improve navigational accuracy in Global Positioning System (GPS)-denied environments by cooperatively sharing information. The method uses a multilevel framework called relative navigation and visual-inertial odometry: Both of which have been used for singlevehicle GPS-denied navigation. This work modifies the relative navigation architecture by adding the necessary elements to enable decentralized, cooperative operations. The proposed framework also includes the ability to incorporate intervehicle measurements and uses a new concept called the coordinated reset, which is necessary for optimizing the cooperative odometry and improving localization. A simple communication protocol is presented, as well as flight-test results that show its effectiveness. The method is first demonstrated in simulation, including Monte Carlo testing, to show the expected improvement gained from cooperation. Finally, results from hardware testing are presented that show the ability of the system to reject initialization errors, to operate with temporary communications dropouts, and to greatly reduce the total amount of shared data compared to a naive approach. The proposed method is able to improve both global navigation accuracy and the accuracy of the relative aircraft positions for missions that require formation flying. © 2020 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
156	a57190402922	Ellingson G.	p213	False	Conference	48	Deep RC: Enabling remote control through deep learning	Human remote-control (RC) pilots have the ability to perceive the position and orientation of an aircraft using only third-person-perspective visual sensing. While novice pilots often struggle when learning to control RC aircraft, they can sense the orientation of the aircraft with relative ease. In this paper, we hypothesize and demonstrate that deep learning methods can be used to mimic the human ability to perceive the orientation of an aircraft from monocular imagery. This work uses a neural network to directly sense the aircraft attitude. The network is combined with more conventional image processing methods for visual tracking of the aircraft. The aircraft track and attitude measurements from the convolutional neural network (CNN) are combined in a particle filter that provides a complete state estimate of the aircraft. The network topology, training, and testing results are presented as well as filter development and results. The proposed method was tested in simulation and hardware flight demonstrations. © 2019 IEEE.
156	a57190402922	Ellingson G.	p497	True	Conference	187	Relative visual-inertial odometry for fixed-wing aircraft in GPS-denied environments	This paper introduces an odometry-like front-end estimator for GPS-denied fixed-wing flight using a monocular camera. This development is a critical component for enabling fixed-wing aircraft to use a novel methodology called relative navigation. Relative navigation allows a single vehicle to gracefully accommodate intermittent GPS or geo-registered image updates. It can also enable communication and a computationally feasible cooperative, batch-based navigation approach for numerous vehicles. This paper presents a visual-odometry estimator that is appropriate for fixed-wing flight characteristics and sensing requirements. We propose a modification to the multi-state-constraint Kalman filter which, instead of running the filter in a single inertial/global frame, regularly resets the navigation frame to a new local origin. The vehicle operates based on the most recent keyframe and produces a marginalized change in pose (odometry) and covariance output whenever the keyframe is updated. This allows the front end to operate at the IMU rate to accommodate guidance and control inputs while sharing marginalized keyframe-to-keyframe odometry estimates with a back-end, graph optimization at a much lower rate than traditional batch navigation schemes. Results from testing the proposed method in a high-fidelity simulation of the filter is also presented. © 2018 IEEE.
156	a57190402922	Ellingson G.	p662	True	Conference	289	Deep visual gravity vector detection for unmanned aircraft attitude estimation	This paper demonstrates a feasible method for using a deep neural network as a sensor to estimate the attitude of a flying vehicle using only flight video. A dataset of still images and associated gravity vectors was collected and used to perform supervised learning. The network builds on a previously trained network and was trained to be able to approximate the attitude of the camera with an average error of about 8 degrees. Flight test video was recorded and processed with a relatively simple visual odometry method. The aircraft attitude is then estimated with the visual odometry as the state propagation and network providing the attitude measurement in an extended Kalman filter. Results show that the proposed method of having the neural network provide a gravity vector attitude measurement from the flight imagery reduces the standard deviation of the attitude error by approximately 12 times compared to a baseline approach. © 2017 IEEE.
157	a9535406000	Sansom R.L.	p40	True	Journal	33	Increasing Student Use of a Learner Dashboard	Use of online learning systems, such as learner dashboards, is increasing in university chemistry courses. Learning analytics can support student learning by providing feedback on concept mastery. This paper investigated how student use of a chemistry learner dashboard might be increased through class structure, instructor practice, and dashboard design changes across three iterations in a general chemistry course. Once acceptable levels of student dashboard use were achieved, further investigation of how students interacted with the dashboard, including accessing the variety of available resources, was conducted. Survey data and clickstream data from the dashboard were collected and analyzed in a convergent mixed methods design. This study found that changes in course structure, teacher practice, and dashboard design increased use of the dashboard and utilization of the variety of materials offered in it. Recommendations for instructors to effectively utilize a learner dashboard and increase student trust in the system are provided. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V.
158	a56703308500	Bodily R.	p40	False	Journal	33	Increasing Student Use of a Learner Dashboard	Use of online learning systems, such as learner dashboards, is increasing in university chemistry courses. Learning analytics can support student learning by providing feedback on concept mastery. This paper investigated how student use of a chemistry learner dashboard might be increased through class structure, instructor practice, and dashboard design changes across three iterations in a general chemistry course. Once acceptable levels of student dashboard use were achieved, further investigation of how students interacted with the dashboard, including accessing the variety of available resources, was conducted. Survey data and clickstream data from the dashboard were collected and analyzed in a convergent mixed methods design. This study found that changes in course structure, teacher practice, and dashboard design increased use of the dashboard and utilization of the variety of materials offered in it. Recommendations for instructors to effectively utilize a learner dashboard and increase student trust in the system are provided. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V.
158	a56703308500	Bodily R.	p688	True	Journal	334	Review of research on student-facing learning analytics dashboards and educational recommender systems	This article is a comprehensive literature review of student-facing learning analytics reporting systems that track learning analytics data and report it directly to students. This literature review builds on four previously conducted literature reviews in similar domains. Out of the 945 articles retrieved from databases and journals, 93 articles were included in the analysis. Articles were coded based on the following five categories: functionality, data sources, design analysis, student perceptions, and measured effects. Based on this review, we need research on learning analytics reporting systems that targets the design and development process of reporting systems, not only the final products. This design and development process includes needs analyses, visual design analyses, information selection justifications, and student perception surveys. In addition, experiments to determine the effect of these systems on student behavior, achievement, and skills are needed to add to the small existing body of evidence. Furthermore, experimental studies should include usability tests and methodologies to examine student use of these systems, as these factors may affect experimental findings. Finally, observational study methods, such as propensity score matching, should be used to increase student access to these systems but still rigorously measure experimental effects. © 2016 IEEE.
159	a57216531463	Bates C.O.	p40	False	Journal	33	Increasing Student Use of a Learner Dashboard	Use of online learning systems, such as learner dashboards, is increasing in university chemistry courses. Learning analytics can support student learning by providing feedback on concept mastery. This paper investigated how student use of a chemistry learner dashboard might be increased through class structure, instructor practice, and dashboard design changes across three iterations in a general chemistry course. Once acceptable levels of student dashboard use were achieved, further investigation of how students interacted with the dashboard, including accessing the variety of available resources, was conducted. Survey data and clickstream data from the dashboard were collected and analyzed in a convergent mixed methods design. This study found that changes in course structure, teacher practice, and dashboard design increased use of the dashboard and utilization of the variety of materials offered in it. Recommendations for instructors to effectively utilize a learner dashboard and increase student trust in the system are provided. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V.
160	a23050937200	Leary H.	p40	False	Journal	33	Increasing Student Use of a Learner Dashboard	Use of online learning systems, such as learner dashboards, is increasing in university chemistry courses. Learning analytics can support student learning by providing feedback on concept mastery. This paper investigated how student use of a chemistry learner dashboard might be increased through class structure, instructor practice, and dashboard design changes across three iterations in a general chemistry course. Once acceptable levels of student dashboard use were achieved, further investigation of how students interacted with the dashboard, including accessing the variety of available resources, was conducted. Survey data and clickstream data from the dashboard were collected and analyzed in a convergent mixed methods design. This study found that changes in course structure, teacher practice, and dashboard design increased use of the dashboard and utilization of the variety of materials offered in it. Recommendations for instructors to effectively utilize a learner dashboard and increase student trust in the system are provided. © 2020, Springer Nature B.V.
161	a57199050938	Small K.A.	p41	True	Journal	34	Interplay of dislocation substructure and elastic strain evolution in additively manufactured Inconel 625	The unique thermal history of direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) leads to complex microstructures and local elastic residual strains which accumulate to affect the global residual stress and mechanical properties of components. Characterization of residual stress using neutron and x-ray diffraction result in bulk and grain level residual stress measurements; however, the contribution of the microscale residual strain remains largely unaccounted for. High-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) has emerged as a promising tool for the characterization of such micron-level elastic strains. This work presents an early effort in analysis of microscale elastic strain in conjunction with subgrain dislocation structures to further the understanding of microstructural evolution during laser additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. Elastic strain in DMLS fabricated IN625 is analyzed using open source cross-correlation software OpenXY while the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density is calculated from EBSD data using the Nye tensor. Dislocation structures previously seen in similar materials are shown here to contain low elastic strain gradients, supporting the assertion that these structures occur as strain minimization mechanisms during solidification. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
162	a57211158470	Clayburn Z.	p41	False	Journal	34	Interplay of dislocation substructure and elastic strain evolution in additively manufactured Inconel 625	The unique thermal history of direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) leads to complex microstructures and local elastic residual strains which accumulate to affect the global residual stress and mechanical properties of components. Characterization of residual stress using neutron and x-ray diffraction result in bulk and grain level residual stress measurements; however, the contribution of the microscale residual strain remains largely unaccounted for. High-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) has emerged as a promising tool for the characterization of such micron-level elastic strains. This work presents an early effort in analysis of microscale elastic strain in conjunction with subgrain dislocation structures to further the understanding of microstructural evolution during laser additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. Elastic strain in DMLS fabricated IN625 is analyzed using open source cross-correlation software OpenXY while the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density is calculated from EBSD data using the Nye tensor. Dislocation structures previously seen in similar materials are shown here to contain low elastic strain gradients, supporting the assertion that these structures occur as strain minimization mechanisms during solidification. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
163	a57195286623	DeMott R.	p41	False	Journal	34	Interplay of dislocation substructure and elastic strain evolution in additively manufactured Inconel 625	The unique thermal history of direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) leads to complex microstructures and local elastic residual strains which accumulate to affect the global residual stress and mechanical properties of components. Characterization of residual stress using neutron and x-ray diffraction result in bulk and grain level residual stress measurements; however, the contribution of the microscale residual strain remains largely unaccounted for. High-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) has emerged as a promising tool for the characterization of such micron-level elastic strains. This work presents an early effort in analysis of microscale elastic strain in conjunction with subgrain dislocation structures to further the understanding of microstructural evolution during laser additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. Elastic strain in DMLS fabricated IN625 is analyzed using open source cross-correlation software OpenXY while the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density is calculated from EBSD data using the Nye tensor. Dislocation structures previously seen in similar materials are shown here to contain low elastic strain gradients, supporting the assertion that these structures occur as strain minimization mechanisms during solidification. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
164	a35790633100	Primig S.	p41	False	Journal	34	Interplay of dislocation substructure and elastic strain evolution in additively manufactured Inconel 625	The unique thermal history of direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) leads to complex microstructures and local elastic residual strains which accumulate to affect the global residual stress and mechanical properties of components. Characterization of residual stress using neutron and x-ray diffraction result in bulk and grain level residual stress measurements; however, the contribution of the microscale residual strain remains largely unaccounted for. High-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) has emerged as a promising tool for the characterization of such micron-level elastic strains. This work presents an early effort in analysis of microscale elastic strain in conjunction with subgrain dislocation structures to further the understanding of microstructural evolution during laser additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. Elastic strain in DMLS fabricated IN625 is analyzed using open source cross-correlation software OpenXY while the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density is calculated from EBSD data using the Nye tensor. Dislocation structures previously seen in similar materials are shown here to contain low elastic strain gradients, supporting the assertion that these structures occur as strain minimization mechanisms during solidification. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p41	False	Journal	34	Interplay of dislocation substructure and elastic strain evolution in additively manufactured Inconel 625	The unique thermal history of direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) leads to complex microstructures and local elastic residual strains which accumulate to affect the global residual stress and mechanical properties of components. Characterization of residual stress using neutron and x-ray diffraction result in bulk and grain level residual stress measurements; however, the contribution of the microscale residual strain remains largely unaccounted for. High-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) has emerged as a promising tool for the characterization of such micron-level elastic strains. This work presents an early effort in analysis of microscale elastic strain in conjunction with subgrain dislocation structures to further the understanding of microstructural evolution during laser additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. Elastic strain in DMLS fabricated IN625 is analyzed using open source cross-correlation software OpenXY while the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density is calculated from EBSD data using the Nye tensor. Dislocation structures previously seen in similar materials are shown here to contain low elastic strain gradients, supporting the assertion that these structures occur as strain minimization mechanisms during solidification. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p73	False	Journal	53	Nanoparticle orientation distribution analysis and design for polymeric piezoresistive sensors	Piezoresistive sensors, with polymer matrices and conductive nanoparticles, are a relatively new addition to the sensor class, with the potential to transform such fields as wearable sensors and the internet of things. The unusual inverse piezoresistive behavior of the sensors has been modeled using quantum tunneling and percolation theory. However, the impact of the distribution of conductive particles in the matrix, and specifically their relative orientation, has not been well studied. The initial and deformed distribution of orientations greatly influences the sensor behavior, since the quantum tunneling model is highly sensitive to the polymer gaps between nanoparticles; the evolution of these gaps under deformation is strongly dependent upon the relative orientation of neighboring particles, and determines electron transport properties, and overall sensor response. In this paper a simple analytical model for isotropic orientation distribution and subsequent Poisson-based gap evolution is compared with a more sophisticated finite element and random resistor network analysis. The new numerical model was able to explain previously unexplained physical behavior and is used to design sensors with specific desired characteristics. The appropriateness of the previously assumed percolation behavior is also examined via the model and generalized effective medium theory. © 2020
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p80	False	Journal	60	Grain boundary structure–property model inference using polycrystals: the overdetermined case	Efforts to construct predictive grain boundary (GB) structure–property models have historically relied on property measurements or calculations made on bicrystals. Experimental bicrystals can be difficult or expensive to fabricate, and computational constraints limit atomistic bicrystal simulations to high-symmetry GBs (i.e., those with small enough GB periodicity). Although the use of bicrystal property data to construct GB structure–property models is more direct, in many experimental situations the only type of data available may be measurements of the effective properties of polycrystals. In this work, we investigate the possibility of inferring GB structure–property models from measurements of the homogenized effective properties of polycrystals when the form of the structure–property model is unknown. We present an idealized case study in which GB structure–property models for diffusivity are inferred from noisy simulation results of two-dimensional microstructures, under the assumption that the number of polycrystal measurements available is larger than the number of parameters in the inferred model. We also demonstrate how uncertainty quantification for the inferred structure–property models is easily performed within this framework. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p88	False	Journal	67	An investigation of geometrically necessary dislocations and back stress in large grained tantalum via EBSD and CPFEM	This study explores the evolution of GNDs and their effects on back stress through experimental and computational methods. Four large-grained tantalum tensile specimens were strained in uniaxial tension, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data were collected, and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) maps of the four specimens in the unloaded state were produced. EBSD-based GND maps revealed several types of features with high GND content which caused back stress in the specimens. Correlations between five geometrically-based grain boundary (GB) transmission factors and the GB GND content were evaluated, and statistically significant correlations were found for transmission factors based on Livingston and Chalmer's N factor, Werner and Prantl's slip transfer number, and GB misorientation. The sign of individual components of the Nye tensor were used to visually and quantitatively identify clustering of GNDs of the same sign, thus giving additional evidence of increasing back stress due to deformation. Deformation of one of the specimens was simulated using multiple CPFEM based modeling approaches and predicted stress-strain responses are compared. The super dislocation model (SD model) — a crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) which incorporates elastic dislocation interactions — was able to isolate impact of back stress on the overall flow stress. The SD model predicted correct stresses when compared with experimental data; however, when the elastic interactions in the SD model were turned off, stress predictions were 25% too low. Thus, demonstrating the importance of incorporating back stress into the model. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p95	False	Journal	73	Optical measurement of voids in situ during infusion of carbon reinforcements	Liquid composite molding (LCM) is growing in importance as an alternative to traditional prepreg-autoclave methods for manufacture high-performance composites. The most significant roadblock to industry’s implementation of LCM is the usually higher void content compared with prepreg processing. One tool for reducing void levels in LCM involves optimization of flow velocity, which requires models to be developed to describe void formation at a given velocity. To help solve this problem, the following research illustrates the first known method for optical void measurement in situ during infusion in a carbon fiber reinforcement. Similar to previous studies on glass fiber, this work utilizes fluorescent dye and a digital camera to produce sufficient contrast and resolution for image analysis. Visible bubbles are photographed against the opaque carbon fiber background. An automated method of image analysis is outlined, which was used to analyze 230 images for three different flow orientations of a single fabric, producing the highest amount of experimental data seen so far on in situ void measurement. The resulting data identifies a minimum velocity threshold for minimal macro-void formation. The resultant void characterization framework will better enable optimization of LCM processing for high-performance composites based on carbon reinforcements. © The Author(s) 2020.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p140	False	Journal	98	The effects of voids in quasi-static indentation of resin-infused reinforced polymers	The focus of this study is the influence of voids on the damage behaviour in quasi-static loading of resin-infused carbon fibre-reinforced polymers. Experimental results are presented for quasi-static loading in combination with high-resolution tomographic imaging and statistical analysis (homology of pores or voids and induced cracks). Three distinct mechanisms were observed to control delamination growth in the presence of sharp and blunt voids. Delamination cracks interact with the supporting yarns, especially in combination with air pockets trapped in the resin in the form of long, sharp voids. This resulted in crack growth that coalesces with delamination cracks from neighbouring yarn-voids during increased out-of-plane load–displacement, with almost no presence of intralaminar transverse cracks. This highlights the benefits and drawbacks of the supporting yarn during out-of-plane loading. © The Author(s) 2019.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p199	False	Journal	133	Lower-bound dislocation density mapping in microcoined tantalum using high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction	High-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) is used to map the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density in the cross-sections of annealed, rolled, and microcoined tantalum foils that are typical targets used in modern laser-induced compression materials science studies. The microcoined samples are characteristic of microforming, where the deformation length scale is on the order of the grain size (~50 μm). In particular, inhomogeneities in dislocation density maps across 0.1–1 mm regions of interest are compared with expectations from slip line field approximations. The average HR-EBSD GND dislocation density measurements in various annealed and cold worked tantalum samples are compared with corresponding dislocation density approximations from microhardness measurements. GND densities in the range 1013 − 1015 m−2 are typical. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p208	False	Journal	141	Atomistic survey of grain boundary-dislocation interactions in FCC nickel	It is well known that grain boundaries (GBs) have a strong influence on mechanical properties of polycrystalline materials. Not as well-known is how different GBs interact with dislocations to influence dislocation movement. This work presents a molecular dynamics study of 33 different FCC Ni bicrystals, each subjected to four different loading conditions to induce incident dislocation-GB interactions in 132 unique configurations. The resulting simulations produce 189 dislocation-GB interactions. Each interaction is analyzed to determine properties that affect the likelihood of transmission, reflection, or absorption of the dislocation at the GB of interest. The results confirm the ability to predict the slip system of a transmitted dislocation using common geometric criteria. Furthermore, machine learning reveals that geometric properties, such as the minimum residual Burgers vector (RBV) and the disorientation angle between the two grains, are strong indicators of whether or not a dislocation will transmit through a GB. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p227	False	Journal	149	Modeling of trans-grain twin transmission in AZ31 via a neighborhood-based viscoplastic self-consistent model	The impact of twin transmission between neighboring grains as a contributor to overall twin activity is considered via a neighborhood viscoplastic self-consistent (NVPSC) model. The NVPSC model is an extension of a stochastic model for twin nucleation developed by Niezgoda et al. and a dislocation density based hardening law model developed by Knezevic et al. Beyond the baseline combined framework, the new model tracks sets of neighboring grains and allows twin transmission between them under certain conditions. The influence of grain boundary (GB) character is included in the stochastic models of twin nucleation and transmission. The starting texture from a rolled magnesium alloy AZ31B sheet was obtained using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) for initial input into the NVPSC. The sample was further deformed by uniaxial compression to encourage twin formation and the corresponding texture information was collected using EBSD. The accuracy of simulated twin activity was determined by comparing it with the twin activity seen in the deformed sample. The total number of predicted twins and the number of transmission twins is found to agree favorably with those observed via the EBSD scans. This validation demonstrates the significance of incorporating twin transmission as a twin formation mode in predictive models for this material. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p445	False	Journal	249	Effect of strain path on forming limits and retained austenite transformation in Q&P 1180 steel	Forming limits and retained austenite (RA) transformation in Q&P 1180 steel are quantified as a function of plastic strain levels for three different strain paths. In-plane uniaxial tension testing was performed in a standard test frame, while limiting dome height tooling was employed for out-of-plane biaxial and plane strain tension experiments. Sheet specimens were tested incrementally for each strain path, and the RA content at each level of strain was measured using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The biaxial tension strain path resulted in the greatest effective strain prior to necking at 0.355, compared to 0.123 for plane strain and 0.142 for uniaxial tension. EBSD measurements for various levels of plastic strain reveal a clear dependence of RA rate of transformation on strain path for the three linear strain paths that were employed in this work. Thinning strains appear to provide a slightly better correlation to RA transformation than effective strain levels, where biaxial tension achieved the greatest level just prior to necking, followed by plane-strain tension, and then uniaxial tension. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p455	False	Conference	161	Modified Material Properties in Curved Panels Through Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints	Compliant joints have a number of advantages that make them suitable for highly constrained design problems. While much work has been done on the design of compliant joints manufactured from planar sheet materials, this work focuses on the design of cylindrically-curved joints. A method for using lamina emergent torsional (LET) joints to increase energy storage efficiency in curved sheet materials is presented. A numerical model is provided for predicting the stiffness and maximum applied moment of a curved LET joint. Predicted curved LET joint stiffnesses and maximum moments are utilized to create shape factors that produce an effective modulus of elasticity and an effective modulus of resilience. For a given case, the effective modulus of elasticity is shown to decrease by about three orders of magnitude while the effective resilience decreases by approximately one order of magnitude. Designers can use this information to tailor materials to fit design requirements or to select alternative materials that were previously unsuited for an application. © 2018 IEEE.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p494	False	Journal	267	Preface	[No abstract available]
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p495	False	Conference	186	Crystallographic Reconstruction of Parent Austenite Twin Boundaries in a Lath Martensitic Steel	The study of post-transformation microstructures and their properties can be greatly enhanced by studying their dependence on the grain boundary content of parent microstructures. Recent work has extended the crystallographic reconstruction of parent austenite in steels to include the reconstruction of special boundaries, such as annealing twins. These reconstructions present unique challenges, as twinned austenite grains share a subset of possible daughter variant orientations. This gives rise to regions of ambiguity in a reconstruction. A technique for the reconstruction of twin boundaries is presented here that is capable of reconstructing 60° <1 1 1> twins, even in the case where twin regions are comprised entirely of variants that are common between the twin and the parent. This technique is demonstrated in the reconstruction of lath martensitic steels. The reconstruction method utilizes a delayed decision-making approach, where a chosen orientation relationship is used to define all possible groupings of daughter grains into possible parents before divisive decisions are made. These overlapping, inclusive groupings (called clusters) are compared to each other individually using their calculated parent austenite orientations and the topographical nature of the overlapping region. These comparisons are used to uncover possible locations of twin boundaries present in the parent austenite. This technique can be applied to future studies on the dependence of post-transformation microstructures on the special grain boundary content of parent microstructures. © 2018 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p505	False	Journal	276	Inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensors for identifying human sitting posture	Sitting posture is the position in which one holds his/her body upright against gravity while sitting. Poor sitting posture is regarded as an aggravating factor for various diseases. In this paper, we present an inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensor, and related deciphering neural network, as a new tool to identify human sitting postures accurately. As a low power consumption device, the proposed tool has simple structure, and is easy to use. The strain gauge is attached to the back of the user to acquire sitting data. A three-layer BP neural network is employed to distinguish normal sitting posture, slight hunchback and severe hunchback according to the acquired data. Experimental results show that our method is both realizable and effective, achieving 98.75% posture identification accuracy. This successful application of inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensors reveals that the method could potentially be used for monitoring of diverse physiological parameters in the future. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p517	False	Journal	286	Effect of environmental and material factors on the response of nanocomposite foam impact sensors	Nanocomposite foam (NCF) is a multifunctional material that can be used to measure impact. Interactions between the flexible polymer matrix and conductive particles dispersed throughout it produce a voltage signal under dynamic strain, which correlates to the magnitude of impact. Though promising in applications requiring both impact sensing and energy absorption, NCF's voltage response has been observed to suffer from significant signal drift. This paper investigates several causes of variance in the response of NCF sensors to consistent impacts. These effects can be classified into three general types: recoverable transient effects (such as those relating to viscoelasticity or capacitive charging), environmental drift (due to humidity and temperature), and permanent signal decay from material degradation. The motivation for the study arises from various potential repeat-impact applications where periodic recalibration of the sensor would be difficult (such as a gait-tracking insole in use for a marathon event). A cyclic drop testing machine was used to apply consistent impacts to NCF, and drift resulting from each factor (in ranges typical of an insole environment) was experimentally isolated. Models representing each factor's contribution to signal drift are presented. Of the factors investigated, humidity and temperature caused the most significant drift, with permanent material degradation accounting for only minor decay in voltage response. Transient effects were also observed, with a characteristic 'warm-up' (or 'charging') time required for the NCF to achieve steady-state; this phenomenon, and the related 'recovery' time for the material to return to its original state, were determined. The resultant data can be leveraged to implement a correction algorithm or other drift-compensating method to retain an NCF sensor's accuracy in both long and short data collection scenarios. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p546	False	Journal	300	Materials selection of flexible open-cell foams in energy absorption applications	Foam must be engineered to absorb a particular range of energy in various impact-related applications. Since energy absorption is dependent upon the unique stress-strain response of each foam specimen, it is difficult to quantify analytically; thus, energy absorption cannot be easily compared across materials. Current methods accomplish this using an experimental approach, individually testing foam materials, densities, and geometries to quantify how each influences energy absorption. Such methods require large amounts of time and money to characterize a narrow range of foams. This paper facilitates foam selection by deriving generalized energy absorption material indices. Assuming Euler buckling of columns in the open-cell foam structure, this paper applies equations derived by Maiti et al. to a typical impact scenario wherein the indices are extracted. Using existing Ashby charts, these indices allow polymers to be ranked by the mass and cost each would require as a foamed structure to satisfy specific energy absorption constraints. The presented method allows the energy absorption of a wide range of flexible foams to be compared and relieves the need for extensive factor-specific testing. This method is applied to football helmet foam selection; however, it can be used for many applications where energy absorption is of interest. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p666	False	Journal	320	Nano-Composite Foam Sensor System in Football Helmets	American football has both the highest rate of concussion incidences as well as the highest number of concussions of all contact sports due to both the number of athletes and nature of the sport. Recent research has linked concussions with long term health complications such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy and early onset Alzheimer’s. Understanding the mechanical characteristics of concussive impacts is critical to help protect athletes from these debilitating diseases and is now possible using helmet-based sensor systems. To date, real time on-field measurement of head impacts has been almost exclusively measured by devices that rely on accelerometers or gyroscopes attached to the player’s helmet, or embedded in a mouth guard. These systems monitor motion of the head or helmet, but do not directly measure impact energy. This paper evaluates the accuracy of a novel, multifunctional foam-based sensor that replaces a portion of the helmet foam to measure impact. All modified helmets were tested using a National Operating Committee Standards for Athletic Equipment-style drop tower with a total of 24 drop tests (4 locations with 6 impact energies). The impacts were evaluated using a headform, instrumented with a tri-axial accelerometer, mounted to a Hybrid III neck assembly. The resultant accelerations were evaluated for both the peak acceleration and the severity indices. These data were then compared to the voltage response from multiple Nano Composite Foam sensors located throughout the helmet. The foam sensor system proved to be accurate in measuring both the HIC and Gadd severity index, as well as peak acceleration while also providing additional details that were previously difficult to obtain, such as impact energy. © 2017, Biomedical Engineering Society.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p694	False	Journal	320	Estimation of 3D Ground Reaction Force Using Nanocomposite Piezo-Responsive Foam Sensors During Walking	This paper describes a method for the estimation of the 3D ground reaction force (GRF) during human walking using novel nanocomposite piezo-responsive foam (NCPF) sensors. Nine subjects (5 male, 4 female) walked on a force-instrumented treadmill at 1.34 m/s for 120 s each while wearing a shoe that was instrumented with four NCPF sensors. GRF data, measured via the treadmill, and sensor data, measured via the NCPF inserts, were used in a tenfold cross validation process to calibrate a separate model for each individual. The calibration model estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with mean average errors (MAE) of 6.52 N (2.14%), 4.79 N (6.34%), and 15.4 N (2.15%), respectively. Two additional models were created using the sensor data from all subjects and subject demographics. A tenfold cross validation process for this combined data set resulted in models that estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with less than 8.16 N (2.41%), 6.63 N (7.37%), and 19.4 N (2.31%) errors, respectively. Intra-subject estimates based on the model had a higher accuracy than inter-subject estimates, likely due to the relatively small subject cohort used in creating the model. The novel NCPF sensors demonstrate the ability to accurately estimate 3D GRF during human movement outside of the traditional biomechanics laboratory setting. © 2017, Biomedical Engineering Society.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p748	False	Journal	362	An RVE procedure for micromechanical prediction of mechanical behavior of dual-phase steel	A “bottom-up” representative volume element (RVE) for a dual phase steel was constructed based on measured microstructural properties (“microproperties”). This differs from the common procedure of inferring hypothetical microproperties by fitting to macroscopic behavior using an assumed micro-to-macrolaw. The bottom-up approach allows the assessment of the law itself by comparing RVE-predicted mechanical behavior with independent macroscopic measurements, thus revealing the nature of the controlling micromechanisms. An RVE for DP980 steel was constructed using actual microproperties. Finite element (FE) simulations of elastic-plastic transitions were compared with independent loading-unloading-loading and compression-tension experiments. Constitutive models of three types were utilized: 1) a standard continuum model, 2) a standard Crystal Plasticity (CP) model, and 3) a SuperDislocation (SD) model similar to CP but including the elastic interactions of discrete dislocations. These comparisons led to following conclusions: 1) While a constitutive model that ignores elastic interaction of defects can be fit to macroscopic or microscopic behavior, it cannot represent both accurately, 2) Elastic interactions among dislocations are the predominant source of nonlinearity in the nominally-elastic region (i.e. at stresses below the standard yield stress), and 3) Continuum stress inhomogeneity arising from the hard martensite / soft ferrite microstructure has a minor role in the observed transitional nonlinearity in the absence of discrete dislocation interactions. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p756	False	Journal	361	Microstructure Correlation with Formability for Biaxial Stretching of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B at Mildly Elevated Temperatures	Magnesium AZ31B sheets of 2 mm thickness were stretch formed with a 101.6-mm-diameter punch at temperatures from 25°C to 150°C, in 25°C increments. Surface strains were measured with a digital image correlation method. The punch height versus load curve was found to be the same for temperatures of 25°C and for 50°C, whereas at 75°C and above, the load for a given punch height started to decrease, indicating a potential change in deformation mechanism. Electron backscatter diffraction was used to quantify features of the microstructure in the tested specimens. In particular, the gradual decrease in twinning activity as a result of easier thermally activated slip with increasing temperatures is quantified across this range. Moreover, twin activity was found to predominantly involve the formation of {10 1 ¯ 1 } compression twins that rapidly transform to create secondary twins for easier strain accommodation. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
165	a12142543700	Fullwood D.	p884	False	Conference	397	Formability of magnesium alloy AZ31B from room temperature to 125, °C under biaxial tension	Magnesium AZ31B sheets of 2, mm thickness were stretch formed using a 101.6, mm diameter punch at room temperature and subsequent increments from 25 to 125, °C. Surface strains were measured using a digital image correlation method in order to ensure that biaxial stretching was achieved. The punch height versus load curve was found to be the same for temperatures of 25 and for 50, °C, while at 75, °C the load for a given punch height was less. This difference seems to indicate a change in deformation mechanism between 50 and 75, °C. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) was used to quantify features of the microstructure in the as-received and the strained specimens. Rather than a sudden transition from twinning to slip at low temperatures, it appears that twinning gradually decreases and slip activity increases as temperatures rise across the range from 25 to 125, °C. This confirms recent predictions found in the literature. The twin activity predominantly involves the formation of compression twins which rapidly transform further to create secondary twins for easier strain accommodation. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
166	a8715877100	Taheri M.L.	p41	False	Journal	34	Interplay of dislocation substructure and elastic strain evolution in additively manufactured Inconel 625	The unique thermal history of direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) leads to complex microstructures and local elastic residual strains which accumulate to affect the global residual stress and mechanical properties of components. Characterization of residual stress using neutron and x-ray diffraction result in bulk and grain level residual stress measurements; however, the contribution of the microscale residual strain remains largely unaccounted for. High-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) has emerged as a promising tool for the characterization of such micron-level elastic strains. This work presents an early effort in analysis of microscale elastic strain in conjunction with subgrain dislocation structures to further the understanding of microstructural evolution during laser additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. Elastic strain in DMLS fabricated IN625 is analyzed using open source cross-correlation software OpenXY while the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density is calculated from EBSD data using the Nye tensor. Dislocation structures previously seen in similar materials are shown here to contain low elastic strain gradients, supporting the assertion that these structures occur as strain minimization mechanisms during solidification. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
167	a57209474608	McLeod A.R.	p42	True	Journal	35	Improving running economy through altered shoe bending stiffness across speeds	Increasing the longitudinal bending stiffness of running shoes decreases energy cost until a low point is reached, suggesting an optimal shoe stiffness. Previous research found optimal stiffness varies among individuals, however, none has determined the causes of variation both between individuals and running speeds. The primary purpose of this study was to understand how optimal shoe stiffness is affected by running speed. A secondary purpose examined the anatomical and biomechanical characteristics associated with optimal stiffness variation. Six shoe stiffness conditions were manufactured with a carbon fibre plate between the midsole and outsole of a standard running shoe. Twenty-one male runners (mass = 67.1 ± 5.0 kg, height = 178.9 cm ± 4.0 cm, age = 26.4 ± 8.4 years) completed testing at 2.98 m/s and 4.47 m/s in all shoe conditions, measuring metabolic cost, and several biomechanical and anatomical variables. Data were separated by foot strike. At the fast speed, average optimal stiffness was 19.29 ± 5.62 N/mm with a metabolic benefit of 3.02 ± 2.62%. Slow speed average optimal stiffness was 17.04 ± 6.09 N/mm with a metabolic benefit of 1.93 ± 1.82%. Only rearfoot strikers demonstrated a significant increase in optimal stiffness (p =.04) across speeds. There were no correlations between any of the measured anatomical or biomechanical variables and optimal stiffness. Optimal stiffness varied between subjects but was not correlated to any of our measured characteristics. Rearfoot striking runners may benefit from a higher stiffness shoe at faster speeds to enable optimal performance. © 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
167	a57209474608	McLeod A.R.	p204	True	Journal	137	Running shoe optimal stiffness and speed	[No abstract available]
168	a12445208100	Bruening D.	p42	False	Journal	35	Improving running economy through altered shoe bending stiffness across speeds	Increasing the longitudinal bending stiffness of running shoes decreases energy cost until a low point is reached, suggesting an optimal shoe stiffness. Previous research found optimal stiffness varies among individuals, however, none has determined the causes of variation both between individuals and running speeds. The primary purpose of this study was to understand how optimal shoe stiffness is affected by running speed. A secondary purpose examined the anatomical and biomechanical characteristics associated with optimal stiffness variation. Six shoe stiffness conditions were manufactured with a carbon fibre plate between the midsole and outsole of a standard running shoe. Twenty-one male runners (mass = 67.1 ± 5.0 kg, height = 178.9 cm ± 4.0 cm, age = 26.4 ± 8.4 years) completed testing at 2.98 m/s and 4.47 m/s in all shoe conditions, measuring metabolic cost, and several biomechanical and anatomical variables. Data were separated by foot strike. At the fast speed, average optimal stiffness was 19.29 ± 5.62 N/mm with a metabolic benefit of 3.02 ± 2.62%. Slow speed average optimal stiffness was 17.04 ± 6.09 N/mm with a metabolic benefit of 1.93 ± 1.82%. Only rearfoot strikers demonstrated a significant increase in optimal stiffness (p =.04) across speeds. There were no correlations between any of the measured anatomical or biomechanical variables and optimal stiffness. Optimal stiffness varied between subjects but was not correlated to any of our measured characteristics. Rearfoot striking runners may benefit from a higher stiffness shoe at faster speeds to enable optimal performance. © 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
168	a12445208100	Bruening D.	p204	False	Journal	137	Running shoe optimal stiffness and speed	[No abstract available]
168	a12445208100	Bruening D.	p510	True	Journal	279	Midtarsal locking, the windlass mechanism, and running strike pattern: A kinematic and kinetic assessment	Changes in running strike pattern affect ankle and knee mechanics, but little is known about the influence of strike pattern on the joints distal to the ankle. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of forefoot strike (FFS) and rearfoot strike (RFS) running patterns on foot kinematics and kinetics, from the perspectives of the midtarsal locking theory and the windlass mechanism. Per the midtarsal locking theory, we hypothesized that the ankle would be more inverted in early stance when using a FFS, resulting in decreased midtarsal joint excursions and increased dynamic stiffness. Associated with a more engaged windlass mechanism, we hypothesized that a FFS would elicit increased metatarsophalangeal joint excursions and negative work in late stance. Eighteen healthy female runners ran overground with both FFS and RFS patterns. Instrumented motion capture and a validated multi-segment foot model were used to analyze midtarsal and metatarsophalangeal joint kinematics and kinetics. During early stance in FFS the ankle was more inverted, with concurrently decreased midtarsal eversion (p < 0.001) and abduction excursions (p = 0.003) but increased dorsiflexion excursion (p = 0.005). Dynamic midtarsal stiffness did not differ (p = 0.761). During late stance in FFS, metatarsophalangeal extension was increased (p = 0.009), with concurrently increased negative work (p < 0.001). In addition, there was simultaneously increased midtarsal positive work (p < 0.001), suggesting enhanced power transfer in FFS. Clear evidence for the presence of midtarsal locking was not observed in either strike pattern during running. However, the windlass mechanism appeared to be engaged to a greater extent during FFS. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
169	a35868117400	Johnson A.W.	p42	False	Journal	35	Improving running economy through altered shoe bending stiffness across speeds	Increasing the longitudinal bending stiffness of running shoes decreases energy cost until a low point is reached, suggesting an optimal shoe stiffness. Previous research found optimal stiffness varies among individuals, however, none has determined the causes of variation both between individuals and running speeds. The primary purpose of this study was to understand how optimal shoe stiffness is affected by running speed. A secondary purpose examined the anatomical and biomechanical characteristics associated with optimal stiffness variation. Six shoe stiffness conditions were manufactured with a carbon fibre plate between the midsole and outsole of a standard running shoe. Twenty-one male runners (mass = 67.1 ± 5.0 kg, height = 178.9 cm ± 4.0 cm, age = 26.4 ± 8.4 years) completed testing at 2.98 m/s and 4.47 m/s in all shoe conditions, measuring metabolic cost, and several biomechanical and anatomical variables. Data were separated by foot strike. At the fast speed, average optimal stiffness was 19.29 ± 5.62 N/mm with a metabolic benefit of 3.02 ± 2.62%. Slow speed average optimal stiffness was 17.04 ± 6.09 N/mm with a metabolic benefit of 1.93 ± 1.82%. Only rearfoot strikers demonstrated a significant increase in optimal stiffness (p =.04) across speeds. There were no correlations between any of the measured anatomical or biomechanical variables and optimal stiffness. Optimal stiffness varied between subjects but was not correlated to any of our measured characteristics. Rearfoot striking runners may benefit from a higher stiffness shoe at faster speeds to enable optimal performance. © 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
169	a35868117400	Johnson A.W.	p204	False	Journal	137	Running shoe optimal stiffness and speed	[No abstract available]
170	a57209473859	Ward J.	p42	False	Journal	35	Improving running economy through altered shoe bending stiffness across speeds	Increasing the longitudinal bending stiffness of running shoes decreases energy cost until a low point is reached, suggesting an optimal shoe stiffness. Previous research found optimal stiffness varies among individuals, however, none has determined the causes of variation both between individuals and running speeds. The primary purpose of this study was to understand how optimal shoe stiffness is affected by running speed. A secondary purpose examined the anatomical and biomechanical characteristics associated with optimal stiffness variation. Six shoe stiffness conditions were manufactured with a carbon fibre plate between the midsole and outsole of a standard running shoe. Twenty-one male runners (mass = 67.1 ± 5.0 kg, height = 178.9 cm ± 4.0 cm, age = 26.4 ± 8.4 years) completed testing at 2.98 m/s and 4.47 m/s in all shoe conditions, measuring metabolic cost, and several biomechanical and anatomical variables. Data were separated by foot strike. At the fast speed, average optimal stiffness was 19.29 ± 5.62 N/mm with a metabolic benefit of 3.02 ± 2.62%. Slow speed average optimal stiffness was 17.04 ± 6.09 N/mm with a metabolic benefit of 1.93 ± 1.82%. Only rearfoot strikers demonstrated a significant increase in optimal stiffness (p =.04) across speeds. There were no correlations between any of the measured anatomical or biomechanical variables and optimal stiffness. Optimal stiffness varied between subjects but was not correlated to any of our measured characteristics. Rearfoot striking runners may benefit from a higher stiffness shoe at faster speeds to enable optimal performance. © 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
171	a35867849600	Hunter I.	p42	False	Journal	35	Improving running economy through altered shoe bending stiffness across speeds	Increasing the longitudinal bending stiffness of running shoes decreases energy cost until a low point is reached, suggesting an optimal shoe stiffness. Previous research found optimal stiffness varies among individuals, however, none has determined the causes of variation both between individuals and running speeds. The primary purpose of this study was to understand how optimal shoe stiffness is affected by running speed. A secondary purpose examined the anatomical and biomechanical characteristics associated with optimal stiffness variation. Six shoe stiffness conditions were manufactured with a carbon fibre plate between the midsole and outsole of a standard running shoe. Twenty-one male runners (mass = 67.1 ± 5.0 kg, height = 178.9 cm ± 4.0 cm, age = 26.4 ± 8.4 years) completed testing at 2.98 m/s and 4.47 m/s in all shoe conditions, measuring metabolic cost, and several biomechanical and anatomical variables. Data were separated by foot strike. At the fast speed, average optimal stiffness was 19.29 ± 5.62 N/mm with a metabolic benefit of 3.02 ± 2.62%. Slow speed average optimal stiffness was 17.04 ± 6.09 N/mm with a metabolic benefit of 1.93 ± 1.82%. Only rearfoot strikers demonstrated a significant increase in optimal stiffness (p =.04) across speeds. There were no correlations between any of the measured anatomical or biomechanical variables and optimal stiffness. Optimal stiffness varied between subjects but was not correlated to any of our measured characteristics. Rearfoot striking runners may benefit from a higher stiffness shoe at faster speeds to enable optimal performance. © 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
171	a35867849600	Hunter I.	p204	False	Journal	137	Running shoe optimal stiffness and speed	[No abstract available]
172	a8929123100	Camacho R.M.	p43	True	Journal	36	Self-Sustaining 3D Thin Liquid Films in Ambient Environments	Thin liquid films (TLF) have fundamental and technological importance ranging from the thermodynamics of cell membranes to the safety of light-water cooled nuclear reactors. The creation of stable water TLFs, however, is very difficult. In this paper, the realization of thin liquid films of water with custom 3D geometries that persist indefinitely in ambient environments is reported. The wetting films are generated using microscale “mounts” fed by microfluidic channels with small feature sizes and large aspect ratios. These devices are fabricated with a custom 3D printer and resin, which are developed to print high resolution microfluidic geometries. By modifying the 3D-printed polymer to be hydrophilic and taking advantage of well-known wetting principles and capillary effects, self-sustaining microscale “water fountains” are constructed that continuously replenish water lost to evaporation while relying on surface tension to stabilize their shape. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of stable sub-micron thin liquid films (TLFs) of pure water on curved 3D geometries. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
172	a8929123100	Camacho R.M.	p205	False	Journal	138	Accelerating silicon photonic parameter extraction using artificial neural networks	We present a novel silicon photonic parameter extraction tool that uses artificial neural networks. While other parameter extraction methods are restricted to relatively simple devices whose responses are easily modeled by analytic transfer functions, this method is capable of extracting parameters for any device with a discrete number of design parameters. To validate the method, we design and fabricate integrated chirped Bragg gratings. We then estimate the actual device parameters by iteratively fitting the simultaneously measured group delay and reflection profiles to the artificial neural network output. The method is fast, accurate, and capable of modeling the complicated chirping and index contrast. © 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement.
172	a8929123100	Camacho R.M.	p424	False	Journal	234	Error correction in structured optical receivers	Quantum green machines using integrated optics may enable better communication in photon-starved environments, but fabrication inconsistencies induce unpredictable internal phase errors, making them difficult to construct. We describe and experimentally demonstrate a new method to compensate for arbitrary phase errors by deriving a convex error space and implementing an algorithm to learn a unique codebook of codewords corresponding to each matrix. © 1995-2012 IEEE.
172	a8929123100	Camacho R.M.	p561	False	Conference	210	Open source computational photonics toolbox	We present an open source and collaborative integrated photonics simulation environment capable of accurately modeling individual components using traditional vectorial methods and large circuits using linear system theory and deep learning. © 2018 The Author(s).
173	a57215607275	Fish D.	p43	False	Journal	36	Self-Sustaining 3D Thin Liquid Films in Ambient Environments	Thin liquid films (TLF) have fundamental and technological importance ranging from the thermodynamics of cell membranes to the safety of light-water cooled nuclear reactors. The creation of stable water TLFs, however, is very difficult. In this paper, the realization of thin liquid films of water with custom 3D geometries that persist indefinitely in ambient environments is reported. The wetting films are generated using microscale “mounts” fed by microfluidic channels with small feature sizes and large aspect ratios. These devices are fabricated with a custom 3D printer and resin, which are developed to print high resolution microfluidic geometries. By modifying the 3D-printed polymer to be hydrophilic and taking advantage of well-known wetting principles and capillary effects, self-sustaining microscale “water fountains” are constructed that continuously replenish water lost to evaporation while relying on surface tension to stabilize their shape. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of stable sub-micron thin liquid films (TLFs) of pure water on curved 3D geometries. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
174	a57215609504	Simmons M.	p43	False	Journal	36	Self-Sustaining 3D Thin Liquid Films in Ambient Environments	Thin liquid films (TLF) have fundamental and technological importance ranging from the thermodynamics of cell membranes to the safety of light-water cooled nuclear reactors. The creation of stable water TLFs, however, is very difficult. In this paper, the realization of thin liquid films of water with custom 3D geometries that persist indefinitely in ambient environments is reported. The wetting films are generated using microscale “mounts” fed by microfluidic channels with small feature sizes and large aspect ratios. These devices are fabricated with a custom 3D printer and resin, which are developed to print high resolution microfluidic geometries. By modifying the 3D-printed polymer to be hydrophilic and taking advantage of well-known wetting principles and capillary effects, self-sustaining microscale “water fountains” are constructed that continuously replenish water lost to evaporation while relying on surface tension to stabilize their shape. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of stable sub-micron thin liquid films (TLFs) of pure water on curved 3D geometries. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
175	a57200118993	Awerkamp P.	p43	False	Journal	36	Self-Sustaining 3D Thin Liquid Films in Ambient Environments	Thin liquid films (TLF) have fundamental and technological importance ranging from the thermodynamics of cell membranes to the safety of light-water cooled nuclear reactors. The creation of stable water TLFs, however, is very difficult. In this paper, the realization of thin liquid films of water with custom 3D geometries that persist indefinitely in ambient environments is reported. The wetting films are generated using microscale “mounts” fed by microfluidic channels with small feature sizes and large aspect ratios. These devices are fabricated with a custom 3D printer and resin, which are developed to print high resolution microfluidic geometries. By modifying the 3D-printed polymer to be hydrophilic and taking advantage of well-known wetting principles and capillary effects, self-sustaining microscale “water fountains” are constructed that continuously replenish water lost to evaporation while relying on surface tension to stabilize their shape. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of stable sub-micron thin liquid films (TLFs) of pure water on curved 3D geometries. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
175	a57200118993	Awerkamp P.	p437	False	Journal	242	Erratum: Hardware and software improvements to a low-cost horizontal parallax holographic video monitor (Applied Optics (2018) 57 (A122-A133) DOI: 10.1364/AO.57.00A122)	In [1], the trademarked term "HoloMonitor," which belongs to Phase Holographic Imaging PHI AB, was removed. The article was corrected online on 10 September 2018. © 2018 Optical Society of America.
175	a57200118993	Awerkamp P.	p571	False	Journal	242	Hardware and software improvements to a low-cost horizontal parallax holographic video monitor	Displays capable of true holographic video have been prohibitively expensive and difficult to build. With this paper, we present a suite of modularized hardware components and software tools needed to build a HoloMonitor with basic “hacker-space” equipment, highlighting improvements that have enabled the total materials cost to fall to $820, well below that of other holographic displays. It is our hope that the current level of simplicity, development, design flexibility, and documentation will enable the lay engineer, programmer, and scientist to relatively easily replicate, modify, and build upon our designs, bringing true holographic video to the masses. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
176	a57215613881	Anderson R.	p43	False	Journal	36	Self-Sustaining 3D Thin Liquid Films in Ambient Environments	Thin liquid films (TLF) have fundamental and technological importance ranging from the thermodynamics of cell membranes to the safety of light-water cooled nuclear reactors. The creation of stable water TLFs, however, is very difficult. In this paper, the realization of thin liquid films of water with custom 3D geometries that persist indefinitely in ambient environments is reported. The wetting films are generated using microscale “mounts” fed by microfluidic channels with small feature sizes and large aspect ratios. These devices are fabricated with a custom 3D printer and resin, which are developed to print high resolution microfluidic geometries. By modifying the 3D-printed polymer to be hydrophilic and taking advantage of well-known wetting principles and capillary effects, self-sustaining microscale “water fountains” are constructed that continuously replenish water lost to evaporation while relying on surface tension to stabilize their shape. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of stable sub-micron thin liquid films (TLFs) of pure water on curved 3D geometries. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
177	a57215598228	Carlson S.	p43	False	Journal	36	Self-Sustaining 3D Thin Liquid Films in Ambient Environments	Thin liquid films (TLF) have fundamental and technological importance ranging from the thermodynamics of cell membranes to the safety of light-water cooled nuclear reactors. The creation of stable water TLFs, however, is very difficult. In this paper, the realization of thin liquid films of water with custom 3D geometries that persist indefinitely in ambient environments is reported. The wetting films are generated using microscale “mounts” fed by microfluidic channels with small feature sizes and large aspect ratios. These devices are fabricated with a custom 3D printer and resin, which are developed to print high resolution microfluidic geometries. By modifying the 3D-printed polymer to be hydrophilic and taking advantage of well-known wetting principles and capillary effects, self-sustaining microscale “water fountains” are constructed that continuously replenish water lost to evaporation while relying on surface tension to stabilize their shape. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of stable sub-micron thin liquid films (TLFs) of pure water on curved 3D geometries. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
178	a57211987837	Laney J.	p43	False	Journal	36	Self-Sustaining 3D Thin Liquid Films in Ambient Environments	Thin liquid films (TLF) have fundamental and technological importance ranging from the thermodynamics of cell membranes to the safety of light-water cooled nuclear reactors. The creation of stable water TLFs, however, is very difficult. In this paper, the realization of thin liquid films of water with custom 3D geometries that persist indefinitely in ambient environments is reported. The wetting films are generated using microscale “mounts” fed by microfluidic channels with small feature sizes and large aspect ratios. These devices are fabricated with a custom 3D printer and resin, which are developed to print high resolution microfluidic geometries. By modifying the 3D-printed polymer to be hydrophilic and taking advantage of well-known wetting principles and capillary effects, self-sustaining microscale “water fountains” are constructed that continuously replenish water lost to evaporation while relying on surface tension to stabilize their shape. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of stable sub-micron thin liquid films (TLFs) of pure water on curved 3D geometries. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
178	a57211987837	Laney J.	p301	False	Journal	121	Improving photophoretic trap volumetric displays [Invited]	Since the introduction of optical trap displays in 2018, there has been significant interest in further developing this technology. In an effort to channel interest in the most productive directions, this work seeks to illuminate those areas that, in the authors’ opinion, are most critical to the ultimate success of optical trap displays as a platform for aerial 3D imaging. These areas include trapping, scanning, scaling, robustness, safety, and occlusion. © 2019 Optical Society of America
179	a57209538650	Viglione M.	p43	False	Journal	36	Self-Sustaining 3D Thin Liquid Films in Ambient Environments	Thin liquid films (TLF) have fundamental and technological importance ranging from the thermodynamics of cell membranes to the safety of light-water cooled nuclear reactors. The creation of stable water TLFs, however, is very difficult. In this paper, the realization of thin liquid films of water with custom 3D geometries that persist indefinitely in ambient environments is reported. The wetting films are generated using microscale “mounts” fed by microfluidic channels with small feature sizes and large aspect ratios. These devices are fabricated with a custom 3D printer and resin, which are developed to print high resolution microfluidic geometries. By modifying the 3D-printed polymer to be hydrophilic and taking advantage of well-known wetting principles and capillary effects, self-sustaining microscale “water fountains” are constructed that continuously replenish water lost to evaporation while relying on surface tension to stabilize their shape. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of stable sub-micron thin liquid films (TLFs) of pure water on curved 3D geometries. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
179	a57209538650	Viglione M.	p332	False	Conference	108	3D printing for lab-on-a-chip devices with 20 μm channels	While there is great interest in 3D printing for microfluidic device fabrication, the challenge has been to achieve feature sizes that are in the truly microfluidic regime (<100 μm). The fundamental problem is that commercial tools and materials, which excel in many other application areas, have not been developed to address the unique needs of microfluidic device fabrication. Consequently, we have created our own stereolithographic 3D printer and materials that are specifically tailored to meet these needs. We review our recent work and show that flow channels as small as 18 μm x 20 μm can be reliably fabricated, as well as compact active elements such as valves and pumps. With these capabilities, we demonstrate highly integrated 3D printed microfluidic devices that measure only a few millimeters on a side, and that integrate separate chip-to-world interfaces through high density interconnects (up to 88 interconnects per square mm) that are directly 3D printed as part of a device chip. These advances open the door to 3D printing as a replacement for expensive cleanroom fabrication processes, with the additional advantage of fast (30 minute), parallel fabrication of many devices in a single print run due to their small size. © 2019 SPIE.
180	a7005636820	Nordin G.P.	p43	False	Journal	36	Self-Sustaining 3D Thin Liquid Films in Ambient Environments	Thin liquid films (TLF) have fundamental and technological importance ranging from the thermodynamics of cell membranes to the safety of light-water cooled nuclear reactors. The creation of stable water TLFs, however, is very difficult. In this paper, the realization of thin liquid films of water with custom 3D geometries that persist indefinitely in ambient environments is reported. The wetting films are generated using microscale “mounts” fed by microfluidic channels with small feature sizes and large aspect ratios. These devices are fabricated with a custom 3D printer and resin, which are developed to print high resolution microfluidic geometries. By modifying the 3D-printed polymer to be hydrophilic and taking advantage of well-known wetting principles and capillary effects, self-sustaining microscale “water fountains” are constructed that continuously replenish water lost to evaporation while relying on surface tension to stabilize their shape. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of stable sub-micron thin liquid films (TLFs) of pure water on curved 3D geometries. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
180	a7005636820	Nordin G.P.	p57	False	Journal	44	Biocompatible PEGDA Resin for 3D Printing	We report a noncytotoxic resin compatible with and designed for use in custom high-resolution 3D printers that follow the design approach described in Gong et al., Lab Chip 17, 2899 (2017). The noncytotoxic resin is based on a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) monomer with avobenzone as the UV absorber instead of 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfide (NPS). Both NPS-PEGDA and avobenzone-PEGDA (A-PEGDA) resins were evaluated for cytotoxicity and cell adhesion. We show that NPS-PEGDA can be made effectively noncytotoxic with a postprint 12 h ethanol wash, and that A-PEGDA, as-printed, is effectively noncytotoxic. 3D prints made with either resin do not support strong cell adhesion in their as-printed state; however, cell adhesion increases dramatically with a short plasma treatment. Using A-PEGDA, we demonstrate spheroid formation in ultralow adhesion 3D printed wells, and cell migration from spheroids on plasma-treated adherent surfaces. Given that A-PEGDA can be 3D printed with high resolution, it has significant promise for a wide variety of cell-based applications using 3D printed microfluidic structures. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.
180	a7005636820	Nordin G.P.	p289	False	Conference	72	Microfluidic temperature behavior in a multi-material 3D printed chip	As analysis systems shrink in size to microfluidic scales and devices, there is a need to improve temperature control in the microscale for temperature-sensitive processes. Technology that combines accurate temperature measurement and 3D spatial control of the temperature distribution is limited by common 2D layer-based microfluidic fabrication techniques but can be realized with 3D printed microfluidic chips. This work presents an iterative process to create a microfluidic chip using multimaterial 3D printing to improve temperature sensing and create an even temperature around a target volume. Through an iterative process, verification is presented of fluorophore viability (specifically CdTe quantum dots) after being secured in place by cured PR48 3D printing resin, thus confirming the possibility of fluorescent thermometry as an accurate non-contact temperature sensing method. Numerical analyses of various geometries of chip design iterations are also presented verifying spatially even heating due to the placement of heating sources in the microfluidic chip. Combining the fluorescent thermometry and improved heating will lead to improved temperature control in microfluidic devices. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
180	a7005636820	Nordin G.P.	p330	False	Journal	192	3D printed selectable dilution mixer pumps	In this paper, we demonstrate the ability to 3D print tightly integrated structures with active valves, pumps, and mixers, and we use our compact chip-to-chip interconnects [Gong et al., Lab Chip 18, 639-647 (2018)] to move bulky world-to-chip connections to separate interface chips for both post-print flushing and post-cure device operation. As example devices, we first examine 3D printed pumps, followed by two types of selectable ratio mixer pumps, a linear dilution mixer pump (LDMP) and a parallelized dilution mixer pump (PDMP), which occupy volumes of only 1.5 mm 3 and 2.6 mm 3, respectively. The LDMP generates a selectable dilution ratio from a linear set of possibilities, while the PDMP generates a denser set of possible dilutions with a maximum dilution ratio of 1/16. The PDMP also incorporates a new 4-to-1 valve to simultaneously control 4 inlet channels. To characterize LDMP and PDMP operation and performance, we present a new, low-cost video method to directly measure the relative concentration of an absorptive dye on a pixel-by-pixel basis for each video frame. Using this method, we find that 6 periods of the active mixer that forms the core of the LDMP and PDMP are sufficient to fully mix the fluid, and that the generated concentrations track the designed dilution ratios as expected. The LDMP mixes 20 nl per 4.6 s mixer pump period, while the PDMP uses parallelized input pumps to process the same fluid volume with greater choice of dilution ratios in a 3.6 s period. © 2019 Author(s).
180	a7005636820	Nordin G.P.	p332	True	Conference	108	3D printing for lab-on-a-chip devices with 20 μm channels	While there is great interest in 3D printing for microfluidic device fabrication, the challenge has been to achieve feature sizes that are in the truly microfluidic regime (<100 μm). The fundamental problem is that commercial tools and materials, which excel in many other application areas, have not been developed to address the unique needs of microfluidic device fabrication. Consequently, we have created our own stereolithographic 3D printer and materials that are specifically tailored to meet these needs. We review our recent work and show that flow channels as small as 18 μm x 20 μm can be reliably fabricated, as well as compact active elements such as valves and pumps. With these capabilities, we demonstrate highly integrated 3D printed microfluidic devices that measure only a few millimeters on a side, and that integrate separate chip-to-world interfaces through high density interconnects (up to 88 interconnects per square mm) that are directly 3D printed as part of a device chip. These advances open the door to 3D printing as a replacement for expensive cleanroom fabrication processes, with the additional advantage of fast (30 minute), parallel fabrication of many devices in a single print run due to their small size. © 2019 SPIE.
180	a7005636820	Nordin G.P.	p475	False	Journal	262	Design and characterization of a package-less hybrid PDMS-CMOS-FR4 contact-imaging system for microfluidic integration	We demonstrate a hybrid "package-less" polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-FR4 system for contact imaging. The system embeds the CMOS image sensor directly in a PDMS layer instead of the standard chip package to support microfluidic structures much larger and more complex than those in prior art. The CMOS/PDMS layer is self-aligned to form a continuous, flat surface to provide structural support for upper microfluidic layers. The system consists of five layers of PDMS implementing fluid channels, valves, chambers, and inlets/outlets. A custom CMOS image sensor with integrated signal conditioning circuits directly captures light from sample fluid for high optical collection efficiency. Owing to the flexibility afforded by the integration process, the system demonstrates, for the first time, integrated valves in contact imaging. Moreover, we present the first direct comparison of the optical performance of a CMOS image sensor and a photomultiplier tube (PMT) in identical contact-imaging conditions. Measurements show that our CMOS sensor achieves 17 dB better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared with a commercial PMT across a broad range of integration times, with a maximum SNR of 47 dB. Chemiluminescent testing successfully shows signal detection for different analyte concentrations and integration times. The contact-imaging system demonstrates a detection limit of 25 μM of a 9,10-diphenylanthracene-based solution. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
180	a7005636820	Nordin G.P.	p481	False	Journal	237	3D printed microfluidic features using dose control in X, Y, and Z dimensions	Interest has grown in recent years to leverage the possibilities offered by three-dimensional (3D) printing, such as rapid iterative changes; the ability to more fully use 3D device volume; and ease of fabrication, especially as it relates to the creation of complex microfluidic devices. A major shortcoming of most commercially available 3D printers is that their resolution is not sufficient to produce features that are truly microfluidic (&lt; 100 × 100 μm2). Here, we test a custom 3D printer for making ~30 μm scale positive and negative surface features, as well as positive and negative features within internal voids (i.e., microfluidic channels). We found that optical dosage control is essential for creating the smallest microfluidic features (~30 μm wide for ridges, ~20 μm wide for trenches), and that this resolution was achieved for a number of different exposure approaches. Additionally, we printed various microfluidic particle traps, showed capture of 25 μm diameter polymer beads, and iteratively improved the trap design. The rapid feedback allowed by 3D printing, as well as the ability to carefully control optical exposure conditions, should lead to new innovations in the types and sizes of devices that can be created for microfluidics. © 2018 by the authors.
180	a7005636820	Nordin G.P.	p536	False	Journal	217	3D printed high density, reversible, chip-to-chip microfluidic interconnects	Our latest developments in miniaturizing 3D printed microfluidics [Gong et al., Lab Chip, 2016, 16, 2450; Gong et al., Lab Chip, 2017, 17, 2899] offer the opportunity to fabricate highly integrated chips that measure only a few mm on a side. For such small chips, an interconnection method is needed to provide the necessary world-to-chip reagent and pneumatic connections. In this paper, we introduce simple integrated microgaskets (SIMs) and controlled-compression integrated microgaskets (CCIMs) to connect a small device chip to a larger interface chip that implements world-to-chip connections. SIMs or CCIMs are directly 3D printed as part of the device chip, and therefore no additional materials or components are required to make the connection to the larger 3D printed interface chip. We demonstrate 121 chip-to-chip interconnections in an 11 × 11 array for both SIMs and CCIMs with an areal density of 53 interconnections per mm2 and show that they withstand fluid pressures of 50 psi. We further demonstrate their reusability by testing the devices 100 times without seal failure. Scaling experiments show that 20 × 20 interconnection arrays are feasible and that the CCIM areal density can be increased to 88 interconnections per mm2. We then show the utility of spatially distributed discrete CCIMs by using an interconnection chip with 28 chip-to-world interconnects to test 45 3D printed valves in a 9 × 5 array. Each valve is only 300 μm in diameter (the smallest yet reported for 3D printed valves). Every row of 5 valves is tested to at least 10000 actuations, with one row tested to 1-000000 actuations. In all cases, there is no sign of valve failure, and the CCIM interconnections prove an effective means of using a single interface chip to test a series of valve array chips. © 2018 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
180	a7005636820	Nordin G.P.	p558	True	Conference	207	3D printed microfluidic selectable ratio mixer pump in 2 mm3	We report the use of 3D printing to fabricate a selectable ratio mixer pump in a volume of only 2 mm2. Our custom 3D printer and material is used to make very compact individual elements such as fluid channels, valves, and pumps that are laid out in 3D to achieve small overall device volume. The device includes two pumps, each connected to its own fluid source, and a two-chamber mixing unit that both mixes the fluid pumped into it from each fluid source, and acts itself as a pump to expel the mixed fluid. © 2016 TRF
180	a7005636820	Nordin G.P.	p693	False	Journal	337	Custom 3D printer and resin for 18 μm × 20 μm microfluidic flow channels	While there is great interest in 3D printing for microfluidic device fabrication, to-date the achieved feature sizes have not been in the truly microfluidic regime (&lt;100 μm). In this paper we demonstrate that a custom digital light processor stereolithographic (DLP-SLA) 3D printer and a specifically-designed, low cost, custom resin can readily achieve flow channel cross sections as small as 18 μm × 20 μm. Our 3D printer has a projected image plane resolution of 7.6 μm and uses a 385 nm LED, which dramatically increases the available selection of UV absorbers for resin formulation compared to 3D printers with 405 nm LEDs. Beginning with 20 candidate absorbers, we demonstrate the evaluation criteria and process flow required to develop a high-resolution resin. In doing so, we introduce a new mathematical model for characterizing the resin optical penetration depth based only on measurement of the absorber's molar absorptivity. Our final resin formulation uses 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfide (NPS) as the UV absorber. We also develop a novel channel narrowing technique that, together with the new resin and 3D printer resolution, enables small flow channel fabrication. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach by fabricating 3D serpentine flow channels 41 mm long in a volume of only 0.12 mm3, and by printing high aspect ratio flow channels &lt;25 μm wide and 3 mm tall. These results indicate that 3D printing is finally positioned to challenge the pre-eminence of methods such as soft lithography for microfluidic device prototyping and fabrication. © 2017 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
181	a57202910818	Knighton B.E.	p44	True	Conference	6	Picking Out Nonlinear Collective Couplings with Two-Dimensional Terahertz Spectroscopy	2D terahertz spectroscopy can disentangle coupling between different degrees of freedom. We discuss the complex 2D terahertz spectra of ß-barium borate and model different vibrational couplings to assign spectral features that arise from such coupling. © 2020 OSA.
181	a57202910818	Knighton B.E.	p167	True	Conference	33	Examining Nonlinear Terahertz Photonic and Phononic Excitation with Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy	We use high-field, broadband terahertz (THz) pulses to nonlinearly excite a set of Raman active modes in centrosymmetric crystals. Using two-dimensional (2D) THz spectroscopy we can investigate photonic and phononic excitation and isolate the dominant and secondary nonlinear excitation pathways. We present a general framework for 2D THz vibrational spectroscopy in solid systems that provides important clarification for the growing new field of nonlinear phononics. © 2019 IEEE.
181	a57202910818	Knighton B.E.	p168	True	Conference	34	Direct Comparison between Multi-Dimensional Terahertz Vibrational Spectroscopies	Multidimensional terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for understanding nonlinear excitation, coherent energy flow, and coupling between collective degrees of freedom on ultrafast time scales. With extreme vibrational excitation using high-field THz light, 2D THz spectroscopy can reveal how anharmonic mode coupling results in coherent energy transfer and ascertain the excitation pathways behind nonlinear sample responses. We directly compare 2D THz-THz transmission measurements to 2D THz-THz-Raman measurements and explore evidence of anharmonic coupling between phonon modes in β-barium borate. © 2019 IEEE.
182	a55213245300	Nielson M.	p44	False	Conference	6	Picking Out Nonlinear Collective Couplings with Two-Dimensional Terahertz Spectroscopy	2D terahertz spectroscopy can disentangle coupling between different degrees of freedom. We discuss the complex 2D terahertz spectra of ß-barium borate and model different vibrational couplings to assign spectral features that arise from such coupling. © 2020 OSA.
182	a55213245300	Nielson M.	p167	False	Conference	33	Examining Nonlinear Terahertz Photonic and Phononic Excitation with Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy	We use high-field, broadband terahertz (THz) pulses to nonlinearly excite a set of Raman active modes in centrosymmetric crystals. Using two-dimensional (2D) THz spectroscopy we can investigate photonic and phononic excitation and isolate the dominant and secondary nonlinear excitation pathways. We present a general framework for 2D THz vibrational spectroscopy in solid systems that provides important clarification for the growing new field of nonlinear phononics. © 2019 IEEE.
182	a55213245300	Nielson M.	p168	False	Conference	34	Direct Comparison between Multi-Dimensional Terahertz Vibrational Spectroscopies	Multidimensional terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for understanding nonlinear excitation, coherent energy flow, and coupling between collective degrees of freedom on ultrafast time scales. With extreme vibrational excitation using high-field THz light, 2D THz spectroscopy can reveal how anharmonic mode coupling results in coherent energy transfer and ascertain the excitation pathways behind nonlinear sample responses. We directly compare 2D THz-THz transmission measurements to 2D THz-THz-Raman measurements and explore evidence of anharmonic coupling between phonon modes in β-barium borate. © 2019 IEEE.
183	a57211642778	Hardy R.T.	p44	False	Conference	6	Picking Out Nonlinear Collective Couplings with Two-Dimensional Terahertz Spectroscopy	2D terahertz spectroscopy can disentangle coupling between different degrees of freedom. We discuss the complex 2D terahertz spectra of ß-barium borate and model different vibrational couplings to assign spectral features that arise from such coupling. © 2020 OSA.
183	a57211642778	Hardy R.T.	p167	False	Conference	33	Examining Nonlinear Terahertz Photonic and Phononic Excitation with Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy	We use high-field, broadband terahertz (THz) pulses to nonlinearly excite a set of Raman active modes in centrosymmetric crystals. Using two-dimensional (2D) THz spectroscopy we can investigate photonic and phononic excitation and isolate the dominant and secondary nonlinear excitation pathways. We present a general framework for 2D THz vibrational spectroscopy in solid systems that provides important clarification for the growing new field of nonlinear phononics. © 2019 IEEE.
183	a57211642778	Hardy R.T.	p168	False	Conference	34	Direct Comparison between Multi-Dimensional Terahertz Vibrational Spectroscopies	Multidimensional terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for understanding nonlinear excitation, coherent energy flow, and coupling between collective degrees of freedom on ultrafast time scales. With extreme vibrational excitation using high-field THz light, 2D THz spectroscopy can reveal how anharmonic mode coupling results in coherent energy transfer and ascertain the excitation pathways behind nonlinear sample responses. We directly compare 2D THz-THz transmission measurements to 2D THz-THz-Raman measurements and explore evidence of anharmonic coupling between phonon modes in β-barium borate. © 2019 IEEE.
184	a57196372172	Alejandro A.	p44	False	Conference	6	Picking Out Nonlinear Collective Couplings with Two-Dimensional Terahertz Spectroscopy	2D terahertz spectroscopy can disentangle coupling between different degrees of freedom. We discuss the complex 2D terahertz spectra of ß-barium borate and model different vibrational couplings to assign spectral features that arise from such coupling. © 2020 OSA.
184	a57196372172	Alejandro A.	p167	False	Conference	33	Examining Nonlinear Terahertz Photonic and Phononic Excitation with Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy	We use high-field, broadband terahertz (THz) pulses to nonlinearly excite a set of Raman active modes in centrosymmetric crystals. Using two-dimensional (2D) THz spectroscopy we can investigate photonic and phononic excitation and isolate the dominant and secondary nonlinear excitation pathways. We present a general framework for 2D THz vibrational spectroscopy in solid systems that provides important clarification for the growing new field of nonlinear phononics. © 2019 IEEE.
184	a57196372172	Alejandro A.	p168	False	Conference	34	Direct Comparison between Multi-Dimensional Terahertz Vibrational Spectroscopies	Multidimensional terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for understanding nonlinear excitation, coherent energy flow, and coupling between collective degrees of freedom on ultrafast time scales. With extreme vibrational excitation using high-field THz light, 2D THz spectroscopy can reveal how anharmonic mode coupling results in coherent energy transfer and ascertain the excitation pathways behind nonlinear sample responses. We directly compare 2D THz-THz transmission measurements to 2D THz-THz-Raman measurements and explore evidence of anharmonic coupling between phonon modes in β-barium borate. © 2019 IEEE.
185	a57208225620	Rawlings L.	p44	False	Conference	6	Picking Out Nonlinear Collective Couplings with Two-Dimensional Terahertz Spectroscopy	2D terahertz spectroscopy can disentangle coupling between different degrees of freedom. We discuss the complex 2D terahertz spectra of ß-barium borate and model different vibrational couplings to assign spectral features that arise from such coupling. © 2020 OSA.
185	a57208225620	Rawlings L.	p167	False	Conference	33	Examining Nonlinear Terahertz Photonic and Phononic Excitation with Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy	We use high-field, broadband terahertz (THz) pulses to nonlinearly excite a set of Raman active modes in centrosymmetric crystals. Using two-dimensional (2D) THz spectroscopy we can investigate photonic and phononic excitation and isolate the dominant and secondary nonlinear excitation pathways. We present a general framework for 2D THz vibrational spectroscopy in solid systems that provides important clarification for the growing new field of nonlinear phononics. © 2019 IEEE.
185	a57208225620	Rawlings L.	p168	False	Conference	34	Direct Comparison between Multi-Dimensional Terahertz Vibrational Spectroscopies	Multidimensional terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for understanding nonlinear excitation, coherent energy flow, and coupling between collective degrees of freedom on ultrafast time scales. With extreme vibrational excitation using high-field THz light, 2D THz spectroscopy can reveal how anharmonic mode coupling results in coherent energy transfer and ascertain the excitation pathways behind nonlinear sample responses. We directly compare 2D THz-THz transmission measurements to 2D THz-THz-Raman measurements and explore evidence of anharmonic coupling between phonon modes in β-barium borate. © 2019 IEEE.
186	a57209824884	Johnson J.A.	p44	False	Conference	6	Picking Out Nonlinear Collective Couplings with Two-Dimensional Terahertz Spectroscopy	2D terahertz spectroscopy can disentangle coupling between different degrees of freedom. We discuss the complex 2D terahertz spectra of ß-barium borate and model different vibrational couplings to assign spectral features that arise from such coupling. © 2020 OSA.
186	a57209824884	Johnson J.A.	p167	False	Conference	33	Examining Nonlinear Terahertz Photonic and Phononic Excitation with Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy	We use high-field, broadband terahertz (THz) pulses to nonlinearly excite a set of Raman active modes in centrosymmetric crystals. Using two-dimensional (2D) THz spectroscopy we can investigate photonic and phononic excitation and isolate the dominant and secondary nonlinear excitation pathways. We present a general framework for 2D THz vibrational spectroscopy in solid systems that provides important clarification for the growing new field of nonlinear phononics. © 2019 IEEE.
186	a57209824884	Johnson J.A.	p168	False	Conference	34	Direct Comparison between Multi-Dimensional Terahertz Vibrational Spectroscopies	Multidimensional terahertz (THz) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for understanding nonlinear excitation, coherent energy flow, and coupling between collective degrees of freedom on ultrafast time scales. With extreme vibrational excitation using high-field THz light, 2D THz spectroscopy can reveal how anharmonic mode coupling results in coherent energy transfer and ascertain the excitation pathways behind nonlinear sample responses. We directly compare 2D THz-THz transmission measurements to 2D THz-THz-Raman measurements and explore evidence of anharmonic coupling between phonon modes in β-barium borate. © 2019 IEEE.
186	a57209824884	Johnson J.A.	p365	False	Conference	128	Multi-timescale pump-probe spectroscopy using time-encoding and time-stretching methods	To investigate changes of ultrafast dynamics during irreversible phase change in phase change materials Ge2Sb2Te5, we performed high-repetition-rate singleshot pump-probe spectroscopy using a combination of time-encoding and timestretching methods. By measuring the pump-probe traces while ramping the pump intensity, we observed a clear change in the ultrafast pump-probe dynamics after the phase change. Correlation between the ultrafast dynamics in the femtosecond timescale and the amount of phase change observed in millisecond timescale indicates that accumulation of the excited states in the sample plays an important role in the acceleration of the phase change. The result clearly demonstrates the usefulness of our method, which could be applied to the investigation of multi-timescale dynamics in various irreversible phenomena. Improved signal-to-noise ratio and the variable time-window of the single-shot pumpprobe measurements were also demonstrated using a grating pair and a chirped fiber Bragg grating. © COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
186	a57209824884	Johnson J.A.	p388	False	Conference	140	High-acquisition-rate single-shot pump-probe measurement using chirped-fiber Bragg gratings	Multi-timescale dynamics, from femtoseconds to milliseconds, for irreversible phenomena have been of fundamental importance in understanding mechanisms of chaotic phenomena, electronic bunch evaluation of an accelerator, photoinduced phase transitions, laser ablation, etc. Recently, several groups reported high acquisition rate single-shot methods using chirped-pulse single-shot detections and photonic time-stretching [1-3]. In these works, however, the long fiber with the length of several km was used to temporally stretch the time-encoded spectrum by the group velocity dispersion, but his long distance degrades the signal-to-noise ratio due to propagation losses of the probe pulses through the fiber, thus limiting the observable phenomena. © 2019 IEEE
187	a6701646284	Peatross J.	p45	True	Conference	7	Measured Polarization Components of Nonlinear Thomson Scattering	We measure fundamental, second, and third harmonics of nonlinear Thomson scattering emitted by free electrons out the side of a laser focus with 1018 W/cm2. The redshifted photons show distinct spatial patterns when resolved by polarization. © 2020 OSA.
187	a6701646284	Peatross J.	p296	False	Conference	78	Polarization-resolved single-photon measurements of nonlinear Thomson scattering	We report measurements of polarization-resolved nonlinear Thomson scattering made using single-photon detection techniques in a regime of low density electrons. This low density allows the study of electron dynamics in a high-intensity focus. © 2019 The Author (s).
187	a6701646284	Peatross J.	p301	False	Journal	121	Improving photophoretic trap volumetric displays [Invited]	Since the introduction of optical trap displays in 2018, there has been significant interest in further developing this technology. In an effort to channel interest in the most productive directions, this work seeks to illuminate those areas that, in the authors’ opinion, are most critical to the ultimate success of optical trap displays as a platform for aerial 3D imaging. These areas include trapping, scanning, scaling, robustness, safety, and occlusion. © 2019 Optical Society of America
187	a6701646284	Peatross J.	p591	True	Conference	234	Volumetric display by movement of particles trapped in a laser via photophoresis	Photophoresis can stably hold opaque microscopic particles in a laser focus surrounded by room air with strength sufficient to enable centimeter-scale patterns to be drawn by sweeping the laser beam. The resulting images rely on visual persistence as laser light scatters from the particle, which is rapidly swept through the 3-D pattern. Control can be maintained while moving the particle with air speeds up to 2 m/s. A desire to greatly increase the sweep speed motivates a re-examination of the fundamentals of photophoresis-based laser-particle traps. Most explanations offered are qualitative, with differing opinions as to whether, for example, asymmetric heating or asymmetric thermal accommodation is primarily at work. Which particles become trapped in the beam is typically based on self-selection, as a variety of particles with possible differing shapes and sizes are offered to the laser focus for capture. Characteristics that make some particles preferred over others are especially relevant. There is broad consensus that structure in the laser focus greatly aids in stable trapping. Nevertheless, it is still possible for even a relatively smooth TEM00 beam to capture and hold particles. Moreover, even in a structured focus (i.e. with aberrations and local intensity minima and maxima), questions remain as to exactly how a particle becomes stably trapped in certain beam locations. A zoomed-in look at trapped particles reveals oscillations or orbits with excursions over tens of microns and accelerations up to 10 gs. We trapped particles in zero-gravity as well as 2-g environments with no noticeable difference in stability. © 2018 SPIE.
188	a57216751001	Atkinson N.	p45	False	Conference	7	Measured Polarization Components of Nonlinear Thomson Scattering	We measure fundamental, second, and third harmonics of nonlinear Thomson scattering emitted by free electrons out the side of a laser focus with 1018 W/cm2. The redshifted photons show distinct spatial patterns when resolved by polarization. © 2020 OSA.
188	a57216751001	Atkinson N.	p296	False	Conference	78	Polarization-resolved single-photon measurements of nonlinear Thomson scattering	We report measurements of polarization-resolved nonlinear Thomson scattering made using single-photon detection techniques in a regime of low density electrons. This low density allows the study of electron dynamics in a high-intensity focus. © 2019 The Author (s).
189	a57216748895	Hodge D.	p45	False	Conference	7	Measured Polarization Components of Nonlinear Thomson Scattering	We measure fundamental, second, and third harmonics of nonlinear Thomson scattering emitted by free electrons out the side of a laser focus with 1018 W/cm2. The redshifted photons show distinct spatial patterns when resolved by polarization. © 2020 OSA.
189	a57216748895	Hodge D.	p296	False	Conference	78	Polarization-resolved single-photon measurements of nonlinear Thomson scattering	We report measurements of polarization-resolved nonlinear Thomson scattering made using single-photon detection techniques in a regime of low density electrons. This low density allows the study of electron dynamics in a high-intensity focus. © 2019 The Author (s).
190	a36913263000	Pratt B.	p45	False	Conference	7	Measured Polarization Components of Nonlinear Thomson Scattering	We measure fundamental, second, and third harmonics of nonlinear Thomson scattering emitted by free electrons out the side of a laser focus with 1018 W/cm2. The redshifted photons show distinct spatial patterns when resolved by polarization. © 2020 OSA.
190	a36913263000	Pratt B.	p296	False	Conference	78	Polarization-resolved single-photon measurements of nonlinear Thomson scattering	We report measurements of polarization-resolved nonlinear Thomson scattering made using single-photon detection techniques in a regime of low density electrons. This low density allows the study of electron dynamics in a high-intensity focus. © 2019 The Author (s).
191	a57217283178	Romero M.	p45	False	Conference	7	Measured Polarization Components of Nonlinear Thomson Scattering	We measure fundamental, second, and third harmonics of nonlinear Thomson scattering emitted by free electrons out the side of a laser focus with 1018 W/cm2. The redshifted photons show distinct spatial patterns when resolved by polarization. © 2020 OSA.
191	a57217283178	Romero M.	p296	False	Conference	78	Polarization-resolved single-photon measurements of nonlinear Thomson scattering	We report measurements of polarization-resolved nonlinear Thomson scattering made using single-photon detection techniques in a regime of low density electrons. This low density allows the study of electron dynamics in a high-intensity focus. © 2019 The Author (s).
192	a57216749286	Schulzke C.	p45	False	Conference	7	Measured Polarization Components of Nonlinear Thomson Scattering	We measure fundamental, second, and third harmonics of nonlinear Thomson scattering emitted by free electrons out the side of a laser focus with 1018 W/cm2. The redshifted photons show distinct spatial patterns when resolved by polarization. © 2020 OSA.
192	a57216749286	Schulzke C.	p296	False	Conference	78	Polarization-resolved single-photon measurements of nonlinear Thomson scattering	We report measurements of polarization-resolved nonlinear Thomson scattering made using single-photon detection techniques in a regime of low density electrons. This low density allows the study of electron dynamics in a high-intensity focus. © 2019 The Author (s).
193	a7005357023	Ware M.	p45	False	Conference	7	Measured Polarization Components of Nonlinear Thomson Scattering	We measure fundamental, second, and third harmonics of nonlinear Thomson scattering emitted by free electrons out the side of a laser focus with 1018 W/cm2. The redshifted photons show distinct spatial patterns when resolved by polarization. © 2020 OSA.
193	a7005357023	Ware M.	p296	True	Conference	78	Polarization-resolved single-photon measurements of nonlinear Thomson scattering	We report measurements of polarization-resolved nonlinear Thomson scattering made using single-photon detection techniques in a regime of low density electrons. This low density allows the study of electron dynamics in a high-intensity focus. © 2019 The Author (s).
194	a57192943554	Ottosson H.J.	p46	True	Journal	24	Analysis of perceived social impacts of existing products designed for the developing world, with implications for new product development	Engineered products often have more social impacts than are realized. A product review was conducted to bring this to light. In this paper, we show the extent to which different social impacts in 11 impact categories are co-present in 150 products and how this can help engineers and others during the product development process. Specifically, we show how social impact categories not previously considered can be identified. The product review resulted in 13,200 data points that were divided into two data sets, one with 8800 data points from which a social impact probability table was created. The remaining data points were then used to validate the table. All data points were then combined to create a final social impact probability table. This table provides insight for how various social impact categories correlate and can assist engineers in expanding their views to include additional social impact objectives and thus achieve a design with broader social impact or a design with minimized unwanted negative social impact. A simple method for predicting social impact is also created in order to assist engineers when developing products with social impacts in mind. © 2019 by ASME.
194	a57192943554	Ottosson H.J.	p325	True	Conference	105	Establishing baseline performance for off-the-shelf nitrile seals for the India Mark II hand pump system	Accessing clean water is a persistent, and life threatening, challenge for millions of people in the world. Mechanical hand pumps have a long history of helping people access clean ground water for drinking and daily use. Among the most ubiquitous are the India Mark II and III pump systems, for which there are more than 4,000,000 installed across the world. These are estimated to serve between 600M and 1B people. All pumps degrade in performance over time, requiring service; many do not receive it causing pumps to become dysfunctional. The purpose of this paper is to establish a baseline for nitrile seal performance of India Mark II hand pump systems. Understanding off-the-shelf performance and using it as a baseline is an important step toward understanding degradation of performance over time, which is the focus of a much larger study to understand – mechanically and socially – how hand pumps perform, degrade, and ultimately meet human needs. In this paper, 110 off-the-shelf nitrile seals that were purchased in Uganda were tested and the following was characterized: (i) geometric variation, (ii) material variation, (iii) leak performance, and (iv) correlation between these. The seal leak performance was found to be very robust to variations in geometry and material at zero cycles. This important baseline supports our future work to understand how and to what degree seals become sensitive to geometric and material degradation during use. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
194	a57192943554	Ottosson H.J.	p819	True	Conference	354	A simple starting point for designing for and/or assessing the social impact of products	In this paper we present a starting point for designing for and/or assessing the social impact of engineered products. The starting point is a set of tables comprising products, their general functional characteristics, and the accompanying social impacts. We have constructed these tables by first extracting a set of social impact categories from the literature, then 65 products were qualitatively reviewed to find their social impact. The resulting product impact tables can be used at either the beginning of the product development process to decide what social impact to design for and discover product functions that lead to it, or later to qualitatively assess the social impact of a product being designed and/or to assess the impact of an existing product. © 2017 ASME.
195	a56709287700	Hamilton E.S.	p47	True	Journal	37	Direct macro-to-micro interface method for microfluidics	The macro-to-micro interface method presented here meets many of the requirements for an ideal interconnect by sealing a short length of plastic tubing directly to a microfluidic chip. The adaptability and low-temperature processing make it compatible with a wide range of device materials. The method was validated on silicon, acrylic (polymethyl methacrylate), printed circuit board and glass substrates with high-pressure integrity to over 300 psi (2 MPa). Fluid interfaces created with this method were used for pressure tests on microfluidic channels constructed on silicon. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.
195	a56709287700	Hamilton E.S.	p62	True	Journal	45	3D hydrodynamic focusing in microscale optofluidic channels formed with a single sacrificial layer	Optofluidic devices are capable of detecting single molecules, but greater sensitivity and specificity is desired through hydrodynamic focusing (HDF). Three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic focusing was implemented in 10-μm scale microchannel cross-sections made with a single sacrificial layer. HDF is achieved using buffer fluid to sheath the sample fluid, requiring four fluid ports to operate by pressure driven flow. A low-pressure chamber, or pit, formed by etching into a substrate, enables volumetric flow ratio-induced focusing at a low flow velocity. The single layer design simplifies surface micromachining and improves device yield by 1.56 times over previous work. The focusing design was integrated with optical waveguides and used in order to analyze fluorescent signals from beads in fluid flow. The implementation of the focusing scheme was found to narrow the distribution of bead velocity and fluorescent signal, giving rise to 33% more consistent signal. Reservoir effects were observed at low operational vacuum pressures and a balance between optofluidic signal variance and intensity was achieved. The implementation of the design in optofluidic sensors will enable higher detection sensitivity and sample specificity. © 2020 by the authors.
195	a56709287700	Hamilton E.S.	p173	True	Conference	37	Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Focusing Designs for Integrated Optofluidic Detection Enhancement	Three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing promises to enhance detection capabilities of optofluidic sensors, enabling low concentration interrogation with higher confidence, critical for disease diagnosis. Novel 3DHDF designs with optofluidic channel diameters in the range of ten microns are evaluated, predicting detection enhancement of up to 3.54 times. © 2019 IEEE.
195	a56709287700	Hamilton E.S.	p350	False	Journal	196	Enhanced Detection of Single Viruses On-Chip via Hydrodynamic Focusing	Planar optofluidics provide a powerful tool for facilitating chip-scale light-matter interactions. Silicon-based liquid core waveguides have been shown to offer single molecule sensitivity for efficient detection of bioparticles. Recently, a PDMS based planar optofluidic platform was introduced that opens the way to rapid development and prototyping of unique structures, taking advantage of the positive attributes of silicon dioxide-based optofluidics and PDMS based microfluidics. Here, hydrodynamic focusing is integrated into a PDMS based optofluidic chip to enhance the detection of single H1N1 viruses on-chip. Chip-plane focusing is provided by a system of microfluidic channels to force the particles towards a region of high optical collection efficiency. Focusing is demonstrated and enhanced detection is quantified using fluorescent polystyrene beads where the coefficient of variation is found to decrease by a factor of 4 with the addition of hydrodynamic focusing. The mean signal amplitude of fluorescently tagged single H1N1 viruses is found to increase with the addition of focusing by a factor of 1.64. © 1995-2012 IEEE.
195	a56709287700	Hamilton E.S.	p522	False	Journal	262	Antireflective light-blocking layers using a liquid top matte coating	Methods exist for the creation of antireflective thin film layers; however, many of these methods depend on the use of high temperatures, harsh chemical etches, or are made with difficult pattern materials, rendering them unusable for many applications. In addition, most methods of light blocking are specifically designed to increase light coupling and absorption in the substrate, making them incompatible with some applications that also require blocking transmission of light. A method of forming a simple, patternable light-blocking layer that drastically reduces both transmission and reflection of light without dependence on processes that could damage underlying structures using a light scattering matte coating over a partially antireflective thin film light-blocking layer is presented. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
195	a56709287700	Hamilton E.S.	p608	True	Conference	246	3D hydrodynamic focusing for optofluidics using a stacked channel design	We present a 3D hydrodynamic focusing design suitable for optofluidic devices allowing planar fabrication and velocity independent particle focusing. Simulations are presented and fabrication outlined with evidence that stacked SU8 layers are suitable building blocks. © OSA 2018.
195	a56709287700	Hamilton E.S.	p749	False	Journal	363	Mitigating Water Absorption in Waveguides Made from Unannealed PECVD SiO2	Water absorption was studied in two types of waveguides made from unannealed plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) SiO2. Standard rib anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) were fabricated with thin films of different intrinsic stress and indices of refraction. Buried ARROWs (bARROWs) with low and high refractive index differences between the core and cladding regions were also fabricated from the same types of PECVD films. All waveguides were subjected to a heated, high humidity environment and their optical throughput was tested over time. Due to water absorption in the SiO2 films, the optical throughput of all of the ARROWs decreased with time spent in the wet environment. The ARROWs with the lowest stress SiO2 had the slowest rate of throughput change. High index difference bARROWs showed no decrease in optical throughput after 40 days in the wet environment and are presented as a solution for environmentally stable waveguides made from unannealed PECVD SiO2. © 2017 IEEE.
195	a56709287700	Hamilton E.S.	p839	False	Conference	366	Preserving optical confinement in unannealed PECVD SiO2 waveguides	Rib and buried channel waveguides (BCWs) made of unannealed PECVD SiO2 were studied after exposure to high humidity. Low stressed rib waveguides had lower optical throughput change, while high index difference BCWs were practically unaffected. © 2017 OSA.
196	a7003772744	Crane N.B.	p48	True	Journal	38	Impact of part thickness and drying conditions on saturation limits in binder jet additive manufacturing	Binder jetting (BJ) is a high build-rate additive manufacturing process with growing commercial interest. Growth in BJ applications is driven by the use of finer powders and improved post-processing methods that can produce dense, homogenous final parts. However, understanding of the basic droplet/powder interaction is relatively limited. This paper considers the impact of in-process drying, part geometry, and droplet size on a key printing parameter: binder saturation. Parts of varying thicknesses are printed with a range of saturation levels under various heating conditions. The ratio of the printed part mass to the theoretical part mass is used to detect bleeding. In unheated powder beds, part mass increases linearly with printing saturation levels across the range tested (30 %–130 %). However, when the powder is heated between layers, there is a wide range of print saturation levels (30–80 %) over which increasing binder saturation or droplet volume does not increase the part mass. This stable part mass corresponds to accurate part geometries without bleeding and is likely due to enhanced evaporation of the binder solvent between layers. Smaller droplet volume (42 pl) was also shown to decrease saturation levels in unheated powder bed and in single layer parts. The differences in part mass with print saturation and droplet volume are most pronounced in thin parts. These observations lead to a simple method for determining an appropriate print saturation parameter for a powder/binder combination in thick parts. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
196	a7003772744	Crane N.B.	p74	False	Journal	54	Optimization of laser sintering for demineralized bone/polycaprolactone composite powder for bone tissue scaffold	Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is an excellent bone scaffold material, but is available in only limited sizes. An additive manufacturing (AM) method that retains these properties while enabling customized geometry fabrication would provide bone scaffolds for a larger range of geometries while maintaining the benefits of DBM. This work examines laser sintering (LS) of a blend of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) and polycaprolactone (PCL) using a CO2 laser beam. A comprehensive experimental study was carried out to find the conditions that form defect-free layers while still retaining the favorable biological features of DBM. The results identify a process setting window over which LS can be utilized to constructing complex patient-specific scaffolds. With the identified setting, first, the DBM/PCL blend was fused in the LS machine. Parts were then were further strengthened through a post-processing heat treatment. The shrinkage level, skeletal density, mechanical testing, and porosimetry of the resultant samples were compared to traditional machined DBM blocks. The maximum tensile strength of the samples and post-processing shrinkage depends on heat treatment duration. The tensile strength measurements demonstrate that the post-processing conditions can be tuned to achieve the tensile strength of the demineralized bone strips. Evaluation of the dimensional change suggests that the shrinkage along the laser paths is ~0.3% while thickness shrinks the most (up to ~20%). The porosimetry and density studies showed that the final part achieved over 40% porosity with a density comparable to blocks of DBM. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
196	a7003772744	Crane N.B.	p111	False	Journal	82	Volume and frequency-independent spreading of droplets driven by ultrasonic surface vibration	Many industrial processes depend on the wetting of liquids on various surfaces. Understanding the wetting effects due to ultrasonic vibration could provide a means for changing the behavior of liquids on any surface. In previous studies, low-frequency surface vibrations have been used to alter wetting states of droplets by exciting droplet volume modes. While high-frequency (>20 kHz) surface vibration can also cause droplets to wet or spread on a surface, this effect is relatively uncharacterized. In this study, droplets of various liquids with volumes ranging from 2 to 70 μL were vibrated on hydrophobic-coated (FluoroSyl) glass substrates fixed to a piezoelectric transducer at varying amplitudes and at a range of frequencies between 21 and 42 kHz. The conditions for contact line motion were evaluated, and the change in droplet diameter under vibration was measured. Droplets of all tested liquids initially begin to spread out at a similar surface acceleration level. The results show that the increase in diameter is proportional to the maximum acceleration of the surface. Finally, liquid properties and surface roughness may also produce some secondary effects, but droplet volume and excitation frequency do not significantly change the droplet spreading behavior within the parameter range studied. © 2020 by the authors.
196	a7003772744	Crane N.B.	p165	False	Journal	115	Mechanical and temperature resilience of multi-material systems for printed electronics packaging	In this work, two AM technologies were utilized to compare the effectiveness of fabricating a simple electronic device with a conductive trace and hollow cylinder representative of 'printed packaging' that would survive harsh environmental conditions. The printed packaging cylinder delineates printed potting for electronics packaging. An nScrypt direct write (DW) system was the primary manufacturing system but a developing technology - coined large area projection sintering (LAPS) - manufactured a subset of samples for comparison. The tests follow Military Standard (MIL STD) 883 K and include resiliency evaluation for die shear strength, temperature cycling, thermal shock, and high G loading by mechanical shock. Results indicate DW Master Bond epoxy devices show resilience to extreme temperatures, thermal shock, and mechanical shocks while also surpassing the die shear strength failure criteria specified by the MIL STD. LAPS sintered Nylon devices also show mechanical resilience to thermal shock and surpass the die shear strength failure criteria. However, there were some open circuits, increases in resistance, and delamination when LAPS Nylon devices were subjected to extreme temperatures and 20 000 G shock loading normal to the substrate. The thermal effects are likely due to the thermal expansion mismatch between Nylon and the conductive paste while the mechanical shock effects may be attributed to the geometry differences of the LAPS Nylon printed packaging. Further studies are required to understand these failure modes in some of the LAPS Nylon samples and refine the process to address them. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
196	a7003772744	Crane N.B.	p182	False	Journal	124	Binder jetting: A review of process, materials, and methods	Binder Jet printing is an additive manufacturing technique that dispenses liquid binding agent on powder to form a two-dimensional pattern on a layer. The layers are stacked to build a physical article. Binder Jetting (BJ) can be adapted to almost any powder with high production rates and the BJ process utilizes a broad range of technologies including printing tehniques, powder deposition, dynamic binder/powder interaction, and post-processing methods. A wide variety of materials including polymers, metals, and ceramics have been processed successfully with Binder Jet. However, developing printing and post-processing methods that maximize part performance is a remaining challenge. This article presents a broad review of technologies and approaches that have been applied in Binder Jet printing and points towards opportunities for future advancement. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
196	a7003772744	Crane N.B.	p226	False	Journal	148	Fabrication of demineralized bone matrix/polycaprolactone composites using large area projection sintering (LAPS)	Cadaveric decellularized bone tissue is utilized as an allograft in many musculoskeletal surgical procedures. Typically, the allograft acts as a scaffold to guide tissue regeneration with superior biocompatibility relative to synthetic scaffolds. Traditionally these scaffolds are machined into the required dimensions and shapes. However, the geometrical simplicity and, in some cases, limited dimensions of the donated tissue restrict the use of allograft scaffolds. This could be overcome by additive manufacturing using granulated bone that is both decellularized and demineralized. In this study, the large area projection sintering (LAPS) method is evaluated as a fabrication method to build porous structures composed of granulated cortical bone bound by polycaprolactone (PCL). This additive manufacturing method utilizes visible light to selectively cure the deposited material layer-by-layer to create 3D geometry. First, the spreading behavior of the composite mixtures is evaluated and the conditions to attain improved powder bed density to fabricate the test specimens are determined. The tensile strength of the LAPS fabricated samples in both dry and hydrated states are determined and compared to the demineralized cancellous bone allograft and the heat treated demineralized-bone/PCL mixture in mold. The results indicated that the projection sintered composites of 45–55 wt %. Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) particulates produced strength comparable to processed and demineralized cancellous bone. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
196	a7003772744	Crane N.B.	p229	False	Journal	151	Thermal and Vapor Smoothing of Thermoplastic for Reduced Surface Roughness of Additive Manufactured RF Electronics	Additive manufacturing (AM) of electronics provides a route for creating customized systems with novel geometries that are not feasible with traditional methods. Standard AM processes such as extrusion can produce substrates on which electrical traces can be deposited. However, the surface roughness of plastic extrusion reduces the effective electrical conductivity and can introduce anisotropy, especially in radio frequency (RF) devices. The roughness can be reduced using vapor smoothing (VS), but solvent absorption changes the surface composition slightly, can be environmentally hazardous, and is not feasible with all thermoplastics. A new method introduced here - coined thermal smoothing (TS) - utilizes a heat source to locally reflow the material, thus minimizing the roughness of the undulating surfaces without the drawbacks of VS. This research work compares the surface roughness impacts of both smoothing processes with profilometry and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Both smoothing processes significantly reduce the surface roughness of extruded components by 80% and 90% for TS and VS, respectively. This paper also examines the influence of surface smoothing on high-frequency conductivity of microdispensed conductors (CB028 paste) deposited on the substrates. The measured loss on coplanar waveguides shows an improvement of up to 40% at 7 GHz. © 2011-2012 IEEE.
196	a7003772744	Crane N.B.	p251	False	Journal	164	Impact of pulse length on the accuracy of defect depth measurements in pulse thermography	Pulse thermography (PT) is a nondestructive testing method in which an energy pulse is applied to a surface while the surface temperature evolution is measured to detect sub surface defects and estimate their depth. This nondestructive test method was developed on the assumption of instantaneous surface heating, but recent work has shown that relatively long pulses can be used to accurately determine defect depth in polymers. This paper examines the impact of varying input pulse length on the accuracy of defect depth quantification as a function of the material properties. Simulations using both thermoplastics and metals show that measurement error is dependent on a nondimensionalized pulse length. The simulation results agree with experimental results for three-dimensional (3D) printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) components. Analysis and experiments show that defects can be accurately detected with minor modification to the standard methods as long as the pulse ends before the characteristic defect signal is detected. © 2019 by ASME.
196	a7003772744	Crane N.B.	p336	False	Conference	112	Effects of laser ablation parameters to pattern high purity magnesium surfaces	Magnesium and magnesium-based alloys have relatively low weight and desirable mechanical properties for many applications in multiple industries including aerospace and automotive. In the past decade, due to its biocompatible nature, the medical field has expressed significant interest in magnesium for biodegradable implant applications. However, utilization of magnesium-based alloys in surgical implant applications is strictly limited by magnesium’s high vulnerability to corrosion causing premature disintegration inside the human body. Hydrophobic (non-wetting) behavior of metal surfaces has been proven to be beneficial for corrosion protection in academic literature. One way of achieving hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces on metal surfaces without using non-biocompatible coatings is creating uniform microstructures that would alter the wetting characteristics of the surface. This work focuses on creating uniform pillar shaped micro-patterns on smooth pure magnesium surfaces by utilizing a picosecond laser (λ = 355 nm). The study reports the effects of average laser power, partial laser beam overlap and number of laser scans on the height, steepness, roughness of the resultant micro-pillars. Information gathered from this study could be useful in creating more complex or finer micro-structures on magnesium and its alloys to alter their wetting or corrosion characteristics using laser ablation which is a fast, repeatable and an un-convoluted process. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
196	a7003772744	Crane N.B.	p387	False	Journal	211	Adhesion testing of printed inks while varying the surface treatment of polymer substrates	Additive manufacturing with conductive materials enables new approaches to printed electronics that are unachievable by standard electronics manufacturing processes. In particular, electronics can be embedded directly into structural components in nearly arbitrary 3D space. While these methods incorporate many of the same materials, the new processing methods require standard test methods to compare materials, processing conditions, and determine design limits. This work demonstrates a test method to quantitatively measure the adhesion failure of printed inks deposited on a substrate without changing the ink printing conditions. The proposed method is an adaption of single lap shear testing in which the lap joint is created by bonding the second substrate to the ink after curing. It was found that the interfacial shear strengths are independent of the adhesives used to attach cured conductive ink to the second substrate. In addition, chemical surface treatments of flame and plasma and mechanical sand-blasting increase the interfacial shear strengths by ~25% and 80%, respectively, while altering the adhesive failure mode to cohesive failure for most cases. This work also shows extruded substrates with undulated features increase adhesion strength; therefore, in addition to surface treatments, the geometric freedom of additive manufacturing (AM) could be leveraged to design surface features for enhanced adhesion. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
196	a7003772744	Crane N.B.	p428	False	Journal	237	Controlling normal stiffness in droplet-based linear bearings	While capillary forces are negligible relative to gravity at the macroscale, they provide adequate force to effectively manipulate millimeter to micro meter objects. The fluidic actuation can be accomplished using droplets that also act as bearings. While rotary droplet bearings have been previously demonstrated, this paper addresses the positioning accuracy of a droplet-based bearing consisting of a droplet between a moving plate and a stationary substrate with constrained wetting region under a normal load. Key wetting cases are analyzed using both closed form analytical approximations and numerical simulations. The vertical force and stiffness characteristics are analyzed in relation to the wetting boundaries of the supporting surface. Case studies of different wetting boundaries are presented and summarized. Design strategies are presented for maximizing load carrying capability and stiffness. These results show that controlled wetting and opposing droplet configurations can create much higher stiffness fluidic bearings than simple droplets. © 2018 by the authors.
197	a57195970826	Aryal B.R.	p49	True	Journal	39	DNA origami mediated electrically connected metal—semiconductor junctions	DNA-based nanofabrication of inorganic nanostructures has potential application in electronics, catalysis, and plasmonics. Previous DNA metallization has generated conductive DNA-assembled nanostructures; however, the use of semiconductors and the development of well-connected nanoscale metal—semiconductor junctions on DNA nanostructures are still at an early stage. Herein, we report the first fabrication of multiple electrically connected metal—semiconductor junctions on individual DNA origami by location-specific binding of gold and tellurium nanorods. Nanorod attachment to DNA origami was via DNA hybridization for Au and by electrostatic interaction for Te. Electroless gold plating was used to create nanoscale metal—semiconductor interfaces by filling the gaps between Au and Te nanorods. Two-point electrical characterization indicated that the Au—Te—Au junctions were electrically connected, with current—voltage properties consistent with a Schottky junction. DNA-based nanofabrication of metal—semiconductor junctions opens up potential opportunities in nanoelectronics, demonstrating the power of this bottom-up approach. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2020, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
198	a57203943386	Ranasinghe D.R.	p49	False	Journal	39	DNA origami mediated electrically connected metal—semiconductor junctions	DNA-based nanofabrication of inorganic nanostructures has potential application in electronics, catalysis, and plasmonics. Previous DNA metallization has generated conductive DNA-assembled nanostructures; however, the use of semiconductors and the development of well-connected nanoscale metal—semiconductor junctions on DNA nanostructures are still at an early stage. Herein, we report the first fabrication of multiple electrically connected metal—semiconductor junctions on individual DNA origami by location-specific binding of gold and tellurium nanorods. Nanorod attachment to DNA origami was via DNA hybridization for Au and by electrostatic interaction for Te. Electroless gold plating was used to create nanoscale metal—semiconductor interfaces by filling the gaps between Au and Te nanorods. Two-point electrical characterization indicated that the Au—Te—Au junctions were electrically connected, with current—voltage properties consistent with a Schottky junction. DNA-based nanofabrication of metal—semiconductor junctions opens up potential opportunities in nanoelectronics, demonstrating the power of this bottom-up approach. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2020, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
199	a57193834529	Westover T.R.	p49	False	Journal	39	DNA origami mediated electrically connected metal—semiconductor junctions	DNA-based nanofabrication of inorganic nanostructures has potential application in electronics, catalysis, and plasmonics. Previous DNA metallization has generated conductive DNA-assembled nanostructures; however, the use of semiconductors and the development of well-connected nanoscale metal—semiconductor junctions on DNA nanostructures are still at an early stage. Herein, we report the first fabrication of multiple electrically connected metal—semiconductor junctions on individual DNA origami by location-specific binding of gold and tellurium nanorods. Nanorod attachment to DNA origami was via DNA hybridization for Au and by electrostatic interaction for Te. Electroless gold plating was used to create nanoscale metal—semiconductor interfaces by filling the gaps between Au and Te nanorods. Two-point electrical characterization indicated that the Au—Te—Au junctions were electrically connected, with current—voltage properties consistent with a Schottky junction. DNA-based nanofabrication of metal—semiconductor junctions opens up potential opportunities in nanoelectronics, demonstrating the power of this bottom-up approach. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2020, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
200	a57203942414	Calvopiña D.G.	p49	False	Journal	39	DNA origami mediated electrically connected metal—semiconductor junctions	DNA-based nanofabrication of inorganic nanostructures has potential application in electronics, catalysis, and plasmonics. Previous DNA metallization has generated conductive DNA-assembled nanostructures; however, the use of semiconductors and the development of well-connected nanoscale metal—semiconductor junctions on DNA nanostructures are still at an early stage. Herein, we report the first fabrication of multiple electrically connected metal—semiconductor junctions on individual DNA origami by location-specific binding of gold and tellurium nanorods. Nanorod attachment to DNA origami was via DNA hybridization for Au and by electrostatic interaction for Te. Electroless gold plating was used to create nanoscale metal—semiconductor interfaces by filling the gaps between Au and Te nanorods. Two-point electrical characterization indicated that the Au—Te—Au junctions were electrically connected, with current—voltage properties consistent with a Schottky junction. DNA-based nanofabrication of metal—semiconductor junctions opens up potential opportunities in nanoelectronics, demonstrating the power of this bottom-up approach. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2020, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
201	a7410190129	Davis R.C.	p49	False	Journal	39	DNA origami mediated electrically connected metal—semiconductor junctions	DNA-based nanofabrication of inorganic nanostructures has potential application in electronics, catalysis, and plasmonics. Previous DNA metallization has generated conductive DNA-assembled nanostructures; however, the use of semiconductors and the development of well-connected nanoscale metal—semiconductor junctions on DNA nanostructures are still at an early stage. Herein, we report the first fabrication of multiple electrically connected metal—semiconductor junctions on individual DNA origami by location-specific binding of gold and tellurium nanorods. Nanorod attachment to DNA origami was via DNA hybridization for Au and by electrostatic interaction for Te. Electroless gold plating was used to create nanoscale metal—semiconductor interfaces by filling the gaps between Au and Te nanorods. Two-point electrical characterization indicated that the Au—Te—Au junctions were electrically connected, with current—voltage properties consistent with a Schottky junction. DNA-based nanofabrication of metal—semiconductor junctions opens up potential opportunities in nanoelectronics, demonstrating the power of this bottom-up approach. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2020, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
201	a7410190129	Davis R.C.	p79	False	Journal	59	Closed-Loop, Axial Temperature Control of Etched Silicon Microcolumn for Tunable Thermal Gradient Gas Chromatography	Combining the resolution of conventional gas chromatography systems with the size factor of microGC systems is important for improving the affordability and portability of high performance gas analysis. Recent work has demonstrated the feasibility of high resolution separation of gases in a benchtopscale short column system by controlling thermal gradients through the column. This work reports a microfabricated thermally controllable gas chromatographic column with a small footprint (approximately 6.25 cm2). The design of the 20 cm column utilizes 21 individually controllable thin film heaters and conduction cooling to produce a desired temperature profile. The reported device is capable of heating and cooling rates exceeding 8000 °C/min and can reach temperatures of 350 °C. The control methods allow for excellent disturbance rejection and precision to within +/- 1 °C. Each length of the column between heaters was demonstrated to be individually controllable and displayed quadratic temperature profiles. This paper focuses on the fabrication process and implementation of the thermal control strategy. [2019-0113] © 1992-2012 IEEE.
201	a7410190129	Davis R.C.	p363	False	Journal	203	High surface-area carbon microcantilevers	Microscale porous carbon mechanical resonators were formed using carbon nanotube templated microfabrication. These cantilever resonators exhibited nanoscale porosity resulting in a high surface area to volume ratio which could enable sensitive analyte detection in air. These resonators were shown to be mechanically robust and the porosity could be controllably varied resulting in densities from 102 to 103 kg m-3, with pore diameters on the order of hundreds of nanometers. Cantilevers with lengths ranging from 500 μm to 5 mm were clamped in a fixture for mechanical resonance testing where quality factors from 102 to 103 were observed at atmospheric pressure in air. © 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
201	a7410190129	Davis R.C.	p512	False	Journal	281	Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Millimeter-Tall Free-Standing Carbon Nanotube-Based Microelectrode Arrays	Microelectrode arrays of carbon nanotube (CNT)/carbon composite posts with high aspect ratio and millimeter-length were fabricated using carbon-nanotube-templated microfabrication with a sacrificial "hedge". The high aspect ratio, mechanical robustness, and electrical conductivity of these electrodes make them a potential candidate for next-generation neural interfacing. Electrochemical measurements were also demonstrated using an individual CNT post microelectrode with a diameter of 25 μm and a length of 1 mm to perform cyclic voltammetry on both methyl viologen and dopamine in a phosphate-buffered saline solution. In addition to detection of the characteristic peaks, the CNT post microelectrodes show a fast electrochemical response, which may be enabling for in vivo and/or in vitro measurements. The CNT post electrode fabrication process was also integrated with other microfabrication techniques, resulting in individually addressable electrodes. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
201	a7410190129	Davis R.C.	p725	False	Journal	354	Carbon monolith scaffolding for high volumetric capacity silicon Li-ion battery anodes	A nanoporous carbon monolith structure has been developed for use as a scaffold for silicon anodes for lithium batteries. This scaffold was fabricated by coating vertically aligned carbon nanotubes in a highly conformal coating of nanocrystalline carbon, applied via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. The coating increases the mechanical stability of the nanotube structure, which provides electrically conductive pathways through the anode. Silicon anodes were fabricated with the monoliths by low pressure chemical vapor infiltration of silicon. This platform allows the carbon and silicon volume fractions to be independently varied in the anode. Anodes with a low silicon content (less than 5% by volume) showed high stability in cycling against lithium with a capacity retention of 89.7% between cycles 2 and 185. Anodes with a high silicon content (∼25% by volume) showed poor capacity retention when the carbon content was low (<40% by volume), and transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated that the anodes failed due to the destruction of the nanocrystalline carbon coating during cycling. However, by increasing the carbon content to ∼60% volume percent in the monolith, capacity retention was substantially stabilized even for anodes with very high silicon loadings. These stabilized electrodes exhibited volumetric capacities as high as ∼1000 mA h/ml and retained over 725 mA h/ml by cycle 100. © 2017 American Vacuum Society.
202	a7007046711	Harb J.N.	p49	False	Journal	39	DNA origami mediated electrically connected metal—semiconductor junctions	DNA-based nanofabrication of inorganic nanostructures has potential application in electronics, catalysis, and plasmonics. Previous DNA metallization has generated conductive DNA-assembled nanostructures; however, the use of semiconductors and the development of well-connected nanoscale metal—semiconductor junctions on DNA nanostructures are still at an early stage. Herein, we report the first fabrication of multiple electrically connected metal—semiconductor junctions on individual DNA origami by location-specific binding of gold and tellurium nanorods. Nanorod attachment to DNA origami was via DNA hybridization for Au and by electrostatic interaction for Te. Electroless gold plating was used to create nanoscale metal—semiconductor interfaces by filling the gaps between Au and Te nanorods. Two-point electrical characterization indicated that the Au—Te—Au junctions were electrically connected, with current—voltage properties consistent with a Schottky junction. DNA-based nanofabrication of metal—semiconductor junctions opens up potential opportunities in nanoelectronics, demonstrating the power of this bottom-up approach. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2020, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
202	a7007046711	Harb J.N.	p68	False	Journal	51	Oxidation efficiency of glucose using viologen mediators for glucose fuel cell applications with non-precious anodes	Glucose is a potential source of energy for fuel cell applications. However, its complete oxidation has been a challenge. Dimethyl viologen, as an electron mediator, has been shown to promote high levels of glucose oxidation under aerobic conditions. Nevertheless, the efficiency of viologen-mediated glucose oxidation has been low in electrochemical experiments. In this study, viologen-mediated oxidation of glucose was investigated under anaerobic electrochemical conditions to understand the factors that impact the oxidation efficiency. Of particular interest was the improvement of electrochemical oxidation for glucose fuel cell applications. An experimental cell was developed to electrochemically reoxidize the mediator as it was homogeneously reduced by glucose under anaerobic conditions. In contrast, the mediator was reoxidized by direct reaction with oxygen under aerobic conditions. The aerobic oxidation efficiency was 75%, three times larger than the maximum efficiency in the electrochemical cell. 13C-NMR results show that the main product formed under aerobic conditions was formic acid, whereas glycolic acid was the principal product formed in the electrochemical cell. Carbonate was only formed under aerobic conditions. Therefore, the use of oxygen to reoxidize the mediator also directly influenced the glucose oxidation pathway. In the electrochemical cell, the oxidation efficiency depended on the electrochemical reaction rate of the mediator and was higher at faster rates. The efficiency also depended on the initial molar ratio of the mediator to glucose. The maximum oxidation efficiency of glucose in the electrochemical cell was approximately 22%, which is about three times larger than the maximum efficiency for precious-metal-based anodes. © 2019
202	a7007046711	Harb J.N.	p512	False	Journal	281	Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Millimeter-Tall Free-Standing Carbon Nanotube-Based Microelectrode Arrays	Microelectrode arrays of carbon nanotube (CNT)/carbon composite posts with high aspect ratio and millimeter-length were fabricated using carbon-nanotube-templated microfabrication with a sacrificial "hedge". The high aspect ratio, mechanical robustness, and electrical conductivity of these electrodes make them a potential candidate for next-generation neural interfacing. Electrochemical measurements were also demonstrated using an individual CNT post microelectrode with a diameter of 25 μm and a length of 1 mm to perform cyclic voltammetry on both methyl viologen and dopamine in a phosphate-buffered saline solution. In addition to detection of the characteristic peaks, the CNT post microelectrodes show a fast electrochemical response, which may be enabling for in vivo and/or in vitro measurements. The CNT post electrode fabrication process was also integrated with other microfabrication techniques, resulting in individually addressable electrodes. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
202	a7007046711	Harb J.N.	p725	False	Journal	354	Carbon monolith scaffolding for high volumetric capacity silicon Li-ion battery anodes	A nanoporous carbon monolith structure has been developed for use as a scaffold for silicon anodes for lithium batteries. This scaffold was fabricated by coating vertically aligned carbon nanotubes in a highly conformal coating of nanocrystalline carbon, applied via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. The coating increases the mechanical stability of the nanotube structure, which provides electrically conductive pathways through the anode. Silicon anodes were fabricated with the monoliths by low pressure chemical vapor infiltration of silicon. This platform allows the carbon and silicon volume fractions to be independently varied in the anode. Anodes with a low silicon content (less than 5% by volume) showed high stability in cycling against lithium with a capacity retention of 89.7% between cycles 2 and 185. Anodes with a high silicon content (∼25% by volume) showed poor capacity retention when the carbon content was low (<40% by volume), and transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated that the anodes failed due to the destruction of the nanocrystalline carbon coating during cycling. However, by increasing the carbon content to ∼60% volume percent in the monolith, capacity retention was substantially stabilized even for anodes with very high silicon loadings. These stabilized electrodes exhibited volumetric capacities as high as ∼1000 mA h/ml and retained over 725 mA h/ml by cycle 100. © 2017 American Vacuum Society.
203	a7006111578	Woolley A.T.	p49	False	Journal	39	DNA origami mediated electrically connected metal—semiconductor junctions	DNA-based nanofabrication of inorganic nanostructures has potential application in electronics, catalysis, and plasmonics. Previous DNA metallization has generated conductive DNA-assembled nanostructures; however, the use of semiconductors and the development of well-connected nanoscale metal—semiconductor junctions on DNA nanostructures are still at an early stage. Herein, we report the first fabrication of multiple electrically connected metal—semiconductor junctions on individual DNA origami by location-specific binding of gold and tellurium nanorods. Nanorod attachment to DNA origami was via DNA hybridization for Au and by electrostatic interaction for Te. Electroless gold plating was used to create nanoscale metal—semiconductor interfaces by filling the gaps between Au and Te nanorods. Two-point electrical characterization indicated that the Au—Te—Au junctions were electrically connected, with current—voltage properties consistent with a Schottky junction. DNA-based nanofabrication of metal—semiconductor junctions opens up potential opportunities in nanoelectronics, demonstrating the power of this bottom-up approach. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2020, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
203	a7006111578	Woolley A.T.	p172	False	Conference	36	Multiplexed Detection of Single Antibiotic Drug-Resistant Plasmids using Multimode Interference Waveguide Based Optofluidic Chip	A single multimode interference waveguide is used to create distinct spectral spot patterns on two liquid-core waveguides on an optofluidic chip. This device is used for multiplexed detection of antibiotic-resistant plasmids with single nucleic acid sensitivity. © 2019 IEEE.
203	a7006111578	Woolley A.T.	p266	False	Journal	175	Roadmap on biological pathways for electronic nanofabrication and materials	Conventional microchip fabrication is energy and resource intensive. Thus, the discovery of new manufacturing approaches that reduce these expenditures would be highly beneficial to the semiconductor industry. In comparison, living systems construct complex nanometer-scale structures with high yields and low energy utilization. Combining the capabilities of living systems with synthetic DNA-/protein-based self-assembly may offer intriguing potential for revolutionizing the synthesis of complex sub-10 nm information processing architectures. The successful discovery of new biologically based paradigms would not only help extend the current semiconductor technology roadmap, but also offer additional potential growth areas in biology, medicine, agriculture and sustainability for the semiconductor industry. This article summarizes discussions surrounding key emerging technologies explored at the Workshop on Biological Pathways for Electronic Nanofabrication and Materials that was held on 16–17 November 2016 at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, CA. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
203	a7006111578	Woolley A.T.	p330	False	Journal	192	3D printed selectable dilution mixer pumps	In this paper, we demonstrate the ability to 3D print tightly integrated structures with active valves, pumps, and mixers, and we use our compact chip-to-chip interconnects [Gong et al., Lab Chip 18, 639-647 (2018)] to move bulky world-to-chip connections to separate interface chips for both post-print flushing and post-cure device operation. As example devices, we first examine 3D printed pumps, followed by two types of selectable ratio mixer pumps, a linear dilution mixer pump (LDMP) and a parallelized dilution mixer pump (PDMP), which occupy volumes of only 1.5 mm 3 and 2.6 mm 3, respectively. The LDMP generates a selectable dilution ratio from a linear set of possibilities, while the PDMP generates a denser set of possible dilutions with a maximum dilution ratio of 1/16. The PDMP also incorporates a new 4-to-1 valve to simultaneously control 4 inlet channels. To characterize LDMP and PDMP operation and performance, we present a new, low-cost video method to directly measure the relative concentration of an absorptive dye on a pixel-by-pixel basis for each video frame. Using this method, we find that 6 periods of the active mixer that forms the core of the LDMP and PDMP are sufficient to fully mix the fluid, and that the generated concentrations track the designed dilution ratios as expected. The LDMP mixes 20 nl per 4.6 s mixer pump period, while the PDMP uses parallelized input pumps to process the same fluid volume with greater choice of dilution ratios in a 3.6 s period. © 2019 Author(s).
203	a7006111578	Woolley A.T.	p332	False	Conference	108	3D printing for lab-on-a-chip devices with 20 μm channels	While there is great interest in 3D printing for microfluidic device fabrication, the challenge has been to achieve feature sizes that are in the truly microfluidic regime (<100 μm). The fundamental problem is that commercial tools and materials, which excel in many other application areas, have not been developed to address the unique needs of microfluidic device fabrication. Consequently, we have created our own stereolithographic 3D printer and materials that are specifically tailored to meet these needs. We review our recent work and show that flow channels as small as 18 μm x 20 μm can be reliably fabricated, as well as compact active elements such as valves and pumps. With these capabilities, we demonstrate highly integrated 3D printed microfluidic devices that measure only a few millimeters on a side, and that integrate separate chip-to-world interfaces through high density interconnects (up to 88 interconnects per square mm) that are directly 3D printed as part of a device chip. These advances open the door to 3D printing as a replacement for expensive cleanroom fabrication processes, with the additional advantage of fast (30 minute), parallel fabrication of many devices in a single print run due to their small size. © 2019 SPIE.
203	a7006111578	Woolley A.T.	p481	False	Journal	237	3D printed microfluidic features using dose control in X, Y, and Z dimensions	Interest has grown in recent years to leverage the possibilities offered by three-dimensional (3D) printing, such as rapid iterative changes; the ability to more fully use 3D device volume; and ease of fabrication, especially as it relates to the creation of complex microfluidic devices. A major shortcoming of most commercially available 3D printers is that their resolution is not sufficient to produce features that are truly microfluidic (&lt; 100 × 100 μm2). Here, we test a custom 3D printer for making ~30 μm scale positive and negative surface features, as well as positive and negative features within internal voids (i.e., microfluidic channels). We found that optical dosage control is essential for creating the smallest microfluidic features (~30 μm wide for ridges, ~20 μm wide for trenches), and that this resolution was achieved for a number of different exposure approaches. Additionally, we printed various microfluidic particle traps, showed capture of 25 μm diameter polymer beads, and iteratively improved the trap design. The rapid feedback allowed by 3D printing, as well as the ability to carefully control optical exposure conditions, should lead to new innovations in the types and sizes of devices that can be created for microfluidics. © 2018 by the authors.
203	a7006111578	Woolley A.T.	p536	False	Journal	217	3D printed high density, reversible, chip-to-chip microfluidic interconnects	Our latest developments in miniaturizing 3D printed microfluidics [Gong et al., Lab Chip, 2016, 16, 2450; Gong et al., Lab Chip, 2017, 17, 2899] offer the opportunity to fabricate highly integrated chips that measure only a few mm on a side. For such small chips, an interconnection method is needed to provide the necessary world-to-chip reagent and pneumatic connections. In this paper, we introduce simple integrated microgaskets (SIMs) and controlled-compression integrated microgaskets (CCIMs) to connect a small device chip to a larger interface chip that implements world-to-chip connections. SIMs or CCIMs are directly 3D printed as part of the device chip, and therefore no additional materials or components are required to make the connection to the larger 3D printed interface chip. We demonstrate 121 chip-to-chip interconnections in an 11 × 11 array for both SIMs and CCIMs with an areal density of 53 interconnections per mm2 and show that they withstand fluid pressures of 50 psi. We further demonstrate their reusability by testing the devices 100 times without seal failure. Scaling experiments show that 20 × 20 interconnection arrays are feasible and that the CCIM areal density can be increased to 88 interconnections per mm2. We then show the utility of spatially distributed discrete CCIMs by using an interconnection chip with 28 chip-to-world interconnects to test 45 3D printed valves in a 9 × 5 array. Each valve is only 300 μm in diameter (the smallest yet reported for 3D printed valves). Every row of 5 valves is tested to at least 10000 actuations, with one row tested to 1-000000 actuations. In all cases, there is no sign of valve failure, and the CCIM interconnections prove an effective means of using a single interface chip to test a series of valve array chips. © 2018 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
203	a7006111578	Woolley A.T.	p558	False	Conference	207	3D printed microfluidic selectable ratio mixer pump in 2 mm3	We report the use of 3D printing to fabricate a selectable ratio mixer pump in a volume of only 2 mm2. Our custom 3D printer and material is used to make very compact individual elements such as fluid channels, valves, and pumps that are laid out in 3D to achieve small overall device volume. The device includes two pumps, each connected to its own fluid source, and a two-chamber mixing unit that both mixes the fluid pumped into it from each fluid source, and acts itself as a pump to expel the mixed fluid. © 2016 TRF
203	a7006111578	Woolley A.T.	p693	False	Journal	337	Custom 3D printer and resin for 18 μm × 20 μm microfluidic flow channels	While there is great interest in 3D printing for microfluidic device fabrication, to-date the achieved feature sizes have not been in the truly microfluidic regime (&lt;100 μm). In this paper we demonstrate that a custom digital light processor stereolithographic (DLP-SLA) 3D printer and a specifically-designed, low cost, custom resin can readily achieve flow channel cross sections as small as 18 μm × 20 μm. Our 3D printer has a projected image plane resolution of 7.6 μm and uses a 385 nm LED, which dramatically increases the available selection of UV absorbers for resin formulation compared to 3D printers with 405 nm LEDs. Beginning with 20 candidate absorbers, we demonstrate the evaluation criteria and process flow required to develop a high-resolution resin. In doing so, we introduce a new mathematical model for characterizing the resin optical penetration depth based only on measurement of the absorber's molar absorptivity. Our final resin formulation uses 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfide (NPS) as the UV absorber. We also develop a novel channel narrowing technique that, together with the new resin and 3D printer resolution, enables small flow channel fabrication. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach by fabricating 3D serpentine flow channels 41 mm long in a volume of only 0.12 mm3, and by printing high aspect ratio flow channels &lt;25 μm wide and 3 mm tall. These results indicate that 3D printing is finally positioned to challenge the pre-eminence of methods such as soft lithography for microfluidic device prototyping and fabrication. © 2017 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
204	a56371366400	Fujimoto M.S.	p50	True	Conference	8	Kcollections: A fast and efficient library for K-mers	K-mers form the backbone of many bioinformatic algorithms. They are, however, difficult to store and use efficiently because the number of k-mers increases exponentially as k increases. Many algorithms exist for compressed storage of kmers but suffer from slow insert times or are probabilistic resulting in false-positive k-mers. Furthermore, k-mer libraries usually specialize in associating specific values with k-mers such as a color in colored de Bruijn Graphs or k-mer count. We present kcollections1, a compressed and parallel data structure designed for k-mers generated from whole, assembled genomes. Kcollections is available for C++ and provides set-and maplike structures as well as a k-mer counting data structure all of which utilize parallel operations designed using a MapReduce paradigm. Additionally, we provide basic Python bindings for rapid prototyping. Kcollections makes developing bioinformatic algorithms simpler by abstracting away the tedious task of storing k-mers.1https://www.github.com/masakistan/kcollections © 2020 IEEE.
204	a56371366400	Fujimoto M.S.	p458	False	Conference	164	The PepSeq Pipeline: Software for Antimicrobial Motif Discovery in Randomly-Generated Peptide Libraries	Bacteria with resistance genes are becoming ever more common, and new methods of discovering antibiotics are being developed. One of these new methods involves researchers creating random peptides and testing their antimicrobial activity. Developing antibiotics from these peptides requires understanding which sequence motifs will be toxic to bacteria. To determine if the toxic peptides of a randomly-generated peptide library can be uniquely classified based solely on sequence motifs, we created the PepSeq Pipeline: a new software that utilizes a Random Forest algorithm to extract motifs from a peptide library. We found that this pipeline can accurately classify 56% of the toxic peptides in the peptide library using motifs extracted from the model. Testing on simulated data with less noise, we could classify up to 94% of the toxic peptides. The pipeline extracted significant toxic motifs in every library that was tested, but its ability to classify all toxic peptides depended on the number of motifs in the library. Once extracted, these motifs can be used both to understand the biology behind why certain peptides are toxic and to create novel antibiotics. The code and data used in this analysis can be found at https://github.com/tjense25/pep-seq-pipeline. © 2018 ACM.
204	a56371366400	Fujimoto M.S.	p724	True	Conference	307	Modeling global and local codon bias with deep language models	Codon bias, the usage patterns of synonymous codons for encoding a protein sequence as nucleotides, is a biological phenomenon that is not fully understood. Several methods exist to represent the codon bias of an organism: codon adaptation index (CAI) [1], individual codon usage (ICU), hidden stop codons (HSC) [2] and codon context (CC) [3]. These methods are often employed in the optimization of heterologous gene expression to increase the accuracy and rate of translation. They, however, have many shortcomings as they dont take into account the local and global context of a gene. We present a method for modeling global and local codon bias through deep language models that is more robust than current methods by providing more contextual information and long-range dependencies. © 2017 IEEE.
204	a56371366400	Fujimoto M.S.	p727	False	Conference	308	Whole genome phylogenetic tree reconstruction using colored de bruijn graphs	We present kleuren, a novel assembly-free method to reconstruct phylogenetic trees using the Colored de Bruijn Graph. kleuren works by constructing the Colored de Bruijn Graph and then traversing it, finding bubble structures in the graph that provide phylogenetic signal. The bubbles are then aligned and concatenated to form a supermatrix, from which a phylogenetic tree is inferred. We introduce the algorithms that kleuren uses to accomplish this task, and show its performance on reconstructing the phylogenetic tree of 12 Drosophila species. kleuren reconstructed the established phylogenetic tree accurately, and is a viable tool for phylogenetic tree reconstruction using whole genome sequences. Software package available at: https://github.com/Colelyman/kleuren. © 2017 IEEE.
204	a56371366400	Fujimoto M.S.	p728	True	Conference	309	Genome polymorphism detection through relaxed de bruijn graph construction	Comparing genomes to identify polymorphisms is a difficult task, especially beyond single nucleotide poly-morphisms. Polymorphism detection is important in disease association studies as well as in phylogenetic tree reconstruc-tion. We present a method for identifying polymorphisms in genomes by using a modified version de Bruijn graphs, data structures widely used in genome assembly from Next-Generation Sequencing. Using our method, we are able to identify polymorphisms that exist within a genome as well as well as see graph structures that form in the de Bruijn graph for particular types of polymorphisms (translocations, etc.) © 2017 IEEE.
205	a57202818911	Lyman C.A.	p50	False	Conference	8	Kcollections: A fast and efficient library for K-mers	K-mers form the backbone of many bioinformatic algorithms. They are, however, difficult to store and use efficiently because the number of k-mers increases exponentially as k increases. Many algorithms exist for compressed storage of kmers but suffer from slow insert times or are probabilistic resulting in false-positive k-mers. Furthermore, k-mer libraries usually specialize in associating specific values with k-mers such as a color in colored de Bruijn Graphs or k-mer count. We present kcollections1, a compressed and parallel data structure designed for k-mers generated from whole, assembled genomes. Kcollections is available for C++ and provides set-and maplike structures as well as a k-mer counting data structure all of which utilize parallel operations designed using a MapReduce paradigm. Additionally, we provide basic Python bindings for rapid prototyping. Kcollections makes developing bioinformatic algorithms simpler by abstracting away the tedious task of storing k-mers.1https://www.github.com/masakistan/kcollections © 2020 IEEE.
205	a57202818911	Lyman C.A.	p166	True	Conference	32	Feedback regulation of immune response to maximum exercise in Gulf war illness	Gulf War Illness is a disease that affects about a third of the veterans that served in the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War. The symptoms are varied, the cause is unknown, and there is no known treatment. In this paper we compare the dynamic characteristics of cytokines feedback response to exercise in n=12 veterans diagnosed with Gulf War Illness (GWI) and n=12 healthy veterans deployed to the same theatre of operations. A third-order transfer function is used to model the process dynamics of 18 cytokines projected onto principal components with a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller enforcing the homeostatic regulation of these co-expression patterns. Transfer functions were fit to each subject for each principal component and the dynamic response parameters compared between the veteran control and GWI subject groups. Results of this analysis indicate that while much of the regulatory response dynamics are shared by both groups, there is a significant difference in the damping of the Th1:Th2 cytokine response to exercise in Gulf War Illness. © 2019 Association of Computing Machinery.
205	a57202818911	Lyman C.A.	p256	False	Conference	61	The polygraph: A data structure for genome alignment and variation detection	Comparing whole genomes and finding variation is an important and difficult bioinfor-matic task. We present the Polygraph, a data structure for reference-free, multiple whole genome alignment that can be used to identify genomic structural variation. This data structure is built from assembled genomes and preserves the genomic structure from the assembly. It avoids the “hairball” graph structure that can occur in other graph methods such as de Bruijn graphs. The Polygraph can easily be visualized and be used for identification of structural variants. We apply the Polygraph to Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for finding Structural Variants. Copyright © 2012-2020 easychair.org. All rights reserved.
205	a57202818911	Lyman C.A.	p458	False	Conference	164	The PepSeq Pipeline: Software for Antimicrobial Motif Discovery in Randomly-Generated Peptide Libraries	Bacteria with resistance genes are becoming ever more common, and new methods of discovering antibiotics are being developed. One of these new methods involves researchers creating random peptides and testing their antimicrobial activity. Developing antibiotics from these peptides requires understanding which sequence motifs will be toxic to bacteria. To determine if the toxic peptides of a randomly-generated peptide library can be uniquely classified based solely on sequence motifs, we created the PepSeq Pipeline: a new software that utilizes a Random Forest algorithm to extract motifs from a peptide library. We found that this pipeline can accurately classify 56% of the toxic peptides in the peptide library using motifs extracted from the model. Testing on simulated data with less noise, we could classify up to 94% of the toxic peptides. The pipeline extracted significant toxic motifs in every library that was tested, but its ability to classify all toxic peptides depended on the number of motifs in the library. Once extracted, these motifs can be used both to understand the biology behind why certain peptides are toxic and to create novel antibiotics. The code and data used in this analysis can be found at https://github.com/tjense25/pep-seq-pipeline. © 2018 ACM.
205	a57202818911	Lyman C.A.	p724	False	Conference	307	Modeling global and local codon bias with deep language models	Codon bias, the usage patterns of synonymous codons for encoding a protein sequence as nucleotides, is a biological phenomenon that is not fully understood. Several methods exist to represent the codon bias of an organism: codon adaptation index (CAI) [1], individual codon usage (ICU), hidden stop codons (HSC) [2] and codon context (CC) [3]. These methods are often employed in the optimization of heterologous gene expression to increase the accuracy and rate of translation. They, however, have many shortcomings as they dont take into account the local and global context of a gene. We present a method for modeling global and local codon bias through deep language models that is more robust than current methods by providing more contextual information and long-range dependencies. © 2017 IEEE.
205	a57202818911	Lyman C.A.	p727	True	Conference	308	Whole genome phylogenetic tree reconstruction using colored de bruijn graphs	We present kleuren, a novel assembly-free method to reconstruct phylogenetic trees using the Colored de Bruijn Graph. kleuren works by constructing the Colored de Bruijn Graph and then traversing it, finding bubble structures in the graph that provide phylogenetic signal. The bubbles are then aligned and concatenated to form a supermatrix, from which a phylogenetic tree is inferred. We introduce the algorithms that kleuren uses to accomplish this task, and show its performance on reconstructing the phylogenetic tree of 12 Drosophila species. kleuren reconstructed the established phylogenetic tree accurately, and is a viable tool for phylogenetic tree reconstruction using whole genome sequences. Software package available at: https://github.com/Colelyman/kleuren. © 2017 IEEE.
205	a57202818911	Lyman C.A.	p728	False	Conference	309	Genome polymorphism detection through relaxed de bruijn graph construction	Comparing genomes to identify polymorphisms is a difficult task, especially beyond single nucleotide poly-morphisms. Polymorphism detection is important in disease association studies as well as in phylogenetic tree reconstruc-tion. We present a method for identifying polymorphisms in genomes by using a modified version de Bruijn graphs, data structures widely used in genome assembly from Next-Generation Sequencing. Using our method, we are able to identify polymorphisms that exist within a genome as well as well as see graph structures that form in the de Bruijn graph for particular types of polymorphisms (translocations, etc.) © 2017 IEEE.
206	a7102523474	Clement M.J.	p50	False	Conference	8	Kcollections: A fast and efficient library for K-mers	K-mers form the backbone of many bioinformatic algorithms. They are, however, difficult to store and use efficiently because the number of k-mers increases exponentially as k increases. Many algorithms exist for compressed storage of kmers but suffer from slow insert times or are probabilistic resulting in false-positive k-mers. Furthermore, k-mer libraries usually specialize in associating specific values with k-mers such as a color in colored de Bruijn Graphs or k-mer count. We present kcollections1, a compressed and parallel data structure designed for k-mers generated from whole, assembled genomes. Kcollections is available for C++ and provides set-and maplike structures as well as a k-mer counting data structure all of which utilize parallel operations designed using a MapReduce paradigm. Additionally, we provide basic Python bindings for rapid prototyping. Kcollections makes developing bioinformatic algorithms simpler by abstracting away the tedious task of storing k-mers.1https://www.github.com/masakistan/kcollections © 2020 IEEE.
206	a7102523474	Clement M.J.	p166	False	Conference	32	Feedback regulation of immune response to maximum exercise in Gulf war illness	Gulf War Illness is a disease that affects about a third of the veterans that served in the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War. The symptoms are varied, the cause is unknown, and there is no known treatment. In this paper we compare the dynamic characteristics of cytokines feedback response to exercise in n=12 veterans diagnosed with Gulf War Illness (GWI) and n=12 healthy veterans deployed to the same theatre of operations. A third-order transfer function is used to model the process dynamics of 18 cytokines projected onto principal components with a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller enforcing the homeostatic regulation of these co-expression patterns. Transfer functions were fit to each subject for each principal component and the dynamic response parameters compared between the veteran control and GWI subject groups. Results of this analysis indicate that while much of the regulatory response dynamics are shared by both groups, there is a significant difference in the damping of the Th1:Th2 cytokine response to exercise in Gulf War Illness. © 2019 Association of Computing Machinery.
206	a7102523474	Clement M.J.	p256	False	Conference	61	The polygraph: A data structure for genome alignment and variation detection	Comparing whole genomes and finding variation is an important and difficult bioinfor-matic task. We present the Polygraph, a data structure for reference-free, multiple whole genome alignment that can be used to identify genomic structural variation. This data structure is built from assembled genomes and preserves the genomic structure from the assembly. It avoids the “hairball” graph structure that can occur in other graph methods such as de Bruijn graphs. The Polygraph can easily be visualized and be used for identification of structural variants. We apply the Polygraph to Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for finding Structural Variants. Copyright © 2012-2020 easychair.org. All rights reserved.
206	a7102523474	Clement M.J.	p458	False	Conference	164	The PepSeq Pipeline: Software for Antimicrobial Motif Discovery in Randomly-Generated Peptide Libraries	Bacteria with resistance genes are becoming ever more common, and new methods of discovering antibiotics are being developed. One of these new methods involves researchers creating random peptides and testing their antimicrobial activity. Developing antibiotics from these peptides requires understanding which sequence motifs will be toxic to bacteria. To determine if the toxic peptides of a randomly-generated peptide library can be uniquely classified based solely on sequence motifs, we created the PepSeq Pipeline: a new software that utilizes a Random Forest algorithm to extract motifs from a peptide library. We found that this pipeline can accurately classify 56% of the toxic peptides in the peptide library using motifs extracted from the model. Testing on simulated data with less noise, we could classify up to 94% of the toxic peptides. The pipeline extracted significant toxic motifs in every library that was tested, but its ability to classify all toxic peptides depended on the number of motifs in the library. Once extracted, these motifs can be used both to understand the biology behind why certain peptides are toxic and to create novel antibiotics. The code and data used in this analysis can be found at https://github.com/tjense25/pep-seq-pipeline. © 2018 ACM.
206	a7102523474	Clement M.J.	p724	False	Conference	307	Modeling global and local codon bias with deep language models	Codon bias, the usage patterns of synonymous codons for encoding a protein sequence as nucleotides, is a biological phenomenon that is not fully understood. Several methods exist to represent the codon bias of an organism: codon adaptation index (CAI) [1], individual codon usage (ICU), hidden stop codons (HSC) [2] and codon context (CC) [3]. These methods are often employed in the optimization of heterologous gene expression to increase the accuracy and rate of translation. They, however, have many shortcomings as they dont take into account the local and global context of a gene. We present a method for modeling global and local codon bias through deep language models that is more robust than current methods by providing more contextual information and long-range dependencies. © 2017 IEEE.
206	a7102523474	Clement M.J.	p727	False	Conference	308	Whole genome phylogenetic tree reconstruction using colored de bruijn graphs	We present kleuren, a novel assembly-free method to reconstruct phylogenetic trees using the Colored de Bruijn Graph. kleuren works by constructing the Colored de Bruijn Graph and then traversing it, finding bubble structures in the graph that provide phylogenetic signal. The bubbles are then aligned and concatenated to form a supermatrix, from which a phylogenetic tree is inferred. We introduce the algorithms that kleuren uses to accomplish this task, and show its performance on reconstructing the phylogenetic tree of 12 Drosophila species. kleuren reconstructed the established phylogenetic tree accurately, and is a viable tool for phylogenetic tree reconstruction using whole genome sequences. Software package available at: https://github.com/Colelyman/kleuren. © 2017 IEEE.
206	a7102523474	Clement M.J.	p728	False	Conference	309	Genome polymorphism detection through relaxed de bruijn graph construction	Comparing genomes to identify polymorphisms is a difficult task, especially beyond single nucleotide poly-morphisms. Polymorphism detection is important in disease association studies as well as in phylogenetic tree reconstruc-tion. We present a method for identifying polymorphisms in genomes by using a modified version de Bruijn graphs, data structures widely used in genome assembly from Next-Generation Sequencing. Using our method, we are able to identify polymorphisms that exist within a genome as well as well as see graph structures that form in the de Bruijn graph for particular types of polymorphisms (translocations, etc.) © 2017 IEEE.
207	a7003927879	Bunimovich L.	p51	True	Journal	40	Spectral and Dynamic Consequences of Network Specialization	One of the hallmarks of real networks is the ability to perform increasingly complex tasks as their topology evolves. To explain this, it has been observed that as a network grows certain subsets of the network begin to specialize the function(s) they perform. A recent model of network growth based on this notion of specialization has been able to reproduce some of the most well-known topological features found in real-world networks including right-skewed degree distributions, the small world property, modular as well as hierarchical topology, etc. Here we describe how specialization under this model also effects the spectral properties of a network. This allows us to give the conditions under which a network is able to maintain its dynamics as its topology evolves. Specifically, we show that if a network is intrinsically stable, which is a stronger version of the standard notion of global stability, then the network maintains this type of dynamics as the network evolves. This is one of the first steps toward unifying the rigorous study of the two types of dynamics exhibited by networks. These are the dynamics of a network, which is the topological evolution of the network's structure, modeled here by the process of network specialization, and the dynamics on a network, which is the changing state of the network elements, where the type of dynamics we consider is global stability. The main examples we apply our results to are recurrent neural networks, which are the basis of certain types of machine learning algorithms. © 2020 World Scientific Publishing Company.
208	a57217245563	Passey D.J.	p51	False	Journal	40	Spectral and Dynamic Consequences of Network Specialization	One of the hallmarks of real networks is the ability to perform increasingly complex tasks as their topology evolves. To explain this, it has been observed that as a network grows certain subsets of the network begin to specialize the function(s) they perform. A recent model of network growth based on this notion of specialization has been able to reproduce some of the most well-known topological features found in real-world networks including right-skewed degree distributions, the small world property, modular as well as hierarchical topology, etc. Here we describe how specialization under this model also effects the spectral properties of a network. This allows us to give the conditions under which a network is able to maintain its dynamics as its topology evolves. Specifically, we show that if a network is intrinsically stable, which is a stronger version of the standard notion of global stability, then the network maintains this type of dynamics as the network evolves. This is one of the first steps toward unifying the rigorous study of the two types of dynamics exhibited by networks. These are the dynamics of a network, which is the topological evolution of the network's structure, modeled here by the process of network specialization, and the dynamics on a network, which is the changing state of the network elements, where the type of dynamics we consider is global stability. The main examples we apply our results to are recurrent neural networks, which are the basis of certain types of machine learning algorithms. © 2020 World Scientific Publishing Company.
209	a57198519795	Smith D.	p51	False	Journal	40	Spectral and Dynamic Consequences of Network Specialization	One of the hallmarks of real networks is the ability to perform increasingly complex tasks as their topology evolves. To explain this, it has been observed that as a network grows certain subsets of the network begin to specialize the function(s) they perform. A recent model of network growth based on this notion of specialization has been able to reproduce some of the most well-known topological features found in real-world networks including right-skewed degree distributions, the small world property, modular as well as hierarchical topology, etc. Here we describe how specialization under this model also effects the spectral properties of a network. This allows us to give the conditions under which a network is able to maintain its dynamics as its topology evolves. Specifically, we show that if a network is intrinsically stable, which is a stronger version of the standard notion of global stability, then the network maintains this type of dynamics as the network evolves. This is one of the first steps toward unifying the rigorous study of the two types of dynamics exhibited by networks. These are the dynamics of a network, which is the topological evolution of the network's structure, modeled here by the process of network specialization, and the dynamics on a network, which is the changing state of the network elements, where the type of dynamics we consider is global stability. The main examples we apply our results to are recurrent neural networks, which are the basis of certain types of machine learning algorithms. © 2020 World Scientific Publishing Company.
210	a55100119300	Webb B.	p51	False	Journal	40	Spectral and Dynamic Consequences of Network Specialization	One of the hallmarks of real networks is the ability to perform increasingly complex tasks as their topology evolves. To explain this, it has been observed that as a network grows certain subsets of the network begin to specialize the function(s) they perform. A recent model of network growth based on this notion of specialization has been able to reproduce some of the most well-known topological features found in real-world networks including right-skewed degree distributions, the small world property, modular as well as hierarchical topology, etc. Here we describe how specialization under this model also effects the spectral properties of a network. This allows us to give the conditions under which a network is able to maintain its dynamics as its topology evolves. Specifically, we show that if a network is intrinsically stable, which is a stronger version of the standard notion of global stability, then the network maintains this type of dynamics as the network evolves. This is one of the first steps toward unifying the rigorous study of the two types of dynamics exhibited by networks. These are the dynamics of a network, which is the topological evolution of the network's structure, modeled here by the process of network specialization, and the dynamics on a network, which is the changing state of the network elements, where the type of dynamics we consider is global stability. The main examples we apply our results to are recurrent neural networks, which are the basis of certain types of machine learning algorithms. © 2020 World Scientific Publishing Company.
211	a39861044100	Borden M.J.	p52	False	Journal	41	Isogeometric Bézier dual mortaring: The enriched Bézier dual basis with application to second- and fourth-order problems	In this paper, we present an algorithm to construct enriched Bézier dual basis functions that can reproduce higher-order polynomials. Our construction is unique in that it is based on Bézier extraction and projection, allowing it to be used for tensor product and unstructured polynomial spline spaces, is well-conditioned, and is quadrature-free. When used as a basis for dual mortar methods, optimal approximations are achieved for both second- and fourth-order problems. In the context of fourth-order problems, both C0 and C1 continuity constraints must be applied at each intersection. We develop a novel geometry-independent C1 continuity constraint that also preserves the sparsity of the coupled problem. The performance of the proposed formulation is verified through several challenging second- and fourth-order problems. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
211	a39861044100	Borden M.J.	p496	False	Journal	268	Bézier B̄ projection	In this paper we demonstrate the use of Bézier projection to alleviate locking phenomena in structural mechanics applications of isogeometric analysis. Interpreting the well-known B̄ projection in two different ways we develop two formulations for locking problems in beams and nearly incompressible elastic solids. One formulation leads to a sparse symmetric system and the other leads to a sparse non-symmetric system. To demonstrate the utility of Bézier projection for both geometry and material locking phenomena we focus on transverse shear locking in Timoshenko beams and volumetric locking in nearly compressible linear elasticity although the approach can be applied generally to other types of locking phenomena as well. Bézier projection is a local projection technique with optimal approximation properties, which in many cases produces solutions that are comparable to global L2 projection. In the context of B̄ methods, the use of Bézier projection produces sparse stiffness matrices with only a slight increase in bandwidth when compared to standard displacement-based methods. Of particular importance is that the approach is applicable to any spline representation that can be written in Bézier form like NURBS, T-splines, LR-splines, etc. We discuss in detail how to integrate this approach into an existing finite element framework with minimal disruption through the use of Bézier extraction operators and a newly introduced dual basis for the Bézier projection operator. We then demonstrate the behavior of the two proposed formulations through several challenging benchmark problems. © 2018
211	a39861044100	Borden M.J.	p515	False	Journal	284	Isogeometric Bézier dual mortaring: Refineable higher-order spline dual bases and weakly continuous geometry	In this paper we develop the isogeometric Bézier dual mortar method. It is based on Bézier extraction and projection and is applicable to any spline space which can be represented in Bézier form (i.e., NURBS, T-splines, LR-splines, etc.). The approach weakly enforces the continuity of the solution at patch interfaces and the error can be adaptively controlled by leveraging the refineability of the underlying slave dual spline basis without introducing any additional degrees of freedom. As a consequence, optimal higher-order convergence rates can be achieved without the need for an expensive shared master/slave segmentation step. We also develop weakly continuous geometry as a particular application of isogeometric Bézier dual mortaring. Weakly continuous geometry is a geometry description where the weak continuity constraints are built into properly modified Bézier extraction operators. As a result, multi-patch models can be processed in a solver directly without having to employ a mortaring solution strategy. We demonstrate the utility of the approach on several challenging benchmark problems. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
212	a36708895400	Thomas D.C.	p52	False	Journal	41	Isogeometric Bézier dual mortaring: The enriched Bézier dual basis with application to second- and fourth-order problems	In this paper, we present an algorithm to construct enriched Bézier dual basis functions that can reproduce higher-order polynomials. Our construction is unique in that it is based on Bézier extraction and projection, allowing it to be used for tensor product and unstructured polynomial spline spaces, is well-conditioned, and is quadrature-free. When used as a basis for dual mortar methods, optimal approximations are achieved for both second- and fourth-order problems. In the context of fourth-order problems, both C0 and C1 continuity constraints must be applied at each intersection. We develop a novel geometry-independent C1 continuity constraint that also preserves the sparsity of the coupled problem. The performance of the proposed formulation is verified through several challenging second- and fourth-order problems. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.
212	a36708895400	Thomas D.C.	p496	False	Journal	268	Bézier B̄ projection	In this paper we demonstrate the use of Bézier projection to alleviate locking phenomena in structural mechanics applications of isogeometric analysis. Interpreting the well-known B̄ projection in two different ways we develop two formulations for locking problems in beams and nearly incompressible elastic solids. One formulation leads to a sparse symmetric system and the other leads to a sparse non-symmetric system. To demonstrate the utility of Bézier projection for both geometry and material locking phenomena we focus on transverse shear locking in Timoshenko beams and volumetric locking in nearly compressible linear elasticity although the approach can be applied generally to other types of locking phenomena as well. Bézier projection is a local projection technique with optimal approximation properties, which in many cases produces solutions that are comparable to global L2 projection. In the context of B̄ methods, the use of Bézier projection produces sparse stiffness matrices with only a slight increase in bandwidth when compared to standard displacement-based methods. Of particular importance is that the approach is applicable to any spline representation that can be written in Bézier form like NURBS, T-splines, LR-splines, etc. We discuss in detail how to integrate this approach into an existing finite element framework with minimal disruption through the use of Bézier extraction operators and a newly introduced dual basis for the Bézier projection operator. We then demonstrate the behavior of the two proposed formulations through several challenging benchmark problems. © 2018
212	a36708895400	Thomas D.C.	p515	False	Journal	284	Isogeometric Bézier dual mortaring: Refineable higher-order spline dual bases and weakly continuous geometry	In this paper we develop the isogeometric Bézier dual mortar method. It is based on Bézier extraction and projection and is applicable to any spline space which can be represented in Bézier form (i.e., NURBS, T-splines, LR-splines, etc.). The approach weakly enforces the continuity of the solution at patch interfaces and the error can be adaptively controlled by leveraging the refineability of the underlying slave dual spline basis without introducing any additional degrees of freedom. As a consequence, optimal higher-order convergence rates can be achieved without the need for an expensive shared master/slave segmentation step. We also develop weakly continuous geometry as a particular application of isogeometric Bézier dual mortaring. Weakly continuous geometry is a geometry description where the weak continuity constraints are built into properly modified Bézier extraction operators. As a result, multi-patch models can be processed in a solver directly without having to employ a mortaring solution strategy. We demonstrate the utility of the approach on several challenging benchmark problems. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
213	a57210419894	Yu M.	p53	True	Journal	42	SR-SYBA: A scale and rotation invariant synthetic basis feature descriptor with low memory usage	Feature description has an important role in image matching and is widely used for a variety of computer vision applications. As an efficient synthetic basis feature descriptor, SYnthetic BAsis (SYBA) requires low computational complexity and provides accurate matching results. However, the number of matched feature points generated by SYBA suffers from large image scaling and rotation variations. In this paper, we improve SYBA’s scale and rotation invariance by adding an efficient pre-processing operation. The proposed algorithm, SR-SYBA, represents the scale of the feature region with the location of maximum gradient response along the radial direction in Log-polar coordinate system. Based on this scale representation, it normalizes all feature regions to the same reference scale to provide scale invariance. The orientation of the feature region is represented as the orientation of the vector from the center of the feature region to its intensity centroid. Based on this orientation representation, all feature regions are rotated to the same reference orientation to provide rotation invariance. The original SYBA descriptor is then applied to the scale and orientation normalized feature regions for description and matching. Experiment results show that SR-SYBA greatly improves SYBA for image matching applications with scaling and rotation variations. SR-SYBA obtains comparable or better performance in terms of matching rate compared to the mainstream algorithms while still maintains its advantages of using much less storage and simpler computations. SR-SYBA is applied to a vision-based measurement application to demonstrate its performance for image matching. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
213	a57210419894	Yu M.	p184	False	Journal	104	Hardware friendly robust synthetic basis feature descriptor	Finding corresponding image features between two images is often the first step for many computer vision algorithms. This paper introduces an improved synthetic basis feature descriptor algorithm that describes and compares image features in an efficient and discrete manner with rotation and scale invariance. It works by performing a number of similarity tests between the feature region surrounding the feature point and a predetermined number of synthetic basis images to generate a feature descriptor that uniquely describes the feature region. Features in two images are matched by comparing their descriptors. By only storing the similarity of the feature region to each synthetic basis image, the overall storage size is greatly reduced. In short, this new binary feature descriptor is designed to provide high feature matching accuracy with computational simplicity, relatively low resource usage, and a hardware friendly design for real-time vision applications. Experimental results show that our algorithm produces higher precision rates and larger number of correct matches than the original version and other mainstream algorithms and is a good alternative for common computer vision applications. Two applications that often have to cope with scaling and rotation variations are included in this work to demonstrate its performance. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
214	a14059209700	Zhang D.	p53	False	Journal	42	SR-SYBA: A scale and rotation invariant synthetic basis feature descriptor with low memory usage	Feature description has an important role in image matching and is widely used for a variety of computer vision applications. As an efficient synthetic basis feature descriptor, SYnthetic BAsis (SYBA) requires low computational complexity and provides accurate matching results. However, the number of matched feature points generated by SYBA suffers from large image scaling and rotation variations. In this paper, we improve SYBA’s scale and rotation invariance by adding an efficient pre-processing operation. The proposed algorithm, SR-SYBA, represents the scale of the feature region with the location of maximum gradient response along the radial direction in Log-polar coordinate system. Based on this scale representation, it normalizes all feature regions to the same reference scale to provide scale invariance. The orientation of the feature region is represented as the orientation of the vector from the center of the feature region to its intensity centroid. Based on this orientation representation, all feature regions are rotated to the same reference orientation to provide rotation invariance. The original SYBA descriptor is then applied to the scale and orientation normalized feature regions for description and matching. Experiment results show that SR-SYBA greatly improves SYBA for image matching applications with scaling and rotation variations. SR-SYBA obtains comparable or better performance in terms of matching rate compared to the mainstream algorithms while still maintains its advantages of using much less storage and simpler computations. SR-SYBA is applied to a vision-based measurement application to demonstrate its performance for image matching. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
214	a14059209700	Zhang D.	p184	True	Journal	104	Hardware friendly robust synthetic basis feature descriptor	Finding corresponding image features between two images is often the first step for many computer vision algorithms. This paper introduces an improved synthetic basis feature descriptor algorithm that describes and compares image features in an efficient and discrete manner with rotation and scale invariance. It works by performing a number of similarity tests between the feature region surrounding the feature point and a predetermined number of synthetic basis images to generate a feature descriptor that uniquely describes the feature region. Features in two images are matched by comparing their descriptors. By only storing the similarity of the feature region to each synthetic basis image, the overall storage size is greatly reduced. In short, this new binary feature descriptor is designed to provide high feature matching accuracy with computational simplicity, relatively low resource usage, and a hardware friendly design for real-time vision applications. Experimental results show that our algorithm produces higher precision rates and larger number of correct matches than the original version and other mainstream algorithms and is a good alternative for common computer vision applications. Two applications that often have to cope with scaling and rotation variations are included in this work to demonstrate its performance. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
214	a14059209700	Zhang D.	p237	False	Journal	156	Recognition of Chinese food using convolutional neural network	Food recognition is the first step for dietary assessment. Computer vision technology is being viewed as an effective tool for automatic food recognition for monitoring nutrition intake. Of the many food recognition algorithms in the literature, Bag-of-Features model is a proven approach that has shown impressive recognition accuracy. In this paper, we propose a small and efficient convolutional neural network architecture for Chinese food recognition, which is more applicable for resources limited platforms. Our network architecture is designed to model and perform a pipeline of processing similar to the Bag-of-Features approach. The main advantage of the proposed architecture, like other convolutional neural networks, is its ability to unifiedly optimize the entire network through back propagation, which is critical to recognition accuracy. We further compare and correlate our architecture with the traditional Bag-of-Features model in an attempt to investigate the similarities between them and identify factors that influence the recognition accuracy. The proposed architecture with a 5-layer deep convolutional neural network achieves the top-1 accuracy of 97.12% and the top-5 accuracy of 99.86% on a newly created Chinese food image dataset that is composed of 8734 images of 25 food categories. Our experimental result demonstrates the feasibility of applying the proposed compact CNN architecture to a challenging problem and achieve real-time performance. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
214	a14059209700	Zhang D.	p505	False	Journal	276	Inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensors for identifying human sitting posture	Sitting posture is the position in which one holds his/her body upright against gravity while sitting. Poor sitting posture is regarded as an aggravating factor for various diseases. In this paper, we present an inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensor, and related deciphering neural network, as a new tool to identify human sitting postures accurately. As a low power consumption device, the proposed tool has simple structure, and is easy to use. The strain gauge is attached to the back of the user to acquire sitting data. A three-layer BP neural network is employed to distinguish normal sitting posture, slight hunchback and severe hunchback according to the acquired data. Experimental results show that our method is both realizable and effective, achieving 98.75% posture identification accuracy. This successful application of inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensors reveals that the method could potentially be used for monitoring of diverse physiological parameters in the future. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
215	a7406665619	Lee D.-J.	p53	False	Journal	42	SR-SYBA: A scale and rotation invariant synthetic basis feature descriptor with low memory usage	Feature description has an important role in image matching and is widely used for a variety of computer vision applications. As an efficient synthetic basis feature descriptor, SYnthetic BAsis (SYBA) requires low computational complexity and provides accurate matching results. However, the number of matched feature points generated by SYBA suffers from large image scaling and rotation variations. In this paper, we improve SYBA’s scale and rotation invariance by adding an efficient pre-processing operation. The proposed algorithm, SR-SYBA, represents the scale of the feature region with the location of maximum gradient response along the radial direction in Log-polar coordinate system. Based on this scale representation, it normalizes all feature regions to the same reference scale to provide scale invariance. The orientation of the feature region is represented as the orientation of the vector from the center of the feature region to its intensity centroid. Based on this orientation representation, all feature regions are rotated to the same reference orientation to provide rotation invariance. The original SYBA descriptor is then applied to the scale and orientation normalized feature regions for description and matching. Experiment results show that SR-SYBA greatly improves SYBA for image matching applications with scaling and rotation variations. SR-SYBA obtains comparable or better performance in terms of matching rate compared to the mainstream algorithms while still maintains its advantages of using much less storage and simpler computations. SR-SYBA is applied to a vision-based measurement application to demonstrate its performance for image matching. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
215	a7406665619	Lee D.-J.	p71	False	Journal	42	Smart camera for quality inspection and grading of food products	Due to the increasing consumption of food products and demand for food quality and safety, most food processing facilities in the United States utilize machines to automate their processes, such as cleaning, inspection and grading, packing, storing, and shipping. Machine vision technology has been a proven solution for inspection and grading of food products since the late 1980s. The remaining challenges, especially for small to midsize facilities, include the system and operating costs, demand for high-skilled workers for complicated configuration and operation and, in some cases, unsatisfactory results. This paper focuses on the development of an embedded solution with learning capability to alleviate these challenges. Three simple application cases are included to demonstrate the operation of this unique solution. Two datasets of more challenging cases were created to analyze and demonstrate the performance of our visual inspection algorithm. One dataset includes infrared images of Medjool dates of four levels of skin delamination for surface quality grading. The other one consists of grayscale images of oysters with varying shape for shape quality evaluation. Our algorithm achieved a grading accuracy of 95.0% on the date dataset and 98.6% on the oyster dataset, both easily surpassed manual grading, which constantly faces the challenges of human fatigue or other distractions. Details of the design and functions of our smart camera and our simple visual inspection algorithm are discussed in this paper. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
215	a7406665619	Lee D.-J.	p72	True	Journal	42	Optimization and implementation of synthetic basis feature descriptor on FPGA	Feature detection, description, and matching are crucial steps for many computer vision algorithms. These steps rely on feature descriptors to match image features across sets of images. Previous work has shown that our SYnthetic BAsis (SYBA) feature descriptor can offer superior performance to other binary descriptors. This paper focused on various optimizations and hardware implementation of the newer and optimized version. The hardware implementation on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is a high-throughput low-latency solution which is critical for applications such as high-speed object detection and tracking, stereo vision, visual odometry, structure from motion, and optical flow. We compared our solution to other hardware designs of binary descriptors. We demonstrated that our implementation of SYBA as a feature descriptor in hardware offered superior image feature matching performance and used fewer resources than most binary feature descriptor implementations. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
215	a7406665619	Lee D.-J.	p149	False	Journal	104	Efficient evolutionary learning algorithm for real-time embedded vision applications	This paper reports the development of an efficient evolutionary learning algorithm designed specifically for real-time embedded visual inspection applications. The proposed evolutionary learning algorithm constructs image features as a series of image transforms for image classification and is suitable for resource-limited systems. This algorithm requires only a small number of images and time for training. It does not depend on handcrafted features or manual tuning of parameters and is generalized to be versatile for visual inspection applications. This allows the system to be configured on the fly for different applications and by an operator without extensive experience. An embedded vision system, equipped with an ARM processor running Linux, is capable of performing at roughly one hundred 640 × 480 frames per second which is more than adequate for real-time visual inspection applications. As example applications, three image datasets were created to test the performance of this algorithm. The first dataset was used to demonstrate the suitability of the algorithm for visual inspection automation applications. This experiment combined two applications to make it a more challenging test. One application was for separating fertilized and unfertilized eggs. The other one was for detecting two common defects on the eggshell. Two other datasets were created for road condition classification and pavement quality evaluation. The proposed algorithm was 100% for fertilized egg detection and 98.6% for eggshell quality inspection for a combined 99.1% accuracy. It had an accuracy of 92% for the road condition classification and 100% for pavement quality evaluation. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
215	a7406665619	Lee D.-J.	p170	False	Journal	117	Just-noticeable difference binary pattern for reduced reference image quality assessment	Just-noticeable difference (JND) is defined as the smallest intensity change in an image that can be noticed by the human vision system (HVS). Any perceptible distortion level must be greater than the JND. Based on this observation, a local binary pattern (LBP) is developed for image quality assessment. First, the JND map of the image is computed. The spatial and relative intensity relationships among pixels in a local neighborhood are employed to generate the proposed LBP based on the JND map. Then, image contrast is used as a weighting factor for the LBP histogram generation to characterize the structural and contrast information of the image. Finally, the contrast and structure changes due to image distortion are measured by calculating the similarity between contrast-weighted histograms of the reference and distorted images. Support vector regression is employed to pool the similarity to predict the quality. Experimental results on benchmark databases demonstrate that the proposed LBP can effectively and accurately measure image quality, which is consistent with the HVS. The proposed method achieves high consistency with subjective perception using 18 reference values and performs better than other state-of-The-Art reduced reference image quality assessment methods. © 2019 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
215	a7406665619	Lee D.-J.	p178	False	Journal	120	Design of a Clinical Decision Support System for Predicting Erectile Dysfunction in Men Using NHIRD Dataset	Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects millions of men worldwide. Men with ED generally complain failure to attain or maintain an adequate erection during sexual activity. The prevalence of ED is strongly correlated with age, affecting about 40% of men at age 40 and nearly 70% at age 70. A variety of chronic diseases, including diabetes, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, hypertension, depression, chronic renal failure, obstructive sleep apnea, prostate disease, gout, and sleep disorder, were reported to be associated with ED. In this study, data retrieved from a subset of the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan were used for designing the clinical decision support system (CDSS) for predicting ED incidences in men. The positive cases were male patients aged 20-65 who were diagnosed with ED between January 2000 and December 2010 confirmed by at least three outpatient visits or at least one inpatient visit, while the negative cases were randomly selected from the database without a history of ED and were frequency (1:1), age, and index year matched with the ED patients. Data of a total of 2832 ED patients and 2832 non-ED patients, each consisting of 41 features including index age, 10 comorbidities, and 30 other comorbidity-related variables, were retrieved for designing the predictive models. Integrated genetic algorithm and support vector machine was adopted to design the CDSSs with two experiments of independent training and testing (ITT) conducted to verify their effectiveness. In the 1st ITT experiment, data extracted from January 2000 till December 2005 (61.51%, 1742 positive cases and 1742 negative cases) were used for training and validating and the data retrieved from January 2006 till December 2010 were used for testing (38.49%), whereas in the 2nd ITT experiment, data in the training set (77.78%) were extracted from January 2000 till Deceber 2007 and those in the testing set (22.22%) were retrieved afterward. Tenfold cross validation and three different objective functions were adopted for obtaining the optimal models with best predictive performance in the training phase. The testing results show that the CDSSs achieved a predictive performance with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, g-mean, and area under ROC curve of 74.72%-76.65%, 72.33%-83.76%, 69.54%-77.10%, 0.7468-0.7632, and 0.766-0.817, respectively. In conclusion, the CDSSs designed based on cost-sensitive objective functions as well as salient comorbidity-related features achieve satisfactory predictive performance for predicting ED incidences. © 2013 IEEE.
215	a7406665619	Lee D.-J.	p184	False	Journal	104	Hardware friendly robust synthetic basis feature descriptor	Finding corresponding image features between two images is often the first step for many computer vision algorithms. This paper introduces an improved synthetic basis feature descriptor algorithm that describes and compares image features in an efficient and discrete manner with rotation and scale invariance. It works by performing a number of similarity tests between the feature region surrounding the feature point and a predetermined number of synthetic basis images to generate a feature descriptor that uniquely describes the feature region. Features in two images are matched by comparing their descriptors. By only storing the similarity of the feature region to each synthetic basis image, the overall storage size is greatly reduced. In short, this new binary feature descriptor is designed to provide high feature matching accuracy with computational simplicity, relatively low resource usage, and a hardware friendly design for real-time vision applications. Experimental results show that our algorithm produces higher precision rates and larger number of correct matches than the original version and other mainstream algorithms and is a good alternative for common computer vision applications. Two applications that often have to cope with scaling and rotation variations are included in this work to demonstrate its performance. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
215	a7406665619	Lee D.-J.	p217	False	Journal	104	A review of binarized neural networks	In this work, we review Binarized Neural Networks (BNNs). BNNs are deep neural networks that use binary values for activations and weights, instead of full precision values. With binary values, BNNs can execute computations using bitwise operations, which reduces execution time. Model sizes of BNNs are much smaller than their full precision counterparts. While the accuracy of a BNN model is generally less than full precision models, BNNs have been closing accuracy gap and are becoming more accurate on larger datasets like ImageNet. BNNs are also good candidates for deep learning implementations on FPGAs and ASICs due to their bitwise efficiency. We give a tutorial of the general BNN methodology and review various contributions, implementations and applications of BNNs. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
215	a7406665619	Lee D.-J.	p233	False	Journal	104	Jet features: Hardware-friendly, learned convolutional kernels for high-speed image classification	This paper explores a set of learned convolutional kernels which we call Jet Features. Jet Features are efficient to compute in software, easy to implement in hardware and perform well on visual inspection tasks. Because Jet Features can be learned, they can be used in machine learning algorithms. Using Jet Features, we make significant improvements on our previous work, the Evolution Constructed Features (ECO Features) algorithm. Not only do we gain a 3.7× speedup in software without loosing any accuracy on the CIFAR-10 and MNIST datasets, but Jet Features also allow us to implement the algorithm in an FPGA using only a fraction of its resources. We hope to apply the benefits of Jet Features to Convolutional Neural Networks in the future. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
215	a7406665619	Lee D.-J.	p237	False	Journal	156	Recognition of Chinese food using convolutional neural network	Food recognition is the first step for dietary assessment. Computer vision technology is being viewed as an effective tool for automatic food recognition for monitoring nutrition intake. Of the many food recognition algorithms in the literature, Bag-of-Features model is a proven approach that has shown impressive recognition accuracy. In this paper, we propose a small and efficient convolutional neural network architecture for Chinese food recognition, which is more applicable for resources limited platforms. Our network architecture is designed to model and perform a pipeline of processing similar to the Bag-of-Features approach. The main advantage of the proposed architecture, like other convolutional neural networks, is its ability to unifiedly optimize the entire network through back propagation, which is critical to recognition accuracy. We further compare and correlate our architecture with the traditional Bag-of-Features model in an attempt to investigate the similarities between them and identify factors that influence the recognition accuracy. The proposed architecture with a 5-layer deep convolutional neural network achieves the top-1 accuracy of 97.12% and the top-5 accuracy of 99.86% on a newly created Chinese food image dataset that is composed of 8734 images of 25 food categories. Our experimental result demonstrates the feasibility of applying the proposed compact CNN architecture to a challenging problem and achieve real-time performance. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
215	a7406665619	Lee D.-J.	p657	False	Journal	316	Design of a clinical decision support system for fracture prediction using imbalanced dataset	More than 1 billion people suffer from chronic respiratory diseases worldwide, accounting for more than 4 million deaths annually. Inhaled corticosteroid is a popular medication for treating chronic respiratory diseases. Its side effects include decreased bone mineral density and osteoporosis. The aims of this study are to investigate the association of inhaled corticosteroids and fracture and to design a clinical support system for fracture prediction. The data of patients aged 20 years and older, who had visited healthcare centers and been prescribed with inhaled corticosteroids within 2002-2010, were retrieved from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). After excluding patients diagnosed with hip fracture or vertebrate fractures before using inhaled corticosteroid, a total of 11645 patients receiving inhaled corticosteroid therapy were included for this study. Among them, 1134 (9.7%) were diagnosed with hip fracture or vertebrate fracture. The statistical results showed that demographic information, chronic respiratory diseases and comorbidities, and corticosteroid-related variables (cumulative dose, mean exposed daily dose, follow-up duration, and exposed duration) were significantly different between fracture and nonfracture patients. The clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) were designed with integrated genetic algorithm (GA) and support vector machine (SVM) by training and validating the models with balanced training sets obtained by random and cluster-based undersampling methods and testing with the imbalanced NHIRD dataset. Two different objective functions were adopted for obtaining optimal models with best predictive performance. The predictive performance of the CDSSs exhibits a sensitivity of 69.84-77.00% and an AUC of 0.7495-0.7590. It was concluded that long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids may induce osteoporosis and exhibit higher incidence of hip or vertebrate fractures. The accumulated dose of ICS and OCS therapies should be continuously monitored, especially for patients with older age and women after menopause, to prevent from exceeding the maximum dosage. © 2018 Yung-Fu Chen et al.
215	a7406665619	Lee D.-J.	p842	False	Journal	397	Efficient feature descriptor for unmanned aerial vehicle ground moving object tracking	A synthetic basis (SYBA) feature descriptor was used to perform frame-to-frame feature matching for frame differencing. The SYBAfeature descriptor is a robust algorithm that performs well with different degrees of image variation including: illumination, blurring, rotation, and perspective variations. The first step in detecting moving objects is to find the absolute difference between two image frames. To find the difference, the homography that describes the geometric relationship between the two frames is calculated using matched image feature points. The homography is then used to transform and align the images accurately. The transformed images are then used to calculate the absolute difference of the two images. It is then visually apparent where objects have moved or changed between the two images. Frame-to-frame object movement can be approximated to a linear process making the Kalman filter algorithm the best option. Once an object is lost, its corresponding track is deleted along with its corresponding motion model. During tracking, an object may be occluded by other objects in the scene. The MOT metric is designed to evaluate the performance of an object tracker by considering the tracking continuity, distance error for each path, and the reliability of detection. Thus, only the position of the object is considered in generating the MOT metric. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the method and prove that the SYBA descriptor works well with various image deformations.
216	a7201793184	Desai A.	p53	False	Journal	42	SR-SYBA: A scale and rotation invariant synthetic basis feature descriptor with low memory usage	Feature description has an important role in image matching and is widely used for a variety of computer vision applications. As an efficient synthetic basis feature descriptor, SYnthetic BAsis (SYBA) requires low computational complexity and provides accurate matching results. However, the number of matched feature points generated by SYBA suffers from large image scaling and rotation variations. In this paper, we improve SYBA’s scale and rotation invariance by adding an efficient pre-processing operation. The proposed algorithm, SR-SYBA, represents the scale of the feature region with the location of maximum gradient response along the radial direction in Log-polar coordinate system. Based on this scale representation, it normalizes all feature regions to the same reference scale to provide scale invariance. The orientation of the feature region is represented as the orientation of the vector from the center of the feature region to its intensity centroid. Based on this orientation representation, all feature regions are rotated to the same reference orientation to provide rotation invariance. The original SYBA descriptor is then applied to the scale and orientation normalized feature regions for description and matching. Experiment results show that SR-SYBA greatly improves SYBA for image matching applications with scaling and rotation variations. SR-SYBA obtains comparable or better performance in terms of matching rate compared to the mainstream algorithms while still maintains its advantages of using much less storage and simpler computations. SR-SYBA is applied to a vision-based measurement application to demonstrate its performance for image matching. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
216	a7201793184	Desai A.	p184	False	Journal	104	Hardware friendly robust synthetic basis feature descriptor	Finding corresponding image features between two images is often the first step for many computer vision algorithms. This paper introduces an improved synthetic basis feature descriptor algorithm that describes and compares image features in an efficient and discrete manner with rotation and scale invariance. It works by performing a number of similarity tests between the feature region surrounding the feature point and a predetermined number of synthetic basis images to generate a feature descriptor that uniquely describes the feature region. Features in two images are matched by comparing their descriptors. By only storing the similarity of the feature region to each synthetic basis image, the overall storage size is greatly reduced. In short, this new binary feature descriptor is designed to provide high feature matching accuracy with computational simplicity, relatively low resource usage, and a hardware friendly design for real-time vision applications. Experimental results show that our algorithm produces higher precision rates and larger number of correct matches than the original version and other mainstream algorithms and is a good alternative for common computer vision applications. Two applications that often have to cope with scaling and rotation variations are included in this work to demonstrate its performance. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
216	a7201793184	Desai A.	p842	True	Journal	397	Efficient feature descriptor for unmanned aerial vehicle ground moving object tracking	A synthetic basis (SYBA) feature descriptor was used to perform frame-to-frame feature matching for frame differencing. The SYBAfeature descriptor is a robust algorithm that performs well with different degrees of image variation including: illumination, blurring, rotation, and perspective variations. The first step in detecting moving objects is to find the absolute difference between two image frames. To find the difference, the homography that describes the geometric relationship between the two frames is calculated using matched image feature points. The homography is then used to transform and align the images accurately. The transformed images are then used to calculate the absolute difference of the two images. It is then visually apparent where objects have moved or changed between the two images. Frame-to-frame object movement can be approximated to a linear process making the Kalman filter algorithm the best option. Once an object is lost, its corresponding track is deleted along with its corresponding motion model. During tracking, an object may be occluded by other objects in the scene. The MOT metric is designed to evaluate the performance of an object tracker by considering the tracking continuity, distance error for each path, and the reliability of detection. Thus, only the position of the object is considered in generating the MOT metric. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the method and prove that the SYBA descriptor works well with various image deformations.
217	a56692412900	Gunnarsson A.	p54	True	Journal	43	Discrete-ordinates modelling of the radiative heat transfer in a pilot-scale rotary kiln	This paper presents work focused on the development, evaluation and use of a 3D model for investigation of the radiative heat transfer in rotary kilns. The model applies a discrete-ordinates method to solve the radiative transfer equation considering emission, absorption and scattering of radiation by gas species and particles for cylindrical and semi-cylindrical enclosures. Modelling input data on temperature, particle distribution and gas composition in the radial, axial and angular directions are experimentally gathered in a down-scaled version of a rotary kiln. The model is tested in its capability to predict the radiative intensity and heat flux to the inner wall of the furnace and good agreement was found when compared to measurements. Including the conductive heat transfer through the furnace wall, the model also satisfactorily predicts the intermediate wall temperature. The work also includes a first study on the effect of the incident radiative heat flux to the different surfaces while adding a cold bed material. With further development of the model, it can be used to study the heat transfer in full-scale rotary kilns. © 2020 by the authors.
217	a56692412900	Gunnarsson A.	p86	True	Journal	65	Full-scale 3D-modelling of the radiative heat transfer in rotary kilns with a present bed material	This work discusses the development and use of a detailed 3D radiative heat transfer model of a rotary kiln with a present bed material, used for iron ore pelletizing. A discrete ordinates method is used to solve the radiative heat transfer equation with radiative properties calculated using a weighted-sum-of-grey-gases (WSGG) model for gases and Mie and Rayleigh theory for particles including fuel, ash and soot. Measurement data gathered from a pilot-scale test furnace, comprising temperature, gas composition and particle concentration, is used in combination with temperature data and operation parameters gathered from a conventional rotary kiln to model a full-scale rotary kiln with a present bed material. The modelled cases have a thermal input of about 37 MWth and in addition to radiative heat transfer, conductive heat transfer within, as well as between, the bed and wall material are included in the model along with convective heat transfer from the gas and heat release from exothermic reactions in the bed. The model also considers the rotational wall and includes a simplified mixing model of the bed material as well as heat losses from the outside wall of the rotary kiln due to radiation and convection. For two different flames, one coal and one oil flame, surface temperatures are calculated on the inside and outside of the rotary kiln and compared to measurements. The model appears to predict the inner wall and bed surface temperatures well with errors less than 11%. The total heat transfer to the present bed material was also studied revealing that more than 80% originated from the radiative heat transfer within the furnace. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
218	a57211105311	Andersson K.	p54	False	Journal	43	Discrete-ordinates modelling of the radiative heat transfer in a pilot-scale rotary kiln	This paper presents work focused on the development, evaluation and use of a 3D model for investigation of the radiative heat transfer in rotary kilns. The model applies a discrete-ordinates method to solve the radiative transfer equation considering emission, absorption and scattering of radiation by gas species and particles for cylindrical and semi-cylindrical enclosures. Modelling input data on temperature, particle distribution and gas composition in the radial, axial and angular directions are experimentally gathered in a down-scaled version of a rotary kiln. The model is tested in its capability to predict the radiative intensity and heat flux to the inner wall of the furnace and good agreement was found when compared to measurements. Including the conductive heat transfer through the furnace wall, the model also satisfactorily predicts the intermediate wall temperature. The work also includes a first study on the effect of the incident radiative heat flux to the different surfaces while adding a cold bed material. With further development of the model, it can be used to study the heat transfer in full-scale rotary kilns. © 2020 by the authors.
218	a57211105311	Andersson K.	p86	False	Journal	65	Full-scale 3D-modelling of the radiative heat transfer in rotary kilns with a present bed material	This work discusses the development and use of a detailed 3D radiative heat transfer model of a rotary kiln with a present bed material, used for iron ore pelletizing. A discrete ordinates method is used to solve the radiative heat transfer equation with radiative properties calculated using a weighted-sum-of-grey-gases (WSGG) model for gases and Mie and Rayleigh theory for particles including fuel, ash and soot. Measurement data gathered from a pilot-scale test furnace, comprising temperature, gas composition and particle concentration, is used in combination with temperature data and operation parameters gathered from a conventional rotary kiln to model a full-scale rotary kiln with a present bed material. The modelled cases have a thermal input of about 37 MWth and in addition to radiative heat transfer, conductive heat transfer within, as well as between, the bed and wall material are included in the model along with convective heat transfer from the gas and heat release from exothermic reactions in the bed. The model also considers the rotational wall and includes a simplified mixing model of the bed material as well as heat losses from the outside wall of the rotary kiln due to radiation and convection. For two different flames, one coal and one oil flame, surface temperatures are calculated on the inside and outside of the rotary kiln and compared to measurements. The model appears to predict the inner wall and bed surface temperatures well with errors less than 11%. The total heat transfer to the present bed material was also studied revealing that more than 80% originated from the radiative heat transfer within the furnace. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
219	a7202518970	Adams B.R.	p54	False	Journal	43	Discrete-ordinates modelling of the radiative heat transfer in a pilot-scale rotary kiln	This paper presents work focused on the development, evaluation and use of a 3D model for investigation of the radiative heat transfer in rotary kilns. The model applies a discrete-ordinates method to solve the radiative transfer equation considering emission, absorption and scattering of radiation by gas species and particles for cylindrical and semi-cylindrical enclosures. Modelling input data on temperature, particle distribution and gas composition in the radial, axial and angular directions are experimentally gathered in a down-scaled version of a rotary kiln. The model is tested in its capability to predict the radiative intensity and heat flux to the inner wall of the furnace and good agreement was found when compared to measurements. Including the conductive heat transfer through the furnace wall, the model also satisfactorily predicts the intermediate wall temperature. The work also includes a first study on the effect of the incident radiative heat flux to the different surfaces while adding a cold bed material. With further development of the model, it can be used to study the heat transfer in full-scale rotary kilns. © 2020 by the authors.
219	a7202518970	Adams B.R.	p86	False	Journal	65	Full-scale 3D-modelling of the radiative heat transfer in rotary kilns with a present bed material	This work discusses the development and use of a detailed 3D radiative heat transfer model of a rotary kiln with a present bed material, used for iron ore pelletizing. A discrete ordinates method is used to solve the radiative heat transfer equation with radiative properties calculated using a weighted-sum-of-grey-gases (WSGG) model for gases and Mie and Rayleigh theory for particles including fuel, ash and soot. Measurement data gathered from a pilot-scale test furnace, comprising temperature, gas composition and particle concentration, is used in combination with temperature data and operation parameters gathered from a conventional rotary kiln to model a full-scale rotary kiln with a present bed material. The modelled cases have a thermal input of about 37 MWth and in addition to radiative heat transfer, conductive heat transfer within, as well as between, the bed and wall material are included in the model along with convective heat transfer from the gas and heat release from exothermic reactions in the bed. The model also considers the rotational wall and includes a simplified mixing model of the bed material as well as heat losses from the outside wall of the rotary kiln due to radiation and convection. For two different flames, one coal and one oil flame, surface temperatures are calculated on the inside and outside of the rotary kiln and compared to measurements. The model appears to predict the inner wall and bed surface temperatures well with errors less than 11%. The total heat transfer to the present bed material was also studied revealing that more than 80% originated from the radiative heat transfer within the furnace. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
219	a7202518970	Adams B.R.	p299	True	Conference	81	Modeling pressurized dense phase coal fluidization and transport	A transient gas-solid model based on CPFD Software’s Barracuda Virtual Reactor was developed for a feed system to a pilot-scale pressurized oxy-coal (POC) reactor. A simplified geometry with a vertical coal hopper feeding into a 0.635-cm diameter horizontal pipe was used to represent key elements of the feed system. Coal particles were transported with 20-atm CO2 gas. The feed system was required to maintain a steady flow of gas and solids at a coal flow rate of approximately 3.8 g/s and a CO2 to coal mass ratio in the range 1-2. Sensitivity of model results to mesh size and particle interaction sub-model settings was assessed. Two design concepts were evaluated. A gravity-fed concept was found to be infeasible due to inadequate coal flow rates even at very high CO2 to coal flow ratios. This was due to gravitational forces being insufficient to move the pressurized coal from the hopper into the CO2 stream at the desired rate. A fluidized bed concept was found to provide the desired coal flow rate and CO2 to coal flow ratio. CO2 injected at the hopper base first fluidized the vertical coal bed before transporting it through a horizontal exit pipe. A second CO2 inlet downstream of the hopper exit pipe was used to dilute the fluidized coal and increase pipe velocities to minimize coal drop out. The amount of coal transported from the hopper was dependent on the net CO2 hopper flow but independent of the CO2 dilution flow. This meant that the coal flow rate and CO2 to coal flow ratio could be controlled independently. Pipe exit coal flow rates were found to fluctuate at levels acceptable for steady burner operation. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
219	a7202518970	Adams B.R.	p329	False	Journal	191	Measurement of radiative gas and particle emissions in biomass flames	Radiation is the dominant mode of heat transfer near the burner of coal and biomass-fired boilers. Predicting and measuring heat transfer is critical to the design and operation of new boiler concepts. The individual contributions of gas and particle phases are dependent on gas and particle concentration, particle size, and gas and particle temperature which vary with location relative to the flame. A method for measuring the contributions of both gas and particle radiation capable of being applied in harsh high temperature and pressure environments has been demonstrated using emission from particles and water vapor using an optical fiber probe transmitting a signal to a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The method was demonstrated in four environments of varying gas and particle loading using natural gas and pulverized wood flames in a down-fired 130 kWth cylindrical reactor. The method generates a gas and particle temperature, gas concentrations (H2O and CO2), total gas and particle intensities, and gas and particle total effective emissivity from line-of-sight emission measurements. For the conditions measured, downstream of the luminous flame zone, water vapor and CO2 radiation were the dominant modes of heat transfer (effective emissivity 0.13-0.19) with particles making a minor contribution (effective emissivity 0.01-0.02). Within a lean natural gas flame, soot emission was low (effective emissivity 0.02) compared to gas (0.14) but within a luminous flame of burning wood particles (500 μm mean diameter) the particles (soot and burning wood) produced a higher effective emissivity (0.17) than the gas (0.12). The measurement technique was therefore found to be effective for several types of combustion environments. © 2018 The Combustion Institute.
219	a7202518970	Adams B.R.	p421	False	Journal	231	An optical method for the measurement of combustion gas temperature in particle laden flows	Temperature measurements in combustion systems are challenging due to the physical limitations of measurement devices and the complexity of combustion flows. The objective of this work is to investigate the Integrated Spectral Band Ratio (ISBR) method for measuring the temperature of combustion product gases surrounded by radiating walls or within a mixture of gas and particles. Five conditions in a multi-fuel reactor were investigated using an optical probe. A Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer provided detailed spectral measurements of hot gas and particle emissions at wavelengths of 1.69–2.15 μm, focusing on a spectral region where H2O is the dominant participating gas. These measurements were used to infer the gas temperature of the flows. It was found that the measurement path length needed to be at least 0.25 m in order to obtain a signal large enough to infer temperature accurately. For four of the five operating conditions tested, optically measured gas temperatures were found to be in good agreement with the average temperature along the measured path as taken with a suction pyrometer (aspirated thermocouple). For these four operating conditions the particle media were optically thin. Temperatures for the in-flame fine wood particle condition did not exhibit as good of agreement due to high particle loading causing optically thick zones along the line of sight. Modeling experiments showed that when particles and gasses are optically thin, the optical gas temperature measured with this technique will be near the arithmetic mean of the line of sight temperature. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.
219	a7202518970	Adams B.R.	p811	False	Conference	346	Impact of particle properties on radiative heat flux in an oxy-coal reactor	A sensitivity study testing the significance of particle size, scattering phase functions, and distribution in oxy-coal combustion was conducted. Literature review suggests that particle size and number density play a more critical role in determination of radiative properties than the complex index of refraction. Radiative data was produced from numerical experiments using one of two particle distribution profiles (narrow or wide). A comparison of highly forward scattering cases for two particle sizes (25μm vs. 75μm) revealed a significant difference in incident heat flux maximum (25%). This difference was observed in both profiles examined. It was also generally observed that as particle size increases the difference between incident heat flux for forward and backward scattering decreases. No significant difference was observed between the large diffuse sphere and no scattering cases, suggesting that accurate modelling of larger particle size distributions can be achieved while neglecting scattering and phase functions. This result agrees with current practice in industry for air - coal mixtures. However, data suggests that phase function/scattering coefficient influence becomes more and more important with increasingly fine particle size.
219	a7202518970	Adams B.R.	p813	False	Conference	348	Modeling a pressurized coal feed system	A gas-solid model was developed for a feed system to a pressurized oxy-coal (POC) reactor utilizing the multiphase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) method. The model was created using CPFD Software's Barracuda Virtual Reactor 17.2.0. The geometry of the feed system was simple and contained a vertical standpipe of five inches feeding into a horizontal pipe of twelve inches. The coal particles from the standpipe were transported into the reactor with gas. To ensure appropriate combustion in the reactor, the feed system needed to maintain both a steady flow rate of gas and solids in the pipe and uniform distribution of solids through the cross-section of the channel. Steadiness was determined by the mass flow rate of the coal leaving the feed system. Uniformity was assessed by plotting gas and particle velocities at the end of the channel. The uniformity and steadiness of the flow was assessed for different grid sizes, starting pressure and boundary conditions, and other parameters within Barracuda.
219	a7202518970	Adams B.R.	p814	False	Conference	349	A fast-running simulation tool for axisymmetric oxy-coal combustors	FENICS (Flame Equilibrium Numeric Iterative Calculation Software) is a code developed to be a fast running tool for use in designing axisymmetric, oxy-coal furnaces. The code calculates gas temperature and composition, wall heat flux, and wall and refractory temperatures using 1D, equilibrium chemistry and a 3D discrete ordinates radiation solver. Chemistry and temperature calculations are made for a discrete number of axial zones wherein the temperature and species composition are assumed to be uniform. Radiation calculations are performed on a finer grid and assume gray gases. The code was validated by comparing to experimental data obtained from the L1500 Multifuel Furnace. The experimental data were taken from a single oxy-coal combustion experiment with flue gas recirculation run at a firing rate of 880kW and an air-fuel ratio of 3.6. FENICS was able to qualitatively match the wall flux and temperature profiles quite well. The major exception to this being that peak flux cannot accurately be predicted due the assumptions utilized 'smearing' the flame. Quantitatively, FENICS showed good agreement with the data. Wall temperatures were accurate to within 150K (13%) while total wall radiative heat loss was within 4%. FENICS was also used to evaluate temperatue and flux profiles for a new pilot-scale oxy-coal reactor.
219	a7202518970	Adams B.R.	p820	False	Conference	355	Impact of computational mesh on CFD combustion predictions	This study has examined the impact of cell type and mesh refinement on predicted combustion results. Mesh refinement in regions of high velocity gradients was shown to be the most critical factor in achieving realistic simulation results. In Case 5 where mesh refinement was focused near the geometric shapes of the cooling tubes and burner tile, insufficient mesh refinement existed in the fuel-air mixing zones around and above the burner to accurately predict fuel jet penetration and fuel-air mixing, resulting in inaccurate predictions for flame shape and heat flux profiles at the cooling tubes. Differences in predicted incident flux, total heat transfer and flame shape between the highest levels of mesh refinement (~2 million cells) between the structured trimmed-cell mesh and the unstructured polyhedral mesh were minimal. At lower mesh levels of 1 million cells, there were slightly greater discrepancies between the structured trimmed-cell mesh and the unstructured polyhedral mesh, particularly with respect to the flame shape and upper furnace flux profile predicted in Case 3. Interestingly, the differences in thermal efficiency and total heat transfer were greater between Case 2 and Case 1 (2 million versus 1 million cells) than between Case 2 and Case 5 (2 million versus 1 million cells with poor refinement). This trend was also observed with Case 4 and Case 3. This suggests both cell count and local mesh refinement are important to achieving accurate combustion predictions, but that there is minimal difference between the results with differing mesh types as long as the cell count and refinement are sufficient to represent the expected jet mixing behavior. These results also suggest that while the flame shape does impact the boundary flux profile as expected, the impact on thermal efficiency may be less well correlated. Thus, total heat transfer results should not be used to assess flame shape behavior; boundary flux profiles provided better correlation to flame shape.
220	a12445742400	Fredriksson C.	p54	False	Journal	43	Discrete-ordinates modelling of the radiative heat transfer in a pilot-scale rotary kiln	This paper presents work focused on the development, evaluation and use of a 3D model for investigation of the radiative heat transfer in rotary kilns. The model applies a discrete-ordinates method to solve the radiative transfer equation considering emission, absorption and scattering of radiation by gas species and particles for cylindrical and semi-cylindrical enclosures. Modelling input data on temperature, particle distribution and gas composition in the radial, axial and angular directions are experimentally gathered in a down-scaled version of a rotary kiln. The model is tested in its capability to predict the radiative intensity and heat flux to the inner wall of the furnace and good agreement was found when compared to measurements. Including the conductive heat transfer through the furnace wall, the model also satisfactorily predicts the intermediate wall temperature. The work also includes a first study on the effect of the incident radiative heat flux to the different surfaces while adding a cold bed material. With further development of the model, it can be used to study the heat transfer in full-scale rotary kilns. © 2020 by the authors.
220	a12445742400	Fredriksson C.	p86	False	Journal	65	Full-scale 3D-modelling of the radiative heat transfer in rotary kilns with a present bed material	This work discusses the development and use of a detailed 3D radiative heat transfer model of a rotary kiln with a present bed material, used for iron ore pelletizing. A discrete ordinates method is used to solve the radiative heat transfer equation with radiative properties calculated using a weighted-sum-of-grey-gases (WSGG) model for gases and Mie and Rayleigh theory for particles including fuel, ash and soot. Measurement data gathered from a pilot-scale test furnace, comprising temperature, gas composition and particle concentration, is used in combination with temperature data and operation parameters gathered from a conventional rotary kiln to model a full-scale rotary kiln with a present bed material. The modelled cases have a thermal input of about 37 MWth and in addition to radiative heat transfer, conductive heat transfer within, as well as between, the bed and wall material are included in the model along with convective heat transfer from the gas and heat release from exothermic reactions in the bed. The model also considers the rotational wall and includes a simplified mixing model of the bed material as well as heat losses from the outside wall of the rotary kiln due to radiation and convection. For two different flames, one coal and one oil flame, surface temperatures are calculated on the inside and outside of the rotary kiln and compared to measurements. The model appears to predict the inner wall and bed surface temperatures well with errors less than 11%. The total heat transfer to the present bed material was also studied revealing that more than 80% originated from the radiative heat transfer within the furnace. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
221	a57218836048	Peters W.	p55	True	Conference	9	Single-Shot Measurement of Extreme Ultraviolet Free Electron Laser Pulses	We demonstrate an all-optical approach for measuring spectrograms of individual FEL pulses by measuring a spectrally-resolved EUV-EUV-optical four-wave-mixing signal. We experimentally demonstrate that this is phase-sensitive can be applied to structured and unstable pulse trains. © 2020 OSA.
222	a57194504247	Jones T.	p55	False	Conference	9	Single-Shot Measurement of Extreme Ultraviolet Free Electron Laser Pulses	We demonstrate an all-optical approach for measuring spectrograms of individual FEL pulses by measuring a spectrally-resolved EUV-EUV-optical four-wave-mixing signal. We experimentally demonstrate that this is phase-sensitive can be applied to structured and unstable pulse trains. © 2020 OSA.
223	a7202040335	Efimov A.	p55	False	Conference	9	Single-Shot Measurement of Extreme Ultraviolet Free Electron Laser Pulses	We demonstrate an all-optical approach for measuring spectrograms of individual FEL pulses by measuring a spectrally-resolved EUV-EUV-optical four-wave-mixing signal. We experimentally demonstrate that this is phase-sensitive can be applied to structured and unstable pulse trains. © 2020 OSA.
224	a14631026900	Pedersoli E.	p55	False	Conference	9	Single-Shot Measurement of Extreme Ultraviolet Free Electron Laser Pulses	We demonstrate an all-optical approach for measuring spectrograms of individual FEL pulses by measuring a spectrally-resolved EUV-EUV-optical four-wave-mixing signal. We experimentally demonstrate that this is phase-sensitive can be applied to structured and unstable pulse trains. © 2020 OSA.
225	a55159798000	Foglia L.	p55	False	Conference	9	Single-Shot Measurement of Extreme Ultraviolet Free Electron Laser Pulses	We demonstrate an all-optical approach for measuring spectrograms of individual FEL pulses by measuring a spectrally-resolved EUV-EUV-optical four-wave-mixing signal. We experimentally demonstrate that this is phase-sensitive can be applied to structured and unstable pulse trains. © 2020 OSA.
226	a54941111500	Mincigrucci R.	p55	False	Conference	9	Single-Shot Measurement of Extreme Ultraviolet Free Electron Laser Pulses	We demonstrate an all-optical approach for measuring spectrograms of individual FEL pulses by measuring a spectrally-resolved EUV-EUV-optical four-wave-mixing signal. We experimentally demonstrate that this is phase-sensitive can be applied to structured and unstable pulse trains. © 2020 OSA.
227	a55258876800	Nikolov I.	p55	False	Conference	9	Single-Shot Measurement of Extreme Ultraviolet Free Electron Laser Pulses	We demonstrate an all-optical approach for measuring spectrograms of individual FEL pulses by measuring a spectrally-resolved EUV-EUV-optical four-wave-mixing signal. We experimentally demonstrate that this is phase-sensitive can be applied to structured and unstable pulse trains. © 2020 OSA.
228	a7006038251	Trebino R.	p55	False	Conference	9	Single-Shot Measurement of Extreme Ultraviolet Free Electron Laser Pulses	We demonstrate an all-optical approach for measuring spectrograms of individual FEL pulses by measuring a spectrally-resolved EUV-EUV-optical four-wave-mixing signal. We experimentally demonstrate that this is phase-sensitive can be applied to structured and unstable pulse trains. © 2020 OSA.
229	a20735824800	Sandberg R.	p55	False	Conference	9	Single-Shot Measurement of Extreme Ultraviolet Free Electron Laser Pulses	We demonstrate an all-optical approach for measuring spectrograms of individual FEL pulses by measuring a spectrally-resolved EUV-EUV-optical four-wave-mixing signal. We experimentally demonstrate that this is phase-sensitive can be applied to structured and unstable pulse trains. © 2020 OSA.
229	a20735824800	Sandberg R.	p109	False	Journal	80	Simulation and Emulation of X-Ray Diffraction from Dynamic Compression Experiments	Many important aspects of the dynamic thermo-mechanical response of materials occur at the mesoscale, i.e. a physical scale of interactions smaller than what can be adequately described by homogenous behaviors, yet larger than the scale of the atomic lattice. Concurrent advancements in computational power, continuum theory, and experimental diagnostics are enabling unprecedented understanding of such interactions. However, we cannot develop a sufficient level of confidence in such mesoscale capability until the constitutive description of the underlying constituents is reliably representative of their actual physical behavior. Therefore, there is a strong need to combine experimental, modeling, and data-science techniques to validate models of the thermomechanical response of individual single crystals. One experimental diagnostic with high potential impact to shock physics and materials science is in-situ x-ray diffraction. This paper is primarily focused on simulation of x-ray diffraction in shock physics, but with an aim toward quantifying parametric uncertainty of simulation models. We develop and demonstrate a data-science and model-driven approach to constrain the parameterization of continuum models of crystal lattice deformation associated with the shock response of crystalline materials. The framework is built around the connection between continuum hydrodynamic simulations of lattice deformation and a new Bragg diffraction simulation code, BarberShop. The dynamic deformation of a crystal lattice is modeled using the DiscoFlux model within an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian hydrodynamic code, FLAG. These detailed continuum simulations of lattice deformation can be computationally slow, thus a statistical model is used to emulate the evolution of lattice deformation fields in time and across the considered model parameter space. Emulated lattice deformation fields can then be generated rapidly for any combination of physics model parameters. In turn, these fields can be fed into BarberShop to realize a rapid prediction of Bragg diffraction patterns associated with particular values of physics model parameters. The framework enables parameterization of the single crystal model to obtain Bragg diffraction patterns that most closely resemble a corresponding measurement. Furthermore, the framework naturally provides sensitivities of the lattice deformation to the physics parameters. We highlight the utility of this framework through the application to a synthetic closed-loop inverse problem leading to the parameterization of a single crystal material model. As a model problem, we consider the dynamic response of the energetic molecular crystal, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (or RDX), under dynamic compression induced by simulated flyer plate impact experiments. © 2020, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.
230	a55846910700	Danailov M.	p55	False	Conference	9	Single-Shot Measurement of Extreme Ultraviolet Free Electron Laser Pulses	We demonstrate an all-optical approach for measuring spectrograms of individual FEL pulses by measuring a spectrally-resolved EUV-EUV-optical four-wave-mixing signal. We experimentally demonstrate that this is phase-sensitive can be applied to structured and unstable pulse trains. © 2020 OSA.
231	a6602657620	Capotondi F.	p55	False	Conference	9	Single-Shot Measurement of Extreme Ultraviolet Free Electron Laser Pulses	We demonstrate an all-optical approach for measuring spectrograms of individual FEL pulses by measuring a spectrally-resolved EUV-EUV-optical four-wave-mixing signal. We experimentally demonstrate that this is phase-sensitive can be applied to structured and unstable pulse trains. © 2020 OSA.
232	a14033765300	Bencivenga F.	p55	False	Conference	9	Single-Shot Measurement of Extreme Ultraviolet Free Electron Laser Pulses	We demonstrate an all-optical approach for measuring spectrograms of individual FEL pulses by measuring a spectrally-resolved EUV-EUV-optical four-wave-mixing signal. We experimentally demonstrate that this is phase-sensitive can be applied to structured and unstable pulse trains. © 2020 OSA.
233	a13005462200	Bowlan P.	p55	False	Conference	9	Single-Shot Measurement of Extreme Ultraviolet Free Electron Laser Pulses	We demonstrate an all-optical approach for measuring spectrograms of individual FEL pulses by measuring a spectrally-resolved EUV-EUV-optical four-wave-mixing signal. We experimentally demonstrate that this is phase-sensitive can be applied to structured and unstable pulse trains. © 2020 OSA.
234	a55770396700	Frazer D.	p56	True	Journal	17	Cryogenic Stress-Driven Grain Growth Observed via Microcompression with in situ Electron Backscatter Diffraction	The deformation of materials at cryogenic temperature is of interest for space, arctic, and fundamental science applications. In this work, a custom-built cooling system attached to a commercial picoindenter was used for in situ cryogenic microcompression testing of equal-channel angular-pressed copper with real-time electron backscatter diffraction. Stress-driven grain growth at cryogenic temperatures was observed during a series of elastic and plastic deformations. These results provide direct evidence for the previously predicted phenomenon, whereas previous ex situ examinations demonstrated coarsening after cryogenic loading when samples were not maintained at cryogenic temperatures between deformation and characterization. © 2020, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
235	a23099630500	Hosemann P.	p56	False	Journal	17	Cryogenic Stress-Driven Grain Growth Observed via Microcompression with in situ Electron Backscatter Diffraction	The deformation of materials at cryogenic temperature is of interest for space, arctic, and fundamental science applications. In this work, a custom-built cooling system attached to a commercial picoindenter was used for in situ cryogenic microcompression testing of equal-channel angular-pressed copper with real-time electron backscatter diffraction. Stress-driven grain growth at cryogenic temperatures was observed during a series of elastic and plastic deformations. These results provide direct evidence for the previously predicted phenomenon, whereas previous ex situ examinations demonstrated coarsening after cryogenic loading when samples were not maintained at cryogenic temperatures between deformation and characterization. © 2020, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
236	a57215680724	Warr C.	p57	True	Journal	44	Biocompatible PEGDA Resin for 3D Printing	We report a noncytotoxic resin compatible with and designed for use in custom high-resolution 3D printers that follow the design approach described in Gong et al., Lab Chip 17, 2899 (2017). The noncytotoxic resin is based on a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) monomer with avobenzone as the UV absorber instead of 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfide (NPS). Both NPS-PEGDA and avobenzone-PEGDA (A-PEGDA) resins were evaluated for cytotoxicity and cell adhesion. We show that NPS-PEGDA can be made effectively noncytotoxic with a postprint 12 h ethanol wash, and that A-PEGDA, as-printed, is effectively noncytotoxic. 3D prints made with either resin do not support strong cell adhesion in their as-printed state; however, cell adhesion increases dramatically with a short plasma treatment. Using A-PEGDA, we demonstrate spheroid formation in ultralow adhesion 3D printed wells, and cell migration from spheroids on plasma-treated adherent surfaces. Given that A-PEGDA can be 3D printed with high resolution, it has significant promise for a wide variety of cell-based applications using 3D printed microfluidic structures. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.
237	a57205652801	Valdoz J.C.	p57	False	Journal	44	Biocompatible PEGDA Resin for 3D Printing	We report a noncytotoxic resin compatible with and designed for use in custom high-resolution 3D printers that follow the design approach described in Gong et al., Lab Chip 17, 2899 (2017). The noncytotoxic resin is based on a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) monomer with avobenzone as the UV absorber instead of 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfide (NPS). Both NPS-PEGDA and avobenzone-PEGDA (A-PEGDA) resins were evaluated for cytotoxicity and cell adhesion. We show that NPS-PEGDA can be made effectively noncytotoxic with a postprint 12 h ethanol wash, and that A-PEGDA, as-printed, is effectively noncytotoxic. 3D prints made with either resin do not support strong cell adhesion in their as-printed state; however, cell adhesion increases dramatically with a short plasma treatment. Using A-PEGDA, we demonstrate spheroid formation in ultralow adhesion 3D printed wells, and cell migration from spheroids on plasma-treated adherent surfaces. Given that A-PEGDA can be 3D printed with high resolution, it has significant promise for a wide variety of cell-based applications using 3D printed microfluidic structures. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.
238	a57195427378	Bickham B.P.	p57	False	Journal	44	Biocompatible PEGDA Resin for 3D Printing	We report a noncytotoxic resin compatible with and designed for use in custom high-resolution 3D printers that follow the design approach described in Gong et al., Lab Chip 17, 2899 (2017). The noncytotoxic resin is based on a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) monomer with avobenzone as the UV absorber instead of 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfide (NPS). Both NPS-PEGDA and avobenzone-PEGDA (A-PEGDA) resins were evaluated for cytotoxicity and cell adhesion. We show that NPS-PEGDA can be made effectively noncytotoxic with a postprint 12 h ethanol wash, and that A-PEGDA, as-printed, is effectively noncytotoxic. 3D prints made with either resin do not support strong cell adhesion in their as-printed state; however, cell adhesion increases dramatically with a short plasma treatment. Using A-PEGDA, we demonstrate spheroid formation in ultralow adhesion 3D printed wells, and cell migration from spheroids on plasma-treated adherent surfaces. Given that A-PEGDA can be 3D printed with high resolution, it has significant promise for a wide variety of cell-based applications using 3D printed microfluidic structures. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.
238	a57195427378	Bickham B.P.	p693	False	Journal	337	Custom 3D printer and resin for 18 μm × 20 μm microfluidic flow channels	While there is great interest in 3D printing for microfluidic device fabrication, to-date the achieved feature sizes have not been in the truly microfluidic regime (&lt;100 μm). In this paper we demonstrate that a custom digital light processor stereolithographic (DLP-SLA) 3D printer and a specifically-designed, low cost, custom resin can readily achieve flow channel cross sections as small as 18 μm × 20 μm. Our 3D printer has a projected image plane resolution of 7.6 μm and uses a 385 nm LED, which dramatically increases the available selection of UV absorbers for resin formulation compared to 3D printers with 405 nm LEDs. Beginning with 20 candidate absorbers, we demonstrate the evaluation criteria and process flow required to develop a high-resolution resin. In doing so, we introduce a new mathematical model for characterizing the resin optical penetration depth based only on measurement of the absorber's molar absorptivity. Our final resin formulation uses 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfide (NPS) as the UV absorber. We also develop a novel channel narrowing technique that, together with the new resin and 3D printer resolution, enables small flow channel fabrication. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach by fabricating 3D serpentine flow channels 41 mm long in a volume of only 0.12 mm3, and by printing high aspect ratio flow channels &lt;25 μm wide and 3 mm tall. These results indicate that 3D printing is finally positioned to challenge the pre-eminence of methods such as soft lithography for microfluidic device prototyping and fabrication. © 2017 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
239	a57215684781	Knight C.J.	p57	False	Journal	44	Biocompatible PEGDA Resin for 3D Printing	We report a noncytotoxic resin compatible with and designed for use in custom high-resolution 3D printers that follow the design approach described in Gong et al., Lab Chip 17, 2899 (2017). The noncytotoxic resin is based on a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) monomer with avobenzone as the UV absorber instead of 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfide (NPS). Both NPS-PEGDA and avobenzone-PEGDA (A-PEGDA) resins were evaluated for cytotoxicity and cell adhesion. We show that NPS-PEGDA can be made effectively noncytotoxic with a postprint 12 h ethanol wash, and that A-PEGDA, as-printed, is effectively noncytotoxic. 3D prints made with either resin do not support strong cell adhesion in their as-printed state; however, cell adhesion increases dramatically with a short plasma treatment. Using A-PEGDA, we demonstrate spheroid formation in ultralow adhesion 3D printed wells, and cell migration from spheroids on plasma-treated adherent surfaces. Given that A-PEGDA can be 3D printed with high resolution, it has significant promise for a wide variety of cell-based applications using 3D printed microfluidic structures. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.
240	a57215687139	Franks N.A.	p57	False	Journal	44	Biocompatible PEGDA Resin for 3D Printing	We report a noncytotoxic resin compatible with and designed for use in custom high-resolution 3D printers that follow the design approach described in Gong et al., Lab Chip 17, 2899 (2017). The noncytotoxic resin is based on a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) monomer with avobenzone as the UV absorber instead of 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfide (NPS). Both NPS-PEGDA and avobenzone-PEGDA (A-PEGDA) resins were evaluated for cytotoxicity and cell adhesion. We show that NPS-PEGDA can be made effectively noncytotoxic with a postprint 12 h ethanol wash, and that A-PEGDA, as-printed, is effectively noncytotoxic. 3D prints made with either resin do not support strong cell adhesion in their as-printed state; however, cell adhesion increases dramatically with a short plasma treatment. Using A-PEGDA, we demonstrate spheroid formation in ultralow adhesion 3D printed wells, and cell migration from spheroids on plasma-treated adherent surfaces. Given that A-PEGDA can be 3D printed with high resolution, it has significant promise for a wide variety of cell-based applications using 3D printed microfluidic structures. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.
241	a57215697686	Chartrand N.	p57	False	Journal	44	Biocompatible PEGDA Resin for 3D Printing	We report a noncytotoxic resin compatible with and designed for use in custom high-resolution 3D printers that follow the design approach described in Gong et al., Lab Chip 17, 2899 (2017). The noncytotoxic resin is based on a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) monomer with avobenzone as the UV absorber instead of 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfide (NPS). Both NPS-PEGDA and avobenzone-PEGDA (A-PEGDA) resins were evaluated for cytotoxicity and cell adhesion. We show that NPS-PEGDA can be made effectively noncytotoxic with a postprint 12 h ethanol wash, and that A-PEGDA, as-printed, is effectively noncytotoxic. 3D prints made with either resin do not support strong cell adhesion in their as-printed state; however, cell adhesion increases dramatically with a short plasma treatment. Using A-PEGDA, we demonstrate spheroid formation in ultralow adhesion 3D printed wells, and cell migration from spheroids on plasma-treated adherent surfaces. Given that A-PEGDA can be 3D printed with high resolution, it has significant promise for a wide variety of cell-based applications using 3D printed microfluidic structures. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.
242	a56251876800	Van Ry P.M.	p57	False	Journal	44	Biocompatible PEGDA Resin for 3D Printing	We report a noncytotoxic resin compatible with and designed for use in custom high-resolution 3D printers that follow the design approach described in Gong et al., Lab Chip 17, 2899 (2017). The noncytotoxic resin is based on a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) monomer with avobenzone as the UV absorber instead of 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfide (NPS). Both NPS-PEGDA and avobenzone-PEGDA (A-PEGDA) resins were evaluated for cytotoxicity and cell adhesion. We show that NPS-PEGDA can be made effectively noncytotoxic with a postprint 12 h ethanol wash, and that A-PEGDA, as-printed, is effectively noncytotoxic. 3D prints made with either resin do not support strong cell adhesion in their as-printed state; however, cell adhesion increases dramatically with a short plasma treatment. Using A-PEGDA, we demonstrate spheroid formation in ultralow adhesion 3D printed wells, and cell migration from spheroids on plasma-treated adherent surfaces. Given that A-PEGDA can be 3D printed with high resolution, it has significant promise for a wide variety of cell-based applications using 3D printed microfluidic structures. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.
243	a7202687601	Christensen K.A.	p57	False	Journal	44	Biocompatible PEGDA Resin for 3D Printing	We report a noncytotoxic resin compatible with and designed for use in custom high-resolution 3D printers that follow the design approach described in Gong et al., Lab Chip 17, 2899 (2017). The noncytotoxic resin is based on a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) monomer with avobenzone as the UV absorber instead of 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfide (NPS). Both NPS-PEGDA and avobenzone-PEGDA (A-PEGDA) resins were evaluated for cytotoxicity and cell adhesion. We show that NPS-PEGDA can be made effectively noncytotoxic with a postprint 12 h ethanol wash, and that A-PEGDA, as-printed, is effectively noncytotoxic. 3D prints made with either resin do not support strong cell adhesion in their as-printed state; however, cell adhesion increases dramatically with a short plasma treatment. Using A-PEGDA, we demonstrate spheroid formation in ultralow adhesion 3D printed wells, and cell migration from spheroids on plasma-treated adherent surfaces. Given that A-PEGDA can be 3D printed with high resolution, it has significant promise for a wide variety of cell-based applications using 3D printed microfluidic structures. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.
244	a56514586700	Cook A.D.	p57	False	Journal	44	Biocompatible PEGDA Resin for 3D Printing	We report a noncytotoxic resin compatible with and designed for use in custom high-resolution 3D printers that follow the design approach described in Gong et al., Lab Chip 17, 2899 (2017). The noncytotoxic resin is based on a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) monomer with avobenzone as the UV absorber instead of 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfide (NPS). Both NPS-PEGDA and avobenzone-PEGDA (A-PEGDA) resins were evaluated for cytotoxicity and cell adhesion. We show that NPS-PEGDA can be made effectively noncytotoxic with a postprint 12 h ethanol wash, and that A-PEGDA, as-printed, is effectively noncytotoxic. 3D prints made with either resin do not support strong cell adhesion in their as-printed state; however, cell adhesion increases dramatically with a short plasma treatment. Using A-PEGDA, we demonstrate spheroid formation in ultralow adhesion 3D printed wells, and cell migration from spheroids on plasma-treated adherent surfaces. Given that A-PEGDA can be 3D printed with high resolution, it has significant promise for a wide variety of cell-based applications using 3D printed microfluidic structures. Copyright © 2020 American Chemical Society.
244	a56514586700	Cook A.D.	p411	False	Journal	221	Feasibility of induced pluripotent stem cell therapies for treatment of type 1 diabetes	Despite their potential for treating type 1 diabetes (T1D), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not yet been used successfully in the clinic. In this article, advances in iPSC therapies are reviewed and compared with current methods of treating T1D. Encapsulation of iPSCs is being pursued to address such safety concerns as the possibility of immune rejection or teratoma formation, and provide for retrievability. Issues of material selection, cell differentiation, size of islet aggregates, sites of implantation, animal models, and vascularization are also being addressed. Clinical trials are being conducted to test a variety of new devices with the hope of providing additional therapies for T1D. This review of iPSCs to treat T1D provides a current assessment of the challenges and potential for this proposed new therapy. © Copyright 2018, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2018.
244	a56514586700	Cook A.D.	p444	False	Journal	248	Corrigendum: Efficient decellularization of whole porcine kidneys improves reseeded cell behavior (Biomedical Materials (Bristol) (2016) 11 (025003) DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/2/025003)	The above manuscript describes our efforts to improve the process for recellularization of porcine kidneys. We obtained what we believed to be an immortalized cell line of human renal cortical tubular epithelium (RCTE) cells from the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University to conduct our reseeding experiments. The RCTE cells that were provided to us were later discovered to actually be Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. Despite being of canine origin, MDCK cells are a distal tubule epithelial cell line that behave similarly to human RCTE cells. The conclusions regarding reseeding as reported in our paper are still sound, as described in the following. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
244	a56514586700	Cook A.D.	p805	False	Journal	391	Re-epithelialization of whole porcine kidneys with renal epithelial cells	Decellularized porcine kidneys were recellularized with renal epithelial cells by three methods: perfusion through the vasculature under high pressure, perfusion through the ureter under high pressure, or perfusion through the ureter under moderate vacuum. Histology, scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging were used to assess vasculature preservation and the distribution of cells throughout the kidneys. Cells were detected in the magnetic resonance imaging by labeling them with iron oxide. Perfusion of cells through the ureter under moderate vacuum (40 mmHg) produced the most uniform distribution of cells throughout the kidneys. © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017.
245	a57197765353	Stevenson P.D.	p59	True	Journal	24	A Method for Creating Product Social Impact Models of Engineered Products	All products impact the lives of their users, this is called social impact. Some social impacts are commonly recognized by the engineering community, such as impacts to a user's health and safety, while other social impacts can be more difficult to recognize, such as impacts on families and gender roles. When engineers make design decisions, without considering social impacts, they can unknowingly cause negative social impacts. Even harming the user and/or society. Despite its challenges, measuring a program's or policy's social impact is a common practice in the field of social sciences. These measurements are made using social impact indicators, which are simply the things observed to verify that true progress is being made. While there are clear benefits to predicting the social impact of an engineered product, it is unclear how engineers should select indicators and build predictive social impact models that are functions of engineering parameters and decisions. This paper introduces a method for selecting social impact indicators and creating predictive social impact models that can help engineers predict and improve the social impact of their products. As a first step in the method, an engineer identifies the product's users, objectives, and requirements. Then, the social impact categories that are related to the product are determined. From each of these categories, the engineer selects several social impact indicators. Finally, models are created for each indicator to predict how a product's parameters will change these indicators. The impact categories and indicators can be translated into product requirements and performance measures that can be used in product development processes. This method is used to predict the social impact of the proposed, expanded U.S. Mexico border wall. © 2019 Copernicus GmbH. All rights reserved.
245	a57197765353	Stevenson P.D.	p262	False	Journal	172	Over-Design Versus Redesign as a Response to Future Requirements	Though little research has been done in the field of over-design as a product development strategy, an over-design approach can help products avoid the issue of premature obsolescence. This paper compares over-design to redesign as approaches to address the emergence of future requirements. Net present value (NPV) analyses of several real world applications are examined from the perspective of manufacturers (i.e., defense contractors, automobile, pharmaceutical, and microprocessor manufactures) and customers (i.e., purchases of vehicles, televisions, cell phones, washing machines, and buildings). This analysis is used to determine the conditions under which an over-design approach provides a greater benefit than a redesign approach. Over-design is found to have a higher NPV than redesign when future requirements occur soon after the initial release, discount rates are low, initial research, and development cost or price is high, and when the incremental costs of the future requirements are low. © 2019 by ASME.
245	a57197765353	Stevenson P.D.	p297	True	Conference	79	The personification of big data	Organizations all over the world, both national and international, gather demographic data so that the progress of nations and peoples can be tracked. This data is often made available to the public in the form of aggregated national level data or individual responses (microdata). Product designers likewise conduct surveys to better understand their customer and create personas. Personas are archetypes of the individuals who will use, maintain, sell or otherwise be affected by the products created by designers. Personas help designers better understand the person the product is designed for. Unfortunately, the process of collecting customer information and creating personas is often a slow and expensive process. In this paper, we introduce a new method of creating personas, leveraging publicly available databanks of both aggregated national level and information on individuals in the population. A computational persona generator is introduced that creates a population of personas that mirrors a real population in terms of size and statistics. Realistic individual personas are filtered from this population for use in product development. © 2019 Design Society. All rights reserved.
245	a57197765353	Stevenson P.D.	p525	True	Journal	274	Toward a Universal Social Impact Metric for Engineered Products That Alleviate Poverty	One of the purposes of creating products for developing countries is to improve the consumer's quality of life. Currently, there is no standard method for measuring the social impact of these types of products. As a result, engineers have used their own metrics, if at all. Some of the common metrics used include products sold and revenue, which measure the financial success of a product without recognizing the social successes or failures it might have. In this paper, we introduce a potential universal metric, the product impact metric (PIM), which quantifies the impact a product has on impoverished individuals - especially those living in developing countries. It measures social impact broadly in five dimensions: health, education, standard of living, employment quality, and security. By measuring impact multidimensionally, it captures impacts both anticipated and unanticipated, thereby providing a broader assessment of the product's total impact than with other more specific metrics. The PIM is calculated based on 18 simple field measurements of the consumer. It is inspired by the UN's Multidimensional Poverty Index (UNMPI) created by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The UNMPI measures how level of poverty within a nation changes year after year, and the PIM measures how an individual's poverty level changes after being affected by an engineered product. The PIM can be used to measure social impact (using specific data from products introduced into the market) or predict social impact (using personas that represent real individuals). Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
245	a57197765353	Stevenson P.D.	p585	False	Conference	230	Over-design versus redesign as a response to future requirements	Though little research has been done in the field of overdesign as a product development strategy, an over-design approach can help products avoid the issue of premature obsolescence. This paper compares over-design to redesign as approaches to address the emergence of future requirements. Net present value (NPV) analyses of several real world applications are examined from the perspective of manufacturers and customers. This analysis is used to determine the conditions under which an over-design approach provides a greater benefit than a redesign approach. Over-design is found to have a higher net present value than redesign when future requirements occur soon after the initial release, discount rates are low, initial research and development cost or price is high, and when the incremental costs of the future requirements are low. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
245	a57197765353	Stevenson P.D.	p874	True	Conference	392	Towards a universal social impact metric for engineered products that alleviate poverty	More than ever before, engineers are creating products for developing countries. One of the purposes of these products is to improve the consumer's quality of life. Currently, there is no established method of measuring the social impact of these types of products. As a result, engineers have used their own metrics to assess their product's impact, if at all. Some of the common metrics used include products sold and revenue, which measure the financial success of a product without recognizing the social successes or failures it might have. In this paper we introduce a potential metric, the Product Impact Metric (PIM), which quantifies the impact a product has on impoverished individuals - especially those living in developing countries. It measures social impact broadly in five dimensions: Health, education, standard of living, employment quality, and security. The PIM is inspired by the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) created by the United Nations Development Programme. The MPI measures how the depth of poverty within a nation changes year after year, and the PIM measures how an individual's quality of life changes after being affected by an engineered product. The Product Impact Metric can be used to predict social impacts (using personas that represent real individuals) or measure social impacts (using specific data from products introduced into the market). © 2017 ASME.
246	a57188681207	Hyatt P.	p60	True	Journal	10	Real-Time Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of Robots Using a Graphics Processing Unit	In past robotics applications, Model Predictive Control (MPC) has often been limited to linear models and relatively short time horizons. In recent years however, research in optimization, optimal control, and simulation has enabled some forms of nonlinear model predictive control which find locally optimal solutions. The limiting factor for applying nonlinear MPC for robotics remains the computation necessary to solve the optimization, especially for complex systems and for long time horizons. This letter presents a new solution method which addresses computational concerns related to nonlinear MPC called nonlinear Evolutionary MPC (NEMPC), and then we compare it to several existing methods. These comparisons include simulations on torque-limited robots performing a swing-up task and demonstrate that NEMPC is able to discover complex behaviors to accomplish the task. Comparisons with state-of-the-art nonlinear MPC algorithms show that NEMPC finds high quality control solutions very quickly using a global, instead of local, optimization method. Finally, an application in hardware (a 24 state pneumatically actuated continuum soft robot) demonstrates that this method is tractable for real-time control of high degree of freedom systems. © 2016 IEEE.
246	a57188681207	Hyatt P.	p270	True	Journal	177	Configuration estimation for accurate position control of large-scale soft robots	There is a significant trend in robotics of exploring passively compliant and low inertia systems that can safely make contact with the environment. This paper defines many of the problems associated with developing effective control of soft, pneumatically actuated, inflatable robots, and proposes an approach to solving a subset of these problems. We show that we can obtain a global measurement of orientation for a given soft-robot link using two different types of sensors (not including motion capture). Given the orientation measurement, it is possible to estimate relative configurations of the soft actuators and joints. In order to validate the ability to control position and orientation at the end effector, we show a new method for calibrating the coordinate frames of two unrelated measurement systems. Then, using one of our configuration estimation methods, we demonstrate its viability by performing simple behaviors with a large-scale (approximately 1.5 m long) soft-robot platform attached to the K-Rex rover at NASA Ames in an outdoor environment. Our results also show the importance of soft-robot kinematic calibration and the sensitivity of a soft robot to simple perturbations in the structure like deflation and reinflation. Finally, we show that end effector error can be significantly reduced by doing a form of servoing. In summary, our approach and demonstrations show effective soft-robot configuration estimation and control for large-scale soft robots capable of performing manipulation tasks. © 1996-2012 IEEE.
247	a36349287300	Killpack M.D.	p60	False	Journal	10	Real-Time Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of Robots Using a Graphics Processing Unit	In past robotics applications, Model Predictive Control (MPC) has often been limited to linear models and relatively short time horizons. In recent years however, research in optimization, optimal control, and simulation has enabled some forms of nonlinear model predictive control which find locally optimal solutions. The limiting factor for applying nonlinear MPC for robotics remains the computation necessary to solve the optimization, especially for complex systems and for long time horizons. This letter presents a new solution method which addresses computational concerns related to nonlinear MPC called nonlinear Evolutionary MPC (NEMPC), and then we compare it to several existing methods. These comparisons include simulations on torque-limited robots performing a swing-up task and demonstrate that NEMPC is able to discover complex behaviors to accomplish the task. Comparisons with state-of-the-art nonlinear MPC algorithms show that NEMPC finds high quality control solutions very quickly using a global, instead of local, optimization method. Finally, an application in hardware (a 24 state pneumatically actuated continuum soft robot) demonstrates that this method is tractable for real-time control of high degree of freedom systems. © 2016 IEEE.
247	a36349287300	Killpack M.D.	p101	False	Journal	75	Comparing model-based control methods for simultaneous stiffness and position control of inflatable soft robots	Inflatable robots are naturally lightweight and compliant, which may make them well suited for operating in unstructured environments or in close proximity to people. The inflatable joints used in this article consist of a strong fabric exterior that constrains two opposing compliant air bladders that generate torque (unlike McKibben actuators where pressure changes cause translation). This antagonistic structure allows the simultaneous control of position and stiffness. However, dynamic models of soft robots that allow variable stiffness control have not been well developed. In this work, a model that includes stiffness as a state variable is developed and validated. Using the stiffness model, a sliding mode controller and model predictive controller are developed to control stiffness and position simultaneously. For sliding mode control (SMC), the joint stiffness was controlled to within 0.07 Nm/rad of a 45 Nm/rad command. For model predictive control (MPC) the joint stiffness was controlled to within 0.045 Nm/rad of the same stiffness command. Both SMC and MPC were able to control to within 0.5° of a desired position at steady state. Stiffness control was extended to a multiple-degree-of-freedom soft robot using MPC. Controlling stiffness of a 4-DOF arm reduced the end-effector deflection by approximately 50% (from 17.9 to 12.2cm) with a 4 lb (1.8 kg) step input applied at the end effector when higher joint stiffness (40 Nm/rad) was used compared with low stiffness (30 Nm/rad). This work shows that the derived stiffness model can enable effective position and stiffness control. © The Author(s) 2020.
247	a36349287300	Killpack M.D.	p270	False	Journal	177	Configuration estimation for accurate position control of large-scale soft robots	There is a significant trend in robotics of exploring passively compliant and low inertia systems that can safely make contact with the environment. This paper defines many of the problems associated with developing effective control of soft, pneumatically actuated, inflatable robots, and proposes an approach to solving a subset of these problems. We show that we can obtain a global measurement of orientation for a given soft-robot link using two different types of sensors (not including motion capture). Given the orientation measurement, it is possible to estimate relative configurations of the soft actuators and joints. In order to validate the ability to control position and orientation at the end effector, we show a new method for calibrating the coordinate frames of two unrelated measurement systems. Then, using one of our configuration estimation methods, we demonstrate its viability by performing simple behaviors with a large-scale (approximately 1.5 m long) soft-robot platform attached to the K-Rex rover at NASA Ames in an outdoor environment. Our results also show the importance of soft-robot kinematic calibration and the sensitivity of a soft robot to simple perturbations in the structure like deflation and reinflation. Finally, we show that end effector error can be significantly reduced by doing a form of servoing. In summary, our approach and demonstrations show effective soft-robot configuration estimation and control for large-scale soft robots capable of performing manipulation tasks. © 1996-2012 IEEE.
247	a36349287300	Killpack M.D.	p369	False	Conference	131	Adaptive control of large-scale soft robot manipulators with unknown payloads	The compliance and other nonlinear dynamics of large-scale soft robots makes effective control difficult. This is especially true when working with unknown payloads or when the system dynamics change over time which is likely to happen for soft robots. In this paper, we present a novel method of coupling model reference adaptive control (MRAC) with model predictive control (MPC) for platforms with antagonistic pneumatic actuators. We demonstrate its utility on a fully inflatable, six degreeof-freedom pneumatically actuated soft robot manipulator that is over two meters long. Specifically, we compare control performance with no integral controller, with an integral controller, and with MRAC when running a nominal model predictive controller with significant weight attached to the end effector. © 2019 ASME.
247	a36349287300	Killpack M.D.	p520	False	Journal	289	Scalable fabric tactile sensor arrays for soft bodies	Soft robots have the potential to transform the way robots interact with their environment. This is due to their low inertia and inherent ability to more safely interact with the world without damaging themselves or the people around them. However, existing sensing for soft robots has at least partially limited their ability to control interactions with their environment. Tactile sensors could enable soft robots to sense interaction, but most tactile sensors are made from rigid substrates and are not well suited to applications for soft robots which can deform. In addition, the benefit of being able to cheaply manufacture soft robots may be lost if the tactile sensors that cover them are expensive and their resolution does not scale well for manufacturability. This paper discusses the development of a method to make affordable, high-resolution, tactile sensor arrays (manufactured in rows and columns) that can be used for sensorizing soft robots and other soft bodies. However, the construction results in a sensor array that exhibits significant amounts of cross-talk when two taxels in the same row are compressed. Using the same fabric-based tactile sensor array construction design, two different methods for cross-talk compensation are presented. The first uses a mathematical model to calculate a change in resistance of each taxel directly. The second method introduces additional simple circuit components that enable us to isolate each taxel electrically and relate voltage to force directly. Fabric sensor arrays are demonstrated for two different soft-bodied applications: an inflatable single link robot and a human wrist. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
247	a36349287300	Killpack M.D.	p717	False	Conference	301	Variable stiffness adaptation to mitigate system failure in inflatable robots	Although inflatable soft robots are not yet a common robot platform, air leaking from the internal structure is a common and undesirable mode of failure for these platforms. In this paper we demonstrate a method to detect leaks in the structural chamber of an inflatable, pneumatically actuated robot. We then show that our method can adaptively lower commanded joint stiffness which slows the mass flow rate of the leak. This extends the operational life of the robot by decreasing long term error during operation by as much as 50% of the steady state error at the end effector when compared to the same leak if our adaptation method is not used. In future applications where we expect soft, inflatable robots to be useful, our methods can enable failure mitigation in resource-limited situations such as space exploration or disaster response. © 2017 IEEE.
247	a36349287300	Killpack M.D.	p718	False	Conference	302	Multi-objective design optimization of a soft, pneumatic robot	We present a method for the design optimization of a soft, inflatable robot. The method described utilizes a multi-objective fitness function together with custom, platform-specific metrics related to the dexterity and load-bearing capacity of inflatable manipulators. Candidate designs are scored by computing these metrics at many randomly generated configurations and then by appropriately combining these scores within the multi-objective optimization framework. High performing designs are propagated through a genetic algorithm. The final result is a set of diverse, optimal designs lying along a Pareto front spanning the design space. By examining variations and trade-offs within this set, a designer can more appropriately choose design parameters for a target application. This is especially relevant for robots with many design parameters that can quickly be manufactured as is the case with emerging, soft robot technologies. © 2017 IEEE.
247	a36349287300	Killpack M.D.	p719	False	Conference	303	Motion planning for mobile robots using inverse kinematics branching	A novel algorithm for planning robotic manipulation tasks is presented in which the base position and joint motions of a robot are simultaneously optimized to follow a smooth desired end-effector trajectory. During the optimization routine, the manipulator's base position and joint motions are planned simultaneously by strategically moving a set of virtual robot arms (each representing a single configuration in a sequence) branching from a common base to a number of assigned target poses associated with a task. Additional goals (e.g. collision avoidance) and hard constraints, including joint limits are also incorporated. The optimization problem at the core of this method is a quadratic program, allowing constrained high-dimensional problems to be solved in very little time. This method has successfully planned motions allowing an 8-DOF manipulator to paint walls, and has proven to be highly efficient and scalable in practice. © 2017 IEEE.
248	a57189235340	Keller A.	p61	True	Conference	11	Using Partial Duplication with Compare to Detect Radiation-Induced Failure in a Commercial FPGA-Based Networking System	Duplication with compare, a circuit-level fault-detection technique, is used in this study in a partial manner to detect radiation-induced failures in a commercial FPGA-based networking system. A novel approach is taken to overcome challenges presented by multiple clock domains, the use of third-party IP, and the collection of error detection signals dispersed throughout the design. Novel fault injection techniques are also used to evaluate critical regions of the target design. Accelerated neutron radiation testing was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the applied technique. One design version was able to detect 45% of all failures with the proposed technique applied to 29% of the circuit components within the design. Another design version was able to detect 31% of all failures with the proposed technique applied to only 8% of circuit components. © 2020 IEEE.
248	a57189235340	Keller A.	p100	False	Conference	16	Modeling common cause failures in systems with triple modular redundancy and repair	Triple modular redundancy (TMR) is commonly employed to increase the reliability and mean time to failure (MTTF) of a system. This improvement can be shown by using a continuous time Markov chain. However, typical Markov chain models do not model common cause failures (CCF), which is a singular event that simultaneously causes failure in multiple redundant modules. This paper introduces a new Markov chain to model CCF in TMR with repair systems. This new model is compared to the idealized models of TMR with repair without CCF. The fundamental limitations that CCF imposes on the system are shown and discussed. In a motivating example, it is seen that CCF imposes a limitation of 51× on the reliability improvement in a system with TMR and repair compared to a simplex system, (i.e., without TMR). A case study is also presented where the likelihood of CCF is reduced by a factor of 18× using various mitigation techniques. Reducing the CCF compounds the reliability improvement of TMR with repair and leads to a overall system reliability improvement of 10,000× compared to the simplex system as supported by the proposed model. © 2020 IEEE.
248	a57189235340	Keller A.	p112	False	Journal	29	Improving the Reliability of TMR with Nontriplicated I/O on SRAM FPGAs	Triple modular redundancy (TMR) with repair is a commonly employed mitigation strategy used on SRAM field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to reduce the effects of ionizing radiation and improve a circuit's sensitive cross section. This article examines TMR circuits, where the I/O ports of the circuit have not been triplicated, but the internal circuitry has. Such circuits introduce single-point failures (SPFs) into the circuit that limit the neutron cross-sectional improvement offered by TMR to only 3× for the b13 benchmark circuit used in this article. This article proposes two different mitigation techniques to address SPFs, which alter the placement and routing of the circuit. These mitigation techniques reduce the neutron cross section by 26× over the unmitigated circuit while minimally affecting the circuit's maximum clock frequency and resource utilization. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
248	a57189235340	Keller A.	p195	True	Conference	44	Single-Event Characterization of a Stratix® 10 FPGA Using Neutron Irradiation	FPGAs are being used in data center applications in large quantities. Single-event upsets (SEUs) occur more frequently within large-scale deployments of SRAM-based FPGAs. This work estimates the neutron cross section for SEUs in the configuration memory and memory blocks of a 14-nm FinFET Stratix 10 FPGA. SEU data was collected using a custom SEU data collection system. The developed system takes advantage of SEU mitigation features available on the device. The New York City FIT rate for SEUs is estimated to be 3.2 FIT per Mbit for configuration memory and 7.1 FIT per Mbit for memory blocks. © 2019 IEEE.
248	a57189235340	Keller A.	p267	True	Conference	62	Impact of soft errors on large-scale FPGA cloud computing	FPGAs are being used in large numbers within cloud computing to provide high-performance, low-power alternatives to more traditional computing structures. While FPGAs provide a number of important benefits to cloud computing environments, they are susceptible to radiation-induced soft errors, which can lead to silent data corruption or system instability. Although soft errors within a single FPGA occur infrequently, soft errors in large-scale FPGAs systems can occur at a relatively high rate. This paper investigates the failure rate of several FPGA applications running within an FPGA cloud computing node by performing fault injection experiments to determine the susceptibility of these applications to soft-errors. The results from these experiments suggest that silent data corruption will occur every few hours within a 100,000 node FPGA system and that such a system can only maintain high-levels of reliability for short periods of operation. These results suggest that soft-error detection and mitigation techniques may be needed in large-scale FPGA systems. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
248	a57189235340	Keller A.	p362	False	Journal	202	Strategies for Removing Common Mode Failures from TMR Designs Deployed on SRAM FPGAs	Triple modular redundancy (TMR) with repair has proven to be an effective strategy for mitigating the effects of single-event upsets within the configuration memory of static random access memory field-programmable gate arrays. Applying TMR to the design successfully reduces the design's neutron cross section by 80×. The effectiveness of TMR, however, is limited by the presence of single bits in the configuration memory which cause more than one TMR domain to fail simultaneously. We present three strategies to mitigate against these failures and improve the effectiveness of TMR: incremental routing, incremental placement, and striping. These techniques were tested using both fault injection and a wide spectrum neutron beam with the best technique offering a 400× reduction to the design's sensitive neutron cross section. An analysis from the radiation test shows that no single bits caused failure and that multicell upsets were the main cause of failure for these mitigation strategies. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
248	a57189235340	Keller A.	p588	True	Journal	304	Dynamic SEU Sensitivity of Designs on Two 28-nm SRAM-Based FPGA Architectures	Two field-programmable gate array (FPGA) designs are tested for dynamic single event upset (SEU) sensitivity on two different 28-nm static random access memory-based FPGAs - an Intel Stratix V and a Xilinx Kintex 7 FPGA. These designs were tested in both a conventional unmitigated version and a version to tolerate SEUs with feedback triple modular redundancy (TMR). The unmitigated design sensitivity and the low-level device sensitivity were found to be similar between the devices through neutron radiation testing. Results also show that feedback TMR and configuration scrubbing benefit both designs on both FPGAs. While TMR is helpful, the benefit of TMR depends on the design structure and the device architecture. TMR and scrubbing reduced dynamic SEU sensitivity by a factor of 4- 54×. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
248	a57189235340	Keller A.	p824	True	Journal	393	Benefits of Complementary SEU Mitigation for the LEON3 Soft Processor on SRAM-Based FPGAs	A variety of mitigation techniques have been demonstrated to reduce the sensitivity of FPGA designs to soft errors. Without mitigation, SEUs can cause failure by altering the logic, routing, and state of a design operating on an SRAM-based FPGA. Various combinations of SEU mitigation and repair techniques are applied to the LEON3 soft-core processor to study the effects and complementary nature of each technique. This work focuses on Triple modular redundancy (TMR), configuration memory (CRAM) scrubbing, and internal block memory (BRAM) scrubbing. All mitigation methods demonstrate some improvement in both fault injection and neutron radiation testing. Results in this paper show complementary SEU mitigation techniques working together to improve fault-tolerance. The results also suggest that fault injection can be a good way to estimate the cross section of a design before going to a radiation test. TMR with CRAM scrubbing demonstrates a 27 × improvement whereas TMR with both CRAM and BRAM scrubbing demonstrates approximately a 50 × improvement. © 2016 IEEE.
249	a55547123342	Anderson J.	p61	False	Conference	11	Using Partial Duplication with Compare to Detect Radiation-Induced Failure in a Commercial FPGA-Based Networking System	Duplication with compare, a circuit-level fault-detection technique, is used in this study in a partial manner to detect radiation-induced failures in a commercial FPGA-based networking system. A novel approach is taken to overcome challenges presented by multiple clock domains, the use of third-party IP, and the collection of error detection signals dispersed throughout the design. Novel fault injection techniques are also used to evaluate critical regions of the target design. Accelerated neutron radiation testing was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the applied technique. One design version was able to detect 45% of all failures with the proposed technique applied to 29% of the circuit components within the design. Another design version was able to detect 31% of all failures with the proposed technique applied to only 8% of circuit components. © 2020 IEEE.
250	a25639041400	Wen S.-J.	p61	False	Conference	11	Using Partial Duplication with Compare to Detect Radiation-Induced Failure in a Commercial FPGA-Based Networking System	Duplication with compare, a circuit-level fault-detection technique, is used in this study in a partial manner to detect radiation-induced failures in a commercial FPGA-based networking system. A novel approach is taken to overcome challenges presented by multiple clock domains, the use of third-party IP, and the collection of error detection signals dispersed throughout the design. Novel fault injection techniques are also used to evaluate critical regions of the target design. Accelerated neutron radiation testing was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the applied technique. One design version was able to detect 45% of all failures with the proposed technique applied to 29% of the circuit components within the design. Another design version was able to detect 31% of all failures with the proposed technique applied to only 8% of circuit components. © 2020 IEEE.
250	a25639041400	Wen S.-J.	p721	False	Conference	305	Move the Laser Spot, Not the DUT: Investigating the New Micro-mirror Capability and Challenges for Localizing SEE Sites on Large Modern ICs	Small spot size laser testing for single-event effects has proven to be a particularly productive path to insights on the physics of charge collection and circuit response that are difficult or impossible to obtain through broad ion beam tests. As a result, there are a number of such laser facilities; for example, four of them were compared in 2012 [1], but a relatively new facility at the facility at the University of Saskatchewan offers a unique galvo-mirror, laser-spot scanning capability in addition to the usual micrometer-based DUT motion stage [2]. Operating in a fashion similar to LASIX eye surgery, fast pin-point redirection of the laser beam makes tractable (seconds, not hours or days) comprehensive scanning of a millimeter size field-of-view. Combined with auto-stepping the field-of-view, this new spot scanning capability opens up the possibility of comprehensively covering a large die and finding all SEE sites, including the rare, but important, ones such as SEFIs. © 2017 IEEE.
251	a55967471000	Fung R.	p61	False	Conference	11	Using Partial Duplication with Compare to Detect Radiation-Induced Failure in a Commercial FPGA-Based Networking System	Duplication with compare, a circuit-level fault-detection technique, is used in this study in a partial manner to detect radiation-induced failures in a commercial FPGA-based networking system. A novel approach is taken to overcome challenges presented by multiple clock domains, the use of third-party IP, and the collection of error detection signals dispersed throughout the design. Novel fault injection techniques are also used to evaluate critical regions of the target design. Accelerated neutron radiation testing was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the applied technique. One design version was able to detect 45% of all failures with the proposed technique applied to 29% of the circuit components within the design. Another design version was able to detect 31% of all failures with the proposed technique applied to only 8% of circuit components. © 2020 IEEE.
252	a57218221803	Chambers C.	p61	False	Conference	11	Using Partial Duplication with Compare to Detect Radiation-Induced Failure in a Commercial FPGA-Based Networking System	Duplication with compare, a circuit-level fault-detection technique, is used in this study in a partial manner to detect radiation-induced failures in a commercial FPGA-based networking system. A novel approach is taken to overcome challenges presented by multiple clock domains, the use of third-party IP, and the collection of error detection signals dispersed throughout the design. Novel fault injection techniques are also used to evaluate critical regions of the target design. Accelerated neutron radiation testing was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the applied technique. One design version was able to detect 45% of all failures with the proposed technique applied to 29% of the circuit components within the design. Another design version was able to detect 31% of all failures with the proposed technique applied to only 8% of circuit components. © 2020 IEEE.
253	a56387524600	Ganjalizadeh V.	p62	False	Journal	45	3D hydrodynamic focusing in microscale optofluidic channels formed with a single sacrificial layer	Optofluidic devices are capable of detecting single molecules, but greater sensitivity and specificity is desired through hydrodynamic focusing (HDF). Three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic focusing was implemented in 10-μm scale microchannel cross-sections made with a single sacrificial layer. HDF is achieved using buffer fluid to sheath the sample fluid, requiring four fluid ports to operate by pressure driven flow. A low-pressure chamber, or pit, formed by etching into a substrate, enables volumetric flow ratio-induced focusing at a low flow velocity. The single layer design simplifies surface micromachining and improves device yield by 1.56 times over previous work. The focusing design was integrated with optical waveguides and used in order to analyze fluorescent signals from beads in fluid flow. The implementation of the focusing scheme was found to narrow the distribution of bead velocity and fluorescent signal, giving rise to 33% more consistent signal. Reservoir effects were observed at low operational vacuum pressures and a balance between optofluidic signal variance and intensity was achieved. The implementation of the design in optofluidic sensors will enable higher detection sensitivity and sample specificity. © 2020 by the authors.
253	a56387524600	Ganjalizadeh V.	p173	False	Conference	37	Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Focusing Designs for Integrated Optofluidic Detection Enhancement	Three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing promises to enhance detection capabilities of optofluidic sensors, enabling low concentration interrogation with higher confidence, critical for disease diagnosis. Novel 3DHDF designs with optofluidic channel diameters in the range of ten microns are evaluated, predicting detection enhancement of up to 3.54 times. © 2019 IEEE.
253	a56387524600	Ganjalizadeh V.	p235	True	Conference	56	Single Particle Detection Enhancement with Wavelet-based Signal Processing Technique	Chip-based single molecule detection requires ultra-sensitive devices and robust signal processing methods. A new wavelet-based signal processing method is introduced that improves detection and error rates on an optofluidic platform by 2x and 3x, respectively. © 2019 The Author(s) 2019 OSA.
253	a56387524600	Ganjalizadeh V.	p347	True	Conference	119	Single particle detection enhancement with wavelet-based signal processing technique	Chip-based single molecule detection requires ultra-sensitive devices and robust signal processing methods. A new wavelet-based signal processing method is introduced that improves detection and error rates on an optofluidic platform by 2x and 3x, respectively. © 2019 The Author(s)
253	a56387524600	Ganjalizadeh V.	p459	False	Journal	256	Buried Rib SiO2 Multimode Interference Waveguides for Optofluidic Multiplexing	Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides can be used to create wavelength-dependent spot patterns which enables simultaneous analyte detection on a single optofluidic chip, useful for disease diagnostics. The fidelity of such multi-spot patterns is important for high sensitivity and accurate target identification. Buried rib structures have been incorporated into these SiO2-based waveguides to improve environmental stability. Through experiments and simulation, this letter explores design parameters for a buried MMI rib waveguide based on anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides in order to produce high-fidelity spot patterns. Optimal rib heights and widths are reported in the context of available microfabrication etch technology and performance for an optimized biosensor is shown. © 1989-2012 IEEE.
253	a56387524600	Ganjalizadeh V.	p502	False	Journal	273	Optimized ARROW-Based MMI Waveguides for High Fidelity Excitation Patterns for Optofluidic Multiplexing	Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides can be used for multiplexing and de-multiplexing optical signals. High fidelity, wavelength dependent multi-spot patterns from MMI waveguides are useful for sensitive and simultaneous identification of multiple targets in multiplexed fluorescence optofluidic biosensors. Through experiments and simulation, this paper explores design parameters for an MMI rib anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide in order to produce high fidelity spot patterns at the liquid core biomarker excitation region. Width and etch depth of the single excitation rib waveguide used to excite the MMI waveguide are especially critical because they determine the size of the input optical mode which is imaged at the MMI waveguide's output. To increase optical throughput into the MMI waveguide when light is coupled in from an optical fiber, tapers in the waveguide width can be used for better mode matching. © 2012 IEEE.
253	a56387524600	Ganjalizadeh V.	p607	False	Conference	245	High fidelity MMI excitation patterns for optofluidic multiplexing	High fidelity interference patterns from multimode interference waveguides are needed for multiplexed optofluidic biosensors. Spot pattern fidelity can be optimized by careful design of the single-mode waveguides used to excite the multimode waveguides. © OSA 2018.
253	a56387524600	Ganjalizadeh V.	p706	False	Journal	347	Optofluidic lab-on-a-chip fluorescence sensor using integrated buried ARROW (bARROW) waveguides	Optofluidic, lab-on-a-chip fluorescence sensors were fabricated using buried anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (bARROWs). The bARROWs are impervious to the negative water absorption effects that typically occur in waveguides made using hygroscopic, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) oxides. These sensors were used to detect fluorescent microbeads and had an average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that was 81.3% higher than that of single-oxide ARROW fluorescence sensors. While the single-oxide ARROW sensors were annealed at 300 ◦ C to drive moisture out of the waveguides, the bARROW sensors required no annealing process to obtain a high SNR. © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
254	a57202735625	Wright J.G.	p62	False	Journal	45	3D hydrodynamic focusing in microscale optofluidic channels formed with a single sacrificial layer	Optofluidic devices are capable of detecting single molecules, but greater sensitivity and specificity is desired through hydrodynamic focusing (HDF). Three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic focusing was implemented in 10-μm scale microchannel cross-sections made with a single sacrificial layer. HDF is achieved using buffer fluid to sheath the sample fluid, requiring four fluid ports to operate by pressure driven flow. A low-pressure chamber, or pit, formed by etching into a substrate, enables volumetric flow ratio-induced focusing at a low flow velocity. The single layer design simplifies surface micromachining and improves device yield by 1.56 times over previous work. The focusing design was integrated with optical waveguides and used in order to analyze fluorescent signals from beads in fluid flow. The implementation of the focusing scheme was found to narrow the distribution of bead velocity and fluorescent signal, giving rise to 33% more consistent signal. Reservoir effects were observed at low operational vacuum pressures and a balance between optofluidic signal variance and intensity was achieved. The implementation of the design in optofluidic sensors will enable higher detection sensitivity and sample specificity. © 2020 by the authors.
254	a57202735625	Wright J.G.	p173	False	Conference	37	Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Focusing Designs for Integrated Optofluidic Detection Enhancement	Three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing promises to enhance detection capabilities of optofluidic sensors, enabling low concentration interrogation with higher confidence, critical for disease diagnosis. Novel 3DHDF designs with optofluidic channel diameters in the range of ten microns are evaluated, predicting detection enhancement of up to 3.54 times. © 2019 IEEE.
254	a57202735625	Wright J.G.	p608	False	Conference	246	3D hydrodynamic focusing for optofluidics using a stacked channel design	We present a 3D hydrodynamic focusing design suitable for optofluidic devices allowing planar fabrication and velocity independent particle focusing. Simulations are presented and fabrication outlined with evidence that stacked SU8 layers are suitable building blocks. © OSA 2018.
255	a7003381644	Warnick K.F.	p63	True	Journal	46	Teaching and Learning Electromagnetics in 2020: Issues, trends, opportunities, and ideas for developing courses	Electromagnetics (EM) and its applications have been a vital part of scientific and engineering instruction for well over a century. As approaches, applications, and curricular models evolve, educators in the field face many challenges and pressures. Here, we consider issues that face those who teach EM theory, identify some of the trends and opportunities that lie ahead, and make recommendations for the next decade of training and course development in the field of EM. © 1990-2011 IEEE.
255	a7003381644	Warnick K.F.	p78	False	Journal	58	Compact structure with high TX-RX isolation for frequency domain duplexing on printed circuit boards	When developing compact and lightweight antenna systems for unmanned aerial systems, achieving high isolation between transmit and receive signal paths is challenging. To address this issue, we demonstrate a prototype isolation design on a printed circuit board for a frequency division duplexed X band antenna system. Key components include a microstrip defected ground plane notch filter and a copper grating barrier that provides 20 dB higher isolation than free space separation between the transmit and receive antennas. The hardware provides at least 105 dB of transmit isolation into the receiver low noise amplifier in the transmit band. The proposed design is lighter and more compact than traditional machined metal waveguide isolation techniques used for ground-based systems yet achieves similar isolation performance. © 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
255	a7003381644	Warnick K.F.	p90	False	Journal	69	Optimising the design of phased array feeds for survey speed	The scientific capability of an astronomical phased array feed receiver can be quantified by combining the bandwidth, sensitivity, and field of view into the overall survey speed of the instrument. The authors investigate the relationships between survey speed and reflector geometry, array layout, element spacing and element configuration using numerical simulations, to determine the values of these parameters that lead to optimal system performance. They characterise the array element spacing that leads to maximum survey speed as a function of the reflector f/D. To further improve survey speed in relation to the overall number of array elements, the authors explore the possibility of using elements with modest levels of superdirectivity to sample more of the focal plane Airy pattern and increase optimal spacing for survey speed figure of merit. The results explain how optimal survey speed is controlled primarily by the influence of element type and array layout on the peak achievable aperture efficiency. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2020
255	a7003381644	Warnick K.F.	p119	False	Journal	85	Array Antenna Gain Enhancement with the Poynting Streamline Method	Streamlines of the Poynting vector field connect antenna figures of merit with the energy flow characteristics near a receiving antenna. Poynting streamlines properties and absorption aperture of antenna under different load conditions have been studied in this letter. Based on its Poynting streamline characteristics, the short-circuit dipole can be used as a parasitic element to direct the flow of energy, increase the absorption aperture, and enhance the gain of the array. Numerical examples show that this strategy can not only enhance the gain of dipole array, but also improve the gain of circularly polarized antenna array without deteriorating the axial ratio. Poynting streamline-based methods augment commonly used radiation-mode antenna analysis techniques by providing an intuitive and visual way to guide the design of antenna arrays. © 2002-2011 IEEE.
255	a7003381644	Warnick K.F.	p276	False	Journal	101	An intuitive way to understand mutual coupling effects in antenna arrays using the poynting streamline method	The flow of energy around array antenna in receiving mode can be modeled by generating streamlines of the Poynting vector field. From the streamlines that terminate on the array element loads, a geometrical shape can be assigned to the effective area of the array. These concepts provide an intuitive tool for understanding mutual coupling effects in antenna arrays. The decrease in directivity associated with mutual coupling effects, the so-called element-gain paradox, can be explained by the overlap of the element effective area shapes. The critical element spacing for the element-gain paradox effect can be predicted from the effective area shape for a single isolated array element. Antenna design for minimizing mutual coupling, which is of interest in multiple input multiple output communications systems, magnetic resonance imaging arrays, astronomical arrays, and other applications, can be guided by analysing the effective area shape for a single isolated array element. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
255	a7003381644	Warnick K.F.	p556	False	Journal	263	Practical Superdirectivity with Resonant Screened Apertures Motivated by a Poynting Streamlines Analysis	Fundamental limits on the degree of practical achievable superdirectivity for antennas include narrow bandwidth, large antenna loss, and sensitivity to excitation and fabrication errors. Superdirective antennas are commonly considered as transmitters, but thinking of the antenna as a receiver may help to understand and overcome some of these limits on practical superdirectivity. We directly model a superdirective antenna in receive mode by calculating streamlines of Poynting vector field near the receiving antennas. Superdirectivity is achieved by expanding the shape of the effective area beyond the antenna physical aperture area. The degree of superdirectivity is parameterized by an effective area expansion distance. The theory predicts that superdirectivity is practical for electrically small and middle size antennas and electrically large antennas with a large aspect ratio. With this motivation, a 1.5 λ × 2 λ superdirective horn antenna with resonant screen structure in front of the antenna aperture is designed and fabricated. The superdirective horn achieves a measured antenna efficiency of 115% over a reasonable bandwidth and with moderate sensitivity to fabrication errors. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
255	a7003381644	Warnick K.F.	p639	True	Conference	272	Commissioning observations with the focal L-band Array on the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG)	A Focal L-band Array Feed for the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG) has been in development for the last five years. The system comprises a 19 element, dual polarized hexagonal antenna array, cryogenic front end amplifiers, direct RF to digital over fiber conversion, and broadband, real time digital signal processing. Phased array feeds enable continuous wide field, radio camera imaging on a large reflector. FLAG was mounted in summer 2017 on the GBT in West Virginia, USA as part of commissioning tests. We report on measured receiver figures of merit and experimental results, and comparisons to simulated performance. The measured results indicate that the FLAG instrument achieves unprecedented field of view, sensitivity, and survey efficiency. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
255	a7003381644	Warnick K.F.	p651	False	Journal	314	Ground-based sense-and-avoid system for small unmanned aircraft	In this Paper, we present a complete, proof-of-concept sense-and-avoid solution for small unmanned aircraft systems, including a small low-cost ground-based radar system, multitarget tracking and estimation, collision detection, and an avoidance planner. We describe the development of a small frequency-modulated continuous-wave phased-array radar system that provides a three-dimensional surveillance volume. The radar measurements are processed using the recursive random sample consensus algorithm, producing tracks for the intruders and the ownship. We propose a collision-detection algorithm based on the geometric relationship between encountering aircraft. If a collision threat is detected, a collision-free new path is generated for the ownship using a two-step path-planning algorithm. In the first step, an initial suboptimal path is generated using an A search. In the second step, the path is refined using a variant of the potential fields technique, adapted to the sense-and-avoid scenario. The performance of the complete system is demonstrated with flight-test experiments. © 2018 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc.. All rights reserved.
255	a7003381644	Warnick K.F.	p665	False	Journal	319	Sidelobe Level and Aperture Efficiency Optimization for Tiled Aperiodic Array Antennas	Array antennas with aperiodic element placement provide a way to mitigate grating lobe level when the array element spacing is larger than one half wavelength. Design techniques for aperiodic arrays include thinning, numerical optimization, and other methods, but even with modern tools, designing electrically large aperiodic arrays remain computationally challenging. To reduce the complexity of the large aperiodic array design problem, we study the use of discrete rotated tiles with element positions and tile orientations optimized to minimize peak sidelobe level (PSLL). The directivity, frequency sensitivity of PSLL, and optimization complexity for uniform arrays, aperiodic arrays, and tiled arrays are compared. Based on many numerical examples, an approximate relationship between PSLL and array element number and density for aperiodic and tiled arrays is proposed as a convergence estimator for the design optimization process. © 2017 IEEE.
255	a7003381644	Warnick K.F.	p674	False	Journal	319	Antenna Loss and Receiving Efficiency for Mutually Coupled Arrays	For phased arrays used in satellite communications and radio astronomy, high sensitivity is required, and minimizing antenna losses is critical. Losses for single antennas can be minimized using high conductivity materials. It is less well understood that loss for array antennas is also influenced by mutual coupling between array elements and the beamformer weights applied to the signal from each element. In this paper, we study the antenna loss and receiving efficiency for phased array antennas and focal plane phased array feeds. To better elucidate the physics of array antenna loss related to mutual coupling and beamformer weights, losses for a coupled array can be lumped into an array effective resistance similar to the loss resistance of an equivalent single antenna. Numerical results show that although the antenna loss for a single isolated array element is low, the array antenna loss can be significantly increased by mutual coupling, particularly for beams with a large scan angle. © 2017 IEEE.
255	a7003381644	Warnick K.F.	p710	False	Journal	319	Improved Antenna Efficiency Measurement Uncertainty in a Reverberation Chamber at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies	We provide results of antenna radiation and total radiation efficiency at millimeter-wave frequencies gathered with a new open-ended waveguide-plate method that is compared to a well-known two-antenna method. The new method yields improved uncertainty in antenna efficiency measurements. Both methods are based on use of a reverberation chamber. Measurement results are compared to numerical simulations and good agreement (3% maximum difference) is achieved. Before performing the efficiency measurements, the chamber configuration was assessed with respect to the Rician $K$ -factor, number of uncorrelated paddle orientations, and coherence bandwidth. We calculated the uncertainty using the NIST microwave uncertainty framework capable of performing parallel sensitivity and Monte Carlo analyses. The framework enables us to capture and propagate the uncertainties in the S-parameter measurements to the final efficiency result. The expanded uncertainty that we achieved for these antenna efficiency measurements is 2.60%. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
255	a7003381644	Warnick K.F.	p740	False	Journal	346	Optical electric field sensor sensitivity direction rerouting and enhancement using a passive integrated dipole antenna	This work introduces a passive dipole antenna integrated into the packaging of a slab-coupled optical sensor to enhance the directional sensitivity of electro-optic electric field measurements parallel to the fiber axis. Using the passive integrated dipole antenna described in this work, a sensor that can typically only sense fields transverse to the fiber direction is able to sense a 1.25 kV/m field along the fiber direction with a gain of 17.5. This is verified through simulation and experiment. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
255	a7003381644	Warnick K.F.	p779	False	Journal	319	Poynting Streamlines, Effective Area Shape, and the Design of Superdirective Antennas	A receiving antenna alters an incident field in such a way that the field is concentrated at the terminals of the antenna. The Poynting power flux density vector associated with the field carries to the antenna the power dissipated in the antenna structure and the load. Streamlines of the Poynting vector field can be used to understand electromagnetic energy flow near linear and aperture antennas. Poynting streamlines provide a way to understand and guide the design of superdirective antennas. Directivity-enhancing screens that attract Poynting streamlines and increase the aperture efficiency of a horn antenna to almost 200% are studied. Superdirective antennas generally have limited practical value due to poor radiation efficiency, narrow bandwidth, and extreme sensitivity to fabrication errors. We show that these limitations can be mitigated by using metal-only structures that are optimized for broadband operation. The tradeoff between peak achievable aperture efficiency and bandwidth is explored. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
255	a7003381644	Warnick K.F.	p784	False	Journal	388	Active Integrated Antenna Supporting Linear and Circular Polarizations	A patch antenna and class B power amplifier are integrated for size reduction and high power added efficiency (PAE) through harmonic suppression. Harmonic suppressing slits are etched on the patch such that both linear and circular polarizations are supported. The mechanism of the slits is explained, and both components are characterized and examined for performance validation. Measured results show that the harmonic suppression leads to up to 5% improvement in PAE and that the antenna's radiation pattern is not disturbed by the added harmonic suppressing slits for all supported polarizations. © 2016 IEEE.
255	a7003381644	Warnick K.F.	p828	False	Conference	357	Small aircraft flight encounters database for UAS sense and avoid	Hardware and software technologies that enable unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to reliably sense and avoid (SAA) other aircraft are critical to the safe operation of UAS beyond an operator's line of sight. For small UAS, the need is especially critical because of the clutter and the air-traffic density at low altitudes where they operate. For the community of researchers who are developing SAA technology for small UAS, there is a critical need for a rich, openly-accessible compendium of encounter data with which to develop, test, and evaluate SAA algorithms. In this paper we introduce a publicly available database of small UAS encounter data, the small aircraft flight encounter (SAFE) database, with an initial deposit of 11 flight encounters. In these encounters two target aircraft, a fixed-wing and a multi-rotor are imaged by a separate fixed-wing aircraft carrying two high-definition video cameras and a unique radar unit. The data contain ground-truth navigation estimates for both the target and imaging aircraft. The target aircraft are observed in the video footage but not in the radar imagery; continuing efforts include tuning and refinement of the radar parameters and expansion of the SAFE database to support small UAS SAA technology development. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
256	a6701834327	Selvan K.T.	p63	False	Journal	46	Teaching and Learning Electromagnetics in 2020: Issues, trends, opportunities, and ideas for developing courses	Electromagnetics (EM) and its applications have been a vital part of scientific and engineering instruction for well over a century. As approaches, applications, and curricular models evolve, educators in the field face many challenges and pressures. Here, we consider issues that face those who teach EM theory, identify some of the trends and opportunities that lie ahead, and make recommendations for the next decade of training and course development in the field of EM. © 1990-2011 IEEE.
257	a57202445593	Fistler M.	p64	True	Journal	47	Turbulence modulation in particle-laden stationary homogeneous isotropic turbulence using one-dimensional turbulence	Turbulence modulation in particle-laden stationary homogeneous isotropic turbulence is investigated using one-dimensional turbulence (ODT), a low-dimensional stochastic flow simulation model. For this purpose, ODT is extended in two ways. First, a forcing scheme that maintains statistical stationarity is introduced. Unlike direct numerical simulation (DNS) of forced turbulence, the ODT framework accommodates forcing that is not directly coupled to the momentum equation. For given forcing the ODT energy dissipation rate is therefore the same in particle-laden cases as in the corresponding single-phase reference case. Second, previously implemented one-way-coupled particle phenomenology is extended to two-way coupling using the general ODT methodology for flow modulation through interaction with any specified energy and momentum sources and sinks. As in a DNS comparison case for Reλ=70, turbulence modulation is diagnosed primarily on the basis of the fluid-phase kinetic-energy spectrum. Because ODT involves subprocesses with straightforward physical interpretations, the ODT mechanisms of particle-induced turbulence modulation are clearly identified and they are plausibly relevant to particle-laden Navier-Stokes turbulence. ODT results for the ratio of particle-phase and fluid-phase kinetic energies as a function of particle Stokes number and mass loading are reported for the purpose of testing these predictions in the future when these quantities are evaluated experimentally or using DNS. © 2020 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by "https://www.kb.se/samverkan-och-utveckling/oppen-tillgang-och-bibsamkonsortiet/bibsamkonsortiet.html" Bibsam.
257	a57202445593	Fistler M.	p467	False	Journal	228	One-dimensional turbulence modeling for cylindrical and spherical flows: model formulation and application	The one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model resolves a full range of time and length scales and is computationally efficient. ODT has been applied to a wide range of complex multi-scale flows, such as turbulent combustion. Previous ODT comparisons to experimental data have focused mainly on planar flows. Applications to cylindrical flows, such as round jets, have been based on rough analogies, e.g., by exploiting the fortuitous consistency of the similarity scalings of temporally developing planar jets and spatially developing round jets. To obtain a more systematic treatment, a new formulation of the ODT model in cylindrical and spherical coordinates is presented here. The model is written in terms of a geometric factor so that planar, cylindrical, and spherical configurations are represented in the same way. Temporal and spatial versions of the model are presented. A Lagrangian finite-volume implementation is used with a dynamically adaptive mesh. The adaptive mesh facilitates the implementation of cylindrical and spherical versions of the triplet map, which is used to model turbulent advection (eddy events) in the one-dimensional flow coordinate. In cylindrical and spherical coordinates, geometric stretching of the three triplet map images occurs due to the radial dependence of volume, with the stretching being strongest near the centerline. Two triplet map variants, TMA and TMB, are presented. In TMA, the three map images have the same volume, but different radial segment lengths. In TMB, the three map images have the same radial segment lengths, but different segment volumes. Cylindrical results are presented for temporal pipe flow, a spatial nonreacting jet, and a spatial nonreacting jet flame. These results compare very well to direct numerical simulation for the pipe flow, and to experimental data for the jets. The nonreacting jet treatment overpredicts velocity fluctuations near the centerline, due to the geometric stretching of the triplet maps and its effect on the eddy event rate distribution. TMB performs better than TMA. A hybrid planar-TMB (PTMB) approach is also presented, which further improves the results. TMA, TMB, and PTMB are nearly identical in the pipe flow where the key dynamics occur near the wall away from the centerline. The jet flame illustrates effects of variable density and viscosity, including dilatational effects. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
258	a7004609408	Kerstein A.	p64	False	Journal	47	Turbulence modulation in particle-laden stationary homogeneous isotropic turbulence using one-dimensional turbulence	Turbulence modulation in particle-laden stationary homogeneous isotropic turbulence is investigated using one-dimensional turbulence (ODT), a low-dimensional stochastic flow simulation model. For this purpose, ODT is extended in two ways. First, a forcing scheme that maintains statistical stationarity is introduced. Unlike direct numerical simulation (DNS) of forced turbulence, the ODT framework accommodates forcing that is not directly coupled to the momentum equation. For given forcing the ODT energy dissipation rate is therefore the same in particle-laden cases as in the corresponding single-phase reference case. Second, previously implemented one-way-coupled particle phenomenology is extended to two-way coupling using the general ODT methodology for flow modulation through interaction with any specified energy and momentum sources and sinks. As in a DNS comparison case for Reλ=70, turbulence modulation is diagnosed primarily on the basis of the fluid-phase kinetic-energy spectrum. Because ODT involves subprocesses with straightforward physical interpretations, the ODT mechanisms of particle-induced turbulence modulation are clearly identified and they are plausibly relevant to particle-laden Navier-Stokes turbulence. ODT results for the ratio of particle-phase and fluid-phase kinetic energies as a function of particle Stokes number and mass loading are reported for the purpose of testing these predictions in the future when these quantities are evaluated experimentally or using DNS. © 2020 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by "https://www.kb.se/samverkan-och-utveckling/oppen-tillgang-och-bibsamkonsortiet/bibsamkonsortiet.html" Bibsam.
258	a7004609408	Kerstein A.	p467	False	Journal	228	One-dimensional turbulence modeling for cylindrical and spherical flows: model formulation and application	The one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model resolves a full range of time and length scales and is computationally efficient. ODT has been applied to a wide range of complex multi-scale flows, such as turbulent combustion. Previous ODT comparisons to experimental data have focused mainly on planar flows. Applications to cylindrical flows, such as round jets, have been based on rough analogies, e.g., by exploiting the fortuitous consistency of the similarity scalings of temporally developing planar jets and spatially developing round jets. To obtain a more systematic treatment, a new formulation of the ODT model in cylindrical and spherical coordinates is presented here. The model is written in terms of a geometric factor so that planar, cylindrical, and spherical configurations are represented in the same way. Temporal and spatial versions of the model are presented. A Lagrangian finite-volume implementation is used with a dynamically adaptive mesh. The adaptive mesh facilitates the implementation of cylindrical and spherical versions of the triplet map, which is used to model turbulent advection (eddy events) in the one-dimensional flow coordinate. In cylindrical and spherical coordinates, geometric stretching of the three triplet map images occurs due to the radial dependence of volume, with the stretching being strongest near the centerline. Two triplet map variants, TMA and TMB, are presented. In TMA, the three map images have the same volume, but different radial segment lengths. In TMB, the three map images have the same radial segment lengths, but different segment volumes. Cylindrical results are presented for temporal pipe flow, a spatial nonreacting jet, and a spatial nonreacting jet flame. These results compare very well to direct numerical simulation for the pipe flow, and to experimental data for the jets. The nonreacting jet treatment overpredicts velocity fluctuations near the centerline, due to the geometric stretching of the triplet maps and its effect on the eddy event rate distribution. TMB performs better than TMA. A hybrid planar-TMB (PTMB) approach is also presented, which further improves the results. TMA, TMB, and PTMB are nearly identical in the pipe flow where the key dynamics occur near the wall away from the centerline. The jet flame illustrates effects of variable density and viscosity, including dilatational effects. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
259	a8660143800	Lignell D.O.	p64	False	Journal	47	Turbulence modulation in particle-laden stationary homogeneous isotropic turbulence using one-dimensional turbulence	Turbulence modulation in particle-laden stationary homogeneous isotropic turbulence is investigated using one-dimensional turbulence (ODT), a low-dimensional stochastic flow simulation model. For this purpose, ODT is extended in two ways. First, a forcing scheme that maintains statistical stationarity is introduced. Unlike direct numerical simulation (DNS) of forced turbulence, the ODT framework accommodates forcing that is not directly coupled to the momentum equation. For given forcing the ODT energy dissipation rate is therefore the same in particle-laden cases as in the corresponding single-phase reference case. Second, previously implemented one-way-coupled particle phenomenology is extended to two-way coupling using the general ODT methodology for flow modulation through interaction with any specified energy and momentum sources and sinks. As in a DNS comparison case for Reλ=70, turbulence modulation is diagnosed primarily on the basis of the fluid-phase kinetic-energy spectrum. Because ODT involves subprocesses with straightforward physical interpretations, the ODT mechanisms of particle-induced turbulence modulation are clearly identified and they are plausibly relevant to particle-laden Navier-Stokes turbulence. ODT results for the ratio of particle-phase and fluid-phase kinetic energies as a function of particle Stokes number and mass loading are reported for the purpose of testing these predictions in the future when these quantities are evaluated experimentally or using DNS. © 2020 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by "https://www.kb.se/samverkan-och-utveckling/oppen-tillgang-och-bibsamkonsortiet/bibsamkonsortiet.html" Bibsam.
259	a8660143800	Lignell D.O.	p342	False	Conference	115	One-dimensional turbulence modelling of a lifted methane/air jet flame in a vitiated coflow	The present preliminary numerical study investigates a lifted methane/air jet flame in a vitiated coflow by means of the map-based, stochastic One-Dimensional Turbulence (ODT) model. In the considered configuration, a jet flame issues from a central nozzle into a vitiated coflow of hot combustion products from an array of lean H2/air flames. Centreline profiles for mixture fraction, temperature and mass fraction of O2 and OH obtained from ODT simulations with a planar and cylindrical formulation are shown and compared to measurements from Cabra et al. (2005). Additionally, two-dimensional renderings of the jet flame and scatter plots of temperature versus mixture fraction and OH mass fraction versus mixture fraction are provided. Although the application of ODT for reactive flows in jet configurations is not novel, the chosen lifted jet flame in a vitiated coflow represents a challenge for the model. The accurate representation of the subtle interactions of the hot coflow products with the cold unburnt jet flow are crucial for the reaction and autoignition of the jet (Cabra et al., 2005). Considering the reduced order of the model and the taken assumptions, the achieved results reasonably match with the measurement data. © 2019 International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena, TSFP. All rights reserved.
259	a8660143800	Lignell D.O.	p467	True	Journal	228	One-dimensional turbulence modeling for cylindrical and spherical flows: model formulation and application	The one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model resolves a full range of time and length scales and is computationally efficient. ODT has been applied to a wide range of complex multi-scale flows, such as turbulent combustion. Previous ODT comparisons to experimental data have focused mainly on planar flows. Applications to cylindrical flows, such as round jets, have been based on rough analogies, e.g., by exploiting the fortuitous consistency of the similarity scalings of temporally developing planar jets and spatially developing round jets. To obtain a more systematic treatment, a new formulation of the ODT model in cylindrical and spherical coordinates is presented here. The model is written in terms of a geometric factor so that planar, cylindrical, and spherical configurations are represented in the same way. Temporal and spatial versions of the model are presented. A Lagrangian finite-volume implementation is used with a dynamically adaptive mesh. The adaptive mesh facilitates the implementation of cylindrical and spherical versions of the triplet map, which is used to model turbulent advection (eddy events) in the one-dimensional flow coordinate. In cylindrical and spherical coordinates, geometric stretching of the three triplet map images occurs due to the radial dependence of volume, with the stretching being strongest near the centerline. Two triplet map variants, TMA and TMB, are presented. In TMA, the three map images have the same volume, but different radial segment lengths. In TMB, the three map images have the same radial segment lengths, but different segment volumes. Cylindrical results are presented for temporal pipe flow, a spatial nonreacting jet, and a spatial nonreacting jet flame. These results compare very well to direct numerical simulation for the pipe flow, and to experimental data for the jets. The nonreacting jet treatment overpredicts velocity fluctuations near the centerline, due to the geometric stretching of the triplet maps and its effect on the eddy event rate distribution. TMB performs better than TMA. A hybrid planar-TMB (PTMB) approach is also presented, which further improves the results. TMA, TMB, and PTMB are nearly identical in the pipe flow where the key dynamics occur near the wall away from the centerline. The jet flame illustrates effects of variable density and viscosity, including dilatational effects. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
259	a8660143800	Lignell D.O.	p621	False	Conference	257	Simplified modeling for soot formation from solid fuels	Modeling soot formed from solid complex fuels such as coal or biomass is difficult and rare in the combustion community. Previously a detailed model was developed for soot formation depicting the soot particle size distribution using the method of moments with interpolative closure. This model is both accurate and complex. Computational expense of this model may be beyond many large-scale simulations. As a result, a simplified version of this detailed model has been developed. This simplified model makes two easy assumptions to drastically reduce the complexity of modeling soot formation. First assumption is that soot particles and soot precursors within a computational domain are assumed to be mono-dispersed, meaning all particles are the same size. This reduces the number of resolved terms to model both soot precursors and soot particles to three resolved terms rather than the 10+ terms required by the previously developed model. Second assumption is that all particles are spherical. While the simplified model is computationally less expensive, these two assumptions come with a cost in accuracy. Presented is both the development of this simplified model along with comparative simulations where the complex and simple models are ran. From these simulations, researchers and developers can justify which model may be used in their respective systems. © 2018 Western States Section/Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
259	a8660143800	Lignell D.O.	p771	False	Journal	378	Evaluation of stochastic particle dispersion modeling in turbulent round jets	ODT (one-dimensional turbulence) simulations of particle-carrier gas interactions are performed in the jet flow configuration. Particles with different diameters are injected onto the centerline of a turbulent air jet. The particles are passive and do not impact the fluid phase. Their radial dispersion and axial velocities are obtained as functions of axial position. The time and length scales of the jet are varied through control of the jet exit velocity and nozzle diameter. Dispersion data at long times of flight for the nozzle diameter (7 mm), particle diameters (60 and 90 µm), and Reynolds numbers (10, 000–30, 000) are analyzed to obtain the Lagrangian particle dispersivity. Flow statistics of the ODT particle model are compared to experimental measurements. It is shown that the particle tracking method is capable of yielding Lagrangian prediction of the dispersive transport of particles in a round jet. In this paper, three particle-eddy interaction models (Type-I, -C, and -IC) are presented to examine the details of particle dispersion and particle-eddy interaction in jet flow. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
259	a8660143800	Lignell D.O.	p804	False	Conference	340	Modeling soot in coal systems	The formation of soot in power-boiler systems can have a significant impact on boiler performance due to direct effects on local flame temperatures and wall heat flux. In this work, a soot model was developed for coal systems that accommodates differences between solid fuel systems and gaseous systems, for which most traditional soot models are developed. The developed soot model contains terms for: particle nucleation based on tar evolution in a coal system, a nucle-ation mechanism based on the formation of PAH from gaseous species, gaseous interactions with particles (including: surface growth through HACA, particle oxidation/gasification), coagulation, and aggregation of existing particles. A monodispersed-particle size distribution form of this model can be used for cost-effective simulations, or for simulations with higher fidelity, the method of moments is used to transport higher moments of the particle size distribution. Validation work is presented, comparing numerically-derived soot values from the proposed model against measured soot concentrations in a flat-flame burner. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
259	a8660143800	Lignell D.O.	p849	False	Conference	373	Modeling soot formation from solid complex fuels	While the phenomena of soot formation in gaseous flames is well studied and understood, extension of the fundamental mechanisms to systems containing complex solid fuels can introduce large uncertainties and inaccuracies. In this study, we have developed a detailed physicsbased model for predicting the evolution of soot particles formed in systems containing complexsolid fuels such as wood or coal. This detailed physics-based model includes two particle-size distributions: that for soot particles and for soot precursor molecules. Sub-models for precursor creation, growth, and thermal cracking are included along with soot particle nucleation, coagulation, surface growth, aggregation, oxidation, and gasification. Validation work is presented comparing experimental results for a coal flame and biomass gasifier against model predicted values for soot concentrations and size distributions. The full detailed model can be computationally expensive when incorporated into CFD simulations; therefore, model simplifications are explored and presented in this work along with some preliminary work of applying particle formation physics to wildfire simulations.
259	a8660143800	Lignell D.O.	p866	False	Conference	387	Effect of the turbulence modeling in large-eddy simulations of nonpremixed flames undergoing extinction and reignition	Simulating practical combustion systems requires the approximation of the interaction between turbulence, molecular transport and chemical reactions. Turbulent combustion models are used for this purpose, but their behavior is difficult to anticipate based on their mathematical formulations, making the use of numerical experimentation necessary. Therefore, the present work explores the effect of three turbulent-combustion models, two eddy-viscosity models, and their parameters on a combustion problem which is notoriously difficult to model: flame extinction and reignition. For this purpose, two types of temporal jets are considered, and direct-numerical-simulation results are compared qualitatively with those from large-eddy simulations. © 2017 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
260	a6506736843	Oevermann M.	p64	False	Journal	47	Turbulence modulation in particle-laden stationary homogeneous isotropic turbulence using one-dimensional turbulence	Turbulence modulation in particle-laden stationary homogeneous isotropic turbulence is investigated using one-dimensional turbulence (ODT), a low-dimensional stochastic flow simulation model. For this purpose, ODT is extended in two ways. First, a forcing scheme that maintains statistical stationarity is introduced. Unlike direct numerical simulation (DNS) of forced turbulence, the ODT framework accommodates forcing that is not directly coupled to the momentum equation. For given forcing the ODT energy dissipation rate is therefore the same in particle-laden cases as in the corresponding single-phase reference case. Second, previously implemented one-way-coupled particle phenomenology is extended to two-way coupling using the general ODT methodology for flow modulation through interaction with any specified energy and momentum sources and sinks. As in a DNS comparison case for Reλ=70, turbulence modulation is diagnosed primarily on the basis of the fluid-phase kinetic-energy spectrum. Because ODT involves subprocesses with straightforward physical interpretations, the ODT mechanisms of particle-induced turbulence modulation are clearly identified and they are plausibly relevant to particle-laden Navier-Stokes turbulence. ODT results for the ratio of particle-phase and fluid-phase kinetic energies as a function of particle Stokes number and mass loading are reported for the purpose of testing these predictions in the future when these quantities are evaluated experimentally or using DNS. © 2020 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI. Funded by "https://www.kb.se/samverkan-och-utveckling/oppen-tillgang-och-bibsamkonsortiet/bibsamkonsortiet.html" Bibsam.
260	a6506736843	Oevermann M.	p467	False	Journal	228	One-dimensional turbulence modeling for cylindrical and spherical flows: model formulation and application	The one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model resolves a full range of time and length scales and is computationally efficient. ODT has been applied to a wide range of complex multi-scale flows, such as turbulent combustion. Previous ODT comparisons to experimental data have focused mainly on planar flows. Applications to cylindrical flows, such as round jets, have been based on rough analogies, e.g., by exploiting the fortuitous consistency of the similarity scalings of temporally developing planar jets and spatially developing round jets. To obtain a more systematic treatment, a new formulation of the ODT model in cylindrical and spherical coordinates is presented here. The model is written in terms of a geometric factor so that planar, cylindrical, and spherical configurations are represented in the same way. Temporal and spatial versions of the model are presented. A Lagrangian finite-volume implementation is used with a dynamically adaptive mesh. The adaptive mesh facilitates the implementation of cylindrical and spherical versions of the triplet map, which is used to model turbulent advection (eddy events) in the one-dimensional flow coordinate. In cylindrical and spherical coordinates, geometric stretching of the three triplet map images occurs due to the radial dependence of volume, with the stretching being strongest near the centerline. Two triplet map variants, TMA and TMB, are presented. In TMA, the three map images have the same volume, but different radial segment lengths. In TMB, the three map images have the same radial segment lengths, but different segment volumes. Cylindrical results are presented for temporal pipe flow, a spatial nonreacting jet, and a spatial nonreacting jet flame. These results compare very well to direct numerical simulation for the pipe flow, and to experimental data for the jets. The nonreacting jet treatment overpredicts velocity fluctuations near the centerline, due to the geometric stretching of the triplet maps and its effect on the eddy event rate distribution. TMB performs better than TMA. A hybrid planar-TMB (PTMB) approach is also presented, which further improves the results. TMA, TMB, and PTMB are nearly identical in the pipe flow where the key dynamics occur near the wall away from the centerline. The jet flame illustrates effects of variable density and viscosity, including dilatational effects. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
260	a6506736843	Oevermann M.	p866	False	Conference	387	Effect of the turbulence modeling in large-eddy simulations of nonpremixed flames undergoing extinction and reignition	Simulating practical combustion systems requires the approximation of the interaction between turbulence, molecular transport and chemical reactions. Turbulent combustion models are used for this purpose, but their behavior is difficult to anticipate based on their mathematical formulations, making the use of numerical experimentation necessary. Therefore, the present work explores the effect of three turbulent-combustion models, two eddy-viscosity models, and their parameters on a combustion problem which is notoriously difficult to model: flame extinction and reignition. For this purpose, two types of temporal jets are considered, and direct-numerical-simulation results are compared qualitatively with those from large-eddy simulations. © 2017 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
261	a6507359986	Shamsabadi A.	p65	True	Journal	48	Validated Lateral Seismic Force-Displacement Backbone Curves for High-Speed Rail Bridge Abutments	California's high-speed rail (HSR) system is slated to traverse nearly the entire length of the state, and thus it will be exposed to seismic risks from almost every known major tectonic fault there. The present study deals with the seismic responses of bridge-abutment transition backfills (BATBs), which are essential components of HSR bridges. BATBs provide a gradual variation of vertical stiffness between the bridge deck and nominal engineered backfill, enabling smooth operations for trains traveling at high speeds. All prior investigations focused on this vertical stiffness in order to better characterize the localized vertical differential movements around BATBs under periodic high axial loads from train sets. Lateral behavior of BATBs, which would be important under seismic loads, has not previously been investigated. The present study offers a parametric nonlinear lateral force-displacement backbone curve for BATBs that is verified against three-dimensional finite-element models and validated against data from large-scale tests conducted at Brigham Young University. The parametric curve takes backwall height as well as abutment skew angle into account. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
262	a57214365851	Schwicht D.E.W.	p65	False	Journal	48	Validated Lateral Seismic Force-Displacement Backbone Curves for High-Speed Rail Bridge Abutments	California's high-speed rail (HSR) system is slated to traverse nearly the entire length of the state, and thus it will be exposed to seismic risks from almost every known major tectonic fault there. The present study deals with the seismic responses of bridge-abutment transition backfills (BATBs), which are essential components of HSR bridges. BATBs provide a gradual variation of vertical stiffness between the bridge deck and nominal engineered backfill, enabling smooth operations for trains traveling at high speeds. All prior investigations focused on this vertical stiffness in order to better characterize the localized vertical differential movements around BATBs under periodic high axial loads from train sets. Lateral behavior of BATBs, which would be important under seismic loads, has not previously been investigated. The present study offers a parametric nonlinear lateral force-displacement backbone curve for BATBs that is verified against three-dimensional finite-element models and validated against data from large-scale tests conducted at Brigham Young University. The parametric curve takes backwall height as well as abutment skew angle into account. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
263	a57212088299	Dasmeh A.	p65	False	Journal	48	Validated Lateral Seismic Force-Displacement Backbone Curves for High-Speed Rail Bridge Abutments	California's high-speed rail (HSR) system is slated to traverse nearly the entire length of the state, and thus it will be exposed to seismic risks from almost every known major tectonic fault there. The present study deals with the seismic responses of bridge-abutment transition backfills (BATBs), which are essential components of HSR bridges. BATBs provide a gradual variation of vertical stiffness between the bridge deck and nominal engineered backfill, enabling smooth operations for trains traveling at high speeds. All prior investigations focused on this vertical stiffness in order to better characterize the localized vertical differential movements around BATBs under periodic high axial loads from train sets. Lateral behavior of BATBs, which would be important under seismic loads, has not previously been investigated. The present study offers a parametric nonlinear lateral force-displacement backbone curve for BATBs that is verified against three-dimensional finite-element models and validated against data from large-scale tests conducted at Brigham Young University. The parametric curve takes backwall height as well as abutment skew angle into account. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
264	a7003663333	Rollins K.M.	p65	False	Journal	48	Validated Lateral Seismic Force-Displacement Backbone Curves for High-Speed Rail Bridge Abutments	California's high-speed rail (HSR) system is slated to traverse nearly the entire length of the state, and thus it will be exposed to seismic risks from almost every known major tectonic fault there. The present study deals with the seismic responses of bridge-abutment transition backfills (BATBs), which are essential components of HSR bridges. BATBs provide a gradual variation of vertical stiffness between the bridge deck and nominal engineered backfill, enabling smooth operations for trains traveling at high speeds. All prior investigations focused on this vertical stiffness in order to better characterize the localized vertical differential movements around BATBs under periodic high axial loads from train sets. Lateral behavior of BATBs, which would be important under seismic loads, has not previously been investigated. The present study offers a parametric nonlinear lateral force-displacement backbone curve for BATBs that is verified against three-dimensional finite-element models and validated against data from large-scale tests conducted at Brigham Young University. The parametric curve takes backwall height as well as abutment skew angle into account. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
264	a7003663333	Rollins K.M.	p349	True	Conference	121	Passive Force-Deflection Curves for Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) and Lightweight Cellular Concrete (LCC)	Contractors are increasingly requesting to use flowable fill (CLSM) or lightweight cellular concrete (LCC) to replace compacted granular backfill at bridge abutments because they can be placed more rapidly. In addition, LCC reduces the settlement of the underlying soils which is attractive to engineers. To evaluate the passive force-deflection curves for these materials, large-scale lab tests were performed with LCC and CLSM backfills in addition to a granular backfill for comparison. The response of the LCC was similar to that of the granular backfill with somewhat higher peak force developing at about 2.5% of the wall height. Although the stiffness was about twice as high as the granular backfill, the post-peak reduction was less than that for the granular fill. In contrast, the CLSM had a stiffness about 10 times higher than the granular fill and reached the peak value at a deflection equal to 1% of the wall height. The CLSM experienced a rapid decease in strength of about 60% after the peak strength was reached. The ductility of the LCC makes it a more suitable material for seismic loading with higher displacement demands. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
264	a7003663333	Rollins K.M.	p594	True	Conference	237	Evaluation and optimization of dynamic cone penetration test (DPT) for assessment of liquefaction in gravelly soils	The dynamic cone penetration test (DPT) developed in China has been correlated with liquefaction resistance in gravelly soils based on field performance data from the Mw7.9 Wenchuan, China earthquake. The DPT consists of a 74 mm diameter cone tip driven by a 120 kg hammer with a free fall height of 1 m. To expand the data base, DPT soundings were performed at the Pence Ranch and Larter Ranch sites where gravelly soil liquefied during the 1983 Mw6.9 Borah Peak earthquake. DPT testing was performed using an automatic hammer with the energy specified in the Chinese standard and with an SPT hammer. In general, comparisons suggest that standard energy corrections developed for the SPT can be used for the DPT. The DPT correctly predicted liquefaction and non-liquefaction at these two test sites. Liquefaction resistance from the DPT (30% probability) also correlated reasonably well with that from Becker penetration testing (BPT). Copyright © 2018 Association of State Dam Safety Officials, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
264	a7003663333	Rollins K.M.	p609	False	Conference	247	Lateral resistance of piles within corrugated metal sleeves	Pile foundations supporting bridge abutments are often driven inside corrugated metal pipe sleeves (CMS) which extend through the approach fill to reduce downdrag or for construction expediency. The annular space between the pile and the sleeve is typically filled with uncompacted pea gravel. Designers often assume that the lateral resistance of the pile within the sleeve will be minimal; however, no test results are available to confirm this assumption. To investigate the lateral resistance of piles driven within CMS, a full-scale lateral load test was performed. The test pile configuration included a 32.4 cm (12.75 in.) pipe pile within a 60 cm (24 in.) CMS with uncompacted pea gravel filling the annular space. Results indicate that after small pile displacements, the lateral pile resistance was similar to that provided by an individual pipe pile and was even greater at larger displacements. As the pile displaced laterally, the gravel within the annular space became engaged and displaced the CMS into the compacted fill. Back-analyses indicate that the ultimate lateral pile resistance for this case can be approximated by treating the pipe-gravel-CMS as a composite pile having an EI equal to the pipe pile but with a diameter equal to the CMS. © ASCE.
264	a7003663333	Rollins K.M.	p610	False	Conference	248	Analysis of post-liquefaction axial capacities of driven pile and drilled shaft foundations	The results presented in this paper were obtained from a large testing program that was conducted to evaluate the post-liquefaction axial load capacities of three drilled shaft and three driven pile foundations constructed at the Turrell Arkansas testing site (TATS), located within the New Madrid Seismic Zone. An increase of side and toe resistances, significant ground and driven piles and drilled shafts top settlements were observed following blasting. This increase and settlements were attributed to the increase of effective stress as the excess porewater pressure dissipated. The liquefaction-induced dragloads that developed, at the neutral plane ranged from 200 to 650 kN. The load and settlement distribution curves for each installed foundation during the application of load to the top of each foundation and after blasting are also discussed. The induced dragloads represented more than 5 and 10% of the total resistance of the drilled shaft and driven pile foundations, respectively. © ASCE.
264	a7003663333	Rollins K.M.	p611	False	Conference	249	Gravelly Soil Liquefaction after the 2016 Ecuador Earthquake	The Mw 7.8 Muisne-Pedernales, Ecuador, earthquake on April 16, 2016, produced significant damage through the northwest coast of Ecuador. Important state infrastructure was seriously affected, including one of the major seaports in the country, the Port of Manta, located in the city that bears its name. This paper focuses on the geotechnical exploration, site characterization, and analyses performed for the marginal wharf's embankment of the port, where clear evidence of liquefaction was observed. Laboratory results showed that the embankment was composed of gravelly sand and sandy gravels, which limited the applicability of common exploration techniques, such as SPT and CPTu tests. Subsequently, liquefaction triggering evaluations were performed based on Vs and the Chinese dynamic penetration test (DPT), which can account for the large gravel content in the soils. The results of this evaluation are presented and compared with field observations showing that these methods correctly identified the potential for liquefaction in the embankment. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
264	a7003663333	Rollins K.M.	p612	True	Conference	250	Evaluation of Dynamic Cone Penetration Test for Liquefaction Assessment of Gravels from Case Histories in Idaho	The dynamic cone penetration test (DPT) developed in China has been correlated with liquefaction resistance in gravelly soils based on field performance data from the Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. The DPT consists of a 74 mm diameter cone tip driven by a 120 kg hammer with a free fall height of 100 cm. To expand the data base, DPT soundings were performed at the Pence Ranch and Larter Ranch sites where gravelly soil liquefied during the 1983 Mw6.9 Borah Peak earthquake. DPT testing was performed using an automatic hammer with the energy specified in the Chinese standard and with an SPT hammer. Comparisons suggest that standard energy corrections developed for the SPT can be used for the DPT. In general, the DPT correctly predicted liquefaction and non-liquefaction at these two test sites. Liquefaction resistance from the DPT also correlated reasonably well with that from Becker penetration testing (BPT). © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
264	a7003663333	Rollins K.M.	p632	False	Conference	267	Blast-Induced Liquefaction Results at the Silty-Sand Site of Mirabello, Emilia Romagna Region, Italy	Recent experiences (e.g. New Zealand and United States) show that blast tests can cause liquefaction, inducing undrained cyclic loading, generating excess pore water pressure, and consequently producing real deformations. This paper introduces the results obtained from a research project on blast induced liquefaction, performed at a trial site located in Mirabello (near Ferrara, Italy), a little village strongly affected by liquefaction during the 2012 Emilia-Romagna earthquake. The liquefiable soils in this area contained significantly more fines than in previous blast tests. In particular, the objectives of the experiment were: (i) to evaluate liquefaction induced settlement of Apennine silts and sands, and Po River sands; (ii) to determine downdrag forces on pile foundations; (iii) to measure change in shear wave velocity/shear modulus with excess pore pressure; and (iv) to measure change in soil properties with time after liquefaction. This paper illustrates the results acquired before, during, and after the blast test using in-situ tests, pore pressure transducers, profilometers, topographical surveys, and a test micropile instrumented with strain gauges. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
264	a7003663333	Rollins K.M.	p633	False	Conference	268	Simplified Evaluation of the Seismic Failure of an Old Wharf during the 2014 Mw 8.2 Pisagua, Chile, Earthquake	The seismic failure of an old quay wall, built in 1932, located in the Port of Iquique during the Mw 8.2 April 1, 2014, Pisagua, Chile, earthquake is studied. A geotechnical exploration, including boreholes, CPT soundings, and surface-based geophysical techniques, was performed to characterize the materials forming the wharf. The data and field observations are then analyzed and used to develop a geotechnical model of two cross-sections modeled in Plaxis2D, to conclude which is the most likely failure mechanism under a dynamic analysis. The results are compared against the deformations measured in a number cross sections of the wharf, suggesting that the failure can be explained by a combined effect of the dynamic increase in lateral earth pressures and the base rotation of the confining walls due to the lack of proper compaction of the rockfill prism below the confining walls. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
264	a7003663333	Rollins K.M.	p654	True	Conference	284	Lateral Resistance of Abutment Piles Near Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls	Pile foundations for bridges must often resist lateral loads produced by earthquakes and thermal variation. Because of the lack of large scale tests, there is almost no guidance for engineers in assessing the lateral resistance of piles located close to these MSE walls. The objective of this study was to assess lateral pile resistance as a function of distance from the wall face and predict force induced in the reinforcements. Full-scale lateral load tests were conducted on 24 piles located at 2, 3, 4, and 5 pile diameters behind 4.6 and 6-m high MSE walls. P-multipliers were developed to account for the decrease in lateral soil resistance. Little reduction occurred for piles located more than about 4 pile diameters from the wall. Measured tensile forces in the MSE reinforcements increased as the load on the pile increased and decreased rapidly with transverse distance from the direction of loading. Multiple linear regression equations were developed to predict maximum tensile force induced in reinforcing elements by lateral loading. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).All Rights Reserved.
264	a7003663333	Rollins K.M.	p739	False	Journal	356	Analytical fragility curves for non-skewed highway bridges in Chile	Recent earthquakes in Chile and worldwide have caused significant economic losses due to the damage on the road bridge network. To conduct seismic risk assessment studies and to improve resilience of bridges, seismic vulnerability studies are required. The main objective of this study is to construct fragility curves of typical non-skewed highway bridges in Chile. The fragility curves are obtained from an incremental dynamic analysis of a two-dimensional model of the bent cap of a two-span simply supported underpass. As most bridges are constructed with seismic tie-down bars, their constitutive behavior was obtained experimentally. A total of five seismic bar specimens were tested to characterize their cyclic behavior in bridges with and without transverse diaphragms. The incremental dynamic analysis was performed with the two horizontal components of seven seismic records obtained from the Mw 8.8, 2010 Chile earthquake. Additionally, a parametric study is conducted to assess the seismic behavior of bridges with different configurations of seismic bars, with lateral stoppers, and with varying length of the transverse seat width. Results from this study reveal that seismic bars have a limited contribution to the seismic performance of the studied bridge, especially when lateral stoppers are incorporated. Additionally, the transverse seat width is found to be critical to reduce the collapse probability of the superstructure. The provided fragility curves may be used for seismic risk assessment and to evaluate possible improvements in seismic bridge design codes. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
264	a7003663333	Rollins K.M.	p843	False	Conference	369	Passive force-deflection behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced soil backfill based on large-scale tests	A correct understanding of passive force-deflection response is important for lateral load evaluations of bridges during extreme events such as earthquakes and during in-service conditions resulting from thermal expansion and contraction of the superstructure. The goal of this study was to better understand this behavior for abutments backfilled with both gravel and geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS). Large-scale testing was performed with non-skewed and 30° skewed abutment configurations. Two tests were performed at each skew angle, one with gravel backfill and one with GRS backfill. The test abutment backwall was 3.35 m wide, non-skewed, and 1.68 m high and loaded laterally into the backfill. Both backfills exhibited greater passive resistance than sand backfills owing to increased internal friction angle and unit weight. Skew angle reduced the passive force in both cases by about 40%. The GRS backfills had reduced initial stiffness and only reached 79% to 87% of the passive force developed by the unreinforced gravel backfill. This reduction was considered to be a result of reduced interface friction at the geotextile-backwall interface due to wrapping. Reduced stiffness may be favorable for abutment configurations because it allows thermal movement without developing excessive induced stresses in the bridge superstructure. © ASCE.
264	a7003663333	Rollins K.M.	p869	True	Conference	390	Geofoam inclusions for reducing passive force on bridge abutments based on large-scale tests	To decrease lateral earth pressures on structures, a zone of compressible material or an "inclusion" can be used as a barrier to decrease lateral earth pressures on structures. The compressible material is typically expanded polystyrene or geofoam. Little guidance is available on the development of passive force with an inclusion. To explore this issue, large-scale passive force tests were conducted with and without a geofoam inclusion acting as a barrier between the backfill soil and a simulated bridge abutment. The presence of the geofoam inclusion reduced the passive force by 70% relative to the sand backfill alone. Although the measured force and failure geometry appeared to conform to a log-spiral mechanism when only sand backfill was used, the geofoam inclusion transforms the failure geometry to a Rankine failure mechanism. This suggests that the geofoam acted to reduce the interface friction between the wall and the backfill sand thereby reducing the passive resistance. © ASCE.
265	a6602889035	Taciroglu E.	p65	False	Journal	48	Validated Lateral Seismic Force-Displacement Backbone Curves for High-Speed Rail Bridge Abutments	California's high-speed rail (HSR) system is slated to traverse nearly the entire length of the state, and thus it will be exposed to seismic risks from almost every known major tectonic fault there. The present study deals with the seismic responses of bridge-abutment transition backfills (BATBs), which are essential components of HSR bridges. BATBs provide a gradual variation of vertical stiffness between the bridge deck and nominal engineered backfill, enabling smooth operations for trains traveling at high speeds. All prior investigations focused on this vertical stiffness in order to better characterize the localized vertical differential movements around BATBs under periodic high axial loads from train sets. Lateral behavior of BATBs, which would be important under seismic loads, has not previously been investigated. The present study offers a parametric nonlinear lateral force-displacement backbone curve for BATBs that is verified against three-dimensional finite-element models and validated against data from large-scale tests conducted at Brigham Young University. The parametric curve takes backwall height as well as abutment skew angle into account. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
266	a57216181629	Manandhar K.	p66	True	Journal	49	High-Throughput Exploration of Lithium-Alloy Protection Layers for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries	To realize high specific capacity Li-metal batteries, a protection layer for the Li-metal anode is needed. We are carrying out combinatorial screening of Li-alloy thin films as the protection layer which can undergo significant lithiation with minimum change in volume and crystal structure. Here, we have fabricated lithium-free binary alloy thin film composition spreads of Co1-xSnx on Cu layers on Si substrates. The crystallinity of the thin films was tuned by varying the deposition temperature followed by electrochemical lithiation to form Li-alloy ternary thin films. Synchrotron diffraction is used as the main tool to investigate the crystallinity of the films before and after lithiation. Co3Sn2 alloy thin films are found to exhibit significant lithium uptake capacity while maintaining its structural integrity, and are thus a good candidate of the Li-metal protection layer. © 2020 American Chemical Society.
267	a36245410800	Ren Y.	p66	False	Journal	49	High-Throughput Exploration of Lithium-Alloy Protection Layers for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries	To realize high specific capacity Li-metal batteries, a protection layer for the Li-metal anode is needed. We are carrying out combinatorial screening of Li-alloy thin films as the protection layer which can undergo significant lithiation with minimum change in volume and crystal structure. Here, we have fabricated lithium-free binary alloy thin film composition spreads of Co1-xSnx on Cu layers on Si substrates. The crystallinity of the thin films was tuned by varying the deposition temperature followed by electrochemical lithiation to form Li-alloy ternary thin films. Synchrotron diffraction is used as the main tool to investigate the crystallinity of the films before and after lithiation. Co3Sn2 alloy thin films are found to exhibit significant lithium uptake capacity while maintaining its structural integrity, and are thus a good candidate of the Li-metal protection layer. © 2020 American Chemical Society.
268	a57191110417	Stasak D.	p66	False	Journal	49	High-Throughput Exploration of Lithium-Alloy Protection Layers for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries	To realize high specific capacity Li-metal batteries, a protection layer for the Li-metal anode is needed. We are carrying out combinatorial screening of Li-alloy thin films as the protection layer which can undergo significant lithiation with minimum change in volume and crystal structure. Here, we have fabricated lithium-free binary alloy thin film composition spreads of Co1-xSnx on Cu layers on Si substrates. The crystallinity of the thin films was tuned by varying the deposition temperature followed by electrochemical lithiation to form Li-alloy ternary thin films. Synchrotron diffraction is used as the main tool to investigate the crystallinity of the films before and after lithiation. Co3Sn2 alloy thin films are found to exhibit significant lithium uptake capacity while maintaining its structural integrity, and are thus a good candidate of the Li-metal protection layer. © 2020 American Chemical Society.
269	a56622088300	Hou H.	p66	False	Journal	49	High-Throughput Exploration of Lithium-Alloy Protection Layers for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries	To realize high specific capacity Li-metal batteries, a protection layer for the Li-metal anode is needed. We are carrying out combinatorial screening of Li-alloy thin films as the protection layer which can undergo significant lithiation with minimum change in volume and crystal structure. Here, we have fabricated lithium-free binary alloy thin film composition spreads of Co1-xSnx on Cu layers on Si substrates. The crystallinity of the thin films was tuned by varying the deposition temperature followed by electrochemical lithiation to form Li-alloy ternary thin films. Synchrotron diffraction is used as the main tool to investigate the crystallinity of the films before and after lithiation. Co3Sn2 alloy thin films are found to exhibit significant lithium uptake capacity while maintaining its structural integrity, and are thus a good candidate of the Li-metal protection layer. © 2020 American Chemical Society.
270	a57195921912	Kirsch D.	p66	False	Journal	49	High-Throughput Exploration of Lithium-Alloy Protection Layers for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries	To realize high specific capacity Li-metal batteries, a protection layer for the Li-metal anode is needed. We are carrying out combinatorial screening of Li-alloy thin films as the protection layer which can undergo significant lithiation with minimum change in volume and crystal structure. Here, we have fabricated lithium-free binary alloy thin film composition spreads of Co1-xSnx on Cu layers on Si substrates. The crystallinity of the thin films was tuned by varying the deposition temperature followed by electrochemical lithiation to form Li-alloy ternary thin films. Synchrotron diffraction is used as the main tool to investigate the crystallinity of the films before and after lithiation. Co3Sn2 alloy thin films are found to exhibit significant lithium uptake capacity while maintaining its structural integrity, and are thus a good candidate of the Li-metal protection layer. © 2020 American Chemical Society.
271	a57215904613	Sarker S.	p66	False	Journal	49	High-Throughput Exploration of Lithium-Alloy Protection Layers for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries	To realize high specific capacity Li-metal batteries, a protection layer for the Li-metal anode is needed. We are carrying out combinatorial screening of Li-alloy thin films as the protection layer which can undergo significant lithiation with minimum change in volume and crystal structure. Here, we have fabricated lithium-free binary alloy thin film composition spreads of Co1-xSnx on Cu layers on Si substrates. The crystallinity of the thin films was tuned by varying the deposition temperature followed by electrochemical lithiation to form Li-alloy ternary thin films. Synchrotron diffraction is used as the main tool to investigate the crystallinity of the films before and after lithiation. Co3Sn2 alloy thin films are found to exhibit significant lithium uptake capacity while maintaining its structural integrity, and are thus a good candidate of the Li-metal protection layer. © 2020 American Chemical Society.
272	a7402756644	Mehta A.	p66	False	Journal	49	High-Throughput Exploration of Lithium-Alloy Protection Layers for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries	To realize high specific capacity Li-metal batteries, a protection layer for the Li-metal anode is needed. We are carrying out combinatorial screening of Li-alloy thin films as the protection layer which can undergo significant lithiation with minimum change in volume and crystal structure. Here, we have fabricated lithium-free binary alloy thin film composition spreads of Co1-xSnx on Cu layers on Si substrates. The crystallinity of the thin films was tuned by varying the deposition temperature followed by electrochemical lithiation to form Li-alloy ternary thin films. Synchrotron diffraction is used as the main tool to investigate the crystallinity of the films before and after lithiation. Co3Sn2 alloy thin films are found to exhibit significant lithium uptake capacity while maintaining its structural integrity, and are thus a good candidate of the Li-metal protection layer. © 2020 American Chemical Society.
273	a57217317667	Sardar S.	p66	False	Journal	49	High-Throughput Exploration of Lithium-Alloy Protection Layers for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries	To realize high specific capacity Li-metal batteries, a protection layer for the Li-metal anode is needed. We are carrying out combinatorial screening of Li-alloy thin films as the protection layer which can undergo significant lithiation with minimum change in volume and crystal structure. Here, we have fabricated lithium-free binary alloy thin film composition spreads of Co1-xSnx on Cu layers on Si substrates. The crystallinity of the thin films was tuned by varying the deposition temperature followed by electrochemical lithiation to form Li-alloy ternary thin films. Synchrotron diffraction is used as the main tool to investigate the crystallinity of the films before and after lithiation. Co3Sn2 alloy thin films are found to exhibit significant lithium uptake capacity while maintaining its structural integrity, and are thus a good candidate of the Li-metal protection layer. © 2020 American Chemical Society.
274	a57195591421	Xiao M.	p66	False	Journal	49	High-Throughput Exploration of Lithium-Alloy Protection Layers for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries	To realize high specific capacity Li-metal batteries, a protection layer for the Li-metal anode is needed. We are carrying out combinatorial screening of Li-alloy thin films as the protection layer which can undergo significant lithiation with minimum change in volume and crystal structure. Here, we have fabricated lithium-free binary alloy thin film composition spreads of Co1-xSnx on Cu layers on Si substrates. The crystallinity of the thin films was tuned by varying the deposition temperature followed by electrochemical lithiation to form Li-alloy ternary thin films. Synchrotron diffraction is used as the main tool to investigate the crystallinity of the films before and after lithiation. Co3Sn2 alloy thin films are found to exhibit significant lithium uptake capacity while maintaining its structural integrity, and are thus a good candidate of the Li-metal protection layer. © 2020 American Chemical Society.
275	a57217789464	Weaver J.L.	p66	False	Journal	49	High-Throughput Exploration of Lithium-Alloy Protection Layers for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries	To realize high specific capacity Li-metal batteries, a protection layer for the Li-metal anode is needed. We are carrying out combinatorial screening of Li-alloy thin films as the protection layer which can undergo significant lithiation with minimum change in volume and crystal structure. Here, we have fabricated lithium-free binary alloy thin film composition spreads of Co1-xSnx on Cu layers on Si substrates. The crystallinity of the thin films was tuned by varying the deposition temperature followed by electrochemical lithiation to form Li-alloy ternary thin films. Synchrotron diffraction is used as the main tool to investigate the crystallinity of the films before and after lithiation. Co3Sn2 alloy thin films are found to exhibit significant lithium uptake capacity while maintaining its structural integrity, and are thus a good candidate of the Li-metal protection layer. © 2020 American Chemical Society.
276	a57216183270	León C.	p66	False	Journal	49	High-Throughput Exploration of Lithium-Alloy Protection Layers for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries	To realize high specific capacity Li-metal batteries, a protection layer for the Li-metal anode is needed. We are carrying out combinatorial screening of Li-alloy thin films as the protection layer which can undergo significant lithiation with minimum change in volume and crystal structure. Here, we have fabricated lithium-free binary alloy thin film composition spreads of Co1-xSnx on Cu layers on Si substrates. The crystallinity of the thin films was tuned by varying the deposition temperature followed by electrochemical lithiation to form Li-alloy ternary thin films. Synchrotron diffraction is used as the main tool to investigate the crystallinity of the films before and after lithiation. Co3Sn2 alloy thin films are found to exhibit significant lithium uptake capacity while maintaining its structural integrity, and are thus a good candidate of the Li-metal protection layer. © 2020 American Chemical Society.
277	a57207901363	Hart G.	p66	False	Journal	49	High-Throughput Exploration of Lithium-Alloy Protection Layers for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries	To realize high specific capacity Li-metal batteries, a protection layer for the Li-metal anode is needed. We are carrying out combinatorial screening of Li-alloy thin films as the protection layer which can undergo significant lithiation with minimum change in volume and crystal structure. Here, we have fabricated lithium-free binary alloy thin film composition spreads of Co1-xSnx on Cu layers on Si substrates. The crystallinity of the thin films was tuned by varying the deposition temperature followed by electrochemical lithiation to form Li-alloy ternary thin films. Synchrotron diffraction is used as the main tool to investigate the crystallinity of the films before and after lithiation. Co3Sn2 alloy thin films are found to exhibit significant lithium uptake capacity while maintaining its structural integrity, and are thus a good candidate of the Li-metal protection layer. © 2020 American Chemical Society.
277	a57207901363	Hart G.	p77	False	Journal	57	Generalized regular k-point grid generation on the fly	In the DFT community, it is common practice to use regular k-point grids (Monkhorst-Pack, MP) for Brillioun zone integration. Recently Wisesa et al. (2016) and Morgan et al. (2018) demonstrated that generalized regular (GR) grids offer an advantage over traditional MP grids. The difference is simple but effective. At the same k-point density, GR grids have greater symmetry and 60% fewer irreducible k-points. GR grids have not been widely adopted because one must search through a large number of candidate grids; in many cases, a brute force search could take hours. This work describes an algorithm that can quickly search over GR grids for those that have the most uniform distribution of points and the best symmetry reduction. The grids are ∼60% more efficient, on average, than MP grids and can now be generated on the fly in seconds. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
277	a57207901363	Hart G.	p143	False	Journal	100	Machine-learned multi-system surrogate models for materials prediction	Surrogate machine-learning models are transforming computational materials science by predicting properties of materials with the accuracy of ab initio methods at a fraction of the computational cost. We demonstrate surrogate models that simultaneously interpolate energies of different materials on a dataset of 10 binary alloys (AgCu, AlFe, AlMg, AlNi, AlTi, CoNi, CuFe, CuNi, FeV, and NbNi) with 10 different species and all possible fcc, bcc, and hcp structures up to eight atoms in the unit cell, 15,950 structures in total. We find that the deviation of prediction errors when increasing the number of simultaneously modeled alloys is <1 meV/atom. Several state-of-the-art materials representations and learning algorithms were found to qualitatively agree on the prediction errors of formation enthalpy with relative errors of <2.5% for all systems. © 2019, The Author(s).
277	a57207901363	Hart G.	p244	False	Journal	159	The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes: Part 2	Materials discovery via high-throughput methods relies on the availability of structural prototypes, which are generally decorated with varying combinations of elements to produce potential new materials. To facilitate the automatic generation of these materials, we developed The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes — a collection of crystal prototypes that can be rapidly decorated using the AFLOW software. Part 2 of this work introduces an additional 302 crystal structure prototypes, including at least one from each of the 138 space groups not included in Part 1. Combined with Part 1, the entire library consists of 590 unique crystallographic prototypes covering all 230 space groups. We also present discussions of enantiomorphic space groups, Wigner-Seitz cells, the two-dimensional plane groups, and the various different space group notations used throughout crystallography. All structures — from both Part 1 and Part 2 — are listed in the web version of the library available at http://www.aflow.org/CrystalDatabase. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
277	a57207901363	Hart G.	p366	False	Journal	204	Accelerating high-throughput searches for new alloys with active learning of interatomic potentials	We propose an approach to materials prediction that uses a machine-learning interatomic potential to approximate quantum-mechanical energies and an active learning algorithm for the automatic selection of an optimal training dataset. Our approach significantly reduces the amount of density functional theory (DFT) calculations needed, resorting to DFT only to produce the training data, while structural optimization is performed using the interatomic potentials. Our approach is not limited to one (or a small number of) lattice types (as is the case for cluster expansion, for example) and can predict structures with lattice types not present in the training dataset. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm by predicting the convex hull for the following three systems: Cu-Pd, Co-Nb-V, and Al-Ni-Ti. Our method is three to four orders of magnitude faster than conventional high-throughput DFT calculations and explores a wider range of materials space. In all three systems, we found unreported stable structures compared to the AFLOW database. Because our method is much cheaper and explores much more of materials space than high-throughput methods or cluster expansion, and because our interatomic potentials have a systematically improvable accuracy compared to empirical potentials such as embedded atom model, it will have a significant impact in the discovery of new alloy phases, particularly those with three or more components. © 2018
277	a57207901363	Hart G.	p440	False	Journal	245	Efficiency of Generalized Regular k-point grids	Most DFT practitioners use regular grids (Monkhorst-Pack, MP) for integrations in the Brillouin zone. Although regular grids are the natural choice and easy to generate, more general grids whose generating vectors are not merely integer divisions of the reciprocal lattice vectors, are usually more efficient (Wisesa et al., 2016). We demonstrate the efficiency of generalized regular (GR) grids compared to Monkhorst-Pack (MP) and simultaneously commensurate (SC) grids. In the case of metals, for total energy accuracies of one meV/atom, GR grids are 60% faster on average than MP grids and 20% faster than SC grids. GR grids also have greater freedom in choosing the k-point density, enabling the practitioner to achieve a target accuracy with the minimum computational cost. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
277	a57207901363	Hart G.	p668	False	Journal	322	Discovering the building blocks of atomic systems using machine learning: Application to grain boundaries	Machine learning has proven to be a valuable tool to approximate functions in high-dimensional spaces. Unfortunately, analysis of these models to extract the relevant physics is never as easy as applying machine learning to a large data set in the first place. Here we present a description of atomic systems that generates machine learning representations with a direct path to physical interpretation. As an example, we demonstrate its usefulness as a universal descriptor of grain boundary systems. Grain boundaries in crystalline materials are a quintessential example of a complex, high-dimensional system with broad impact on many physical properties including strength, ductility, corrosion resistance, crack resistance, and conductivity. In addition to modeling such properties, the method also provides insight into the physical "building blocks" that influence them. This opens the way to discover the underlying physics behind behaviors by understanding which building blocks map to particular properties. Once the structures are understood, they can then be optimized for desirable behaviors. © 2017 The Author(s).
277	a57207901363	Hart G.	p709	False	Journal	349	Generating derivative superstructures for systems with high configurational freedom	Modeling alloys requires the exploration of all possible configurations of atoms. Additionally, modeling the thermal properties of materials requires knowledge of the possible ways of displacing the atoms. One solution to finding all symmetrically unique configurations and displacements is to generate the complete list of possible configurations and remove those that are symmetrically equivalent. This approach, however, suffers from a combinatorial explosion when the supercell size is large, when there are more than two atom types, or when there are many displaced atoms. This problem persists even when there are only a relatively small number of unique arrangements that survive the elimination process. Here, we extend an existing algorithm to include the extra configurational degrees of freedom from the inclusion of displacement directions. The algorithm uses group theory and a tree-like data structure to eliminate large classes of configurations, avoiding the typical combinatoric explosion. With this approach we can now enumerate previously inaccessible cases, including atomic displacements. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
277	a57207901363	Hart G.	p714	False	Journal	349	The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes: Part 1	An easily available resource of common crystal structures is essential for researchers, teachers, and students. For many years this was provided by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory's Crystal Lattice Structures web page, which contained nearly 300 crystal structures, including a majority of those which were given Strukturbericht designations. This article presents the updated version of the database, now including 288 standardized structures in 92 space groups. Similar to what was available on the web page before, we present a complete description of each structure, including the formulas for the primitive vectors, all of the basis vectors, and the AFLOW commands to generate the standardized cells. We also present a brief discussion of crystal systems, space groups, primitive and conventional lattices, Wyckoff positions, Pearson symbols and Strukturbericht designations. The web version of this database is located at http://aflow.org/CrystalDatabase. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
278	a34873697600	Sunaoshi T.	p66	False	Journal	49	High-Throughput Exploration of Lithium-Alloy Protection Layers for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries	To realize high specific capacity Li-metal batteries, a protection layer for the Li-metal anode is needed. We are carrying out combinatorial screening of Li-alloy thin films as the protection layer which can undergo significant lithiation with minimum change in volume and crystal structure. Here, we have fabricated lithium-free binary alloy thin film composition spreads of Co1-xSnx on Cu layers on Si substrates. The crystallinity of the thin films was tuned by varying the deposition temperature followed by electrochemical lithiation to form Li-alloy ternary thin films. Synchrotron diffraction is used as the main tool to investigate the crystallinity of the films before and after lithiation. Co3Sn2 alloy thin films are found to exhibit significant lithium uptake capacity while maintaining its structural integrity, and are thus a good candidate of the Li-metal protection layer. © 2020 American Chemical Society.
279	a56767836200	Lemmon J.P.	p66	False	Journal	49	High-Throughput Exploration of Lithium-Alloy Protection Layers for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries	To realize high specific capacity Li-metal batteries, a protection layer for the Li-metal anode is needed. We are carrying out combinatorial screening of Li-alloy thin films as the protection layer which can undergo significant lithiation with minimum change in volume and crystal structure. Here, we have fabricated lithium-free binary alloy thin film composition spreads of Co1-xSnx on Cu layers on Si substrates. The crystallinity of the thin films was tuned by varying the deposition temperature followed by electrochemical lithiation to form Li-alloy ternary thin films. Synchrotron diffraction is used as the main tool to investigate the crystallinity of the films before and after lithiation. Co3Sn2 alloy thin films are found to exhibit significant lithium uptake capacity while maintaining its structural integrity, and are thus a good candidate of the Li-metal protection layer. © 2020 American Chemical Society.
280	a7102900497	Takeuchi I.	p66	False	Journal	49	High-Throughput Exploration of Lithium-Alloy Protection Layers for High-Performance Lithium-Metal Batteries	To realize high specific capacity Li-metal batteries, a protection layer for the Li-metal anode is needed. We are carrying out combinatorial screening of Li-alloy thin films as the protection layer which can undergo significant lithiation with minimum change in volume and crystal structure. Here, we have fabricated lithium-free binary alloy thin film composition spreads of Co1-xSnx on Cu layers on Si substrates. The crystallinity of the thin films was tuned by varying the deposition temperature followed by electrochemical lithiation to form Li-alloy ternary thin films. Synchrotron diffraction is used as the main tool to investigate the crystallinity of the films before and after lithiation. Co3Sn2 alloy thin films are found to exhibit significant lithium uptake capacity while maintaining its structural integrity, and are thus a good candidate of the Li-metal protection layer. © 2020 American Chemical Society.
281	a57196422740	Howell R.G.	p67	True	Journal	50	Measuring height characteristics of sagebrush (Artemisia sp.) using imagery derived from small unmanned aerial systems (SUAS)	In situ measurements of sagebrush have traditionally been expensive and time consuming. Currently, improvements in small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) technology can be used to quantify sagebrush morphology and community structure with high resolution imagery on western rangelands, especially in sensitive habitat of the Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). The emergence of photogrammetry algorithms to generate 3D point clouds from true color imagery can potentially increase the efficiency and accuracy of measuring shrub height in sage-grouse habitat. Our objective was to determine optimal parameters for measuring sagebrush height including flight altitude, single-vs. double-pass, and continuous vs. pause features. We acquired imagery using a DJI Mavic Pro 2 multi-rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) equipped with an RGB camera, flown at 30.5, 45, 75, and 120 m and implementing single-pass and double-pass methods, using continuous flight and paused flight for each photo method. We generated a Digital Surface Model (DSM) from which we derived plant height, and then performed an accuracy assessment using on the ground measurements taken at the time of flight. We found high correlation between field measured heights and estimated heights, with a mean difference of approximately 10 cm (SE = 0.4 cm) and little variability in accuracy between flights with different heights and other parameters after statistical correction using linear regression. We conclude that higher altitude flights using a single-pass method are optimal to measure sagebrush height due to lower requirements in data storage and processing time. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
282	a7403518015	Jensen R.R.	p67	False	Journal	50	Measuring height characteristics of sagebrush (Artemisia sp.) using imagery derived from small unmanned aerial systems (SUAS)	In situ measurements of sagebrush have traditionally been expensive and time consuming. Currently, improvements in small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) technology can be used to quantify sagebrush morphology and community structure with high resolution imagery on western rangelands, especially in sensitive habitat of the Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). The emergence of photogrammetry algorithms to generate 3D point clouds from true color imagery can potentially increase the efficiency and accuracy of measuring shrub height in sage-grouse habitat. Our objective was to determine optimal parameters for measuring sagebrush height including flight altitude, single-vs. double-pass, and continuous vs. pause features. We acquired imagery using a DJI Mavic Pro 2 multi-rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) equipped with an RGB camera, flown at 30.5, 45, 75, and 120 m and implementing single-pass and double-pass methods, using continuous flight and paused flight for each photo method. We generated a Digital Surface Model (DSM) from which we derived plant height, and then performed an accuracy assessment using on the ground measurements taken at the time of flight. We found high correlation between field measured heights and estimated heights, with a mean difference of approximately 10 cm (SE = 0.4 cm) and little variability in accuracy between flights with different heights and other parameters after statistical correction using linear regression. We conclude that higher altitude flights using a single-pass method are optimal to measure sagebrush height due to lower requirements in data storage and processing time. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
283	a36852156000	Petersen S.L.	p67	False	Journal	50	Measuring height characteristics of sagebrush (Artemisia sp.) using imagery derived from small unmanned aerial systems (SUAS)	In situ measurements of sagebrush have traditionally been expensive and time consuming. Currently, improvements in small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) technology can be used to quantify sagebrush morphology and community structure with high resolution imagery on western rangelands, especially in sensitive habitat of the Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). The emergence of photogrammetry algorithms to generate 3D point clouds from true color imagery can potentially increase the efficiency and accuracy of measuring shrub height in sage-grouse habitat. Our objective was to determine optimal parameters for measuring sagebrush height including flight altitude, single-vs. double-pass, and continuous vs. pause features. We acquired imagery using a DJI Mavic Pro 2 multi-rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) equipped with an RGB camera, flown at 30.5, 45, 75, and 120 m and implementing single-pass and double-pass methods, using continuous flight and paused flight for each photo method. We generated a Digital Surface Model (DSM) from which we derived plant height, and then performed an accuracy assessment using on the ground measurements taken at the time of flight. We found high correlation between field measured heights and estimated heights, with a mean difference of approximately 10 cm (SE = 0.4 cm) and little variability in accuracy between flights with different heights and other parameters after statistical correction using linear regression. We conclude that higher altitude flights using a single-pass method are optimal to measure sagebrush height due to lower requirements in data storage and processing time. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
284	a16245238300	Larsen R.T.	p67	False	Journal	50	Measuring height characteristics of sagebrush (Artemisia sp.) using imagery derived from small unmanned aerial systems (SUAS)	In situ measurements of sagebrush have traditionally been expensive and time consuming. Currently, improvements in small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) technology can be used to quantify sagebrush morphology and community structure with high resolution imagery on western rangelands, especially in sensitive habitat of the Greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). The emergence of photogrammetry algorithms to generate 3D point clouds from true color imagery can potentially increase the efficiency and accuracy of measuring shrub height in sage-grouse habitat. Our objective was to determine optimal parameters for measuring sagebrush height including flight altitude, single-vs. double-pass, and continuous vs. pause features. We acquired imagery using a DJI Mavic Pro 2 multi-rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) equipped with an RGB camera, flown at 30.5, 45, 75, and 120 m and implementing single-pass and double-pass methods, using continuous flight and paused flight for each photo method. We generated a Digital Surface Model (DSM) from which we derived plant height, and then performed an accuracy assessment using on the ground measurements taken at the time of flight. We found high correlation between field measured heights and estimated heights, with a mean difference of approximately 10 cm (SE = 0.4 cm) and little variability in accuracy between flights with different heights and other parameters after statistical correction using linear regression. We conclude that higher altitude flights using a single-pass method are optimal to measure sagebrush height due to lower requirements in data storage and processing time. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
285	a57202776341	Bahari M.	p68	True	Journal	51	Oxidation efficiency of glucose using viologen mediators for glucose fuel cell applications with non-precious anodes	Glucose is a potential source of energy for fuel cell applications. However, its complete oxidation has been a challenge. Dimethyl viologen, as an electron mediator, has been shown to promote high levels of glucose oxidation under aerobic conditions. Nevertheless, the efficiency of viologen-mediated glucose oxidation has been low in electrochemical experiments. In this study, viologen-mediated oxidation of glucose was investigated under anaerobic electrochemical conditions to understand the factors that impact the oxidation efficiency. Of particular interest was the improvement of electrochemical oxidation for glucose fuel cell applications. An experimental cell was developed to electrochemically reoxidize the mediator as it was homogeneously reduced by glucose under anaerobic conditions. In contrast, the mediator was reoxidized by direct reaction with oxygen under aerobic conditions. The aerobic oxidation efficiency was 75%, three times larger than the maximum efficiency in the electrochemical cell. 13C-NMR results show that the main product formed under aerobic conditions was formic acid, whereas glycolic acid was the principal product formed in the electrochemical cell. Carbonate was only formed under aerobic conditions. Therefore, the use of oxygen to reoxidize the mediator also directly influenced the glucose oxidation pathway. In the electrochemical cell, the oxidation efficiency depended on the electrochemical reaction rate of the mediator and was higher at faster rates. The efficiency also depended on the initial molar ratio of the mediator to glucose. The maximum oxidation efficiency of glucose in the electrochemical cell was approximately 22%, which is about three times larger than the maximum efficiency for precious-metal-based anodes. © 2019
286	a57212879455	Malmberg M.A.	p68	False	Journal	51	Oxidation efficiency of glucose using viologen mediators for glucose fuel cell applications with non-precious anodes	Glucose is a potential source of energy for fuel cell applications. However, its complete oxidation has been a challenge. Dimethyl viologen, as an electron mediator, has been shown to promote high levels of glucose oxidation under aerobic conditions. Nevertheless, the efficiency of viologen-mediated glucose oxidation has been low in electrochemical experiments. In this study, viologen-mediated oxidation of glucose was investigated under anaerobic electrochemical conditions to understand the factors that impact the oxidation efficiency. Of particular interest was the improvement of electrochemical oxidation for glucose fuel cell applications. An experimental cell was developed to electrochemically reoxidize the mediator as it was homogeneously reduced by glucose under anaerobic conditions. In contrast, the mediator was reoxidized by direct reaction with oxygen under aerobic conditions. The aerobic oxidation efficiency was 75%, three times larger than the maximum efficiency in the electrochemical cell. 13C-NMR results show that the main product formed under aerobic conditions was formic acid, whereas glycolic acid was the principal product formed in the electrochemical cell. Carbonate was only formed under aerobic conditions. Therefore, the use of oxygen to reoxidize the mediator also directly influenced the glucose oxidation pathway. In the electrochemical cell, the oxidation efficiency depended on the electrochemical reaction rate of the mediator and was higher at faster rates. The efficiency also depended on the initial molar ratio of the mediator to glucose. The maximum oxidation efficiency of glucose in the electrochemical cell was approximately 22%, which is about three times larger than the maximum efficiency for precious-metal-based anodes. © 2019
287	a57212877661	Brown D.M.	p68	False	Journal	51	Oxidation efficiency of glucose using viologen mediators for glucose fuel cell applications with non-precious anodes	Glucose is a potential source of energy for fuel cell applications. However, its complete oxidation has been a challenge. Dimethyl viologen, as an electron mediator, has been shown to promote high levels of glucose oxidation under aerobic conditions. Nevertheless, the efficiency of viologen-mediated glucose oxidation has been low in electrochemical experiments. In this study, viologen-mediated oxidation of glucose was investigated under anaerobic electrochemical conditions to understand the factors that impact the oxidation efficiency. Of particular interest was the improvement of electrochemical oxidation for glucose fuel cell applications. An experimental cell was developed to electrochemically reoxidize the mediator as it was homogeneously reduced by glucose under anaerobic conditions. In contrast, the mediator was reoxidized by direct reaction with oxygen under aerobic conditions. The aerobic oxidation efficiency was 75%, three times larger than the maximum efficiency in the electrochemical cell. 13C-NMR results show that the main product formed under aerobic conditions was formic acid, whereas glycolic acid was the principal product formed in the electrochemical cell. Carbonate was only formed under aerobic conditions. Therefore, the use of oxygen to reoxidize the mediator also directly influenced the glucose oxidation pathway. In the electrochemical cell, the oxidation efficiency depended on the electrochemical reaction rate of the mediator and was higher at faster rates. The efficiency also depended on the initial molar ratio of the mediator to glucose. The maximum oxidation efficiency of glucose in the electrochemical cell was approximately 22%, which is about three times larger than the maximum efficiency for precious-metal-based anodes. © 2019
288	a57212877401	Hadi Nazari S.	p68	False	Journal	51	Oxidation efficiency of glucose using viologen mediators for glucose fuel cell applications with non-precious anodes	Glucose is a potential source of energy for fuel cell applications. However, its complete oxidation has been a challenge. Dimethyl viologen, as an electron mediator, has been shown to promote high levels of glucose oxidation under aerobic conditions. Nevertheless, the efficiency of viologen-mediated glucose oxidation has been low in electrochemical experiments. In this study, viologen-mediated oxidation of glucose was investigated under anaerobic electrochemical conditions to understand the factors that impact the oxidation efficiency. Of particular interest was the improvement of electrochemical oxidation for glucose fuel cell applications. An experimental cell was developed to electrochemically reoxidize the mediator as it was homogeneously reduced by glucose under anaerobic conditions. In contrast, the mediator was reoxidized by direct reaction with oxygen under aerobic conditions. The aerobic oxidation efficiency was 75%, three times larger than the maximum efficiency in the electrochemical cell. 13C-NMR results show that the main product formed under aerobic conditions was formic acid, whereas glycolic acid was the principal product formed in the electrochemical cell. Carbonate was only formed under aerobic conditions. Therefore, the use of oxygen to reoxidize the mediator also directly influenced the glucose oxidation pathway. In the electrochemical cell, the oxidation efficiency depended on the electrochemical reaction rate of the mediator and was higher at faster rates. The efficiency also depended on the initial molar ratio of the mediator to glucose. The maximum oxidation efficiency of glucose in the electrochemical cell was approximately 22%, which is about three times larger than the maximum efficiency for precious-metal-based anodes. © 2019
289	a35262249500	Lewis R.S.	p68	False	Journal	51	Oxidation efficiency of glucose using viologen mediators for glucose fuel cell applications with non-precious anodes	Glucose is a potential source of energy for fuel cell applications. However, its complete oxidation has been a challenge. Dimethyl viologen, as an electron mediator, has been shown to promote high levels of glucose oxidation under aerobic conditions. Nevertheless, the efficiency of viologen-mediated glucose oxidation has been low in electrochemical experiments. In this study, viologen-mediated oxidation of glucose was investigated under anaerobic electrochemical conditions to understand the factors that impact the oxidation efficiency. Of particular interest was the improvement of electrochemical oxidation for glucose fuel cell applications. An experimental cell was developed to electrochemically reoxidize the mediator as it was homogeneously reduced by glucose under anaerobic conditions. In contrast, the mediator was reoxidized by direct reaction with oxygen under aerobic conditions. The aerobic oxidation efficiency was 75%, three times larger than the maximum efficiency in the electrochemical cell. 13C-NMR results show that the main product formed under aerobic conditions was formic acid, whereas glycolic acid was the principal product formed in the electrochemical cell. Carbonate was only formed under aerobic conditions. Therefore, the use of oxygen to reoxidize the mediator also directly influenced the glucose oxidation pathway. In the electrochemical cell, the oxidation efficiency depended on the electrochemical reaction rate of the mediator and was higher at faster rates. The efficiency also depended on the initial molar ratio of the mediator to glucose. The maximum oxidation efficiency of glucose in the electrochemical cell was approximately 22%, which is about three times larger than the maximum efficiency for precious-metal-based anodes. © 2019
289	a35262249500	Lewis R.S.	p317	False	Conference	97	Factors leading to sustainable social impact on the affected communities of engineering service learning projects	University engineering programs across the USA engage in service learning projects. These projects involve student teams designing and implementing products or solutions for communities in need, often in developing nations. There has been much research done relating to pedagogy and the impact of these programs on student learning. However, less research has been done on measuring the impact of these programs on the affected communities. This paper examines factors that practitioners believe are related to successfully delivering a desirable and transferable solution to affected communities. The authors identified 46 distinct factors from the literature that implicitly or explicitly are suggested to contribute to successful project outcomes. Formed as postulates in this paper, these 46 factors have been separated into 5 categories to assist understanding and implementing these factors into service learning programs. Lastly, different methods of analyzing and measuring project success and impact are discussed. Future methods for proving the viability of the 46 postulates are discussed as well. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
289	a35262249500	Lewis R.S.	p487	True	Conference	179	Assessment of a global engineering outreach course	[No abstract available]
289	a35262249500	Lewis R.S.	p734	True	Conference	315	Sustainable water filters in southern Peru	[No abstract available]
289	a35262249500	Lewis R.S.	p735	True	Conference	316	Global humanitarian-based projects: A documentation strategy for strengthening project sustainability	[No abstract available]
290	a7102405529	Watt G.D.	p68	False	Journal	51	Oxidation efficiency of glucose using viologen mediators for glucose fuel cell applications with non-precious anodes	Glucose is a potential source of energy for fuel cell applications. However, its complete oxidation has been a challenge. Dimethyl viologen, as an electron mediator, has been shown to promote high levels of glucose oxidation under aerobic conditions. Nevertheless, the efficiency of viologen-mediated glucose oxidation has been low in electrochemical experiments. In this study, viologen-mediated oxidation of glucose was investigated under anaerobic electrochemical conditions to understand the factors that impact the oxidation efficiency. Of particular interest was the improvement of electrochemical oxidation for glucose fuel cell applications. An experimental cell was developed to electrochemically reoxidize the mediator as it was homogeneously reduced by glucose under anaerobic conditions. In contrast, the mediator was reoxidized by direct reaction with oxygen under aerobic conditions. The aerobic oxidation efficiency was 75%, three times larger than the maximum efficiency in the electrochemical cell. 13C-NMR results show that the main product formed under aerobic conditions was formic acid, whereas glycolic acid was the principal product formed in the electrochemical cell. Carbonate was only formed under aerobic conditions. Therefore, the use of oxygen to reoxidize the mediator also directly influenced the glucose oxidation pathway. In the electrochemical cell, the oxidation efficiency depended on the electrochemical reaction rate of the mediator and was higher at faster rates. The efficiency also depended on the initial molar ratio of the mediator to glucose. The maximum oxidation efficiency of glucose in the electrochemical cell was approximately 22%, which is about three times larger than the maximum efficiency for precious-metal-based anodes. © 2019
291	a57212107391	Petrie A.	p69	True	Conference	12	A 0.2-V 10-bit 5-kHz SAR ADC with Dynamic Bulk Biasing and Ultra-Low-Supply-Voltage Comparator	This paper describes a 10-bit 5-kHz SAR ADC under an ultra-low-supply-voltage of 0.2 V for low-power applications. To tolerate the severe variations in the subthreshold regime, a novel dynamic bulk biasing circuit senses the NMOS/PMOS strength ratio in the background and applies feedback to recover the circuit functionality. A new comparator relaxes the stringent speed-noise trade-off under the 0.2-V supply. Employing ac-coupling, stacked input pairs, and voltage-boosted load capacitors, the comparator achieves more than threefold improvement in speed with little noise penalty. The measured ADC consumes 22 nW and exhibits an SNDR of 52.8 dB at Nyquist, yielding an FoM of 12.3 fJ/conv.-step. Measurements of multiple chips show the proposed dynamic bulk biasing successfully improves the yield by nearly twofold in the presence of supply variations. © 2020 IEEE.
291	a57212107391	Petrie A.	p175	False	Journal	119	An 8-bit 10-GHz 21-mW Time-Interleaved SAR ADC with Grouped DAC Capacitors and Dual-Path Bootstrapped Switch	An 8-bit 10-GHz 8× time-interleaved SAR ADC in 28-nm CMOS incorporates an aggressively scaled DAC with grouped capacitors in a symmetrical comb structure to afford a threefold reduction in the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance. A dual-path bootstrapped switch decouples critical signal from nonlinear capacitance to boost the sampling SFDR by more than 5 dB. The ADC demonstrates an SNDR of 36.9 dB at Nyquist while consuming 21 mW, yielding an FoM of 37 fJ/conv.-step, the lowest among the reported ADCs with similar speeds and resolutions and more than 2× improvement from the state-of-the-art. © 2018 IEEE.
291	a57212107391	Petrie A.	p177	False	Conference	39	An 8-bit 10-GHz 21-mW Time-Interleaved SAR ADC with Grouped DAC Capacitors and Dual-Path Bootstrapped Switch	An 8-bit 10-GHz 8× time-interleaved SAR ADC in 28-nm CMOS incorporates an aggressively scaled DAC with grouped capacitors in a symmetrical comb structure to afford a threefold reduction in the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance. A dual-path bootstrapped switch decouples critical signal from nonlinear capacitance to boost the sampling SFDR by more than 5 dB. The ADC demonstrates an SNDR of 36.9 dB at Nyquist while consuming 21 mW,yielding an FoM of 37 fJ/conv.-step,the lowest among the reported ADCs with similar speeds and resolutions and more than 2× improvement from the state-of-the-art. © 2019 IEEE.
292	a57216754583	Kinnison W.	p69	False	Conference	12	A 0.2-V 10-bit 5-kHz SAR ADC with Dynamic Bulk Biasing and Ultra-Low-Supply-Voltage Comparator	This paper describes a 10-bit 5-kHz SAR ADC under an ultra-low-supply-voltage of 0.2 V for low-power applications. To tolerate the severe variations in the subthreshold regime, a novel dynamic bulk biasing circuit senses the NMOS/PMOS strength ratio in the background and applies feedback to recover the circuit functionality. A new comparator relaxes the stringent speed-noise trade-off under the 0.2-V supply. Employing ac-coupling, stacked input pairs, and voltage-boosted load capacitors, the comparator achieves more than threefold improvement in speed with little noise penalty. The measured ADC consumes 22 nW and exhibits an SNDR of 52.8 dB at Nyquist, yielding an FoM of 12.3 fJ/conv.-step. Measurements of multiple chips show the proposed dynamic bulk biasing successfully improves the yield by nearly twofold in the presence of supply variations. © 2020 IEEE.
293	a8342785400	Layton K.	p69	False	Conference	12	A 0.2-V 10-bit 5-kHz SAR ADC with Dynamic Bulk Biasing and Ultra-Low-Supply-Voltage Comparator	This paper describes a 10-bit 5-kHz SAR ADC under an ultra-low-supply-voltage of 0.2 V for low-power applications. To tolerate the severe variations in the subthreshold regime, a novel dynamic bulk biasing circuit senses the NMOS/PMOS strength ratio in the background and applies feedback to recover the circuit functionality. A new comparator relaxes the stringent speed-noise trade-off under the 0.2-V supply. Employing ac-coupling, stacked input pairs, and voltage-boosted load capacitors, the comparator achieves more than threefold improvement in speed with little noise penalty. The measured ADC consumes 22 nW and exhibits an SNDR of 52.8 dB at Nyquist, yielding an FoM of 12.3 fJ/conv.-step. Measurements of multiple chips show the proposed dynamic bulk biasing successfully improves the yield by nearly twofold in the presence of supply variations. © 2020 IEEE.
293	a8342785400	Layton K.	p277	False	Journal	182	A 9-Bit 10-MHz 28-μW SAR ADC Using Tapered Bit Periods and a Partially Interdigitated DAC	A successive-approximation-register (SAR) analogto- digital converter (ADC) incorporates "tapered bit periods" to reduce power consumption by minimizing the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) timing overhead. Utilizing a variable delay line and the standard SAR logic, the proposed technique reduces power by downsizing the DAC drivers and digital logic without decreasing the sampling rate. A detailed analysis derives, for the first time, a closed-form solution of the capacitive DAC settling time accounting for parasitics, and determines the time savings of the proposed design. In addition, this brief proposes a "partially interdigitated" DAC layout to reduce the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance to minimize the DAC power. A 9-bit prototype fabricated in 180-nm technology achieves a signal-to-noise-distortion ratio (SNDR) of 55.5 dB at a 10-MHz sampling rate while consuming 28 μW, yielding a figure-of-merit of 5.7 fJ/conversionstep, the lowest among published ADCs at similar speeds and resolutions. © 2004-2012 IEEE.
294	a57190228554	Taysom B.S.	p70	True	Journal	52	Controlling martensite and pearlite formation with cooling rate and temperature control in rotary friction welding	A major limitation in industrial welding is the undesirable microstructures that form due to high peak temperatures and cooling rates. In particular, martensite and other brittle microstructures often form in steels during rotary friction welding (FW). In order to address this, cooling rate and temperature control is developed for FW. Limits of achievable FW cooling rates are primarily determined by thermal and geometric properties such as thermal diffusivity and length. A controller limits interface temperatures during a weld preheat, changing the thermal profile and slowing post-weld cooling. This method is demonstrated in 1045 steel. Cooling simulations, TTT diagrams, microhardness line scans, and scanning electron microscopy are used for analysis. Without temperature and cooling rate control, martensite readily forms after a weld. With temperature and cooling rate control, martensitic transformations are completely avoided and a pearlitic microstructure is developed. Temperature and cooling rate control is a viable tool in designing post-weld microstructures within achievable cooling rate limitations. © 2019
294	a57190228554	Taysom B.S.	p83	True	Journal	63	Adaptive relay autotuning under static and non-static disturbances with application to friction stir welding	When a traditional relay feedback test is biased, asymmetry is induced, erroneous system identification occurs, and the test may stop oscillating. Adaptive methods which restore symmetry to the relay test are developed, and additional methods are presented to detect and recover from a non-oscillation condition. This is demonstrated both in simulation and in a process with significant transients and disturbances — friction stir welding (FSW). In testing, it is shown that the adaptive method is able to restore symmetry even in the presence of severe and changing disturbances, including after the weld plunge where temperature gradients change rapidly. These improvements enable system identification of systems such as FSW in a more robust and accurate manner. © 2019 ISA
294	a57190228554	Taysom B.S.	p326	True	Conference	106	Advances in Signal Processing for Friction Stir Welding Temperature Control	Precise temperature control of FSW benefits from control and manipulated signals that are responsive and smooth. Accurate measurement of tool temperature and spindle speed feedback are important to temperature control, but often noise in these signals prevents optimal control. Two different methods are developed in this paper to improve signal quality. A series of Bezier curves are used to compensate signals which exhibit a periodic but arbitrarily-shaped offset. Least-squares fitting is used to obtain quality derivatives from discrete or noisy signals. The Bezier method is used to decrease the inaccurate temperature fluctuation measurements reported by telemetry collar error and adds no time delay or phase shift. The least-squares approach is used to estimate spindle speed and temperature derivatives and adds only minimal time delay while substantially reducing noise. © 2019, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
294	a57190228554	Taysom B.S.	p686	True	Journal	332	A comparison of model predictive control and PID temperature control in friction stir welding	Temperature control of friction stir welding (FSW) via model predictive control (MPC) is investigated in Al 7075-T7. Two MPC controllers are compared against two well-tuned PID controllers to obtain a direct comparison of MPC and current FSW controllers. One MPC controller uses a first-order plus dead-time (FOPDT) model derived from a simplified conduction-advection view of the stir zone. The other MPC controller uses the Hybrid Heat Source model that describes heat conduction in the plate and tool. At quasi steady-state conditions, all four controllers can easily hold temperature within 2 °C of the setpoint in the absence of large disturbances. Once the weld is past the initial traverse, the FOPDT controller is superior to the Hybrid Heat Source controller with regards to modeled-disturbance rejection and setpoint changes. The FOPDT controller is competitive with well-tuned PID controllers in this region of the weld. During the initial traverse, the Hybrid Heat Source controller and PID controller with regulator gains were able to control temperature within 5 °C of the setpoint, compared to a typical deviation of 20–30 °C when uncontrolled. During this period, the FOPDT controller and PID controller with servo gains could not maintain satisfactory temperature control. MPC is demonstrated to be a viable control method for FSW. Temperature control before reaching steady state for both MPC and PID is shown to be feasible, but more difficult than for steady state. Recommendations are given for when each controller might be preferred in various circumstances, based upon the results shown herein. © 2017 The Society of Manufacturing Engineers
295	a7102879142	Sorensen C.D.	p70	False	Journal	52	Controlling martensite and pearlite formation with cooling rate and temperature control in rotary friction welding	A major limitation in industrial welding is the undesirable microstructures that form due to high peak temperatures and cooling rates. In particular, martensite and other brittle microstructures often form in steels during rotary friction welding (FW). In order to address this, cooling rate and temperature control is developed for FW. Limits of achievable FW cooling rates are primarily determined by thermal and geometric properties such as thermal diffusivity and length. A controller limits interface temperatures during a weld preheat, changing the thermal profile and slowing post-weld cooling. This method is demonstrated in 1045 steel. Cooling simulations, TTT diagrams, microhardness line scans, and scanning electron microscopy are used for analysis. Without temperature and cooling rate control, martensite readily forms after a weld. With temperature and cooling rate control, martensitic transformations are completely avoided and a pearlitic microstructure is developed. Temperature and cooling rate control is a viable tool in designing post-weld microstructures within achievable cooling rate limitations. © 2019
295	a7102879142	Sorensen C.D.	p83	False	Journal	63	Adaptive relay autotuning under static and non-static disturbances with application to friction stir welding	When a traditional relay feedback test is biased, asymmetry is induced, erroneous system identification occurs, and the test may stop oscillating. Adaptive methods which restore symmetry to the relay test are developed, and additional methods are presented to detect and recover from a non-oscillation condition. This is demonstrated both in simulation and in a process with significant transients and disturbances — friction stir welding (FSW). In testing, it is shown that the adaptive method is able to restore symmetry even in the presence of severe and changing disturbances, including after the weld plunge where temperature gradients change rapidly. These improvements enable system identification of systems such as FSW in a more robust and accurate manner. © 2019 ISA
295	a7102879142	Sorensen C.D.	p285	False	Journal	186	Product development: Principles and tools for creating desirable and transferable designs	Introduction This book explores the evolution of products from the beginning idea through mass-production. Rather than prescribing a one-size-fits-all process, the authors explain the theory behind product development and challenge readers to develop their own customized development process uniquely suited for their individual situation. In addition to theory, the book provides development case studies, exercises and self-evaluation criteria at the end of each chapter, and a product development reference that introduces a wide variety of design tools and methods. Class-tested for three consecutive years by hundreds of students in four different courses, the book is an ideal text for senior design classes in mechanical engineering and related disciplines as well as a reference for practicing engineers/product designers. Focuses on excellent design outcomes, rather than rote activities; Maximizes readers’ contextual understanding with real examples of student design and case studies; Reinforces readers’ grasp of theory and best-practices with exercises at the end of each chapter and self-evaluation criteria; Includes a comprehensive product development reference ordered alphabetically and cross-referenced by stage of development, design skills, and design objective; Adopts a concise and engaging writing style and attractive layout with many informative figures. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.
295	a7102879142	Sorensen C.D.	p326	False	Conference	106	Advances in Signal Processing for Friction Stir Welding Temperature Control	Precise temperature control of FSW benefits from control and manipulated signals that are responsive and smooth. Accurate measurement of tool temperature and spindle speed feedback are important to temperature control, but often noise in these signals prevents optimal control. Two different methods are developed in this paper to improve signal quality. A series of Bezier curves are used to compensate signals which exhibit a periodic but arbitrarily-shaped offset. Least-squares fitting is used to obtain quality derivatives from discrete or noisy signals. The Bezier method is used to decrease the inaccurate temperature fluctuation measurements reported by telemetry collar error and adds no time delay or phase shift. The least-squares approach is used to estimate spindle speed and temperature derivatives and adds only minimal time delay while substantially reducing noise. © 2019, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
295	a7102879142	Sorensen C.D.	p353	False	Conference	124	Do capstone students really understand the needs of the customer?: Observations on students’ blind spots left by early program curriculum	Student capstone teams have varying degrees of success in meeting the expectations of their project sponsors. Keeping sponsors happy is important to these programs in order to ensure continued support from these industry representatives, so finding ways to improve project outcomes is critical. In order to find blind spots that students may have been left with after their first 6-7 weeks of instruction, we conducted structured interviews with students in capstone programs at Brigham Young University and the US Air Force Academy. These interviews were then transcribed, coded, and analyzed for themes that may have been well understood or misunderstood by students. We found that a significant number of students had not understood concepts such as a design being more than a prototype, that sponsors have expectations for the tradeoffs between product cost and performance, or that they need to be thinking about how their designs might be deployed. It was also interesting to note that most students also reported feeling confident in their understanding despite their apparent lack thereof, indicating that these could represent major blind spots for students. We propose that developing methods for teaching these principles early on will help students see more clearly what their end goals need to be, and thus help them be more successful in delivering desirable designs. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
295	a7102879142	Sorensen C.D.	p354	False	Conference	125	The technology/tactics (TEC/TAC) plot: Explicit representation of user actions in the product design space	The initial phases of the design process – including interactions with stakeholders, ideation of concept candidates, and the selection of the best candidates – have a large impact on the success of a project as a whole. They also tend to be the most unstructured portion of the project, and are often marginalized by teams who assume they already understand stakeholder needs and the best solution paths to pursue. Design researchers have developed methods shown to increase the creativity and divergent thinking of the design team during these initial phases of design. Nevertheless, these methods often rely on only a vague or amorphous representation of the design space (the set of all possible concepts the design team could feasibly select to meet the objective of the project). In this paper, we introduce a particular design-space structure that can help teams ideate and evaluate their ideation, thus improving the early phases of the design process. The design space presented here is a vector space with a basis of technology (the physical product people will use) and tactics (the procedure for using the product). Also presented are definitions, principles, and sub-theories that facilitate the creation and use of technology-tactics plots to represent the design space. Considering the design space in this structured way, the design team can gain valuable insights that improve the effectiveness of the initial stages of design, and may yield additional benefits to the design process as a whole, if further developed. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
295	a7102879142	Sorensen C.D.	p514	False	Journal	283	Non-dimensional modeling of the effects of weld parameters on peak temperature and cooling rate in friction stir welding	Experimental data from friction stir welded Al 7075 and HSLA-65 were used to create dimensionless, empirical models relating critical weld parameters to the peak temperature rise and cooling rate of the weld heat-affected zone. Five different backing plate materials and a wide range of travel speeds and weld powers were used in the experimental design to ensure the models are relevant to a broad range of welding parameters. The resulting models have R-squared values of 0.997 and 0.995 for the dimensionless peak temperature rise and cooling rate correlations, respectively. Demonstrations of the models’ practical applications are provided. Herein is shown how the models can identify welding parameter (i.e. travel speed or power) levels needed to produce a desired weld peak temperature rise or cooling rate. Also demonstrated is how the models can be used to explore the relative effects of travel speed and backing plate thermal diffusivity on weld peak temperature rise and cooling rate. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
295	a7102879142	Sorensen C.D.	p572	False	Journal	303	A review of friction stir welding of steels: Tool, material flow, microstructure, and properties	Considerable progress has been achieved in friction stir welding (FSW) of steels in every aspect of tool fabrication, microstructure control and properties evaluation in the past two decades. With the development of reliable welding tools and precise control systems, FSW of steels has reached a new level of technical maturity. High-quality, long welds can be produced in many engineering steels. Compared to traditional fusion welding, FSW exhibits unique advantages producing joints with better properties. As a result of active control of the welding temperature and/or cooling rate, FSW has the capability of fabricating steel joints with excellent toughness and strength. For example, unfavorable phase transformations that usually occur during traditional welding can be avoided and favorable phase fractions in advanced steels can be maintained in the weld zone thus avoiding the typical property degradations associated with fusion welding. If phase transformations do occur during FSW of thick steels, optimization of microstructure and properties can be attained by controlling the heat input and post-weld cooling rate. © 2017
295	a7102879142	Sorensen C.D.	p686	False	Journal	332	A comparison of model predictive control and PID temperature control in friction stir welding	Temperature control of friction stir welding (FSW) via model predictive control (MPC) is investigated in Al 7075-T7. Two MPC controllers are compared against two well-tuned PID controllers to obtain a direct comparison of MPC and current FSW controllers. One MPC controller uses a first-order plus dead-time (FOPDT) model derived from a simplified conduction-advection view of the stir zone. The other MPC controller uses the Hybrid Heat Source model that describes heat conduction in the plate and tool. At quasi steady-state conditions, all four controllers can easily hold temperature within 2 °C of the setpoint in the absence of large disturbances. Once the weld is past the initial traverse, the FOPDT controller is superior to the Hybrid Heat Source controller with regards to modeled-disturbance rejection and setpoint changes. The FOPDT controller is competitive with well-tuned PID controllers in this region of the weld. During the initial traverse, the Hybrid Heat Source controller and PID controller with regulator gains were able to control temperature within 5 °C of the setpoint, compared to a typical deviation of 20–30 °C when uncontrolled. During this period, the FOPDT controller and PID controller with servo gains could not maintain satisfactory temperature control. MPC is demonstrated to be a viable control method for FSW. Temperature control before reaching steady state for both MPC and PID is shown to be feasible, but more difficult than for steady state. Recommendations are given for when each controller might be preferred in various circumstances, based upon the results shown herein. © 2017 The Society of Manufacturing Engineers
296	a57211891331	Guo Z.	p71	True	Journal	42	Smart camera for quality inspection and grading of food products	Due to the increasing consumption of food products and demand for food quality and safety, most food processing facilities in the United States utilize machines to automate their processes, such as cleaning, inspection and grading, packing, storing, and shipping. Machine vision technology has been a proven solution for inspection and grading of food products since the late 1980s. The remaining challenges, especially for small to midsize facilities, include the system and operating costs, demand for high-skilled workers for complicated configuration and operation and, in some cases, unsatisfactory results. This paper focuses on the development of an embedded solution with learning capability to alleviate these challenges. Three simple application cases are included to demonstrate the operation of this unique solution. Two datasets of more challenging cases were created to analyze and demonstrate the performance of our visual inspection algorithm. One dataset includes infrared images of Medjool dates of four levels of skin delamination for surface quality grading. The other one consists of grayscale images of oysters with varying shape for shape quality evaluation. Our algorithm achieved a grading accuracy of 95.0% on the date dataset and 98.6% on the oyster dataset, both easily surpassed manual grading, which constantly faces the challenges of human fatigue or other distractions. Details of the design and functions of our smart camera and our simple visual inspection algorithm are discussed in this paper. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
296	a57211891331	Guo Z.	p149	True	Journal	104	Efficient evolutionary learning algorithm for real-time embedded vision applications	This paper reports the development of an efficient evolutionary learning algorithm designed specifically for real-time embedded visual inspection applications. The proposed evolutionary learning algorithm constructs image features as a series of image transforms for image classification and is suitable for resource-limited systems. This algorithm requires only a small number of images and time for training. It does not depend on handcrafted features or manual tuning of parameters and is generalized to be versatile for visual inspection applications. This allows the system to be configured on the fly for different applications and by an operator without extensive experience. An embedded vision system, equipped with an ARM processor running Linux, is capable of performing at roughly one hundred 640 × 480 frames per second which is more than adequate for real-time visual inspection applications. As example applications, three image datasets were created to test the performance of this algorithm. The first dataset was used to demonstrate the suitability of the algorithm for visual inspection automation applications. This experiment combined two applications to make it a more challenging test. One application was for separating fertilized and unfertilized eggs. The other one was for detecting two common defects on the eggshell. Two other datasets were created for road condition classification and pavement quality evaluation. The proposed algorithm was 100% for fertilized egg detection and 98.6% for eggshell quality inspection for a combined 99.1% accuracy. It had an accuracy of 92% for the road condition classification and 100% for pavement quality evaluation. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
297	a57199244740	Zhang M.	p71	False	Journal	42	Smart camera for quality inspection and grading of food products	Due to the increasing consumption of food products and demand for food quality and safety, most food processing facilities in the United States utilize machines to automate their processes, such as cleaning, inspection and grading, packing, storing, and shipping. Machine vision technology has been a proven solution for inspection and grading of food products since the late 1980s. The remaining challenges, especially for small to midsize facilities, include the system and operating costs, demand for high-skilled workers for complicated configuration and operation and, in some cases, unsatisfactory results. This paper focuses on the development of an embedded solution with learning capability to alleviate these challenges. Three simple application cases are included to demonstrate the operation of this unique solution. Two datasets of more challenging cases were created to analyze and demonstrate the performance of our visual inspection algorithm. One dataset includes infrared images of Medjool dates of four levels of skin delamination for surface quality grading. The other one consists of grayscale images of oysters with varying shape for shape quality evaluation. Our algorithm achieved a grading accuracy of 95.0% on the date dataset and 98.6% on the oyster dataset, both easily surpassed manual grading, which constantly faces the challenges of human fatigue or other distractions. Details of the design and functions of our smart camera and our simple visual inspection algorithm are discussed in this paper. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
297	a57199244740	Zhang M.	p149	False	Journal	104	Efficient evolutionary learning algorithm for real-time embedded vision applications	This paper reports the development of an efficient evolutionary learning algorithm designed specifically for real-time embedded visual inspection applications. The proposed evolutionary learning algorithm constructs image features as a series of image transforms for image classification and is suitable for resource-limited systems. This algorithm requires only a small number of images and time for training. It does not depend on handcrafted features or manual tuning of parameters and is generalized to be versatile for visual inspection applications. This allows the system to be configured on the fly for different applications and by an operator without extensive experience. An embedded vision system, equipped with an ARM processor running Linux, is capable of performing at roughly one hundred 640 × 480 frames per second which is more than adequate for real-time visual inspection applications. As example applications, three image datasets were created to test the performance of this algorithm. The first dataset was used to demonstrate the suitability of the algorithm for visual inspection automation applications. This experiment combined two applications to make it a more challenging test. One application was for separating fertilized and unfertilized eggs. The other one was for detecting two common defects on the eggshell. Two other datasets were created for road condition classification and pavement quality evaluation. The proposed algorithm was 100% for fertilized egg detection and 98.6% for eggshell quality inspection for a combined 99.1% accuracy. It had an accuracy of 92% for the road condition classification and 100% for pavement quality evaluation. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
298	a57204433875	Simons T.	p71	False	Journal	42	Smart camera for quality inspection and grading of food products	Due to the increasing consumption of food products and demand for food quality and safety, most food processing facilities in the United States utilize machines to automate their processes, such as cleaning, inspection and grading, packing, storing, and shipping. Machine vision technology has been a proven solution for inspection and grading of food products since the late 1980s. The remaining challenges, especially for small to midsize facilities, include the system and operating costs, demand for high-skilled workers for complicated configuration and operation and, in some cases, unsatisfactory results. This paper focuses on the development of an embedded solution with learning capability to alleviate these challenges. Three simple application cases are included to demonstrate the operation of this unique solution. Two datasets of more challenging cases were created to analyze and demonstrate the performance of our visual inspection algorithm. One dataset includes infrared images of Medjool dates of four levels of skin delamination for surface quality grading. The other one consists of grayscale images of oysters with varying shape for shape quality evaluation. Our algorithm achieved a grading accuracy of 95.0% on the date dataset and 98.6% on the oyster dataset, both easily surpassed manual grading, which constantly faces the challenges of human fatigue or other distractions. Details of the design and functions of our smart camera and our simple visual inspection algorithm are discussed in this paper. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
298	a57204433875	Simons T.	p217	True	Journal	104	A review of binarized neural networks	In this work, we review Binarized Neural Networks (BNNs). BNNs are deep neural networks that use binary values for activations and weights, instead of full precision values. With binary values, BNNs can execute computations using bitwise operations, which reduces execution time. Model sizes of BNNs are much smaller than their full precision counterparts. While the accuracy of a BNN model is generally less than full precision models, BNNs have been closing accuracy gap and are becoming more accurate on larger datasets like ImageNet. BNNs are also good candidates for deep learning implementations on FPGAs and ASICs due to their bitwise efficiency. We give a tutorial of the general BNN methodology and review various contributions, implementations and applications of BNNs. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
298	a57204433875	Simons T.	p233	True	Journal	104	Jet features: Hardware-friendly, learned convolutional kernels for high-speed image classification	This paper explores a set of learned convolutional kernels which we call Jet Features. Jet Features are efficient to compute in software, easy to implement in hardware and perform well on visual inspection tasks. Because Jet Features can be learned, they can be used in machine learning algorithms. Using Jet Features, we make significant improvements on our previous work, the Evolution Constructed Features (ECO Features) algorithm. Not only do we gain a 3.7× speedup in software without loosing any accuracy on the CIFAR-10 and MNIST datasets, but Jet Features also allow us to implement the algorithm in an FPGA using only a fraction of its resources. We hope to apply the benefits of Jet Features to Convolutional Neural Networks in the future. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
299	a57215212754	Fuller S.G.	p72	False	Journal	42	Optimization and implementation of synthetic basis feature descriptor on FPGA	Feature detection, description, and matching are crucial steps for many computer vision algorithms. These steps rely on feature descriptors to match image features across sets of images. Previous work has shown that our SYnthetic BAsis (SYBA) feature descriptor can offer superior performance to other binary descriptors. This paper focused on various optimizations and hardware implementation of the newer and optimized version. The hardware implementation on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is a high-throughput low-latency solution which is critical for applications such as high-speed object detection and tracking, stereo vision, visual odometry, structure from motion, and optical flow. We compared our solution to other hardware designs of binary descriptors. We demonstrated that our implementation of SYBA as a feature descriptor in hardware offered superior image feature matching performance and used fewer resources than most binary feature descriptor implementations. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
300	a57215211789	McCown A.S.	p72	False	Journal	42	Optimization and implementation of synthetic basis feature descriptor on FPGA	Feature detection, description, and matching are crucial steps for many computer vision algorithms. These steps rely on feature descriptors to match image features across sets of images. Previous work has shown that our SYnthetic BAsis (SYBA) feature descriptor can offer superior performance to other binary descriptors. This paper focused on various optimizations and hardware implementation of the newer and optimized version. The hardware implementation on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is a high-throughput low-latency solution which is critical for applications such as high-speed object detection and tracking, stereo vision, visual odometry, structure from motion, and optical flow. We compared our solution to other hardware designs of binary descriptors. We demonstrated that our implementation of SYBA as a feature descriptor in hardware offered superior image feature matching performance and used fewer resources than most binary feature descriptor implementations. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
301	a57214076898	Clayton M.F.	p73	True	Journal	53	Nanoparticle orientation distribution analysis and design for polymeric piezoresistive sensors	Piezoresistive sensors, with polymer matrices and conductive nanoparticles, are a relatively new addition to the sensor class, with the potential to transform such fields as wearable sensors and the internet of things. The unusual inverse piezoresistive behavior of the sensors has been modeled using quantum tunneling and percolation theory. However, the impact of the distribution of conductive particles in the matrix, and specifically their relative orientation, has not been well studied. The initial and deformed distribution of orientations greatly influences the sensor behavior, since the quantum tunneling model is highly sensitive to the polymer gaps between nanoparticles; the evolution of these gaps under deformation is strongly dependent upon the relative orientation of neighboring particles, and determines electron transport properties, and overall sensor response. In this paper a simple analytical model for isotropic orientation distribution and subsequent Poisson-based gap evolution is compared with a more sophisticated finite element and random resistor network analysis. The new numerical model was able to explain previously unexplained physical behavior and is used to design sensors with specific desired characteristics. The appropriateness of the previously assumed percolation behavior is also examined via the model and generalized effective medium theory. © 2020
302	a57198146081	Bilodeau R.A.	p73	False	Journal	53	Nanoparticle orientation distribution analysis and design for polymeric piezoresistive sensors	Piezoresistive sensors, with polymer matrices and conductive nanoparticles, are a relatively new addition to the sensor class, with the potential to transform such fields as wearable sensors and the internet of things. The unusual inverse piezoresistive behavior of the sensors has been modeled using quantum tunneling and percolation theory. However, the impact of the distribution of conductive particles in the matrix, and specifically their relative orientation, has not been well studied. The initial and deformed distribution of orientations greatly influences the sensor behavior, since the quantum tunneling model is highly sensitive to the polymer gaps between nanoparticles; the evolution of these gaps under deformation is strongly dependent upon the relative orientation of neighboring particles, and determines electron transport properties, and overall sensor response. In this paper a simple analytical model for isotropic orientation distribution and subsequent Poisson-based gap evolution is compared with a more sophisticated finite element and random resistor network analysis. The new numerical model was able to explain previously unexplained physical behavior and is used to design sensors with specific desired characteristics. The appropriateness of the previously assumed percolation behavior is also examined via the model and generalized effective medium theory. © 2020
303	a7006441571	Bowden A.E.	p73	False	Journal	53	Nanoparticle orientation distribution analysis and design for polymeric piezoresistive sensors	Piezoresistive sensors, with polymer matrices and conductive nanoparticles, are a relatively new addition to the sensor class, with the potential to transform such fields as wearable sensors and the internet of things. The unusual inverse piezoresistive behavior of the sensors has been modeled using quantum tunneling and percolation theory. However, the impact of the distribution of conductive particles in the matrix, and specifically their relative orientation, has not been well studied. The initial and deformed distribution of orientations greatly influences the sensor behavior, since the quantum tunneling model is highly sensitive to the polymer gaps between nanoparticles; the evolution of these gaps under deformation is strongly dependent upon the relative orientation of neighboring particles, and determines electron transport properties, and overall sensor response. In this paper a simple analytical model for isotropic orientation distribution and subsequent Poisson-based gap evolution is compared with a more sophisticated finite element and random resistor network analysis. The new numerical model was able to explain previously unexplained physical behavior and is used to design sensors with specific desired characteristics. The appropriateness of the previously assumed percolation behavior is also examined via the model and generalized effective medium theory. © 2020
303	a7006441571	Bowden A.E.	p314	False	Conference	94	Characteristics of self-deployment in origami-based systems	The potential of compliant mechanisms and related origami-based mechanical systems to store strain energy make them ideal candidates for applications requiring an actuation or deployment process, such as space system arrays, minimally invasive surgical devices and deployable barriers. Many origami structures can be thought of as a compliant mechanism because, like compliant mechanisms, its function is performed through the elastic deformation of its members. This stored strain energy could prove useful. There are opportunities using strain energy to develop approaches to deploy particular mechanical systems. In order to better understand the principles of self-actuation and promote the designs of such systems, a taxonomy of deployable origami mechanisms is presented. This taxonomy demonstrates that there are several different types of deployable origami mechanisms and provides an organizational method to better understand the design space. Characteristics of self deployment in concentrated, deployable origami strain energy mechanisms with internal actuation are identified and examples of strain energy based deployment are provided. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
303	a7006441571	Bowden A.E.	p315	False	Conference	95	Deployable euler spiral connectors (DESCs)	Deployable Euler Spiral Connectors (DESCs) are introduced as a way to use compliant flexures that lay flat when under strain in a stowed position. This paper presents the design of DESCs using the Euler spiral equations. An application of a spinal device is presented as a proof-of-concept of the use of DESCs. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
303	a7006441571	Bowden A.E.	p505	False	Journal	276	Inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensors for identifying human sitting posture	Sitting posture is the position in which one holds his/her body upright against gravity while sitting. Poor sitting posture is regarded as an aggravating factor for various diseases. In this paper, we present an inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensor, and related deciphering neural network, as a new tool to identify human sitting postures accurately. As a low power consumption device, the proposed tool has simple structure, and is easy to use. The strain gauge is attached to the back of the user to acquire sitting data. A three-layer BP neural network is employed to distinguish normal sitting posture, slight hunchback and severe hunchback according to the acquired data. Experimental results show that our method is both realizable and effective, achieving 98.75% posture identification accuracy. This successful application of inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensors reveals that the method could potentially be used for monitoring of diverse physiological parameters in the future. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
303	a7006441571	Bowden A.E.	p517	False	Journal	286	Effect of environmental and material factors on the response of nanocomposite foam impact sensors	Nanocomposite foam (NCF) is a multifunctional material that can be used to measure impact. Interactions between the flexible polymer matrix and conductive particles dispersed throughout it produce a voltage signal under dynamic strain, which correlates to the magnitude of impact. Though promising in applications requiring both impact sensing and energy absorption, NCF's voltage response has been observed to suffer from significant signal drift. This paper investigates several causes of variance in the response of NCF sensors to consistent impacts. These effects can be classified into three general types: recoverable transient effects (such as those relating to viscoelasticity or capacitive charging), environmental drift (due to humidity and temperature), and permanent signal decay from material degradation. The motivation for the study arises from various potential repeat-impact applications where periodic recalibration of the sensor would be difficult (such as a gait-tracking insole in use for a marathon event). A cyclic drop testing machine was used to apply consistent impacts to NCF, and drift resulting from each factor (in ranges typical of an insole environment) was experimentally isolated. Models representing each factor's contribution to signal drift are presented. Of the factors investigated, humidity and temperature caused the most significant drift, with permanent material degradation accounting for only minor decay in voltage response. Transient effects were also observed, with a characteristic 'warm-up' (or 'charging') time required for the NCF to achieve steady-state; this phenomenon, and the related 'recovery' time for the material to return to its original state, were determined. The resultant data can be leveraged to implement a correction algorithm or other drift-compensating method to retain an NCF sensor's accuracy in both long and short data collection scenarios. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
303	a7006441571	Bowden A.E.	p546	False	Journal	300	Materials selection of flexible open-cell foams in energy absorption applications	Foam must be engineered to absorb a particular range of energy in various impact-related applications. Since energy absorption is dependent upon the unique stress-strain response of each foam specimen, it is difficult to quantify analytically; thus, energy absorption cannot be easily compared across materials. Current methods accomplish this using an experimental approach, individually testing foam materials, densities, and geometries to quantify how each influences energy absorption. Such methods require large amounts of time and money to characterize a narrow range of foams. This paper facilitates foam selection by deriving generalized energy absorption material indices. Assuming Euler buckling of columns in the open-cell foam structure, this paper applies equations derived by Maiti et al. to a typical impact scenario wherein the indices are extracted. Using existing Ashby charts, these indices allow polymers to be ranked by the mass and cost each would require as a foamed structure to satisfy specific energy absorption constraints. The presented method allows the energy absorption of a wide range of flexible foams to be compared and relieves the need for extensive factor-specific testing. This method is applied to football helmet foam selection; however, it can be used for many applications where energy absorption is of interest. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
303	a7006441571	Bowden A.E.	p586	False	Conference	231	Design and modeling of a prosthetic venous valve	Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) is a disease of the lower limbs that affects millions of people in the United States. CVI results from incompetent venous valves. The purpose of venous valves is to prevent retrograde blood flow to the lower limbs. Valve failure can lead to edema, pain, and ulcers. One solution that has great potential is to create an implantable venous valve that could restore function of the venous system. No prosthetic venous valves are clinically used currently because of problems with biocompatiblility and thrombogenicity caused by high shear rates. This paper presents a prosthetic venous valve that could overcome these difficulties by using carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotubes (CI-CNTs). This material has been proven to be thrombo-resistant, biocompatible due to its non-reactive properties, and durable. The valve was designed to be initially open and to close with physiological pressures. Finite element modeling showed that, with a hydrostatic pressure of 20 mmHg (the minimum hydrostatic pressure in the common femoral vein), it fully closed with a maximum stress of 117 MPa, which is below the ultimate strength of CI-CNTs. A computational fluid dynamics analysis demonstrated the valve would cause a maximum shear rate of 225.1 s− 1, which is less than the maximum shear rate in the body. Hence, this valve would be less likely than previous prosthetic valves to develop blood clots. Currently, this is the lowest shear rate reported for a prosthetic venous valve. These results demonstrate that a CI-CNT prosthetic venous valve has the potential to be an effective treatment for CVI. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
303	a7006441571	Bowden A.E.	p666	False	Journal	320	Nano-Composite Foam Sensor System in Football Helmets	American football has both the highest rate of concussion incidences as well as the highest number of concussions of all contact sports due to both the number of athletes and nature of the sport. Recent research has linked concussions with long term health complications such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy and early onset Alzheimer’s. Understanding the mechanical characteristics of concussive impacts is critical to help protect athletes from these debilitating diseases and is now possible using helmet-based sensor systems. To date, real time on-field measurement of head impacts has been almost exclusively measured by devices that rely on accelerometers or gyroscopes attached to the player’s helmet, or embedded in a mouth guard. These systems monitor motion of the head or helmet, but do not directly measure impact energy. This paper evaluates the accuracy of a novel, multifunctional foam-based sensor that replaces a portion of the helmet foam to measure impact. All modified helmets were tested using a National Operating Committee Standards for Athletic Equipment-style drop tower with a total of 24 drop tests (4 locations with 6 impact energies). The impacts were evaluated using a headform, instrumented with a tri-axial accelerometer, mounted to a Hybrid III neck assembly. The resultant accelerations were evaluated for both the peak acceleration and the severity indices. These data were then compared to the voltage response from multiple Nano Composite Foam sensors located throughout the helmet. The foam sensor system proved to be accurate in measuring both the HIC and Gadd severity index, as well as peak acceleration while also providing additional details that were previously difficult to obtain, such as impact energy. © 2017, Biomedical Engineering Society.
303	a7006441571	Bowden A.E.	p694	False	Journal	320	Estimation of 3D Ground Reaction Force Using Nanocomposite Piezo-Responsive Foam Sensors During Walking	This paper describes a method for the estimation of the 3D ground reaction force (GRF) during human walking using novel nanocomposite piezo-responsive foam (NCPF) sensors. Nine subjects (5 male, 4 female) walked on a force-instrumented treadmill at 1.34 m/s for 120 s each while wearing a shoe that was instrumented with four NCPF sensors. GRF data, measured via the treadmill, and sensor data, measured via the NCPF inserts, were used in a tenfold cross validation process to calibrate a separate model for each individual. The calibration model estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with mean average errors (MAE) of 6.52 N (2.14%), 4.79 N (6.34%), and 15.4 N (2.15%), respectively. Two additional models were created using the sensor data from all subjects and subject demographics. A tenfold cross validation process for this combined data set resulted in models that estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with less than 8.16 N (2.41%), 6.63 N (7.37%), and 19.4 N (2.31%) errors, respectively. Intra-subject estimates based on the model had a higher accuracy than inter-subject estimates, likely due to the relatively small subject cohort used in creating the model. The novel NCPF sensors demonstrate the ability to accurately estimate 3D GRF during human movement outside of the traditional biomechanics laboratory setting. © 2017, Biomedical Engineering Society.
303	a7006441571	Bowden A.E.	p867	False	Conference	388	Exploration of carbon-filled carbon nanotube vascular stents	The purpose of this research was to design, fabricate, and test coronary stent designs composed of carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotubes (CI-CNTs). Coronary stents currently have two major complications: restenosis and thrombosis. CI-CNT stents may provide improved clinical outcomes for both of these issues. Multiple stent design concepts were generated, evaluated, and two stent designs were selected: one with a semi-auxetic nature, and one designed for maximum force. These designs were further developed and optimized using analytical tools along with finite element analysis. Planar versions of the stent designs were manufactured and mechanically tested to verify performance. The performance of the cylindrical stent configurations was analyzed using finite element modeling. A sample cylindrical stent was also fabricated. This research demonstrates that feasible coronary stent designs can be manufactured from CI-CNTs. However, a major challenge for CI-CNT stent designs is meeting the design requirement of sufficient radial force. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017.
304	a57191873151	Ziaee M.	p74	True	Journal	54	Optimization of laser sintering for demineralized bone/polycaprolactone composite powder for bone tissue scaffold	Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is an excellent bone scaffold material, but is available in only limited sizes. An additive manufacturing (AM) method that retains these properties while enabling customized geometry fabrication would provide bone scaffolds for a larger range of geometries while maintaining the benefits of DBM. This work examines laser sintering (LS) of a blend of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) and polycaprolactone (PCL) using a CO2 laser beam. A comprehensive experimental study was carried out to find the conditions that form defect-free layers while still retaining the favorable biological features of DBM. The results identify a process setting window over which LS can be utilized to constructing complex patient-specific scaffolds. With the identified setting, first, the DBM/PCL blend was fused in the LS machine. Parts were then were further strengthened through a post-processing heat treatment. The shrinkage level, skeletal density, mechanical testing, and porosimetry of the resultant samples were compared to traditional machined DBM blocks. The maximum tensile strength of the samples and post-processing shrinkage depends on heat treatment duration. The tensile strength measurements demonstrate that the post-processing conditions can be tuned to achieve the tensile strength of the demineralized bone strips. Evaluation of the dimensional change suggests that the shrinkage along the laser paths is ~0.3% while thickness shrinks the most (up to ~20%). The porosimetry and density studies showed that the final part achieved over 40% porosity with a density comparable to blocks of DBM. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
304	a57191873151	Ziaee M.	p182	True	Journal	124	Binder jetting: A review of process, materials, and methods	Binder Jet printing is an additive manufacturing technique that dispenses liquid binding agent on powder to form a two-dimensional pattern on a layer. The layers are stacked to build a physical article. Binder Jetting (BJ) can be adapted to almost any powder with high production rates and the BJ process utilizes a broad range of technologies including printing tehniques, powder deposition, dynamic binder/powder interaction, and post-processing methods. A wide variety of materials including polymers, metals, and ceramics have been processed successfully with Binder Jet. However, developing printing and post-processing methods that maximize part performance is a remaining challenge. This article presents a broad review of technologies and approaches that have been applied in Binder Jet printing and points towards opportunities for future advancement. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
304	a57191873151	Ziaee M.	p226	True	Journal	148	Fabrication of demineralized bone matrix/polycaprolactone composites using large area projection sintering (LAPS)	Cadaveric decellularized bone tissue is utilized as an allograft in many musculoskeletal surgical procedures. Typically, the allograft acts as a scaffold to guide tissue regeneration with superior biocompatibility relative to synthetic scaffolds. Traditionally these scaffolds are machined into the required dimensions and shapes. However, the geometrical simplicity and, in some cases, limited dimensions of the donated tissue restrict the use of allograft scaffolds. This could be overcome by additive manufacturing using granulated bone that is both decellularized and demineralized. In this study, the large area projection sintering (LAPS) method is evaluated as a fabrication method to build porous structures composed of granulated cortical bone bound by polycaprolactone (PCL). This additive manufacturing method utilizes visible light to selectively cure the deposited material layer-by-layer to create 3D geometry. First, the spreading behavior of the composite mixtures is evaluated and the conditions to attain improved powder bed density to fabricate the test specimens are determined. The tensile strength of the LAPS fabricated samples in both dry and hydrated states are determined and compared to the demineralized cancellous bone allograft and the heat treated demineralized-bone/PCL mixture in mold. The results indicated that the projection sintered composites of 45–55 wt %. Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) particulates produced strength comparable to processed and demineralized cancellous bone. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
305	a57216430816	Mahmood A.	p74	False	Journal	54	Optimization of laser sintering for demineralized bone/polycaprolactone composite powder for bone tissue scaffold	Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is an excellent bone scaffold material, but is available in only limited sizes. An additive manufacturing (AM) method that retains these properties while enabling customized geometry fabrication would provide bone scaffolds for a larger range of geometries while maintaining the benefits of DBM. This work examines laser sintering (LS) of a blend of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) and polycaprolactone (PCL) using a CO2 laser beam. A comprehensive experimental study was carried out to find the conditions that form defect-free layers while still retaining the favorable biological features of DBM. The results identify a process setting window over which LS can be utilized to constructing complex patient-specific scaffolds. With the identified setting, first, the DBM/PCL blend was fused in the LS machine. Parts were then were further strengthened through a post-processing heat treatment. The shrinkage level, skeletal density, mechanical testing, and porosimetry of the resultant samples were compared to traditional machined DBM blocks. The maximum tensile strength of the samples and post-processing shrinkage depends on heat treatment duration. The tensile strength measurements demonstrate that the post-processing conditions can be tuned to achieve the tensile strength of the demineralized bone strips. Evaluation of the dimensional change suggests that the shrinkage along the laser paths is ~0.3% while thickness shrinks the most (up to ~20%). The porosimetry and density studies showed that the final part achieved over 40% porosity with a density comparable to blocks of DBM. © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
305	a57216430816	Mahmood A.	p226	False	Journal	148	Fabrication of demineralized bone matrix/polycaprolactone composites using large area projection sintering (LAPS)	Cadaveric decellularized bone tissue is utilized as an allograft in many musculoskeletal surgical procedures. Typically, the allograft acts as a scaffold to guide tissue regeneration with superior biocompatibility relative to synthetic scaffolds. Traditionally these scaffolds are machined into the required dimensions and shapes. However, the geometrical simplicity and, in some cases, limited dimensions of the donated tissue restrict the use of allograft scaffolds. This could be overcome by additive manufacturing using granulated bone that is both decellularized and demineralized. In this study, the large area projection sintering (LAPS) method is evaluated as a fabrication method to build porous structures composed of granulated cortical bone bound by polycaprolactone (PCL). This additive manufacturing method utilizes visible light to selectively cure the deposited material layer-by-layer to create 3D geometry. First, the spreading behavior of the composite mixtures is evaluated and the conditions to attain improved powder bed density to fabricate the test specimens are determined. The tensile strength of the LAPS fabricated samples in both dry and hydrated states are determined and compared to the demineralized cancellous bone allograft and the heat treated demineralized-bone/PCL mixture in mold. The results indicated that the projection sintered composites of 45–55 wt %. Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) particulates produced strength comparable to processed and demineralized cancellous bone. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
306	a55971908500	Jin M.	p75	True	Journal	55	A CPRBM-based method for large-deflection analysis of contact-aided compliant mechanisms considering beam-to-beam contacts	Contact-aided compliant mechanisms (CCMs) utilize contact to achieve enhanced functionality. The contact phenomenon of CCMs increases the difficulties of their analysis and design, especially when they exhibit beam-to-beam contact. Considering the particularity of CCMs analysis, which is more about the mechanisms’ deformation, this paper presents a numerical method to analyze the large deflection and stress of the CCMs considering beam-to-beam contacts. Based on our previous work on beam-to-rigid contact, the large deformation of general beams in CCMs is modeled by using the chained pseudo-rigid-body model (CPRBM). An approximation based on the geometric information of CPRBM is proposed in this paper to rapidly determine the moving boundary curve for beam-to-beam contact constraints. The static equilibrium configuration of CCMs is solved by minimizing its potential energy function under the geometric constraints from the boundary curves of contacts. A formulation is also provided to evaluate the normal stress along the deformed beam based on the deformation of CPRBM's torsional springs. Numerical examples and finite element analysis are used to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
307	a54415193700	Zhu B.	p75	False	Journal	55	A CPRBM-based method for large-deflection analysis of contact-aided compliant mechanisms considering beam-to-beam contacts	Contact-aided compliant mechanisms (CCMs) utilize contact to achieve enhanced functionality. The contact phenomenon of CCMs increases the difficulties of their analysis and design, especially when they exhibit beam-to-beam contact. Considering the particularity of CCMs analysis, which is more about the mechanisms’ deformation, this paper presents a numerical method to analyze the large deflection and stress of the CCMs considering beam-to-beam contacts. Based on our previous work on beam-to-rigid contact, the large deformation of general beams in CCMs is modeled by using the chained pseudo-rigid-body model (CPRBM). An approximation based on the geometric information of CPRBM is proposed in this paper to rapidly determine the moving boundary curve for beam-to-beam contact constraints. The static equilibrium configuration of CCMs is solved by minimizing its potential energy function under the geometric constraints from the boundary curves of contacts. A formulation is also provided to evaluate the normal stress along the deformed beam based on the deformation of CPRBM's torsional springs. Numerical examples and finite element analysis are used to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
308	a56489679500	Mo J.	p75	False	Journal	55	A CPRBM-based method for large-deflection analysis of contact-aided compliant mechanisms considering beam-to-beam contacts	Contact-aided compliant mechanisms (CCMs) utilize contact to achieve enhanced functionality. The contact phenomenon of CCMs increases the difficulties of their analysis and design, especially when they exhibit beam-to-beam contact. Considering the particularity of CCMs analysis, which is more about the mechanisms’ deformation, this paper presents a numerical method to analyze the large deflection and stress of the CCMs considering beam-to-beam contacts. Based on our previous work on beam-to-rigid contact, the large deformation of general beams in CCMs is modeled by using the chained pseudo-rigid-body model (CPRBM). An approximation based on the geometric information of CPRBM is proposed in this paper to rapidly determine the moving boundary curve for beam-to-beam contact constraints. The static equilibrium configuration of CCMs is solved by minimizing its potential energy function under the geometric constraints from the boundary curves of contacts. A formulation is also provided to evaluate the normal stress along the deformed beam based on the deformation of CPRBM's torsional springs. Numerical examples and finite element analysis are used to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
309	a55522618700	Yang Z.	p75	False	Journal	55	A CPRBM-based method for large-deflection analysis of contact-aided compliant mechanisms considering beam-to-beam contacts	Contact-aided compliant mechanisms (CCMs) utilize contact to achieve enhanced functionality. The contact phenomenon of CCMs increases the difficulties of their analysis and design, especially when they exhibit beam-to-beam contact. Considering the particularity of CCMs analysis, which is more about the mechanisms’ deformation, this paper presents a numerical method to analyze the large deflection and stress of the CCMs considering beam-to-beam contacts. Based on our previous work on beam-to-rigid contact, the large deformation of general beams in CCMs is modeled by using the chained pseudo-rigid-body model (CPRBM). An approximation based on the geometric information of CPRBM is proposed in this paper to rapidly determine the moving boundary curve for beam-to-beam contact constraints. The static equilibrium configuration of CCMs is solved by minimizing its potential energy function under the geometric constraints from the boundary curves of contacts. A formulation is also provided to evaluate the normal stress along the deformed beam based on the deformation of CPRBM's torsional springs. Numerical examples and finite element analysis are used to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
310	a55864283000	Zhang X.	p75	False	Journal	55	A CPRBM-based method for large-deflection analysis of contact-aided compliant mechanisms considering beam-to-beam contacts	Contact-aided compliant mechanisms (CCMs) utilize contact to achieve enhanced functionality. The contact phenomenon of CCMs increases the difficulties of their analysis and design, especially when they exhibit beam-to-beam contact. Considering the particularity of CCMs analysis, which is more about the mechanisms’ deformation, this paper presents a numerical method to analyze the large deflection and stress of the CCMs considering beam-to-beam contacts. Based on our previous work on beam-to-rigid contact, the large deformation of general beams in CCMs is modeled by using the chained pseudo-rigid-body model (CPRBM). An approximation based on the geometric information of CPRBM is proposed in this paper to rapidly determine the moving boundary curve for beam-to-beam contact constraints. The static equilibrium configuration of CCMs is solved by minimizing its potential energy function under the geometric constraints from the boundary curves of contacts. A formulation is also provided to evaluate the normal stress along the deformed beam based on the deformation of CPRBM's torsional springs. Numerical examples and finite element analysis are used to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
311	a57209110872	Wu R.	p76	True	Journal	56	Non-catalytic ash effect on char reactivity	This investigation reviews non-catalytic ash effects on char reactivity based on several biomass chars. Biomass ash contents vary substantially among fuel types and are typified by the three fuels compared in this investigation. These fuels have ash-content ratios of about 40:1, which should allow experimental observation of ash effects. In addition, the experiments explore char gasification rates under kinetically controlled conditions that should highlight the effects of ash. By contrast, diffusion controlled burning rates may mask the types of ash effects observed here. The experimental and theoretical results indicate that refractory material such as ash reduces kinetic reaction rates by rendering portions of the surface area inert as char burnout proceeds and ash content increases. Ash also affects particle size in a somewhat compensatory manner. A theoretical model has been developed to quantify the ash effect. This model indicates that all chars from ash-forming fuels should experience similar behavior, which manifests itself as a decrease in the kinetic burning rate in late stages of burnout even though the kinetic reactivity of the char does not change. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
312	a57206455220	Beutler J.	p76	False	Journal	56	Non-catalytic ash effect on char reactivity	This investigation reviews non-catalytic ash effects on char reactivity based on several biomass chars. Biomass ash contents vary substantially among fuel types and are typified by the three fuels compared in this investigation. These fuels have ash-content ratios of about 40:1, which should allow experimental observation of ash effects. In addition, the experiments explore char gasification rates under kinetically controlled conditions that should highlight the effects of ash. By contrast, diffusion controlled burning rates may mask the types of ash effects observed here. The experimental and theoretical results indicate that refractory material such as ash reduces kinetic reaction rates by rendering portions of the surface area inert as char burnout proceeds and ash content increases. Ash also affects particle size in a somewhat compensatory manner. A theoretical model has been developed to quantify the ash effect. This model indicates that all chars from ash-forming fuels should experience similar behavior, which manifests itself as a decrease in the kinetic burning rate in late stages of burnout even though the kinetic reactivity of the char does not change. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
313	a7103248108	Baxter L.L.	p76	False	Journal	56	Non-catalytic ash effect on char reactivity	This investigation reviews non-catalytic ash effects on char reactivity based on several biomass chars. Biomass ash contents vary substantially among fuel types and are typified by the three fuels compared in this investigation. These fuels have ash-content ratios of about 40:1, which should allow experimental observation of ash effects. In addition, the experiments explore char gasification rates under kinetically controlled conditions that should highlight the effects of ash. By contrast, diffusion controlled burning rates may mask the types of ash effects observed here. The experimental and theoretical results indicate that refractory material such as ash reduces kinetic reaction rates by rendering portions of the surface area inert as char burnout proceeds and ash content increases. Ash also affects particle size in a somewhat compensatory manner. A theoretical model has been developed to quantify the ash effect. This model indicates that all chars from ash-forming fuels should experience similar behavior, which manifests itself as a decrease in the kinetic burning rate in late stages of burnout even though the kinetic reactivity of the char does not change. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
313	a7103248108	Baxter L.L.	p650	False	Conference	281	Improving full-scale models of new carbon capture technologies with uncertainty quantification	Carbon capture technologies for combustion power plants aim to remove CO2 from flue gas. One such technology is the novel CO2-Binding Organic Liquid (CO2BOL) process developed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The process utilizes their anhydrous CO2BOL solvent in place of amine mixtures to reduce the energy penalty. A full-scale model of this system based on NETL's Case 10 power plant is projected to produce 7-16% more net electric power over a traditional MEA system for the same plant. These full-scale model predictions are promising, however full-scale simulations are difficult to validate using only bench-scale data. There are errors in both the measurements and models that need to be considered in addition to uncertainties introduced by up-scaling. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is a statistical framework used to better understand these uncertainties as well as data gaps in models. By constraining models to data, distributions of model parameters are estimated and then propagated through the model to obtain distributions of key outputs such as carbon capture percent, energy penalty, stripper temperature, etc. The results from this UQ analysis aid the design of experiments (DoE) which identifies data gaps to fill to improve model accuracy. Using UQ and DoE effectively can reduce the development time of new carbon capture by years and save time and money on the path to a pilot, and ultimately full-scale, plant. Copyright © (2018) by AIChE. All Rights Reserved.
313	a7103248108	Baxter L.L.	p835	False	Conference	363	Field testing of Cryogenic Carbon Capture	Sustainable Energy Solutions has been developing Cryogenic Carbon Capture™(CCC) since 2008. In that time two processes have been developed, the External Cooling Loop and Compressed Flue Gas Cryogenic Carbon Capture processes (CCC ECL™ and CCC CFG™ respectively). The CCC ECL™ process has been scaled up to a 1 TPD CO2 system. In this process the flue gas is cooled by an external refrigerant loop. SES has tested CCC ECL™ on real flue gas slip streams from subbituminous coal, bituminous coal, biomass, natural gas, shredded tires, and municipal waste fuels at field sites that include utility power stations, heating plants, cement kilns, and pilot-scale research reactors. The CO2 concentrations from these tests ranged from 5 to 22% on a dry basis. CO2 capture ranged from 95-99+% during these tests. Several other condensable species were also captured including NO2, SO2 and PMxx at 95+%. NO was also captured at a modest rate. The CCC CFG™ process has been scaled up to a.25 ton per day system. This system has been tested on real flue gas streams including subbituminous coal, bituminous coal and natural gas at field sites that include utility power stations, heating plants, and pilot-scale research reactors. CO2 concentrations for these tests ranged from 5 to 15% on a dry basis. CO2 capture ranged from 95-99+% during these tests. Several other condensable species were also captured including NO2, SO2 and PMxx at 95+%. NO was also captured at 90+%. Hg capture was also verified and the resulting effluent from CCC CFG™ was below a lppt concentration. This paper will focus on discussion of the capabilities of CCC, the results of field testing and the future steps surrounding the development of this technology. Copyright 2017, Carbon Management Technology Conference.
314	a57191108291	Morgan W.S.	p77	True	Journal	57	Generalized regular k-point grid generation on the fly	In the DFT community, it is common practice to use regular k-point grids (Monkhorst-Pack, MP) for Brillioun zone integration. Recently Wisesa et al. (2016) and Morgan et al. (2018) demonstrated that generalized regular (GR) grids offer an advantage over traditional MP grids. The difference is simple but effective. At the same k-point density, GR grids have greater symmetry and 60% fewer irreducible k-points. GR grids have not been widely adopted because one must search through a large number of candidate grids; in many cases, a brute force search could take hours. This work describes an algorithm that can quickly search over GR grids for those that have the most uniform distribution of points and the best symmetry reduction. The grids are ∼60% more efficient, on average, than MP grids and can now be generated on the fly in seconds. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
314	a57191108291	Morgan W.S.	p440	True	Journal	245	Efficiency of Generalized Regular k-point grids	Most DFT practitioners use regular grids (Monkhorst-Pack, MP) for integrations in the Brillouin zone. Although regular grids are the natural choice and easy to generate, more general grids whose generating vectors are not merely integer divisions of the reciprocal lattice vectors, are usually more efficient (Wisesa et al., 2016). We demonstrate the efficiency of generalized regular (GR) grids compared to Monkhorst-Pack (MP) and simultaneously commensurate (SC) grids. In the case of metals, for total energy accuracies of one meV/atom, GR grids are 60% faster on average than MP grids and 20% faster than SC grids. GR grids also have greater freedom in choosing the k-point density, enabling the practitioner to achieve a target accuracy with the minimum computational cost. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
314	a57191108291	Morgan W.S.	p709	True	Journal	349	Generating derivative superstructures for systems with high configurational freedom	Modeling alloys requires the exploration of all possible configurations of atoms. Additionally, modeling the thermal properties of materials requires knowledge of the possible ways of displacing the atoms. One solution to finding all symmetrically unique configurations and displacements is to generate the complete list of possible configurations and remove those that are symmetrically equivalent. This approach, however, suffers from a combinatorial explosion when the supercell size is large, when there are more than two atom types, or when there are many displaced atoms. This problem persists even when there are only a relatively small number of unique arrangements that survive the elimination process. Here, we extend an existing algorithm to include the extra configurational degrees of freedom from the inclusion of displacement directions. The algorithm uses group theory and a tree-like data structure to eliminate large classes of configurations, avoiding the typical combinatoric explosion. With this approach we can now enumerate previously inaccessible cases, including atomic displacements. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
315	a57212383793	Christensen J.E.	p77	False	Journal	57	Generalized regular k-point grid generation on the fly	In the DFT community, it is common practice to use regular k-point grids (Monkhorst-Pack, MP) for Brillioun zone integration. Recently Wisesa et al. (2016) and Morgan et al. (2018) demonstrated that generalized regular (GR) grids offer an advantage over traditional MP grids. The difference is simple but effective. At the same k-point density, GR grids have greater symmetry and 60% fewer irreducible k-points. GR grids have not been widely adopted because one must search through a large number of candidate grids; in many cases, a brute force search could take hours. This work describes an algorithm that can quickly search over GR grids for those that have the most uniform distribution of points and the best symmetry reduction. The grids are ∼60% more efficient, on average, than MP grids and can now be generated on the fly in seconds. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
316	a57212379321	Hamilton P.K.	p77	False	Journal	57	Generalized regular k-point grid generation on the fly	In the DFT community, it is common practice to use regular k-point grids (Monkhorst-Pack, MP) for Brillioun zone integration. Recently Wisesa et al. (2016) and Morgan et al. (2018) demonstrated that generalized regular (GR) grids offer an advantage over traditional MP grids. The difference is simple but effective. At the same k-point density, GR grids have greater symmetry and 60% fewer irreducible k-points. GR grids have not been widely adopted because one must search through a large number of candidate grids; in many cases, a brute force search could take hours. This work describes an algorithm that can quickly search over GR grids for those that have the most uniform distribution of points and the best symmetry reduction. The grids are ∼60% more efficient, on average, than MP grids and can now be generated on the fly in seconds. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
317	a57202904399	Jorgensen J.J.	p77	False	Journal	57	Generalized regular k-point grid generation on the fly	In the DFT community, it is common practice to use regular k-point grids (Monkhorst-Pack, MP) for Brillioun zone integration. Recently Wisesa et al. (2016) and Morgan et al. (2018) demonstrated that generalized regular (GR) grids offer an advantage over traditional MP grids. The difference is simple but effective. At the same k-point density, GR grids have greater symmetry and 60% fewer irreducible k-points. GR grids have not been widely adopted because one must search through a large number of candidate grids; in many cases, a brute force search could take hours. This work describes an algorithm that can quickly search over GR grids for those that have the most uniform distribution of points and the best symmetry reduction. The grids are ∼60% more efficient, on average, than MP grids and can now be generated on the fly in seconds. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
317	a57202904399	Jorgensen J.J.	p440	False	Journal	245	Efficiency of Generalized Regular k-point grids	Most DFT practitioners use regular grids (Monkhorst-Pack, MP) for integrations in the Brillouin zone. Although regular grids are the natural choice and easy to generate, more general grids whose generating vectors are not merely integer divisions of the reciprocal lattice vectors, are usually more efficient (Wisesa et al., 2016). We demonstrate the efficiency of generalized regular (GR) grids compared to Monkhorst-Pack (MP) and simultaneously commensurate (SC) grids. In the case of metals, for total energy accuracies of one meV/atom, GR grids are 60% faster on average than MP grids and 20% faster than SC grids. GR grids also have greater freedom in choosing the k-point density, enabling the practitioner to achieve a target accuracy with the minimum computational cost. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
318	a7403279876	Campbell B.J.	p77	False	Journal	57	Generalized regular k-point grid generation on the fly	In the DFT community, it is common practice to use regular k-point grids (Monkhorst-Pack, MP) for Brillioun zone integration. Recently Wisesa et al. (2016) and Morgan et al. (2018) demonstrated that generalized regular (GR) grids offer an advantage over traditional MP grids. The difference is simple but effective. At the same k-point density, GR grids have greater symmetry and 60% fewer irreducible k-points. GR grids have not been widely adopted because one must search through a large number of candidate grids; in many cases, a brute force search could take hours. This work describes an algorithm that can quickly search over GR grids for those that have the most uniform distribution of points and the best symmetry reduction. The grids are ∼60% more efficient, on average, than MP grids and can now be generated on the fly in seconds. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
319	a6507391043	Forcade R.W.	p77	False	Journal	57	Generalized regular k-point grid generation on the fly	In the DFT community, it is common practice to use regular k-point grids (Monkhorst-Pack, MP) for Brillioun zone integration. Recently Wisesa et al. (2016) and Morgan et al. (2018) demonstrated that generalized regular (GR) grids offer an advantage over traditional MP grids. The difference is simple but effective. At the same k-point density, GR grids have greater symmetry and 60% fewer irreducible k-points. GR grids have not been widely adopted because one must search through a large number of candidate grids; in many cases, a brute force search could take hours. This work describes an algorithm that can quickly search over GR grids for those that have the most uniform distribution of points and the best symmetry reduction. The grids are ∼60% more efficient, on average, than MP grids and can now be generated on the fly in seconds. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
319	a6507391043	Forcade R.W.	p709	False	Journal	349	Generating derivative superstructures for systems with high configurational freedom	Modeling alloys requires the exploration of all possible configurations of atoms. Additionally, modeling the thermal properties of materials requires knowledge of the possible ways of displacing the atoms. One solution to finding all symmetrically unique configurations and displacements is to generate the complete list of possible configurations and remove those that are symmetrically equivalent. This approach, however, suffers from a combinatorial explosion when the supercell size is large, when there are more than two atom types, or when there are many displaced atoms. This problem persists even when there are only a relatively small number of unique arrangements that survive the elimination process. Here, we extend an existing algorithm to include the extra configurational degrees of freedom from the inclusion of displacement directions. The algorithm uses group theory and a tree-like data structure to eliminate large classes of configurations, avoiding the typical combinatoric explosion. With this approach we can now enumerate previously inaccessible cases, including atomic displacements. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
320	a57196261400	Kunzler J.W.	p78	True	Journal	58	Compact structure with high TX-RX isolation for frequency domain duplexing on printed circuit boards	When developing compact and lightweight antenna systems for unmanned aerial systems, achieving high isolation between transmit and receive signal paths is challenging. To address this issue, we demonstrate a prototype isolation design on a printed circuit board for a frequency division duplexed X band antenna system. Key components include a microstrip defected ground plane notch filter and a copper grating barrier that provides 20 dB higher isolation than free space separation between the transmit and receive antennas. The hardware provides at least 105 dB of transmit isolation into the receiver low noise amplifier in the transmit band. The proposed design is lighter and more compact than traditional machined metal waveguide isolation techniques used for ground-based systems yet achieves similar isolation performance. © 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
320	a57196261400	Kunzler J.W.	p665	False	Journal	319	Sidelobe Level and Aperture Efficiency Optimization for Tiled Aperiodic Array Antennas	Array antennas with aperiodic element placement provide a way to mitigate grating lobe level when the array element spacing is larger than one half wavelength. Design techniques for aperiodic arrays include thinning, numerical optimization, and other methods, but even with modern tools, designing electrically large aperiodic arrays remain computationally challenging. To reduce the complexity of the large aperiodic array design problem, we study the use of discrete rotated tiles with element positions and tile orientations optimized to minimize peak sidelobe level (PSLL). The directivity, frequency sensitivity of PSLL, and optimization complexity for uniform arrays, aperiodic arrays, and tiled arrays are compared. Based on many numerical examples, an approximate relationship between PSLL and array element number and density for aperiodic and tiled arrays is proposed as a convergence estimator for the design optimization process. © 2017 IEEE.
321	a57214229367	Bartschi J.M.	p78	False	Journal	58	Compact structure with high TX-RX isolation for frequency domain duplexing on printed circuit boards	When developing compact and lightweight antenna systems for unmanned aerial systems, achieving high isolation between transmit and receive signal paths is challenging. To address this issue, we demonstrate a prototype isolation design on a printed circuit board for a frequency division duplexed X band antenna system. Key components include a microstrip defected ground plane notch filter and a copper grating barrier that provides 20 dB higher isolation than free space separation between the transmit and receive antennas. The hardware provides at least 105 dB of transmit isolation into the receiver low noise amplifier in the transmit band. The proposed design is lighter and more compact than traditional machined metal waveguide isolation techniques used for ground-based systems yet achieves similar isolation performance. © 2020, © 2020 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
322	a57214855898	Schnepf P.D.	p79	True	Journal	59	Closed-Loop, Axial Temperature Control of Etched Silicon Microcolumn for Tunable Thermal Gradient Gas Chromatography	Combining the resolution of conventional gas chromatography systems with the size factor of microGC systems is important for improving the affordability and portability of high performance gas analysis. Recent work has demonstrated the feasibility of high resolution separation of gases in a benchtopscale short column system by controlling thermal gradients through the column. This work reports a microfabricated thermally controllable gas chromatographic column with a small footprint (approximately 6.25 cm2). The design of the 20 cm column utilizes 21 individually controllable thin film heaters and conduction cooling to produce a desired temperature profile. The reported device is capable of heating and cooling rates exceeding 8000 °C/min and can reach temperatures of 350 °C. The control methods allow for excellent disturbance rejection and precision to within +/- 1 °C. Each length of the column between heaters was demonstrated to be individually controllable and displayed quadratic temperature profiles. This paper focuses on the fabrication process and implementation of the thermal control strategy. [2019-0113] © 1992-2012 IEEE.
323	a57215031057	Davis A.	p79	False	Journal	59	Closed-Loop, Axial Temperature Control of Etched Silicon Microcolumn for Tunable Thermal Gradient Gas Chromatography	Combining the resolution of conventional gas chromatography systems with the size factor of microGC systems is important for improving the affordability and portability of high performance gas analysis. Recent work has demonstrated the feasibility of high resolution separation of gases in a benchtopscale short column system by controlling thermal gradients through the column. This work reports a microfabricated thermally controllable gas chromatographic column with a small footprint (approximately 6.25 cm2). The design of the 20 cm column utilizes 21 individually controllable thin film heaters and conduction cooling to produce a desired temperature profile. The reported device is capable of heating and cooling rates exceeding 8000 °C/min and can reach temperatures of 350 °C. The control methods allow for excellent disturbance rejection and precision to within +/- 1 °C. Each length of the column between heaters was demonstrated to be individually controllable and displayed quadratic temperature profiles. This paper focuses on the fabrication process and implementation of the thermal control strategy. [2019-0113] © 1992-2012 IEEE.
324	a6701610428	Vanfleet R.	p79	False	Journal	59	Closed-Loop, Axial Temperature Control of Etched Silicon Microcolumn for Tunable Thermal Gradient Gas Chromatography	Combining the resolution of conventional gas chromatography systems with the size factor of microGC systems is important for improving the affordability and portability of high performance gas analysis. Recent work has demonstrated the feasibility of high resolution separation of gases in a benchtopscale short column system by controlling thermal gradients through the column. This work reports a microfabricated thermally controllable gas chromatographic column with a small footprint (approximately 6.25 cm2). The design of the 20 cm column utilizes 21 individually controllable thin film heaters and conduction cooling to produce a desired temperature profile. The reported device is capable of heating and cooling rates exceeding 8000 °C/min and can reach temperatures of 350 °C. The control methods allow for excellent disturbance rejection and precision to within +/- 1 °C. Each length of the column between heaters was demonstrated to be individually controllable and displayed quadratic temperature profiles. This paper focuses on the fabrication process and implementation of the thermal control strategy. [2019-0113] © 1992-2012 IEEE.
324	a6701610428	Vanfleet R.	p363	False	Journal	203	High surface-area carbon microcantilevers	Microscale porous carbon mechanical resonators were formed using carbon nanotube templated microfabrication. These cantilever resonators exhibited nanoscale porosity resulting in a high surface area to volume ratio which could enable sensitive analyte detection in air. These resonators were shown to be mechanically robust and the porosity could be controllably varied resulting in densities from 102 to 103 kg m-3, with pore diameters on the order of hundreds of nanometers. Cantilevers with lengths ranging from 500 μm to 5 mm were clamped in a fixture for mechanical resonance testing where quality factors from 102 to 103 were observed at atmospheric pressure in air. © 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
324	a6701610428	Vanfleet R.	p512	False	Journal	281	Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Millimeter-Tall Free-Standing Carbon Nanotube-Based Microelectrode Arrays	Microelectrode arrays of carbon nanotube (CNT)/carbon composite posts with high aspect ratio and millimeter-length were fabricated using carbon-nanotube-templated microfabrication with a sacrificial "hedge". The high aspect ratio, mechanical robustness, and electrical conductivity of these electrodes make them a potential candidate for next-generation neural interfacing. Electrochemical measurements were also demonstrated using an individual CNT post microelectrode with a diameter of 25 μm and a length of 1 mm to perform cyclic voltammetry on both methyl viologen and dopamine in a phosphate-buffered saline solution. In addition to detection of the characteristic peaks, the CNT post microelectrodes show a fast electrochemical response, which may be enabling for in vivo and/or in vitro measurements. The CNT post electrode fabrication process was also integrated with other microfabrication techniques, resulting in individually addressable electrodes. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
324	a6701610428	Vanfleet R.	p725	False	Journal	354	Carbon monolith scaffolding for high volumetric capacity silicon Li-ion battery anodes	A nanoporous carbon monolith structure has been developed for use as a scaffold for silicon anodes for lithium batteries. This scaffold was fabricated by coating vertically aligned carbon nanotubes in a highly conformal coating of nanocrystalline carbon, applied via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. The coating increases the mechanical stability of the nanotube structure, which provides electrically conductive pathways through the anode. Silicon anodes were fabricated with the monoliths by low pressure chemical vapor infiltration of silicon. This platform allows the carbon and silicon volume fractions to be independently varied in the anode. Anodes with a low silicon content (less than 5% by volume) showed high stability in cycling against lithium with a capacity retention of 89.7% between cycles 2 and 185. Anodes with a high silicon content (∼25% by volume) showed poor capacity retention when the carbon content was low (<40% by volume), and transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated that the anodes failed due to the destruction of the nanocrystalline carbon coating during cycling. However, by increasing the carbon content to ∼60% volume percent in the monolith, capacity retention was substantially stabilized even for anodes with very high silicon loadings. These stabilized electrodes exhibited volumetric capacities as high as ∼1000 mA h/ml and retained over 725 mA h/ml by cycle 100. © 2017 American Vacuum Society.
325	a7403218372	Jensen B.D.	p79	False	Journal	59	Closed-Loop, Axial Temperature Control of Etched Silicon Microcolumn for Tunable Thermal Gradient Gas Chromatography	Combining the resolution of conventional gas chromatography systems with the size factor of microGC systems is important for improving the affordability and portability of high performance gas analysis. Recent work has demonstrated the feasibility of high resolution separation of gases in a benchtopscale short column system by controlling thermal gradients through the column. This work reports a microfabricated thermally controllable gas chromatographic column with a small footprint (approximately 6.25 cm2). The design of the 20 cm column utilizes 21 individually controllable thin film heaters and conduction cooling to produce a desired temperature profile. The reported device is capable of heating and cooling rates exceeding 8000 °C/min and can reach temperatures of 350 °C. The control methods allow for excellent disturbance rejection and precision to within +/- 1 °C. Each length of the column between heaters was demonstrated to be individually controllable and displayed quadratic temperature profiles. This paper focuses on the fabrication process and implementation of the thermal control strategy. [2019-0113] © 1992-2012 IEEE.
325	a7403218372	Jensen B.D.	p153	False	Journal	108	Heat set creases in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets to enable origami-based applications	Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets show promise for application in origami-based engineering design. Origami-based engineering provides advantages that are not readily available in traditional engineering design methods. Several processing methods were examined to identify trends and determine the effect of processing of PET sheets on the crease properties of origami mechanisms in PET. Various annealing times, temperatures, and cooling rates were evaluated and data collected for over 1000 samples. It was determined that annealing temperature plays the largest role in crease response. An increase in the crystallinity of a PET sheet while in the folded state likely increases the force response of the crease in PET sheets. An annealing time of at least 60 min at 160 C-180 C with a quick cooling results in a high force response in the crease. The effectiveness of the processing methods was demonstrated in several origami patterns of various complexities. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
325	a7403218372	Jensen B.D.	p164	False	Journal	114	Using non-destructive testing to predict bending modulus of carbon infiltrated-carbon nanotubes	Carbon infiltrated carbon nanotubes (CI-CNT) are an important emerging material in several micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) because of their unique mechanical and chemical properties. While CI-CNTs are only roughly conductive they work well in micro springs, levers, and meshes. However, fabrication of CI-CNTs can result in large mechanical property variation, and methods to characterize properties usually involve destructive testing. Destructive testing also assumes the tested specimens are representative of the entire batch which is not always true in the case of CI-CNT production. Finding a non-destructive way to test for stiffness of this material reduces the number of parts that have to be made and increases confidence in the integrity of device being used. It also simplifies testing of complex parts. The stiffness of CI-CNT beams is related to the molecular structure of the carbon material infiltrated between the carbon nanotubes (CNTs), how it interacts with the CNTs, and how much of it there is. The amount of material can be approximated with the density of the beam, and both the type of material and its interaction with the CNTs can be approximated through analysis of the Raman spectra taken at the surface. A combination of these two observations can be related to the effective material stiffness. The relationship can be fitted with a power function, with a variance of 1.41 GPa, which is about 11% of the maximum stiffness of the samples tested. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
325	a7403218372	Jensen B.D.	p322	False	Conference	102	Fabrication and testing of a MEMS system for injection of DNA into plant cells	This paper describes the fabrication and testing of a system to inject DNA into plant leaves. Arrays of silicon lances were made using photolithographic and STS DRIE Bosch techniques. A nanoinjector device was also made to accept the silicon lance arrays and perform nanoinjections. Nanoinjections were performed on Arabidopsis and cotton cotyledons. Changes in the force applied during a nanoinjection and varying the number of repeated nanoinjections on the same cotyledon were observed. Too much force or too many repeated injections caused physical damage to the cotyledon. An optimal force and number of repeated injections can be performed without causing physical damage to the cotyledon. Several injections using DNA were performed without successful transfection of the leaves. Possible reasons for this failure to transfect were explored. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
325	a7403218372	Jensen B.D.	p324	False	Conference	104	Simulation of a micro-electro-mechanical system for generating electrical power from pressurized gas	This paper presents a novel approach to energy scavenging for a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) device to convert the energy stored in pressurized gas into electrical power. The proposed design uses input pressure to move a piston and magnet through a set of coils while pulling on another mass through non-linear springs to open and close the input air valve. The model demonstrates that the design is capable of staying in motion with continual input pressure (up to at least a time stamp of 1 second), and that an average power output of 9.47 µW over 5 ms can be achieved. We suggest that further research be done to optimize the design parameters and that the optimized design be used to the test the system. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
325	a7403218372	Jensen B.D.	p454	False	Conference	160	Zipper Tube Reinforcement to Mitigate Flexible Shaft Buckling	The Zipper Tube Reinforcement (ZTR) is a novel support system developed to mitigate buckling in thin flexible devices used in robotic surgery. The ZTR was inspired by a construction technique called a Buckling Restrained Braced Frame (BRBF) and deployable booms for space applications. It utilizes a zipper function to allow a rolled sheet to deploy into a variable-length tube and stow in a small volume spooled on a mandrel. The tube envelops the device and allows it to support a much higher compressive load before buckling failure through the insertion stroke. The ZTR also enables the possibility of smaller, more flexible devices due to its design for continuous support and could find application in other fields. © 2018 IEEE.
325	a7403218372	Jensen B.D.	p583	False	Conference	228	Retractable anti-buckling support systems for flexible medical devices	This work presents two novel support systems used to help mitigate flexible device buckling during insertion such as the insertion of medical device into the body. These systems are collapsible to accommodate the changing length of the flexible device as it is inserted. They use tension in wires or geometry to provide systems with lateral stiffness used to support the device. Through modeling, the performance of these systems can be predicted and they can be designed to a desired performance. This was validated in the geometry-based support system. They provide systems with small operating volumes and part counts. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
325	a7403218372	Jensen B.D.	p586	False	Conference	231	Design and modeling of a prosthetic venous valve	Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) is a disease of the lower limbs that affects millions of people in the United States. CVI results from incompetent venous valves. The purpose of venous valves is to prevent retrograde blood flow to the lower limbs. Valve failure can lead to edema, pain, and ulcers. One solution that has great potential is to create an implantable venous valve that could restore function of the venous system. No prosthetic venous valves are clinically used currently because of problems with biocompatiblility and thrombogenicity caused by high shear rates. This paper presents a prosthetic venous valve that could overcome these difficulties by using carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotubes (CI-CNTs). This material has been proven to be thrombo-resistant, biocompatible due to its non-reactive properties, and durable. The valve was designed to be initially open and to close with physiological pressures. Finite element modeling showed that, with a hydrostatic pressure of 20 mmHg (the minimum hydrostatic pressure in the common femoral vein), it fully closed with a maximum stress of 117 MPa, which is below the ultimate strength of CI-CNTs. A computational fluid dynamics analysis demonstrated the valve would cause a maximum shear rate of 225.1 s− 1, which is less than the maximum shear rate in the body. Hence, this valve would be less likely than previous prosthetic valves to develop blood clots. Currently, this is the lowest shear rate reported for a prosthetic venous valve. These results demonstrate that a CI-CNT prosthetic venous valve has the potential to be an effective treatment for CVI. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
325	a7403218372	Jensen B.D.	p587	False	Conference	232	Patterned carbon nanotube growth on stainless steel	This paper presents, for the first time, the process of growing a pattern of carbon nanotubes (CNT(s)) on 316L stainless steel. The data presented is preliminary and requires further investigation to detail the growth behaviors of CNTs on stainless steel in regards to producing a pattern. However, this article presents the viability of producing a pattern on a stainless steel surface that can be used in bio-surfacing and electronic applications, among others. The results show that producing a CNT pattern on stainless steel can be achieved in a similar manner to that of producing a CNT pattern on a silicon wafer, with some vital differences in the photolithography and growth processes. The results also show that long CNT growth can lead to partial overgrowth of the pattern. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
325	a7403218372	Jensen B.D.	p600	False	Journal	307	Cylindrical cross-axis flexural pivots	The cylindrical cross-axis flexural pivot (CCAFP) is proposed as an ultra-compact flexure capable of being integrated into hollow cylindrical shafts, enabling shaft motion without inhibiting cables or other components inside the shaft. Mechanism geometry, materials, and manufacturing are proposed and the results analyzed and tested. A parametric finite element model of the CCAFP was created to analyze the force-deflection and strain-deflection relationships and the predicted behavior was verified by experiment. Analytic models of stress-limiting cam-surfaces suggest even larger motions may be possible when not limited by current practical constraints. The CCAFP is demonstrated and tested at multiple size scales and in multiple materials, ranging from 28.6 mm diameter 4130 steel (achieving 9 degrees of angular deflection) to 3 mm diameter NiTi (achieving an angular deflection of 85 degrees). The results are generalized to apply to a range of applications, and the CCAFP particularly shows promise for implementation in minimally invasive surgical instruments to decrease instrument size while maintaining instrument performance. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.
325	a7403218372	Jensen B.D.	p699	False	Journal	342	Inverted L-arm gripper compliant mechanism	This work exploits the advantages of compliant mechanisms (devices that achieve their motion through the deflection of flexible members) to enable the creation of small instruments for minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Using flexures to achieve motion presents challenges, three of which are considered in this work. First, compliant mechanisms generally perform inadequately in compression. Second, for a 690 deg range of motion desired for each jaw, the bending stresses in the flexures are prohibitive considering materials used in current instruments. Third, for cables attached at fixed points on the mechanism, the mechanical advantage will vary considerably during actuation. Research results are presented that address these challenges using compliant mechanism principles as demonstrated in a two-degree-of-freedom (2DoF) L-Arm gripper. © 2017 by ASME.
325	a7403218372	Jensen B.D.	p867	False	Conference	388	Exploration of carbon-filled carbon nanotube vascular stents	The purpose of this research was to design, fabricate, and test coronary stent designs composed of carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotubes (CI-CNTs). Coronary stents currently have two major complications: restenosis and thrombosis. CI-CNT stents may provide improved clinical outcomes for both of these issues. Multiple stent design concepts were generated, evaluated, and two stent designs were selected: one with a semi-auxetic nature, and one designed for maximum force. These designs were further developed and optimized using analytical tools along with finite element analysis. Planar versions of the stent designs were manufactured and mechanically tested to verify performance. The performance of the cylindrical stent configurations was analyzed using finite element modeling. A sample cylindrical stent was also fabricated. This research demonstrates that feasible coronary stent designs can be manufactured from CI-CNTs. However, a major challenge for CI-CNT stent designs is meeting the design requirement of sufficient radial force. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017.
325	a7403218372	Jensen B.D.	p876	False	Journal	407	Preface	[No abstract available]
326	a57200515115	Kurniawan C.	p80	True	Journal	60	Grain boundary structure–property model inference using polycrystals: the overdetermined case	Efforts to construct predictive grain boundary (GB) structure–property models have historically relied on property measurements or calculations made on bicrystals. Experimental bicrystals can be difficult or expensive to fabricate, and computational constraints limit atomistic bicrystal simulations to high-symmetry GBs (i.e., those with small enough GB periodicity). Although the use of bicrystal property data to construct GB structure–property models is more direct, in many experimental situations the only type of data available may be measurements of the effective properties of polycrystals. In this work, we investigate the possibility of inferring GB structure–property models from measurements of the homogenized effective properties of polycrystals when the form of the structure–property model is unknown. We present an idealized case study in which GB structure–property models for diffusivity are inferred from noisy simulation results of two-dimensional microstructures, under the assumption that the number of polycrystal measurements available is larger than the number of parameters in the inferred model. We also demonstrate how uncertainty quantification for the inferred structure–property models is easily performed within this framework. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
327	a57194698845	Baird S.	p80	False	Journal	60	Grain boundary structure–property model inference using polycrystals: the overdetermined case	Efforts to construct predictive grain boundary (GB) structure–property models have historically relied on property measurements or calculations made on bicrystals. Experimental bicrystals can be difficult or expensive to fabricate, and computational constraints limit atomistic bicrystal simulations to high-symmetry GBs (i.e., those with small enough GB periodicity). Although the use of bicrystal property data to construct GB structure–property models is more direct, in many experimental situations the only type of data available may be measurements of the effective properties of polycrystals. In this work, we investigate the possibility of inferring GB structure–property models from measurements of the homogenized effective properties of polycrystals when the form of the structure–property model is unknown. We present an idealized case study in which GB structure–property models for diffusivity are inferred from noisy simulation results of two-dimensional microstructures, under the assumption that the number of polycrystal measurements available is larger than the number of parameters in the inferred model. We also demonstrate how uncertainty quantification for the inferred structure–property models is easily performed within this framework. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
327	a57194698845	Baird S.	p725	False	Journal	354	Carbon monolith scaffolding for high volumetric capacity silicon Li-ion battery anodes	A nanoporous carbon monolith structure has been developed for use as a scaffold for silicon anodes for lithium batteries. This scaffold was fabricated by coating vertically aligned carbon nanotubes in a highly conformal coating of nanocrystalline carbon, applied via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. The coating increases the mechanical stability of the nanotube structure, which provides electrically conductive pathways through the anode. Silicon anodes were fabricated with the monoliths by low pressure chemical vapor infiltration of silicon. This platform allows the carbon and silicon volume fractions to be independently varied in the anode. Anodes with a low silicon content (less than 5% by volume) showed high stability in cycling against lithium with a capacity retention of 89.7% between cycles 2 and 185. Anodes with a high silicon content (∼25% by volume) showed poor capacity retention when the carbon content was low (<40% by volume), and transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated that the anodes failed due to the destruction of the nanocrystalline carbon coating during cycling. However, by increasing the carbon content to ∼60% volume percent in the monolith, capacity retention was substantially stabilized even for anodes with very high silicon loadings. These stabilized electrodes exhibited volumetric capacities as high as ∼1000 mA h/ml and retained over 725 mA h/ml by cycle 100. © 2017 American Vacuum Society.
328	a35409277700	Johnson O.K.	p80	False	Journal	60	Grain boundary structure–property model inference using polycrystals: the overdetermined case	Efforts to construct predictive grain boundary (GB) structure–property models have historically relied on property measurements or calculations made on bicrystals. Experimental bicrystals can be difficult or expensive to fabricate, and computational constraints limit atomistic bicrystal simulations to high-symmetry GBs (i.e., those with small enough GB periodicity). Although the use of bicrystal property data to construct GB structure–property models is more direct, in many experimental situations the only type of data available may be measurements of the effective properties of polycrystals. In this work, we investigate the possibility of inferring GB structure–property models from measurements of the homogenized effective properties of polycrystals when the form of the structure–property model is unknown. We present an idealized case study in which GB structure–property models for diffusivity are inferred from noisy simulation results of two-dimensional microstructures, under the assumption that the number of polycrystal measurements available is larger than the number of parameters in the inferred model. We also demonstrate how uncertainty quantification for the inferred structure–property models is easily performed within this framework. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
328	a35409277700	Johnson O.K.	p325	False	Conference	105	Establishing baseline performance for off-the-shelf nitrile seals for the India Mark II hand pump system	Accessing clean water is a persistent, and life threatening, challenge for millions of people in the world. Mechanical hand pumps have a long history of helping people access clean ground water for drinking and daily use. Among the most ubiquitous are the India Mark II and III pump systems, for which there are more than 4,000,000 installed across the world. These are estimated to serve between 600M and 1B people. All pumps degrade in performance over time, requiring service; many do not receive it causing pumps to become dysfunctional. The purpose of this paper is to establish a baseline for nitrile seal performance of India Mark II hand pump systems. Understanding off-the-shelf performance and using it as a baseline is an important step toward understanding degradation of performance over time, which is the focus of a much larger study to understand – mechanically and socially – how hand pumps perform, degrade, and ultimately meet human needs. In this paper, 110 off-the-shelf nitrile seals that were purchased in Uganda were tested and the following was characterized: (i) geometric variation, (ii) material variation, (iii) leak performance, and (iv) correlation between these. The seal leak performance was found to be very robust to variations in geometry and material at zero cycles. This important baseline supports our future work to understand how and to what degree seals become sensitive to geometric and material degradation during use. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
328	a35409277700	Johnson O.K.	p532	True	Journal	294	Texture mediated grain boundary network design in three dimensions	Experimental grain boundary engineering studies have demonstrated the potential for materials properties enhancement via the modification of grain boundary network structure. These techniques apply to materials that readily form annealing twins and are amenable to cyclic thermomechanical processing and have resulted in dramatic property enhancement. In this work we present a theoretical framework that enables the design of grain boundary networks in polycrystalline materials through an alternative approach: exploitation of a relationship between crystallographic texture and grain boundary network structure. Because crystallographic texture is a universal characteristic of polycrystalline materials, this work has the potential to significantly expand the class of materials whose grain boundary networks can be controlled. We demonstrate the utility of the approach by application to a concrete design problem involving competing design objectives for yield strength, elastic compliance, and resistance to electromigration. We construct the first materials properties closure to comprise grain boundary network sensitive properties and identify an optimal microstructure that is predicted to outperform an undesigned isotropic material. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
329	a57193749678	Searle M.	p81	True	Journal	61	Thermal transport due to buoyant flow past a vertical, heated superhydrophobic surface with uniform stream-wise slip	An analytical investigation of thermal transport due to laminar, buoyant flow past a vertical superhydrophobic (SHPo) surface was performed. The surface temperature is uniform and is greater than the temperature of the surrounding liquid. Uniform stream-wise hydrodynamic slip and temperature jump were imposed at the wall to model the SHPo surface. Applying an integral analysis within the boundary layer results in a system of differential equations, which was solved numerically to obtain boundary layer thickness and local and average values of the Nusselt number. The classical smooth hydrophobic scenario with no-slip and no temperature jump showed excellent agreement with previous analyses of the same problem. Solutions were obtained for laminar Rayleigh number ranging from 104 to 109 at a Prandtl number of 7. There was a modest decrease in the boundary layer thickness due to the increased slip length and the flow velocity decreased due to the increased temperature jump length. The local Nusselt number decreased as the temperature jump length increased, with greater reduction at larger Rayleigh numbers and near the lower edge. The decrease in the average Nusselt number relative to surfaces with no-slip and no temperature jump may be as much as 50%. © 2019
329	a57193749678	Searle M.	p169	True	Journal	116	Thermal transport due to liquid jet impingement on superhydrophobic surfaces with isotropic slip: Isoflux wall	Thermal transport due to a liquid water jet impinging an isoflux superhydrophobic surface with isotropic slip was modeled analytically. An integral analysis of the transport equations resulting in a system of ordinary differential equations was solved numerically. Impingement on superhydrophobic surfaces greatly reduces the heat transfer that occurs relative to a smooth surface due to gas trapped in cavities on the surface. This results in an apparent slip velocity and temperature jump at the surface. Local and average Nusselt numbers are presented as a function of radial position (0 to 45 jet radii), jet Reynolds number (3×103 to 1.5×104), liquid Prandtl number (2 to 11), normalized slip length (0 to 0.2), and normalized temperature jump length (0 to 0.2). All results are compared to classical (no-slip, no temperature jump) behavior on a smooth surface. Although local Nusselt numbers for the isoflux scenario are greater than the corresponding isothermal case, the difference in Nusselt number between these two heating conditions becomes negligible as the temperature jump length increases to quantities realizable on superhydrophobic surfaces. These results may be utilized to explore heat transfer degradation in applications where smooth surfaces are replaced by superhydrophobic surfaces to avoid fouling. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
329	a57193749678	Searle M.	p410	True	Journal	220	Influence of microstructure geometry on pool boiling at superhydrophobic surfaces	Periodically patterned superhydrophobic surfaces with rectangular rib and circular post arrays were utilized as heat transfer surfaces in a boiling apparatus with the water pool undergoing saturated pool boiling. The surface microstructures were geometrically defined by cavity fraction (the ratio of projected cavity area to surface area), pitch (the center to center distance between microfeatures), and feature height. Surface heat flux and surface superheat, the difference between the heated surface and the pool saturation temperature, were measured for each surface. Ten different micropatterned surfaces with post or rib geometries were considered with cavity fraction varying from 0.5 to 0.98, pitch varying from 8 to 40 μm, and microfeature height at 4 μm or 15 μm. The surface heat flux was measured across a range of surface superheats spanning 2–38 K. It is demonstrated for the first time that the transition from nucleate boiling to film boiling on rib patterned surfaces depends strongly on the cavity fraction. Increasing the microstructure height from 4 μm to 15 μm modestly increases the transition temperature. Nucleate boiling is more suppressed on post patterned surfaces than on rib patterned surfaces. Further, the rib structured surfaces exhibit a sudden transition from nucleate to film boiling while the post structured surfaces exhibit a gradual transition, with the vapor film growing slowly across the surface. Once stable film boiling is reached, the surface microstructure negligibly influences the heat flux for all surfaces. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
329	a57193749678	Searle M.	p821	True	Journal	392	Thermal transport due to liquid jet impingement on superhydrophobic surfaces with isotropic slip	This paper presents an analytical investigation of thermal transport due to a steady, laminar, axisymmetric liquid jet impinging normally on a superhydrophobic (SHPo) surface maintained at constant surface temperature. At the liquid-surface boundary of the spreading thin film, an isotropic hydrodynamic slip and temperature jump are imposed to approximate the SHPo surface boundary condition. Applying an integral analysis within the thin film results in a system of differential equations which are solved numerically to obtain local hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thicknesses, thin film height, and local and radially averaged heat flux. The classical smooth hydrophobic scenario with no-slip and no-temperature jump showed excellent agreement with previous differential analysis of the same problem. The influence of varying temperature jump length on the local Nusselt number was obtained over a range of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. Increasing temperature jump length results in a dramatic decrease in the local thermal transport near the impingement point. The greatest decrease occurs at small temperature jump lengths. Further, local and average Nusselt numbers are less influenced by the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers as temperature jump length increases. Overall, variations in the temperature jump length exert much more influence than variations in the hydrodynamic slip length. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
330	a55457444300	Crockett J.	p81	False	Journal	61	Thermal transport due to buoyant flow past a vertical, heated superhydrophobic surface with uniform stream-wise slip	An analytical investigation of thermal transport due to laminar, buoyant flow past a vertical superhydrophobic (SHPo) surface was performed. The surface temperature is uniform and is greater than the temperature of the surrounding liquid. Uniform stream-wise hydrodynamic slip and temperature jump were imposed at the wall to model the SHPo surface. Applying an integral analysis within the boundary layer results in a system of differential equations, which was solved numerically to obtain boundary layer thickness and local and average values of the Nusselt number. The classical smooth hydrophobic scenario with no-slip and no temperature jump showed excellent agreement with previous analyses of the same problem. Solutions were obtained for laminar Rayleigh number ranging from 104 to 109 at a Prandtl number of 7. There was a modest decrease in the boundary layer thickness due to the increased slip length and the flow velocity decreased due to the increased temperature jump length. The local Nusselt number decreased as the temperature jump length increased, with greater reduction at larger Rayleigh numbers and near the lower edge. The decrease in the average Nusselt number relative to surfaces with no-slip and no temperature jump may be as much as 50%. © 2019
330	a55457444300	Crockett J.	p169	False	Journal	116	Thermal transport due to liquid jet impingement on superhydrophobic surfaces with isotropic slip: Isoflux wall	Thermal transport due to a liquid water jet impinging an isoflux superhydrophobic surface with isotropic slip was modeled analytically. An integral analysis of the transport equations resulting in a system of ordinary differential equations was solved numerically. Impingement on superhydrophobic surfaces greatly reduces the heat transfer that occurs relative to a smooth surface due to gas trapped in cavities on the surface. This results in an apparent slip velocity and temperature jump at the surface. Local and average Nusselt numbers are presented as a function of radial position (0 to 45 jet radii), jet Reynolds number (3×103 to 1.5×104), liquid Prandtl number (2 to 11), normalized slip length (0 to 0.2), and normalized temperature jump length (0 to 0.2). All results are compared to classical (no-slip, no temperature jump) behavior on a smooth surface. Although local Nusselt numbers for the isoflux scenario are greater than the corresponding isothermal case, the difference in Nusselt number between these two heating conditions becomes negligible as the temperature jump length increases to quantities realizable on superhydrophobic surfaces. These results may be utilized to explore heat transfer degradation in applications where smooth surfaces are replaced by superhydrophobic surfaces to avoid fouling. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
330	a55457444300	Crockett J.	p202	False	Journal	136	Heat transfer to bouncing droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces	This study experimentally and theoretically investigates the dynamics and heat transfer to impinging water droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces heated below the boiling temperature. Different from impingement on hydrophilic substrates, the droplets rebound from the surface after the spreading and retraction stages. Experiments are performed using simultaneous high speed video and infrared (IR) imaging to capture droplet dynamics and temperature variation during the transient event. Thermal images allow estimation of bulk droplet temperature change during contact such that the cooling effectiveness for an individual droplet can be estimated. A similarity solution is utilized to yield a model for the transient heat flux at the droplet-wall interface, where convection inside the droplet is accounted for. The experimental and theoretical results for the cooling effectiveness show good agreement. It is revealed that the cooling effectiveness increases with Weber number but decreases with droplet diameter and surface cavity fraction (the ratio of cavity area to total surface area). © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
330	a55457444300	Crockett J.	p260	False	Journal	170	Turning depths: Evanescent to propagating wave kinetic energy density	Tidal flow over oceanic topography generates internal waves when the natural frequency N of the water is greater than the tidal frequency ω. When N<ω, evanescent waves are generated. Although the amplitude and kinetic energy of evanescent waves decay rapidly, if the wave reaches a turning depth, where N=ω, and moves into a region where N>ω, the evanescent wave becomes an internal wave. This work expands upon previous research of varying stratifications by investigating the kinetic energy density in internal waves generated by evanescent waves passing through a turning depth. An analytical model is presented and compared to synthetic schlieren experiments of two Gaussian-shaped topographies. The model and experiments both indicate that the kinetic energy density of internal waves increases with decreasing topographic slope, when the distance between the topography and the turning depth decreases and when the average Froude number in the evanescent region is close to one. The model is used to estimate the normalized kinetic energy density of internal waves generated from an oceanic feature located within an evanescent region. © 2019 American Physical Society.
330	a55457444300	Crockett J.	p271	False	Journal	178	Influence of micro-structured superhydrophobic surfaces on nucleation and natural convection in a heated pool	This work experimentally explores sub-boiling pool nucleation on micro-structured superhydrophobic surfaces. All surfaces tested were submerged in a 20 mm deep pool of water and heated from below to maintain a constant surface temperature, while the side walls of the pool were insulated, and the top was covered. Three thermocouples positioned in the pool obtain the average pool temperature. A heat flux sensor is placed directly beneath the surface to measure the heat flux supplied to the pool. Free convection heat transfer coefficients are obtained for the sub-boiling temperature range of 40–90 °C. Six surface types are studied: smooth hydrophilic, smooth hydrophobic, superhydrophobic with rib/cavity structures, superhydrophobic with rib/cavity structures and additional sparsely spaced ribs to close off the cavities, circular posts, and circular holes. It is found that structured superhydrophobic surfaces provide cavities for nucleation to occur. More dissolved air effervesces from the water as the surface temperature increases due to an increased level of supersaturation and convection. The nucleation leads to large air bubble formations that reduce the overall convection coefficient when compared to the smooth surfaces. For the rib/cavity structured surfaces, the bubbles form in an anisotropic manner and are aligned with the surface structure. More bubbles are observed on the superhydrophobic surfaces where the cavities are bounded. Since water's ability to dissolve air is dependent on temperature, heat and mass transfer cannot be treated independently on any of the superhydrophobic surfaces studied here. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
330	a55457444300	Crockett J.	p392	False	Journal	170	Orthogonal liquid-jet impingement on wettability-patterned impermeable substrates	Liquid-jet impingement on flat impermeable substrates is important for a multitude of applications ranging from electronic-equipment cooling to fuel atomization and erosion of solid surfaces. On a wettable horizontal surface, where a sufficient downstream liquid depth can be sustained after axisymmetric impingement, the jet forms a thin film on the substrate up to a radial distance where the film height suddenly increases, forming a hydraulic jump. On a superhydrophobic surface, where a downstream liquid depth is not naturally sustained, the thin film expands and breaks up into droplets, which are subsequently ejected in a random fashion outward, as carried by their radial momentum. In the present work, a facile, scalable, wettability-patterning approach is presented for delaying or even eliminating droplet breakup in the case of jet impingement on horizontal superhydrophobic surfaces. Analytical expressions for predicting the hydraulic jump and droplet breakup locations are developed to designate the proper wettability patterns that facilitate alteration and control of the postimpingement liquid behavior. The axisymmetric model is extended to evaluate the radial variation of the competing forces responsible for film breakup, and a design criterion for the effective wettability patterns is proposed. © 2019 American Physical Society.
330	a55457444300	Crockett J.	p410	False	Journal	220	Influence of microstructure geometry on pool boiling at superhydrophobic surfaces	Periodically patterned superhydrophobic surfaces with rectangular rib and circular post arrays were utilized as heat transfer surfaces in a boiling apparatus with the water pool undergoing saturated pool boiling. The surface microstructures were geometrically defined by cavity fraction (the ratio of projected cavity area to surface area), pitch (the center to center distance between microfeatures), and feature height. Surface heat flux and surface superheat, the difference between the heated surface and the pool saturation temperature, were measured for each surface. Ten different micropatterned surfaces with post or rib geometries were considered with cavity fraction varying from 0.5 to 0.98, pitch varying from 8 to 40 μm, and microfeature height at 4 μm or 15 μm. The surface heat flux was measured across a range of surface superheats spanning 2–38 K. It is demonstrated for the first time that the transition from nucleate boiling to film boiling on rib patterned surfaces depends strongly on the cavity fraction. Increasing the microstructure height from 4 μm to 15 μm modestly increases the transition temperature. Nucleate boiling is more suppressed on post patterned surfaces than on rib patterned surfaces. Further, the rib structured surfaces exhibit a sudden transition from nucleate to film boiling while the post structured surfaces exhibit a gradual transition, with the vapor film growing slowly across the surface. Once stable film boiling is reached, the surface microstructure negligibly influences the heat flux for all surfaces. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
330	a55457444300	Crockett J.	p422	False	Journal	232	Thermally induced atomization during droplet impingement on superheated hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces	This paper presents on thermally induced atomization dynamics during liquid water droplet impingement on superheated hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces. Circular micropillars 4 μm in height with varying center-to-center distances (pitch) of 8 μm, 12 μm and 16 μm, are used to create the superhydrophobic surfaces. The range of surface temperatures explored is 110°C&lt;Ts&lt;337°C. An image processing algorithm was developed to quantify the temporal behavior of thermally induced atomization captured via high-speed photography. Results show thermally induced atomization is initially absent (&lt;1 ms following impact) on all surfaces. The amount of ejected droplets later during droplet spreading is determined as a function of surface structuring and temperature. Atomization ceases when the surface has cooled sufficiently (2.5–4 ms depending on the surface). The maximum amount of atomization for a given scenario is highly dependent on surface temperature and surface microstructure characteristics. At low surface temperatures, atomization increases with increasing surface temperature; however at high surface temperatures atomization decreases with increasing surface temperature. This rise and fall behavior is tantamount to the classical relationship between heat flux and surface temperature for pool boiling. Both droplet impingement and pool boiling depend on vapor bubble formation dynamics and the stability of the so-called Leidenfrost vapor film, which is impacted by surface wettability. Results also show that small surface pitch causes a high atomization intensity, indicating that not all superhydrophobic surfaces sustain Leidenfrost-like behavior at all excess temperatures. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
330	a55457444300	Crockett J.	p500	False	Journal	271	Bubble nucleation in superhydrophobic microchannels due to subcritical heating	This work experimentally studies the effects of single wall heating on laminar flow in a high-aspect ratio superhydrophobic microchannel. When water that is saturated with air is used as the working liquid, the non-wetted cavities on the superhydrophobic surfaces act as nucleation sites and allow air to effervesce out of the water and onto the surface when heated. Previous works in the literature have only considered the opposite case where the water is undersaturated and absorbs air out the cavities for a microchannel setting. The microchannel considered in this work consists of a rib/cavity structured superhydrophobic surface and a glass surface separated by spacers. The microchannel is 60 mm long by 14 mm wide and two channel heights of nominally 183 μm and 366 μm are explored. The superhydrophobic side is in contact with a heated aluminum block and a camera is used to visualize the flow through the glass side. Thermocouples are embedded in the aluminum to record the temperature profile along the length of the channel. Temperatures are maintained below the boiling temperature of the working liquid. The friction factor-Reynolds product (fRe) is obtained via pressure drop and volumetric flow-rate measurements. Five surface types/configurations are investigated: smooth hydrophilic, smooth hydrophobic, superhydrophobic with ribs perpendicular to the flow, superhydrophobic with ribs parallel to the flow, and superhydrophobic with ribs parallel to the flow with several breaker ridges perpendicular to the flow. The surface type/configuration has a significant impact on the mass transport dynamics. For surfaces with closed cell micro-structures, large bubbles eventually form and adversely affect fRe and lead to higher temperatures along the channel. When degassed water is used, no bubble nucleation is observed and the air initially trapped in the superhydrophobic cavities is quickly absorbed by the water. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
330	a55457444300	Crockett J.	p821	False	Journal	392	Thermal transport due to liquid jet impingement on superhydrophobic surfaces with isotropic slip	This paper presents an analytical investigation of thermal transport due to a steady, laminar, axisymmetric liquid jet impinging normally on a superhydrophobic (SHPo) surface maintained at constant surface temperature. At the liquid-surface boundary of the spreading thin film, an isotropic hydrodynamic slip and temperature jump are imposed to approximate the SHPo surface boundary condition. Applying an integral analysis within the thin film results in a system of differential equations which are solved numerically to obtain local hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thicknesses, thin film height, and local and radially averaged heat flux. The classical smooth hydrophobic scenario with no-slip and no-temperature jump showed excellent agreement with previous differential analysis of the same problem. The influence of varying temperature jump length on the local Nusselt number was obtained over a range of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. Increasing temperature jump length results in a dramatic decrease in the local thermal transport near the impingement point. The greatest decrease occurs at small temperature jump lengths. Further, local and average Nusselt numbers are less influenced by the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers as temperature jump length increases. Overall, variations in the temperature jump length exert much more influence than variations in the hydrodynamic slip length. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
330	a55457444300	Crockett J.	p822	False	Journal	392	Two-phase flow pressure drop in superhydrophobic channels	Superhydrophobic surfaces have been shown to reduce drag in single-phase channel flow; however, little work has been done to characterize their drag-reducing ability found in two-phase flows. Adiabatic, air-water mixtures were used to explore the influence of hydrophobicity on two-phase flows and the hydrodynamics which might be present in flow condensation environments. Pressure drop measurements in a rectangular channel with one superhydrophobic wall (cross-section approximately 0.37 × 10 mm) and three transparent hydrophilic walls were obtained. Data for air/water mixtures with superficial Reynolds numbers ranging from 22–215 and 55–220, respectively, were obtained for superhydrophobic surfaces with three different cavity fractions. Agreement between experimentally obtained two-phase pressure drop data and correlations in the literature for conventional smooth control surfaces was better than 20 percent, which is within the accuracy of the correlations. The data reveal a reduction in the pressure drop for two-phase flow in a channel with a single superhydrophobic wall compared to a control scenario. The observed reduction is approximately 10 percent greater than the reduction that is observed for single-phase flow (relative to a classical channel). © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
330	a55457444300	Crockett J.	p825	False	Journal	394	Hydrodynamics of droplet impingement on hot surfaces of varying wettability	This work presents on the hydrodynamics of water droplet impingement on superheated solid surfaces across the entire wettability spectrum: superhydrophilic, hydrophilic, hydrophobic and superhydrophobic. While a large body of work exists on droplet impingement on hydrophilic and superhydrophilic surfaces, impingement on the latter two has been largely neglected and the present results show that dynamics are dramatically different. Experiments ranging in surface temperature from 125°C to 415°C and Weber numbers from 10 to 225 were performed and analyzed using high-speed imaging. Some of the most striking differences are as follows. While atomization is always present for impingement on the hydrophilic and superhydrophilic surfaces at temperatures below the Leidenfrost point, atomization is absent at low Weber numbers and at low excess surface temperatures on the hydrophobic surface. At high surface temperatures, the attraction of vapor bubbles on the hydrophobic surface allows a vapor blanket to form more readily thus leading to Leidenfrost behavior at a much lower temperature than classically observed on a hydrophilic surface. One of the most interesting phenomenon that will be discussed includes what will be described as a “pseudo-Leidenfrost” state for impingement on the superhydrophobic surface. Because water can be suspended at the peaks of the roughness on a superhydrophobic interface, vapor escapes from underneath the droplet thus mimicking Leidenfrost behavior for all excess temperatures. This results in minimal atomization for superhydrophobic impingement over the entire regime explored. Finally, maximum spread diameters for Leidenfrost impingement are tabulated as a function of the Weber number for all surfaces and are shown to be larger on the smooth surfaces than on the textured ones indicating that droplet spreading at the Leidenfrost point is not independent of surface type as previously supposed. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
331	a6701863708	Maynes D.	p81	False	Journal	61	Thermal transport due to buoyant flow past a vertical, heated superhydrophobic surface with uniform stream-wise slip	An analytical investigation of thermal transport due to laminar, buoyant flow past a vertical superhydrophobic (SHPo) surface was performed. The surface temperature is uniform and is greater than the temperature of the surrounding liquid. Uniform stream-wise hydrodynamic slip and temperature jump were imposed at the wall to model the SHPo surface. Applying an integral analysis within the boundary layer results in a system of differential equations, which was solved numerically to obtain boundary layer thickness and local and average values of the Nusselt number. The classical smooth hydrophobic scenario with no-slip and no temperature jump showed excellent agreement with previous analyses of the same problem. Solutions were obtained for laminar Rayleigh number ranging from 104 to 109 at a Prandtl number of 7. There was a modest decrease in the boundary layer thickness due to the increased slip length and the flow velocity decreased due to the increased temperature jump length. The local Nusselt number decreased as the temperature jump length increased, with greater reduction at larger Rayleigh numbers and near the lower edge. The decrease in the average Nusselt number relative to surfaces with no-slip and no temperature jump may be as much as 50%. © 2019
331	a6701863708	Maynes D.	p137	False	Journal	96	Contributions of Tip Leakage and Inlet Diffusion on Inducer Backflow	Inducers are used as a first stage in pumps to minimize cavitation and allow the pump to operate at lower inlet head conditions. Inlet flow recirculation or backflow in the inducer occurs at low flow conditions and can lead to instabilities and cavitation-induced head breakdown. Backflow of an inducer with a tip clearance (TC) of τ = 0.32% and with no tip clearance (NTC) is examined with a series of computational fluid dynamics simulations. Removing the TC eliminates tip leakage flow; however, backflow is still observed. In fact, the NTC case showed a 37% increase in the length of the upstream backflow penetration. Tip leakage flow does instigate a smaller secondary leading edge tip vortex that is separate from the much larger backflow structure. A comprehensive analysis of these simulations suggests that blade inlet diffusion, not tip leakage flow, is the fundamental mechanism leading to the formation of backflow. © 2019 by ASME.
331	a6701863708	Maynes D.	p169	False	Journal	116	Thermal transport due to liquid jet impingement on superhydrophobic surfaces with isotropic slip: Isoflux wall	Thermal transport due to a liquid water jet impinging an isoflux superhydrophobic surface with isotropic slip was modeled analytically. An integral analysis of the transport equations resulting in a system of ordinary differential equations was solved numerically. Impingement on superhydrophobic surfaces greatly reduces the heat transfer that occurs relative to a smooth surface due to gas trapped in cavities on the surface. This results in an apparent slip velocity and temperature jump at the surface. Local and average Nusselt numbers are presented as a function of radial position (0 to 45 jet radii), jet Reynolds number (3×103 to 1.5×104), liquid Prandtl number (2 to 11), normalized slip length (0 to 0.2), and normalized temperature jump length (0 to 0.2). All results are compared to classical (no-slip, no temperature jump) behavior on a smooth surface. Although local Nusselt numbers for the isoflux scenario are greater than the corresponding isothermal case, the difference in Nusselt number between these two heating conditions becomes negligible as the temperature jump length increases to quantities realizable on superhydrophobic surfaces. These results may be utilized to explore heat transfer degradation in applications where smooth surfaces are replaced by superhydrophobic surfaces to avoid fouling. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
331	a6701863708	Maynes D.	p202	False	Journal	136	Heat transfer to bouncing droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces	This study experimentally and theoretically investigates the dynamics and heat transfer to impinging water droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces heated below the boiling temperature. Different from impingement on hydrophilic substrates, the droplets rebound from the surface after the spreading and retraction stages. Experiments are performed using simultaneous high speed video and infrared (IR) imaging to capture droplet dynamics and temperature variation during the transient event. Thermal images allow estimation of bulk droplet temperature change during contact such that the cooling effectiveness for an individual droplet can be estimated. A similarity solution is utilized to yield a model for the transient heat flux at the droplet-wall interface, where convection inside the droplet is accounted for. The experimental and theoretical results for the cooling effectiveness show good agreement. It is revealed that the cooling effectiveness increases with Weber number but decreases with droplet diameter and surface cavity fraction (the ratio of cavity area to total surface area). © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
331	a6701863708	Maynes D.	p271	False	Journal	178	Influence of micro-structured superhydrophobic surfaces on nucleation and natural convection in a heated pool	This work experimentally explores sub-boiling pool nucleation on micro-structured superhydrophobic surfaces. All surfaces tested were submerged in a 20 mm deep pool of water and heated from below to maintain a constant surface temperature, while the side walls of the pool were insulated, and the top was covered. Three thermocouples positioned in the pool obtain the average pool temperature. A heat flux sensor is placed directly beneath the surface to measure the heat flux supplied to the pool. Free convection heat transfer coefficients are obtained for the sub-boiling temperature range of 40–90 °C. Six surface types are studied: smooth hydrophilic, smooth hydrophobic, superhydrophobic with rib/cavity structures, superhydrophobic with rib/cavity structures and additional sparsely spaced ribs to close off the cavities, circular posts, and circular holes. It is found that structured superhydrophobic surfaces provide cavities for nucleation to occur. More dissolved air effervesces from the water as the surface temperature increases due to an increased level of supersaturation and convection. The nucleation leads to large air bubble formations that reduce the overall convection coefficient when compared to the smooth surfaces. For the rib/cavity structured surfaces, the bubbles form in an anisotropic manner and are aligned with the surface structure. More bubbles are observed on the superhydrophobic surfaces where the cavities are bounded. Since water's ability to dissolve air is dependent on temperature, heat and mass transfer cannot be treated independently on any of the superhydrophobic surfaces studied here. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
331	a6701863708	Maynes D.	p340	False	Journal	96	Increasing Inducer Stability and Suction Performance With a Stability Control Device	An inducer is used as the first stage of high suction performance pump. It pressurizes the fluid to delay the onset of cavitation, which can adversely affect performance in a centrifugal pump. In this paper, the performance of a water pump inducer has been explored with and without the implementation of a stability control device (SCD). This device is an inlet cover bleed system that removes high-energy fluid near the blade leading edge and reinjects it back upstream. The research was conducted by running multiphase, time-accurate computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations at the design flow coefficient and at low, off-design flow coefficients. The suction performance and stability for the same inducer with and without the implementation of the SCD has been explored. An improvement in stability and suction performance was observed when the SCD was implemented. Without the SCD, the inducer developed backflow at the blade tip, which led to rotating cavitation and larger rotordynamic forces. With the SCD, no significant cavitation instabilities developed, and the rotordynamic forces remained small. The lack of cavitation instabilities also allowed the inducer to operate at lower inlet pressures, increasing the suction performance of the inducer. Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
331	a6701863708	Maynes D.	p410	False	Journal	220	Influence of microstructure geometry on pool boiling at superhydrophobic surfaces	Periodically patterned superhydrophobic surfaces with rectangular rib and circular post arrays were utilized as heat transfer surfaces in a boiling apparatus with the water pool undergoing saturated pool boiling. The surface microstructures were geometrically defined by cavity fraction (the ratio of projected cavity area to surface area), pitch (the center to center distance between microfeatures), and feature height. Surface heat flux and surface superheat, the difference between the heated surface and the pool saturation temperature, were measured for each surface. Ten different micropatterned surfaces with post or rib geometries were considered with cavity fraction varying from 0.5 to 0.98, pitch varying from 8 to 40 μm, and microfeature height at 4 μm or 15 μm. The surface heat flux was measured across a range of surface superheats spanning 2–38 K. It is demonstrated for the first time that the transition from nucleate boiling to film boiling on rib patterned surfaces depends strongly on the cavity fraction. Increasing the microstructure height from 4 μm to 15 μm modestly increases the transition temperature. Nucleate boiling is more suppressed on post patterned surfaces than on rib patterned surfaces. Further, the rib structured surfaces exhibit a sudden transition from nucleate to film boiling while the post structured surfaces exhibit a gradual transition, with the vapor film growing slowly across the surface. Once stable film boiling is reached, the surface microstructure negligibly influences the heat flux for all surfaces. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
331	a6701863708	Maynes D.	p422	False	Journal	232	Thermally induced atomization during droplet impingement on superheated hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces	This paper presents on thermally induced atomization dynamics during liquid water droplet impingement on superheated hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces. Circular micropillars 4 μm in height with varying center-to-center distances (pitch) of 8 μm, 12 μm and 16 μm, are used to create the superhydrophobic surfaces. The range of surface temperatures explored is 110°C&lt;Ts&lt;337°C. An image processing algorithm was developed to quantify the temporal behavior of thermally induced atomization captured via high-speed photography. Results show thermally induced atomization is initially absent (&lt;1 ms following impact) on all surfaces. The amount of ejected droplets later during droplet spreading is determined as a function of surface structuring and temperature. Atomization ceases when the surface has cooled sufficiently (2.5–4 ms depending on the surface). The maximum amount of atomization for a given scenario is highly dependent on surface temperature and surface microstructure characteristics. At low surface temperatures, atomization increases with increasing surface temperature; however at high surface temperatures atomization decreases with increasing surface temperature. This rise and fall behavior is tantamount to the classical relationship between heat flux and surface temperature for pool boiling. Both droplet impingement and pool boiling depend on vapor bubble formation dynamics and the stability of the so-called Leidenfrost vapor film, which is impacted by surface wettability. Results also show that small surface pitch causes a high atomization intensity, indicating that not all superhydrophobic surfaces sustain Leidenfrost-like behavior at all excess temperatures. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
331	a6701863708	Maynes D.	p500	False	Journal	271	Bubble nucleation in superhydrophobic microchannels due to subcritical heating	This work experimentally studies the effects of single wall heating on laminar flow in a high-aspect ratio superhydrophobic microchannel. When water that is saturated with air is used as the working liquid, the non-wetted cavities on the superhydrophobic surfaces act as nucleation sites and allow air to effervesce out of the water and onto the surface when heated. Previous works in the literature have only considered the opposite case where the water is undersaturated and absorbs air out the cavities for a microchannel setting. The microchannel considered in this work consists of a rib/cavity structured superhydrophobic surface and a glass surface separated by spacers. The microchannel is 60 mm long by 14 mm wide and two channel heights of nominally 183 μm and 366 μm are explored. The superhydrophobic side is in contact with a heated aluminum block and a camera is used to visualize the flow through the glass side. Thermocouples are embedded in the aluminum to record the temperature profile along the length of the channel. Temperatures are maintained below the boiling temperature of the working liquid. The friction factor-Reynolds product (fRe) is obtained via pressure drop and volumetric flow-rate measurements. Five surface types/configurations are investigated: smooth hydrophilic, smooth hydrophobic, superhydrophobic with ribs perpendicular to the flow, superhydrophobic with ribs parallel to the flow, and superhydrophobic with ribs parallel to the flow with several breaker ridges perpendicular to the flow. The surface type/configuration has a significant impact on the mass transport dynamics. For surfaces with closed cell micro-structures, large bubbles eventually form and adversely affect fRe and lead to higher temperatures along the channel. When degassed water is used, no bubble nucleation is observed and the air initially trapped in the superhydrophobic cavities is quickly absorbed by the water. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
331	a6701863708	Maynes D.	p821	False	Journal	392	Thermal transport due to liquid jet impingement on superhydrophobic surfaces with isotropic slip	This paper presents an analytical investigation of thermal transport due to a steady, laminar, axisymmetric liquid jet impinging normally on a superhydrophobic (SHPo) surface maintained at constant surface temperature. At the liquid-surface boundary of the spreading thin film, an isotropic hydrodynamic slip and temperature jump are imposed to approximate the SHPo surface boundary condition. Applying an integral analysis within the thin film results in a system of differential equations which are solved numerically to obtain local hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thicknesses, thin film height, and local and radially averaged heat flux. The classical smooth hydrophobic scenario with no-slip and no-temperature jump showed excellent agreement with previous differential analysis of the same problem. The influence of varying temperature jump length on the local Nusselt number was obtained over a range of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. Increasing temperature jump length results in a dramatic decrease in the local thermal transport near the impingement point. The greatest decrease occurs at small temperature jump lengths. Further, local and average Nusselt numbers are less influenced by the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers as temperature jump length increases. Overall, variations in the temperature jump length exert much more influence than variations in the hydrodynamic slip length. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
331	a6701863708	Maynes D.	p822	False	Journal	392	Two-phase flow pressure drop in superhydrophobic channels	Superhydrophobic surfaces have been shown to reduce drag in single-phase channel flow; however, little work has been done to characterize their drag-reducing ability found in two-phase flows. Adiabatic, air-water mixtures were used to explore the influence of hydrophobicity on two-phase flows and the hydrodynamics which might be present in flow condensation environments. Pressure drop measurements in a rectangular channel with one superhydrophobic wall (cross-section approximately 0.37 × 10 mm) and three transparent hydrophilic walls were obtained. Data for air/water mixtures with superficial Reynolds numbers ranging from 22–215 and 55–220, respectively, were obtained for superhydrophobic surfaces with three different cavity fractions. Agreement between experimentally obtained two-phase pressure drop data and correlations in the literature for conventional smooth control surfaces was better than 20 percent, which is within the accuracy of the correlations. The data reveal a reduction in the pressure drop for two-phase flow in a channel with a single superhydrophobic wall compared to a control scenario. The observed reduction is approximately 10 percent greater than the reduction that is observed for single-phase flow (relative to a classical channel). © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
331	a6701863708	Maynes D.	p825	False	Journal	394	Hydrodynamics of droplet impingement on hot surfaces of varying wettability	This work presents on the hydrodynamics of water droplet impingement on superheated solid surfaces across the entire wettability spectrum: superhydrophilic, hydrophilic, hydrophobic and superhydrophobic. While a large body of work exists on droplet impingement on hydrophilic and superhydrophilic surfaces, impingement on the latter two has been largely neglected and the present results show that dynamics are dramatically different. Experiments ranging in surface temperature from 125°C to 415°C and Weber numbers from 10 to 225 were performed and analyzed using high-speed imaging. Some of the most striking differences are as follows. While atomization is always present for impingement on the hydrophilic and superhydrophilic surfaces at temperatures below the Leidenfrost point, atomization is absent at low Weber numbers and at low excess surface temperatures on the hydrophobic surface. At high surface temperatures, the attraction of vapor bubbles on the hydrophobic surface allows a vapor blanket to form more readily thus leading to Leidenfrost behavior at a much lower temperature than classically observed on a hydrophilic surface. One of the most interesting phenomenon that will be discussed includes what will be described as a “pseudo-Leidenfrost” state for impingement on the superhydrophobic surface. Because water can be suspended at the peaks of the roughness on a superhydrophobic interface, vapor escapes from underneath the droplet thus mimicking Leidenfrost behavior for all excess temperatures. This results in minimal atomization for superhydrophobic impingement over the entire regime explored. Finally, maximum spread diameters for Leidenfrost impingement are tabulated as a function of the Weber number for all surfaces and are shown to be larger on the smooth surfaces than on the textured ones indicating that droplet spreading at the Leidenfrost point is not independent of surface type as previously supposed. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
332	a57201666213	Park J.L.	p82	True	Journal	62	The effects of doping alumina with silica in alumina-supported NiO catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane	The production of ethylene via the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane is well-documented as an energy efficient process. Alumina-supported NiO catalysts make the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane more selective to ethylene and operate at low reaction temperatures (&lt;500 °C). The addition of silica to the alumina supports of these NiO catalysts formed higher amounts of the NiAl2O4 spinel phase and had adjustable acidities and surface areas with calcination temperature, leading to increases in ethylene productivity. A 5 wt% silica-doped alumina support calcined at 1100 °C with 16 wt% NiO exhibited low acidity and a stable, low surface area, resulting in an ethylene productivity of 13.6 μmolethylene/s·gnickel or 1.32 × 10−2 μmolethylene/s·m2 at 500 °C. © 2019
332	a57201666213	Park J.L.	p518	True	Journal	287	Low Temperature Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane by Ce-Modified NiNb Catalysts	Low temperature oxidative dehydrogenation catalysts are becoming a viable material for drastically altering the production of small chain alkenes. Among materials used, bimetallic and trimetallic nickel catalysts have shown great promise. In this study, we report a 38% increase in the rate of ethylene production with the addition of Ce to NiNb catalysts. Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane was performed in the temperature range of 250-350 °C. At 300 °C, the rate of ethylene production was maximized with a rate of 6.91 × 10-4 mmol gcat-1 s-1. At higher temperatures, the rate of deep oxidation to CO2 outcompeted the rate of ethylene formation. The improved rate due to the addition of Ce is attributed to ceria's ability to rapidly transport oxygen to the NiO active sites. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
333	a55694540600	Canizales K.A.	p82	False	Journal	62	The effects of doping alumina with silica in alumina-supported NiO catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane	The production of ethylene via the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane is well-documented as an energy efficient process. Alumina-supported NiO catalysts make the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane more selective to ethylene and operate at low reaction temperatures (&lt;500 °C). The addition of silica to the alumina supports of these NiO catalysts formed higher amounts of the NiAl2O4 spinel phase and had adjustable acidities and surface areas with calcination temperature, leading to increases in ethylene productivity. A 5 wt% silica-doped alumina support calcined at 1100 °C with 16 wt% NiO exhibited low acidity and a stable, low surface area, resulting in an ethylene productivity of 13.6 μmolethylene/s·gnickel or 1.32 × 10−2 μmolethylene/s·m2 at 500 °C. © 2019
334	a7003545107	Woodfield B.F.	p82	False	Journal	62	The effects of doping alumina with silica in alumina-supported NiO catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane	The production of ethylene via the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane is well-documented as an energy efficient process. Alumina-supported NiO catalysts make the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane more selective to ethylene and operate at low reaction temperatures (&lt;500 °C). The addition of silica to the alumina supports of these NiO catalysts formed higher amounts of the NiAl2O4 spinel phase and had adjustable acidities and surface areas with calcination temperature, leading to increases in ethylene productivity. A 5 wt% silica-doped alumina support calcined at 1100 °C with 16 wt% NiO exhibited low acidity and a stable, low surface area, resulting in an ethylene productivity of 13.6 μmolethylene/s·gnickel or 1.32 × 10−2 μmolethylene/s·m2 at 500 °C. © 2019
334	a7003545107	Woodfield B.F.	p181	False	Journal	123	Thermal and hydrothermal stability of pure and silica-doped mesoporous aluminas	Thermal and hydrothermal stabilities of solvent deficient derived pure alumina (PA) as well as silica-doped aluminas (SDA) with three different dopant concentrations (5, 15, 27% by weight) have been investigated for changes in phase and pore structure after calcination at high temperatures under air and steam/air atmospheres. For all aluminas, heat treatment results in decreased surface area and increased pore diameter. Starting at 700 °C, metastable to stable phase transformation occurs, causing a substantial change in the pore structure of all aluminas. By 1100 (PA), 1200 (15 SDA) and 1200 °C (27 SDA), the transition to α-Al2O3 was complete, respectively. No α-Al2O3 is observed for 5 wt % silica doped alumina (5SDA) under thermal calcination. Calcination in steam and air, instead of in air only, results in enlarged pore size and depressed temperature of alpha phase transformation for all aluminas. Results show that the silica dopant modifies the pores of the alumina, stabilizes the oxygen lattice of γ-Al2O3, and retards α-Al2O3 formation. This study of the thermal and hydrothermal stability not only suggests the applicability of 5SDA for catalytic reactions occurring at high temperature in the presence of steam, but also contributes to a better understanding of the structural features responsible for the improved thermal stability of these aluminas. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
334	a7003545107	Woodfield B.F.	p384	False	Journal	210	Review of surface water interactions with metal oxide nanoparticles	Surface water can affect the properties of metal oxide nanoparticles. Investigations on several systems revealed that nanoparticles have different thermodynamic properties than their bulk counterparts due to adsorbed water on their surfaces. Some thermodynamically metastable phases of bulk metal oxides become stable when reduced to the nanoscale, partially due to interactions between high energy surfaces and surface water. Water adsorption microcalorimetry and high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry, low-temperature specific heat calorimetry, and inelastic neutron scattering are used to understand the interactions of surface water with metal oxide nanoparticles. Computational methods, such as molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations, have been used to study these interactions. Investigations on titania, cassiterite, and alumina illustrate the insights gained by these measurements. The energetics of water on metal oxide surfaces are different from those of either liquid water or hexagonal ice, and there is substantial variation in water interactions on different metal oxide surfaces. Copyright © Materials Research Society 2019.
335	a13406135400	Stowers K.J.	p82	False	Journal	62	The effects of doping alumina with silica in alumina-supported NiO catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane	The production of ethylene via the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane is well-documented as an energy efficient process. Alumina-supported NiO catalysts make the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane more selective to ethylene and operate at low reaction temperatures (&lt;500 °C). The addition of silica to the alumina supports of these NiO catalysts formed higher amounts of the NiAl2O4 spinel phase and had adjustable acidities and surface areas with calcination temperature, leading to increases in ethylene productivity. A 5 wt% silica-doped alumina support calcined at 1100 °C with 16 wt% NiO exhibited low acidity and a stable, low surface area, resulting in an ethylene productivity of 13.6 μmolethylene/s·gnickel or 1.32 × 10−2 μmolethylene/s·m2 at 500 °C. © 2019
335	a13406135400	Stowers K.J.	p449	False	Journal	253	Synthesis of high-specific volume carbon nanotube structures for gas-phase applications	A novel and efficient gas-phase method has been developed for synthesizing carbon nanotube (CNT) structures with very high specific volume, high surface area and high porosity. The resulting material has potential application as a catalyst and adsorbent support for gas-phase chemical processes and has several advantages over the conventional liquid-phase approach that involves multiple steps and takes many hours to days resulting in a dense mat of CNTs. Multi-walled CNTs were initially nucleated and grown on alumina nanoparticles using a liquid precursor of ferrocene dissolved in xylene. The CNT seeds were extended using ethylene as the gas precursor. Forces generated by CNT growth separated the alumina support clusters to result in a porous entangled structure with a 60 times gain in weight and a 1300 times gain in volume, compared to the original alumina particles. Effects of ferrocene injection rate, alumina particle sizes, and CNT growth parameters on the volume of the structure were analyzed and it was determined that high ferrocene input, moderate temperatures, and small alumina particles all favor the synthesis of high-volume CNT structures. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
335	a13406135400	Stowers K.J.	p518	False	Journal	287	Low Temperature Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane by Ce-Modified NiNb Catalysts	Low temperature oxidative dehydrogenation catalysts are becoming a viable material for drastically altering the production of small chain alkenes. Among materials used, bimetallic and trimetallic nickel catalysts have shown great promise. In this study, we report a 38% increase in the rate of ethylene production with the addition of Ce to NiNb catalysts. Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane was performed in the temperature range of 250-350 °C. At 300 °C, the rate of ethylene production was maximized with a rate of 6.91 × 10-4 mmol gcat-1 s-1. At higher temperatures, the rate of deep oxidation to CO2 outcompeted the rate of ethylene formation. The improved rate due to the addition of Ce is attributed to ceria's ability to rapidly transport oxygen to the NiO active sites. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
336	a57203017789	Smiley A.J.	p84	True	Journal	64	Postprocessing the outputs of an interacting multiple-model Kalman filter using a Markovian trellis to estimate parameter values of aged Li-ion cells	Lithium-ion battery modeling for use in battery management systems requires models that can adapt to the changing behavior of a cell as it ages. One method to enable this adaptivity is to select the most representative model from a set of “pre-aged” models that represent the characteristics of the cell as different cyclic and calendar aging processes occur. By modeling the aging of a cell as a Markovian process, an interacting multiple-model Kalman filter (IMM) can be utilized to determine a time-varying probability mass function that specifies the probability that each of the models under consideration is the best representation of the cell under observation. While the output of the IMM is useful by itself, its predictions can be improved by post-processing. In this paper, we present methods to analyze the time-series probability mass function produced by the IMM using the Viterbi and BCJR algorithms in common use in the digital-communications discipline. These algorithms seek to identify the “best path” through the space of available models over time, based on the likelihoods produced by the IMM and the Markovian transition probabilities. Through the use of these post-processing algorithms, confidence in the best-fitting model can be improved. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
337	a6701609778	Plett G.L.	p84	False	Journal	64	Postprocessing the outputs of an interacting multiple-model Kalman filter using a Markovian trellis to estimate parameter values of aged Li-ion cells	Lithium-ion battery modeling for use in battery management systems requires models that can adapt to the changing behavior of a cell as it ages. One method to enable this adaptivity is to select the most representative model from a set of “pre-aged” models that represent the characteristics of the cell as different cyclic and calendar aging processes occur. By modeling the aging of a cell as a Markovian process, an interacting multiple-model Kalman filter (IMM) can be utilized to determine a time-varying probability mass function that specifies the probability that each of the models under consideration is the best representation of the cell under observation. While the output of the IMM is useful by itself, its predictions can be improved by post-processing. In this paper, we present methods to analyze the time-series probability mass function produced by the IMM using the Viterbi and BCJR algorithms in common use in the digital-communications discipline. These algorithms seek to identify the “best path” through the space of available models over time, based on the likelihoods produced by the IMM and the Markovian transition probabilities. Through the use of these post-processing algorithms, confidence in the best-fitting model can be improved. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
338	a7005052477	Godfrey P.C.	p87	True	Journal	66	The biotech living and the walking dead	[No abstract available]
339	a8750608700	Allen G.N.	p87	False	Journal	66	The biotech living and the walking dead	[No abstract available]
340	a57214071214	Benson D.	p87	False	Journal	66	The biotech living and the walking dead	[No abstract available]
341	a57193518829	Hansen L.T.	p88	True	Journal	67	An investigation of geometrically necessary dislocations and back stress in large grained tantalum via EBSD and CPFEM	This study explores the evolution of GNDs and their effects on back stress through experimental and computational methods. Four large-grained tantalum tensile specimens were strained in uniaxial tension, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data were collected, and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) maps of the four specimens in the unloaded state were produced. EBSD-based GND maps revealed several types of features with high GND content which caused back stress in the specimens. Correlations between five geometrically-based grain boundary (GB) transmission factors and the GB GND content were evaluated, and statistically significant correlations were found for transmission factors based on Livingston and Chalmer's N factor, Werner and Prantl's slip transfer number, and GB misorientation. The sign of individual components of the Nye tensor were used to visually and quantitatively identify clustering of GNDs of the same sign, thus giving additional evidence of increasing back stress due to deformation. Deformation of one of the specimens was simulated using multiple CPFEM based modeling approaches and predicted stress-strain responses are compared. The super dislocation model (SD model) — a crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) which incorporates elastic dislocation interactions — was able to isolate impact of back stress on the overall flow stress. The SD model predicted correct stresses when compared with experimental data; however, when the elastic interactions in the SD model were turned off, stress predictions were 25% too low. Thus, demonstrating the importance of incorporating back stress into the model. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
342	a7006583274	Wagoner R.H.	p88	False	Journal	67	An investigation of geometrically necessary dislocations and back stress in large grained tantalum via EBSD and CPFEM	This study explores the evolution of GNDs and their effects on back stress through experimental and computational methods. Four large-grained tantalum tensile specimens were strained in uniaxial tension, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data were collected, and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) maps of the four specimens in the unloaded state were produced. EBSD-based GND maps revealed several types of features with high GND content which caused back stress in the specimens. Correlations between five geometrically-based grain boundary (GB) transmission factors and the GB GND content were evaluated, and statistically significant correlations were found for transmission factors based on Livingston and Chalmer's N factor, Werner and Prantl's slip transfer number, and GB misorientation. The sign of individual components of the Nye tensor were used to visually and quantitatively identify clustering of GNDs of the same sign, thus giving additional evidence of increasing back stress due to deformation. Deformation of one of the specimens was simulated using multiple CPFEM based modeling approaches and predicted stress-strain responses are compared. The super dislocation model (SD model) — a crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) which incorporates elastic dislocation interactions — was able to isolate impact of back stress on the overall flow stress. The SD model predicted correct stresses when compared with experimental data; however, when the elastic interactions in the SD model were turned off, stress predictions were 25% too low. Thus, demonstrating the importance of incorporating back stress into the model. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
342	a7006583274	Wagoner R.H.	p208	False	Journal	141	Atomistic survey of grain boundary-dislocation interactions in FCC nickel	It is well known that grain boundaries (GBs) have a strong influence on mechanical properties of polycrystalline materials. Not as well-known is how different GBs interact with dislocations to influence dislocation movement. This work presents a molecular dynamics study of 33 different FCC Ni bicrystals, each subjected to four different loading conditions to induce incident dislocation-GB interactions in 132 unique configurations. The resulting simulations produce 189 dislocation-GB interactions. Each interaction is analyzed to determine properties that affect the likelihood of transmission, reflection, or absorption of the dislocation at the GB of interest. The results confirm the ability to predict the slip system of a transmitted dislocation using common geometric criteria. Furthermore, machine learning reveals that geometric properties, such as the minimum residual Burgers vector (RBV) and the disorientation angle between the two grains, are strong indicators of whether or not a dislocation will transmit through a GB. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
342	a7006583274	Wagoner R.H.	p748	False	Journal	362	An RVE procedure for micromechanical prediction of mechanical behavior of dual-phase steel	A “bottom-up” representative volume element (RVE) for a dual phase steel was constructed based on measured microstructural properties (“microproperties”). This differs from the common procedure of inferring hypothetical microproperties by fitting to macroscopic behavior using an assumed micro-to-macrolaw. The bottom-up approach allows the assessment of the law itself by comparing RVE-predicted mechanical behavior with independent macroscopic measurements, thus revealing the nature of the controlling micromechanisms. An RVE for DP980 steel was constructed using actual microproperties. Finite element (FE) simulations of elastic-plastic transitions were compared with independent loading-unloading-loading and compression-tension experiments. Constitutive models of three types were utilized: 1) a standard continuum model, 2) a standard Crystal Plasticity (CP) model, and 3) a SuperDislocation (SD) model similar to CP but including the elastic interactions of discrete dislocations. These comparisons led to following conclusions: 1) While a constitutive model that ignores elastic interaction of defects can be fit to macroscopic or microscopic behavior, it cannot represent both accurately, 2) Elastic interactions among dislocations are the predominant source of nonlinearity in the nominally-elastic region (i.e. at stresses below the standard yield stress), and 3) Continuum stress inhomogeneity arising from the hard martensite / soft ferrite microstructure has a minor role in the observed transitional nonlinearity in the absence of discrete dislocation interactions. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
343	a55359526600	Lim H.	p88	False	Journal	67	An investigation of geometrically necessary dislocations and back stress in large grained tantalum via EBSD and CPFEM	This study explores the evolution of GNDs and their effects on back stress through experimental and computational methods. Four large-grained tantalum tensile specimens were strained in uniaxial tension, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data were collected, and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) maps of the four specimens in the unloaded state were produced. EBSD-based GND maps revealed several types of features with high GND content which caused back stress in the specimens. Correlations between five geometrically-based grain boundary (GB) transmission factors and the GB GND content were evaluated, and statistically significant correlations were found for transmission factors based on Livingston and Chalmer's N factor, Werner and Prantl's slip transfer number, and GB misorientation. The sign of individual components of the Nye tensor were used to visually and quantitatively identify clustering of GNDs of the same sign, thus giving additional evidence of increasing back stress due to deformation. Deformation of one of the specimens was simulated using multiple CPFEM based modeling approaches and predicted stress-strain responses are compared. The super dislocation model (SD model) — a crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) which incorporates elastic dislocation interactions — was able to isolate impact of back stress on the overall flow stress. The SD model predicted correct stresses when compared with experimental data; however, when the elastic interactions in the SD model were turned off, stress predictions were 25% too low. Thus, demonstrating the importance of incorporating back stress into the model. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
343	a55359526600	Lim H.	p748	False	Journal	362	An RVE procedure for micromechanical prediction of mechanical behavior of dual-phase steel	A “bottom-up” representative volume element (RVE) for a dual phase steel was constructed based on measured microstructural properties (“microproperties”). This differs from the common procedure of inferring hypothetical microproperties by fitting to macroscopic behavior using an assumed micro-to-macrolaw. The bottom-up approach allows the assessment of the law itself by comparing RVE-predicted mechanical behavior with independent macroscopic measurements, thus revealing the nature of the controlling micromechanisms. An RVE for DP980 steel was constructed using actual microproperties. Finite element (FE) simulations of elastic-plastic transitions were compared with independent loading-unloading-loading and compression-tension experiments. Constitutive models of three types were utilized: 1) a standard continuum model, 2) a standard Crystal Plasticity (CP) model, and 3) a SuperDislocation (SD) model similar to CP but including the elastic interactions of discrete dislocations. These comparisons led to following conclusions: 1) While a constitutive model that ignores elastic interaction of defects can be fit to macroscopic or microscopic behavior, it cannot represent both accurately, 2) Elastic interactions among dislocations are the predominant source of nonlinearity in the nominally-elastic region (i.e. at stresses below the standard yield stress), and 3) Continuum stress inhomogeneity arising from the hard martensite / soft ferrite microstructure has a minor role in the observed transitional nonlinearity in the absence of discrete dislocation interactions. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
344	a56911636200	Carroll J.D.	p88	False	Journal	67	An investigation of geometrically necessary dislocations and back stress in large grained tantalum via EBSD and CPFEM	This study explores the evolution of GNDs and their effects on back stress through experimental and computational methods. Four large-grained tantalum tensile specimens were strained in uniaxial tension, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data were collected, and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) maps of the four specimens in the unloaded state were produced. EBSD-based GND maps revealed several types of features with high GND content which caused back stress in the specimens. Correlations between five geometrically-based grain boundary (GB) transmission factors and the GB GND content were evaluated, and statistically significant correlations were found for transmission factors based on Livingston and Chalmer's N factor, Werner and Prantl's slip transfer number, and GB misorientation. The sign of individual components of the Nye tensor were used to visually and quantitatively identify clustering of GNDs of the same sign, thus giving additional evidence of increasing back stress due to deformation. Deformation of one of the specimens was simulated using multiple CPFEM based modeling approaches and predicted stress-strain responses are compared. The super dislocation model (SD model) — a crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) which incorporates elastic dislocation interactions — was able to isolate impact of back stress on the overall flow stress. The SD model predicted correct stresses when compared with experimental data; however, when the elastic interactions in the SD model were turned off, stress predictions were 25% too low. Thus, demonstrating the importance of incorporating back stress into the model. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
345	a55272011900	Zhou G.	p88	False	Journal	67	An investigation of geometrically necessary dislocations and back stress in large grained tantalum via EBSD and CPFEM	This study explores the evolution of GNDs and their effects on back stress through experimental and computational methods. Four large-grained tantalum tensile specimens were strained in uniaxial tension, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data were collected, and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) maps of the four specimens in the unloaded state were produced. EBSD-based GND maps revealed several types of features with high GND content which caused back stress in the specimens. Correlations between five geometrically-based grain boundary (GB) transmission factors and the GB GND content were evaluated, and statistically significant correlations were found for transmission factors based on Livingston and Chalmer's N factor, Werner and Prantl's slip transfer number, and GB misorientation. The sign of individual components of the Nye tensor were used to visually and quantitatively identify clustering of GNDs of the same sign, thus giving additional evidence of increasing back stress due to deformation. Deformation of one of the specimens was simulated using multiple CPFEM based modeling approaches and predicted stress-strain responses are compared. The super dislocation model (SD model) — a crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) which incorporates elastic dislocation interactions — was able to isolate impact of back stress on the overall flow stress. The SD model predicted correct stresses when compared with experimental data; however, when the elastic interactions in the SD model were turned off, stress predictions were 25% too low. Thus, demonstrating the importance of incorporating back stress into the model. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
346	a57203486012	Bong H.J.	p88	False	Journal	67	An investigation of geometrically necessary dislocations and back stress in large grained tantalum via EBSD and CPFEM	This study explores the evolution of GNDs and their effects on back stress through experimental and computational methods. Four large-grained tantalum tensile specimens were strained in uniaxial tension, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data were collected, and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) maps of the four specimens in the unloaded state were produced. EBSD-based GND maps revealed several types of features with high GND content which caused back stress in the specimens. Correlations between five geometrically-based grain boundary (GB) transmission factors and the GB GND content were evaluated, and statistically significant correlations were found for transmission factors based on Livingston and Chalmer's N factor, Werner and Prantl's slip transfer number, and GB misorientation. The sign of individual components of the Nye tensor were used to visually and quantitatively identify clustering of GNDs of the same sign, thus giving additional evidence of increasing back stress due to deformation. Deformation of one of the specimens was simulated using multiple CPFEM based modeling approaches and predicted stress-strain responses are compared. The super dislocation model (SD model) — a crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) which incorporates elastic dislocation interactions — was able to isolate impact of back stress on the overall flow stress. The SD model predicted correct stresses when compared with experimental data; however, when the elastic interactions in the SD model were turned off, stress predictions were 25% too low. Thus, demonstrating the importance of incorporating back stress into the model. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
346	a57203486012	Bong H.J.	p748	True	Journal	362	An RVE procedure for micromechanical prediction of mechanical behavior of dual-phase steel	A “bottom-up” representative volume element (RVE) for a dual phase steel was constructed based on measured microstructural properties (“microproperties”). This differs from the common procedure of inferring hypothetical microproperties by fitting to macroscopic behavior using an assumed micro-to-macrolaw. The bottom-up approach allows the assessment of the law itself by comparing RVE-predicted mechanical behavior with independent macroscopic measurements, thus revealing the nature of the controlling micromechanisms. An RVE for DP980 steel was constructed using actual microproperties. Finite element (FE) simulations of elastic-plastic transitions were compared with independent loading-unloading-loading and compression-tension experiments. Constitutive models of three types were utilized: 1) a standard continuum model, 2) a standard Crystal Plasticity (CP) model, and 3) a SuperDislocation (SD) model similar to CP but including the elastic interactions of discrete dislocations. These comparisons led to following conclusions: 1) While a constitutive model that ignores elastic interaction of defects can be fit to macroscopic or microscopic behavior, it cannot represent both accurately, 2) Elastic interactions among dislocations are the predominant source of nonlinearity in the nominally-elastic region (i.e. at stresses below the standard yield stress), and 3) Continuum stress inhomogeneity arising from the hard martensite / soft ferrite microstructure has a minor role in the observed transitional nonlinearity in the absence of discrete dislocation interactions. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
347	a57202293242	Ogbeibu S.	p89	True	Journal	68	Technological turbulence and greening of team creativity, product innovation, and human resource management: Implications for sustainability	Given the overwhelming increase in technological advancements and global warming concerns, our study attempts to investigate the predictive powers of green human resource management (GHRM) bundles and green team creativity on green product innovation. Additionally, we examine the roles of technological turbulence and environmental dynamic capability. We have administered a cross-sectional (time lag) survey design with 229 respondents from 31 manufacturing organisations in Malaysia and employed the partial least square path modelling (SmartPLS3) for data analysis. Results indicate that technological turbulence, green recruitment and selection and green training, involvement and development are positive predictors of green team creativity. Green performance and compensation negatively predict green team creativity. While green team creativity positively predicts green product innovation, environmental dynamic capability negatively predicts green product innovation. Technological turbulence reinforces the positive impact of green recruitment and selection on green team creativity and dampens the positive impact of green training, involvement and development on green team creativity. Furthermore, green team creativity is a complementary and competitive mediator. By simultaneously investigating the predictive powers of technological turbulence, green team creativity and environmental dynamic capability in our study, we offer novel insights that extend traditional HRM conceptualisations to reflect a more environmentally sustainable GHRM framework. Policy implications and future directions are also discussed. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
348	a57203024588	Emelifeonwu J.	p89	False	Journal	68	Technological turbulence and greening of team creativity, product innovation, and human resource management: Implications for sustainability	Given the overwhelming increase in technological advancements and global warming concerns, our study attempts to investigate the predictive powers of green human resource management (GHRM) bundles and green team creativity on green product innovation. Additionally, we examine the roles of technological turbulence and environmental dynamic capability. We have administered a cross-sectional (time lag) survey design with 229 respondents from 31 manufacturing organisations in Malaysia and employed the partial least square path modelling (SmartPLS3) for data analysis. Results indicate that technological turbulence, green recruitment and selection and green training, involvement and development are positive predictors of green team creativity. Green performance and compensation negatively predict green team creativity. While green team creativity positively predicts green product innovation, environmental dynamic capability negatively predicts green product innovation. Technological turbulence reinforces the positive impact of green recruitment and selection on green team creativity and dampens the positive impact of green training, involvement and development on green team creativity. Furthermore, green team creativity is a complementary and competitive mediator. By simultaneously investigating the predictive powers of technological turbulence, green team creativity and environmental dynamic capability in our study, we offer novel insights that extend traditional HRM conceptualisations to reflect a more environmentally sustainable GHRM framework. Policy implications and future directions are also discussed. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
349	a57160053200	Senadjki A.	p89	False	Journal	68	Technological turbulence and greening of team creativity, product innovation, and human resource management: Implications for sustainability	Given the overwhelming increase in technological advancements and global warming concerns, our study attempts to investigate the predictive powers of green human resource management (GHRM) bundles and green team creativity on green product innovation. Additionally, we examine the roles of technological turbulence and environmental dynamic capability. We have administered a cross-sectional (time lag) survey design with 229 respondents from 31 manufacturing organisations in Malaysia and employed the partial least square path modelling (SmartPLS3) for data analysis. Results indicate that technological turbulence, green recruitment and selection and green training, involvement and development are positive predictors of green team creativity. Green performance and compensation negatively predict green team creativity. While green team creativity positively predicts green product innovation, environmental dynamic capability negatively predicts green product innovation. Technological turbulence reinforces the positive impact of green recruitment and selection on green team creativity and dampens the positive impact of green training, involvement and development on green team creativity. Furthermore, green team creativity is a complementary and competitive mediator. By simultaneously investigating the predictive powers of technological turbulence, green team creativity and environmental dynamic capability in our study, we offer novel insights that extend traditional HRM conceptualisations to reflect a more environmentally sustainable GHRM framework. Policy implications and future directions are also discussed. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
350	a36006215900	Gaskin J.	p89	False	Journal	68	Technological turbulence and greening of team creativity, product innovation, and human resource management: Implications for sustainability	Given the overwhelming increase in technological advancements and global warming concerns, our study attempts to investigate the predictive powers of green human resource management (GHRM) bundles and green team creativity on green product innovation. Additionally, we examine the roles of technological turbulence and environmental dynamic capability. We have administered a cross-sectional (time lag) survey design with 229 respondents from 31 manufacturing organisations in Malaysia and employed the partial least square path modelling (SmartPLS3) for data analysis. Results indicate that technological turbulence, green recruitment and selection and green training, involvement and development are positive predictors of green team creativity. Green performance and compensation negatively predict green team creativity. While green team creativity positively predicts green product innovation, environmental dynamic capability negatively predicts green product innovation. Technological turbulence reinforces the positive impact of green recruitment and selection on green team creativity and dampens the positive impact of green training, involvement and development on green team creativity. Furthermore, green team creativity is a complementary and competitive mediator. By simultaneously investigating the predictive powers of technological turbulence, green team creativity and environmental dynamic capability in our study, we offer novel insights that extend traditional HRM conceptualisations to reflect a more environmentally sustainable GHRM framework. Policy implications and future directions are also discussed. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
351	a55944615300	Kaivo-oja J.	p89	False	Journal	68	Technological turbulence and greening of team creativity, product innovation, and human resource management: Implications for sustainability	Given the overwhelming increase in technological advancements and global warming concerns, our study attempts to investigate the predictive powers of green human resource management (GHRM) bundles and green team creativity on green product innovation. Additionally, we examine the roles of technological turbulence and environmental dynamic capability. We have administered a cross-sectional (time lag) survey design with 229 respondents from 31 manufacturing organisations in Malaysia and employed the partial least square path modelling (SmartPLS3) for data analysis. Results indicate that technological turbulence, green recruitment and selection and green training, involvement and development are positive predictors of green team creativity. Green performance and compensation negatively predict green team creativity. While green team creativity positively predicts green product innovation, environmental dynamic capability negatively predicts green product innovation. Technological turbulence reinforces the positive impact of green recruitment and selection on green team creativity and dampens the positive impact of green training, involvement and development on green team creativity. Furthermore, green team creativity is a complementary and competitive mediator. By simultaneously investigating the predictive powers of technological turbulence, green team creativity and environmental dynamic capability in our study, we offer novel insights that extend traditional HRM conceptualisations to reflect a more environmentally sustainable GHRM framework. Policy implications and future directions are also discussed. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
352	a57191995369	Chen K.	p90	True	Journal	69	Optimising the design of phased array feeds for survey speed	The scientific capability of an astronomical phased array feed receiver can be quantified by combining the bandwidth, sensitivity, and field of view into the overall survey speed of the instrument. The authors investigate the relationships between survey speed and reflector geometry, array layout, element spacing and element configuration using numerical simulations, to determine the values of these parameters that lead to optimal system performance. They characterise the array element spacing that leads to maximum survey speed as a function of the reflector f/D. To further improve survey speed in relation to the overall number of array elements, the authors explore the possibility of using elements with modest levels of superdirectivity to sample more of the focal plane Airy pattern and increase optimal spacing for survey speed figure of merit. The results explain how optimal survey speed is controlled primarily by the influence of element type and array layout on the peak achievable aperture efficiency. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2020
353	a57195515828	Horne R.R.	p91	True	Journal	70	Latanoprost uptake and release from commercial contact lenses	This study investigated the potential of delivering an anti-glaucoma drug using commercial silicone hydrogel (SiHy) contact lenses. The moderately hydrophobic drug latanoprost was rapidly loaded in 4 min by swelling contact lenses in a solution of the drug in n-propanol. A fraction of the drug was radiolabeled, thus allowing measurement of the uptake and subsequent release of drug into artificial tear fluid. Three questions were addressed: (1) how much drug can be loaded into each type of lens, (2) how fast is drug release, and (3) how are these values related to the contact lens chemistry. The results showed that much more latanoprost could be loaded into SiHy lenses than a conventional contact lens of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The drug uptake correlated with the amount of swelling in n-propanol, with Galyfilcon lenses having the greatest swelling and highest drug uptake. The drug release from the SiHy lenses occurred over days, whereas the conventional lens released nearly all drug in a burst over a few hours. To examine correlations between lens chemistry, drug chemistry and uptake, and solvent chemistry, the Hansen solubility parameters were calculated using estimates of contact lens chemistry. These results showed that drug uptake in SiHy lenses correlated with favorable solubility parameter interactions between the n-propanol and the lens material, but did not correlate with interactions between the drug and the lens materials. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
354	a57211443769	Rich J.T.	p91	False	Journal	70	Latanoprost uptake and release from commercial contact lenses	This study investigated the potential of delivering an anti-glaucoma drug using commercial silicone hydrogel (SiHy) contact lenses. The moderately hydrophobic drug latanoprost was rapidly loaded in 4 min by swelling contact lenses in a solution of the drug in n-propanol. A fraction of the drug was radiolabeled, thus allowing measurement of the uptake and subsequent release of drug into artificial tear fluid. Three questions were addressed: (1) how much drug can be loaded into each type of lens, (2) how fast is drug release, and (3) how are these values related to the contact lens chemistry. The results showed that much more latanoprost could be loaded into SiHy lenses than a conventional contact lens of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The drug uptake correlated with the amount of swelling in n-propanol, with Galyfilcon lenses having the greatest swelling and highest drug uptake. The drug release from the SiHy lenses occurred over days, whereas the conventional lens released nearly all drug in a burst over a few hours. To examine correlations between lens chemistry, drug chemistry and uptake, and solvent chemistry, the Hansen solubility parameters were calculated using estimates of contact lens chemistry. These results showed that drug uptake in SiHy lenses correlated with favorable solubility parameter interactions between the n-propanol and the lens material, but did not correlate with interactions between the drug and the lens materials. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
355	a57211435896	Bradley M.W.	p91	False	Journal	70	Latanoprost uptake and release from commercial contact lenses	This study investigated the potential of delivering an anti-glaucoma drug using commercial silicone hydrogel (SiHy) contact lenses. The moderately hydrophobic drug latanoprost was rapidly loaded in 4 min by swelling contact lenses in a solution of the drug in n-propanol. A fraction of the drug was radiolabeled, thus allowing measurement of the uptake and subsequent release of drug into artificial tear fluid. Three questions were addressed: (1) how much drug can be loaded into each type of lens, (2) how fast is drug release, and (3) how are these values related to the contact lens chemistry. The results showed that much more latanoprost could be loaded into SiHy lenses than a conventional contact lens of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The drug uptake correlated with the amount of swelling in n-propanol, with Galyfilcon lenses having the greatest swelling and highest drug uptake. The drug release from the SiHy lenses occurred over days, whereas the conventional lens released nearly all drug in a burst over a few hours. To examine correlations between lens chemistry, drug chemistry and uptake, and solvent chemistry, the Hansen solubility parameters were calculated using estimates of contact lens chemistry. These results showed that drug uptake in SiHy lenses correlated with favorable solubility parameter interactions between the n-propanol and the lens material, but did not correlate with interactions between the drug and the lens materials. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
356	a7005408810	Pitt W.G.	p91	False	Journal	70	Latanoprost uptake and release from commercial contact lenses	This study investigated the potential of delivering an anti-glaucoma drug using commercial silicone hydrogel (SiHy) contact lenses. The moderately hydrophobic drug latanoprost was rapidly loaded in 4 min by swelling contact lenses in a solution of the drug in n-propanol. A fraction of the drug was radiolabeled, thus allowing measurement of the uptake and subsequent release of drug into artificial tear fluid. Three questions were addressed: (1) how much drug can be loaded into each type of lens, (2) how fast is drug release, and (3) how are these values related to the contact lens chemistry. The results showed that much more latanoprost could be loaded into SiHy lenses than a conventional contact lens of poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate). The drug uptake correlated with the amount of swelling in n-propanol, with Galyfilcon lenses having the greatest swelling and highest drug uptake. The drug release from the SiHy lenses occurred over days, whereas the conventional lens released nearly all drug in a burst over a few hours. To examine correlations between lens chemistry, drug chemistry and uptake, and solvent chemistry, the Hansen solubility parameters were calculated using estimates of contact lens chemistry. These results showed that drug uptake in SiHy lenses correlated with favorable solubility parameter interactions between the n-propanol and the lens material, but did not correlate with interactions between the drug and the lens materials. © 2019, © 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
356	a7005408810	Pitt W.G.	p153	False	Journal	108	Heat set creases in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets to enable origami-based applications	Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets show promise for application in origami-based engineering design. Origami-based engineering provides advantages that are not readily available in traditional engineering design methods. Several processing methods were examined to identify trends and determine the effect of processing of PET sheets on the crease properties of origami mechanisms in PET. Various annealing times, temperatures, and cooling rates were evaluated and data collected for over 1000 samples. It was determined that annealing temperature plays the largest role in crease response. An increase in the crystallinity of a PET sheet while in the folded state likely increases the force response of the crease in PET sheets. An annealing time of at least 60 min at 160 C-180 C with a quick cooling results in a high force response in the crease. The effectiveness of the processing methods was demonstrated in several origami patterns of various complexities. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
356	a7005408810	Pitt W.G.	p172	False	Conference	36	Multiplexed Detection of Single Antibiotic Drug-Resistant Plasmids using Multimode Interference Waveguide Based Optofluidic Chip	A single multimode interference waveguide is used to create distinct spectral spot patterns on two liquid-core waveguides on an optofluidic chip. This device is used for multiplexed detection of antibiotic-resistant plasmids with single nucleic acid sensitivity. © 2019 IEEE.
357	a56685601500	Wnorowska U.	p92	True	Journal	71	Nanoantibiotics containing membrane-active human cathelicidin LL-37 or synthetic ceragenins attached to the surface of magnetic nanoparticles as novel and innovative therapeutic tools: Current status and potential future applications	Nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches have attracted attention of scientists, in particular due to the special features of nanomaterials, such as adequate biocompatibility, ability to improve therapeutic efficiency of incorporated drugs and to limit their adverse effects. Among a variety of reported nanomaterials for biomedical applications, metal and metal oxide-based nanoparticles offer unique physicochemical properties allowing their use in combination with conventional antimicrobials and as magnetic field-controlled drug delivery nanocarriers. An ever-growing number of studies demonstrate that by combining magnetic nanoparticles with membrane-active, natural human cathelicidin-derived LL-37 peptide, and its synthetic mimics such as ceragenins, innovative nanoagents might be developed. Between others, they demonstrate high clinical potential as antimicrobial, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory and regenerative agents. Due to continuous research, knowledge on pleiotropic character of natural antibacterial peptides and their mimics is growing, and it is justifying to stay that the therapeutic potential of nanosystems containing membrane active compounds has not been exhausted yet. © 2020 The Author(s).
358	a16549438300	Fiedoruk K.	p92	False	Journal	71	Nanoantibiotics containing membrane-active human cathelicidin LL-37 or synthetic ceragenins attached to the surface of magnetic nanoparticles as novel and innovative therapeutic tools: Current status and potential future applications	Nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches have attracted attention of scientists, in particular due to the special features of nanomaterials, such as adequate biocompatibility, ability to improve therapeutic efficiency of incorporated drugs and to limit their adverse effects. Among a variety of reported nanomaterials for biomedical applications, metal and metal oxide-based nanoparticles offer unique physicochemical properties allowing their use in combination with conventional antimicrobials and as magnetic field-controlled drug delivery nanocarriers. An ever-growing number of studies demonstrate that by combining magnetic nanoparticles with membrane-active, natural human cathelicidin-derived LL-37 peptide, and its synthetic mimics such as ceragenins, innovative nanoagents might be developed. Between others, they demonstrate high clinical potential as antimicrobial, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory and regenerative agents. Due to continuous research, knowledge on pleiotropic character of natural antibacterial peptides and their mimics is growing, and it is justifying to stay that the therapeutic potential of nanosystems containing membrane active compounds has not been exhausted yet. © 2020 The Author(s).
359	a56685789300	Piktel E.	p92	False	Journal	71	Nanoantibiotics containing membrane-active human cathelicidin LL-37 or synthetic ceragenins attached to the surface of magnetic nanoparticles as novel and innovative therapeutic tools: Current status and potential future applications	Nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches have attracted attention of scientists, in particular due to the special features of nanomaterials, such as adequate biocompatibility, ability to improve therapeutic efficiency of incorporated drugs and to limit their adverse effects. Among a variety of reported nanomaterials for biomedical applications, metal and metal oxide-based nanoparticles offer unique physicochemical properties allowing their use in combination with conventional antimicrobials and as magnetic field-controlled drug delivery nanocarriers. An ever-growing number of studies demonstrate that by combining magnetic nanoparticles with membrane-active, natural human cathelicidin-derived LL-37 peptide, and its synthetic mimics such as ceragenins, innovative nanoagents might be developed. Between others, they demonstrate high clinical potential as antimicrobial, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory and regenerative agents. Due to continuous research, knowledge on pleiotropic character of natural antibacterial peptides and their mimics is growing, and it is justifying to stay that the therapeutic potential of nanosystems containing membrane active compounds has not been exhausted yet. © 2020 The Author(s).
360	a57212757453	Prasad S.V.	p92	False	Journal	71	Nanoantibiotics containing membrane-active human cathelicidin LL-37 or synthetic ceragenins attached to the surface of magnetic nanoparticles as novel and innovative therapeutic tools: Current status and potential future applications	Nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches have attracted attention of scientists, in particular due to the special features of nanomaterials, such as adequate biocompatibility, ability to improve therapeutic efficiency of incorporated drugs and to limit their adverse effects. Among a variety of reported nanomaterials for biomedical applications, metal and metal oxide-based nanoparticles offer unique physicochemical properties allowing their use in combination with conventional antimicrobials and as magnetic field-controlled drug delivery nanocarriers. An ever-growing number of studies demonstrate that by combining magnetic nanoparticles with membrane-active, natural human cathelicidin-derived LL-37 peptide, and its synthetic mimics such as ceragenins, innovative nanoagents might be developed. Between others, they demonstrate high clinical potential as antimicrobial, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory and regenerative agents. Due to continuous research, knowledge on pleiotropic character of natural antibacterial peptides and their mimics is growing, and it is justifying to stay that the therapeutic potential of nanosystems containing membrane active compounds has not been exhausted yet. © 2020 The Author(s).
361	a57212871890	Sulik M.	p92	False	Journal	71	Nanoantibiotics containing membrane-active human cathelicidin LL-37 or synthetic ceragenins attached to the surface of magnetic nanoparticles as novel and innovative therapeutic tools: Current status and potential future applications	Nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches have attracted attention of scientists, in particular due to the special features of nanomaterials, such as adequate biocompatibility, ability to improve therapeutic efficiency of incorporated drugs and to limit their adverse effects. Among a variety of reported nanomaterials for biomedical applications, metal and metal oxide-based nanoparticles offer unique physicochemical properties allowing their use in combination with conventional antimicrobials and as magnetic field-controlled drug delivery nanocarriers. An ever-growing number of studies demonstrate that by combining magnetic nanoparticles with membrane-active, natural human cathelicidin-derived LL-37 peptide, and its synthetic mimics such as ceragenins, innovative nanoagents might be developed. Between others, they demonstrate high clinical potential as antimicrobial, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory and regenerative agents. Due to continuous research, knowledge on pleiotropic character of natural antibacterial peptides and their mimics is growing, and it is justifying to stay that the therapeutic potential of nanosystems containing membrane active compounds has not been exhausted yet. © 2020 The Author(s).
362	a57215487696	Janion M.	p92	False	Journal	71	Nanoantibiotics containing membrane-active human cathelicidin LL-37 or synthetic ceragenins attached to the surface of magnetic nanoparticles as novel and innovative therapeutic tools: Current status and potential future applications	Nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches have attracted attention of scientists, in particular due to the special features of nanomaterials, such as adequate biocompatibility, ability to improve therapeutic efficiency of incorporated drugs and to limit their adverse effects. Among a variety of reported nanomaterials for biomedical applications, metal and metal oxide-based nanoparticles offer unique physicochemical properties allowing their use in combination with conventional antimicrobials and as magnetic field-controlled drug delivery nanocarriers. An ever-growing number of studies demonstrate that by combining magnetic nanoparticles with membrane-active, natural human cathelicidin-derived LL-37 peptide, and its synthetic mimics such as ceragenins, innovative nanoagents might be developed. Between others, they demonstrate high clinical potential as antimicrobial, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory and regenerative agents. Due to continuous research, knowledge on pleiotropic character of natural antibacterial peptides and their mimics is growing, and it is justifying to stay that the therapeutic potential of nanosystems containing membrane active compounds has not been exhausted yet. © 2020 The Author(s).
363	a16548815300	Daniluk T.	p92	False	Journal	71	Nanoantibiotics containing membrane-active human cathelicidin LL-37 or synthetic ceragenins attached to the surface of magnetic nanoparticles as novel and innovative therapeutic tools: Current status and potential future applications	Nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches have attracted attention of scientists, in particular due to the special features of nanomaterials, such as adequate biocompatibility, ability to improve therapeutic efficiency of incorporated drugs and to limit their adverse effects. Among a variety of reported nanomaterials for biomedical applications, metal and metal oxide-based nanoparticles offer unique physicochemical properties allowing their use in combination with conventional antimicrobials and as magnetic field-controlled drug delivery nanocarriers. An ever-growing number of studies demonstrate that by combining magnetic nanoparticles with membrane-active, natural human cathelicidin-derived LL-37 peptide, and its synthetic mimics such as ceragenins, innovative nanoagents might be developed. Between others, they demonstrate high clinical potential as antimicrobial, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory and regenerative agents. Due to continuous research, knowledge on pleiotropic character of natural antibacterial peptides and their mimics is growing, and it is justifying to stay that the therapeutic potential of nanosystems containing membrane active compounds has not been exhausted yet. © 2020 The Author(s).
364	a7202875039	Savage P.B.	p92	False	Journal	71	Nanoantibiotics containing membrane-active human cathelicidin LL-37 or synthetic ceragenins attached to the surface of magnetic nanoparticles as novel and innovative therapeutic tools: Current status and potential future applications	Nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches have attracted attention of scientists, in particular due to the special features of nanomaterials, such as adequate biocompatibility, ability to improve therapeutic efficiency of incorporated drugs and to limit their adverse effects. Among a variety of reported nanomaterials for biomedical applications, metal and metal oxide-based nanoparticles offer unique physicochemical properties allowing their use in combination with conventional antimicrobials and as magnetic field-controlled drug delivery nanocarriers. An ever-growing number of studies demonstrate that by combining magnetic nanoparticles with membrane-active, natural human cathelicidin-derived LL-37 peptide, and its synthetic mimics such as ceragenins, innovative nanoagents might be developed. Between others, they demonstrate high clinical potential as antimicrobial, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory and regenerative agents. Due to continuous research, knowledge on pleiotropic character of natural antibacterial peptides and their mimics is growing, and it is justifying to stay that the therapeutic potential of nanosystems containing membrane active compounds has not been exhausted yet. © 2020 The Author(s).
365	a6701383359	Bucki R.	p92	False	Journal	71	Nanoantibiotics containing membrane-active human cathelicidin LL-37 or synthetic ceragenins attached to the surface of magnetic nanoparticles as novel and innovative therapeutic tools: Current status and potential future applications	Nanotechnology-based therapeutic approaches have attracted attention of scientists, in particular due to the special features of nanomaterials, such as adequate biocompatibility, ability to improve therapeutic efficiency of incorporated drugs and to limit their adverse effects. Among a variety of reported nanomaterials for biomedical applications, metal and metal oxide-based nanoparticles offer unique physicochemical properties allowing their use in combination with conventional antimicrobials and as magnetic field-controlled drug delivery nanocarriers. An ever-growing number of studies demonstrate that by combining magnetic nanoparticles with membrane-active, natural human cathelicidin-derived LL-37 peptide, and its synthetic mimics such as ceragenins, innovative nanoagents might be developed. Between others, they demonstrate high clinical potential as antimicrobial, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory and regenerative agents. Due to continuous research, knowledge on pleiotropic character of natural antibacterial peptides and their mimics is growing, and it is justifying to stay that the therapeutic potential of nanosystems containing membrane active compounds has not been exhausted yet. © 2020 The Author(s).
366	a57191570988	Orme A.D.	p93	True	Conference	13	Analysis of distortion phase shift in a highly loaded fan stage	Full annulus URANS simulations are presented to investigate distortion phase shift in a single stage transonic fan. The fan is subject to a 90°sector inlet total pressure distortion. Simulation results are presented for choke, design, and near-stall operating conditions. Circumferential profiles of swirl, total pressure, total temperature, power, and phase shift are analyzed at 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% span. Phase shift is a measure of the rotational translation of a distortion profile and is valuable for understanding the translational motion of distortion as it passes through the fan. At choke and design operating conditions the phase shift is positive in the direction of rotor rotation. At near-stall the phase shift is negative opposite rotor rotation for the outer 30% span. Local power reaches a maximum value, resulting in the generation of a uniform pressure region. This region causes increased distortion content in the near-stall case over a wide circumferential extent resulting in a negative phase shift. © 2020, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
366	a57191570988	Orme A.D.	p337	False	Conference	113	Radial variation in distortion transfer and generation in a highly loaded fan stage from near-stall to choke	Understanding distortion transfer and generation through fan and compressor blade rows is able to assist in blade design and performance prediction. Using full annulus URANS simulations, the effects of distortion as it passes through the rotor of a transonic fan at five radial locations (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% span) are analyzed. The inlet distortion profile is a 90-degree sector with a 15% total pressure deficit. Fourier distortion descriptors are used in this study to quantitatively describe distortion transfer and generation. Results are presented and compared for three operating points (near-stall, design, and choke). These results are used to explain the relationship between inlet total pressure distortion, pressure-induced swirl, total pressure distortion transfer, total temperature distortion generation, and circumferential rotor power variation. It is shown that very large changes in pressure-induced swirl and distortion transfer and generation occur between near-stall and design, but only small changes are seen between design and choke. The greatest changes are shown to be near the tip. Local power variations are shown to correlate with total pressure distortion transfer and total temperature distortion generation. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
366	a57191570988	Orme A.D.	p884	False	Conference	397	Formability of magnesium alloy AZ31B from room temperature to 125, °C under biaxial tension	Magnesium AZ31B sheets of 2, mm thickness were stretch formed using a 101.6, mm diameter punch at room temperature and subsequent increments from 25 to 125, °C. Surface strains were measured using a digital image correlation method in order to ensure that biaxial stretching was achieved. The punch height versus load curve was found to be the same for temperatures of 25 and for 50, °C, while at 75, °C the load for a given punch height was less. This difference seems to indicate a change in deformation mechanism between 50 and 75, °C. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) was used to quantify features of the microstructure in the as-received and the strained specimens. Rather than a sudden transition from twinning to slip at low temperatures, it appears that twinning gradually decreases and slip activity increases as temperatures rise across the range from 25 to 125, °C. This confirms recent predictions found in the literature. The twin activity predominantly involves the formation of compression twins which rapidly transform further to create secondary twins for easier strain accommodation. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
367	a57201357657	Soderquist D.R.	p93	False	Conference	13	Analysis of distortion phase shift in a highly loaded fan stage	Full annulus URANS simulations are presented to investigate distortion phase shift in a single stage transonic fan. The fan is subject to a 90°sector inlet total pressure distortion. Simulation results are presented for choke, design, and near-stall operating conditions. Circumferential profiles of swirl, total pressure, total temperature, power, and phase shift are analyzed at 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% span. Phase shift is a measure of the rotational translation of a distortion profile and is valuable for understanding the translational motion of distortion as it passes through the fan. At choke and design operating conditions the phase shift is positive in the direction of rotor rotation. At near-stall the phase shift is negative opposite rotor rotation for the outer 30% span. Local power reaches a maximum value, resulting in the generation of a uniform pressure region. This region causes increased distortion content in the near-stall case over a wide circumferential extent resulting in a negative phase shift. © 2020, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
367	a57201357657	Soderquist D.R.	p337	True	Conference	113	Radial variation in distortion transfer and generation in a highly loaded fan stage from near-stall to choke	Understanding distortion transfer and generation through fan and compressor blade rows is able to assist in blade design and performance prediction. Using full annulus URANS simulations, the effects of distortion as it passes through the rotor of a transonic fan at five radial locations (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% span) are analyzed. The inlet distortion profile is a 90-degree sector with a 15% total pressure deficit. Fourier distortion descriptors are used in this study to quantitatively describe distortion transfer and generation. Results are presented and compared for three operating points (near-stall, design, and choke). These results are used to explain the relationship between inlet total pressure distortion, pressure-induced swirl, total pressure distortion transfer, total temperature distortion generation, and circumferential rotor power variation. It is shown that very large changes in pressure-induced swirl and distortion transfer and generation occur between near-stall and design, but only small changes are seen between design and choke. The greatest changes are shown to be near the tip. Local power variations are shown to correlate with total pressure distortion transfer and total temperature distortion generation. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
367	a57201357657	Soderquist D.R.	p595	True	Conference	238	Radial variation in distortion transfer and generation through a highly loaded fan stage	An important consideration for fan and compressor design is quantifying distortion transfer and generation blade row by blade row. Detailed information about the magnitude of distortion and the shape of the distortion profile and how it changes through blade rows increases the understanding of flow physics and helps predict aerodynamic performance. Using full annulus URANS simulations, this paper analyzes what happens to distortion as it passes through the rotor and stator blade rows at 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% span. Fourier distortion descriptors are used in this study to quantitatively describe distortion transfer and generation. With these descriptors, evidence of pressure-induced swirl is shown at the fan inlet. It is also shown that although there is very little distortion at the 10% span of the inlet, after passing through the rotor blade row the 10% span has the greatest amount of total pressure and total temperature distortion. This radial migration of distortion is attributed to the high hade angle of the hub. The total pressure and total temperature profiles have significant circumferential phase shifts after passing through the rotor and slight phase shifts after passing through the stator. In general, the calculated phase shifts are greatest at the 10% and 90% spans, the nearest locations to the hub and the tip clearance gap, respectively. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
367	a57201357657	Soderquist D.R.	p597	True	Conference	240	Analysis of distortion transfer and generation through a compressor using the harmonic balance approach	Inlet flow distortion significantly affects an engine’s overall performance. It can be difficult to predict the transfer of distortion through a compressor because traditional experimental and computational methods are very expensive and time consuming. The Harmonic Balance approach is a promising alternative which uses Fourier techniques to represent fluid flow solutions. Relatively little work has been done to assess how much Fourier information is necessary to calculate a sufficiently accurate solution with the Harmonic Balance Solver. This study focuses on analyzing the effects of varying the amount of modal content that is used in Harmonic Balance simulations. Inlet distortion profiles with varying magnitudes are used in order to analyze trends and provide insight into the distortion flow physics for various inlet conditions. The geometry is a single stage axial compressor that consists of an inlet guide vane followed by the NASA Stage 37 rotor. It is shown that simulations with greater magnitudes of distortion require more modal content in order to achieve sufficiently accurate results. Harmonic Balance simulations are shown to have significantly lower computational costs than simulations with a conventional unsteady solver. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
368	a57210289242	Greenwood J.R.	p94	False	Journal	72	Using Cyclic Quadrilaterals to Design Cylindrical Developable Mechanisms	Developable mechanisms on regular cylindrical surfaces can be described using cyclic quadrilaterals. Mechanisms can exist in either an open or crossed configuration, and these configurations correspond to convex and crossed cyclic quadrilaterals. Using equations developed for both convex and crossed cyclic quadrilaterals, the geometry of the reference surface to which a four-bar mechanism can be mapped is found. Grashof mechanisms can be mapped to two surfaces in open or crossed configurations. The only way to map a non-Grashof mechanism to a cylindrical surface is in its open configuration. Extramobile and intramobile behavior can be achieved depending on selected pairs within a cyclic quadrilateral and its position within the circumcircle. Selecting different sets of links as the ground link changes the potential behavior of the mechanism. Different cases are tabulated to represent all possibilities. A non-Grashof developable mechanism can only exhibit extramobile or intramobile behavior if all of the joints lie on one half of the circumcircle. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
368	a57210289242	Greenwood J.R.	p136	True	Journal	95	Developable mechanisms on regular cylindrical surfaces	Developable mechanisms can provide high functionality and compact stowability. This paper presents engineering models to aid in the design of cylindrical developable mechanisms. These models take into account the added spatial restrictions imposed by the developable surface. Equations are provided for the kinematic analysis of cylindrical developable mechanisms. A new classification for developable mechanisms is also presented (intramobile, extramobile, and transmobile) and two graphical methods are provided for determining this classification for single-DOF planar cylindrical developable mechanisms. Characteristics specific to four-bar cylindrical developable mechanisms are also discussed. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
368	a57210289242	Greenwood J.R.	p318	False	Conference	98	Conceptualizing stable states in origami-based devices using an energy visualization approach	In many origami-based applications a device needs to be maintained in one or more fold states. The origami stability integration method (OSIM) presented in this paper provides an approach for graphically combining various techniques to achieve stability. Techniques are divided into four groups based on whether they are intrinsic or extrinsic to the origami pattern and whether they exhibit differentiable or non-differentiable energy storage behaviors. These categorizations can help designers select appropriate techniques for their application. The paper also contains design considerations and resources for several intrinsic techniques. Finally, two case studies are presented which use the OSIM and the technique guidelines to conceptualize stability in origami-based devices. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
369	a57192710054	Butler J.J.	p94	False	Journal	72	Using Cyclic Quadrilaterals to Design Cylindrical Developable Mechanisms	Developable mechanisms on regular cylindrical surfaces can be described using cyclic quadrilaterals. Mechanisms can exist in either an open or crossed configuration, and these configurations correspond to convex and crossed cyclic quadrilaterals. Using equations developed for both convex and crossed cyclic quadrilaterals, the geometry of the reference surface to which a four-bar mechanism can be mapped is found. Grashof mechanisms can be mapped to two surfaces in open or crossed configurations. The only way to map a non-Grashof mechanism to a cylindrical surface is in its open configuration. Extramobile and intramobile behavior can be achieved depending on selected pairs within a cyclic quadrilateral and its position within the circumcircle. Selecting different sets of links as the ground link changes the potential behavior of the mechanism. Different cases are tabulated to represent all possibilities. A non-Grashof developable mechanism can only exhibit extramobile or intramobile behavior if all of the joints lie on one half of the circumcircle. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
369	a57192710054	Butler J.J.	p319	True	Conference	99	Thick folding through regionally-sandwiched compliant sheets	The regional-sandwiching of compliant sheets (ReCS) technique presented in this work creates flat-foldable, rigid-foldable, and self-deploying thick origami-based mechanisms. Regional-sandwiching of the compliant sheet is used to create mountain/valley assignments for each fold about a vertex, constraining motion to a single branch of folding. Strain energy in deflected flexible members is used to enable self-deployment. This work presents the methods to design origami-based mechanisms using the ReCS technique, including volume trimming at the vertex of the compliant sheet and of the panels used in the sandwich. Physical models of a simple single fold mechanism and a degree-four vertex mechanism are presented to demonstrate the ReCS technique using acrylic panels and spring steel. Consideration is given to the risk of yielding of the compliant sheet due to parasitic motion with possible mitigation of yielding by decreasing the thickness of the sheet. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
369	a57192710054	Butler J.J.	p321	False	Conference	101	Kirigami-based deployable transcrease hard stop models usable in origami patterns	Stopping origami in arbitrary fold states can present a challenge for origami-based design. In this paper two categories of kirigami-based models are presented for stopping the fold motion of individual creases using deployable hard stops. These models are transcrease (across a crease) and deploy from a flat sheet. The first category is planar and has behavior similar to a four-bar linkage. The second category is spherical and behaves like a degree-4 origami vertex. These models are based on the zero-thickness assumption of paper and can be applied to origami patterns made from thin materials, limiting the motion of the base origami pattern through self-interference within the original facets. Model parameters are based on a desired fold or dihedral angle, as well as facet dimensions. Examples show model benefits and limitations. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
369	a57192710054	Butler J.J.	p412	True	Journal	222	A model for multi-input mechanical advantage in origami-based mechanisms	Mechanical advantage is traditionally defined for single-input and single-output rigidbody mechanisms. A generalized approach for identifying single-output mechanical advantage for a multiple-input compliant mechanism, such as many origami-based mechanisms, would prove useful in predicting complex mechanism behavior. While origamibased mechanisms are capable of offering unique solutions to engineering problems, the design process of such mechanisms is complicated by the interaction of motion and forces. This paper presents a model of the mechanical advantage for multi-input compliant mechanisms and explores how modifying the parameters of a model affects their behavior. The model is used to predict the force-deflection behavior of an origami-based mechanism (Oriceps) and is verified with experimental data from magnetic actuation of the mechanism. © 2018 by ASME.
369	a57192710054	Butler J.J.	p455	False	Conference	161	Modified Material Properties in Curved Panels Through Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints	Compliant joints have a number of advantages that make them suitable for highly constrained design problems. While much work has been done on the design of compliant joints manufactured from planar sheet materials, this work focuses on the design of cylindrically-curved joints. A method for using lamina emergent torsional (LET) joints to increase energy storage efficiency in curved sheet materials is presented. A numerical model is provided for predicting the stiffness and maximum applied moment of a curved LET joint. Predicted curved LET joint stiffnesses and maximum moments are utilized to create shape factors that produce an effective modulus of elasticity and an effective modulus of resilience. For a given case, the effective modulus of elasticity is shown to decrease by about three orders of magnitude while the effective resilience decreases by approximately one order of magnitude. Designers can use this information to tailor materials to fit design requirements or to select alternative materials that were previously unsuited for an application. © 2018 IEEE.
369	a57192710054	Butler J.J.	p881	True	Conference	396	Highly compressible origami bellows for microgravity drilling-debris containment	The design and testing of an origami-based bellows for microgravity drilling is described. The potential benefits of an origami-based solution created an opportunity for application on NASA’s Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) to protect sensitive parts from debris. Origami-based bellows were designed to fit spatial limitations and meet needed compression ratios. Designs have demonstrated high mass reductions, improved stroke length, greatly decreased stowed volume, improved flexibility, and reduced reaction forces in comparison with traditional metal bellows. A nylon-reinforced polyvinyl fluoride based bellows with an aramid fiber stitched seam is well suited for debris containment in space conditions. Various epoxies maintained an adequate bond with polyvinyl fluoride below expected environmental temperature for bellows mounting. Asymmetric compression of the bellows occurs at extreme low temperatures and is preventable by balancing stiffness within the structure. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
370	a57219015425	Lystrup C.	p95	True	Journal	73	Optical measurement of voids in situ during infusion of carbon reinforcements	Liquid composite molding (LCM) is growing in importance as an alternative to traditional prepreg-autoclave methods for manufacture high-performance composites. The most significant roadblock to industry’s implementation of LCM is the usually higher void content compared with prepreg processing. One tool for reducing void levels in LCM involves optimization of flow velocity, which requires models to be developed to describe void formation at a given velocity. To help solve this problem, the following research illustrates the first known method for optical void measurement in situ during infusion in a carbon fiber reinforcement. Similar to previous studies on glass fiber, this work utilizes fluorescent dye and a digital camera to produce sufficient contrast and resolution for image analysis. Visible bubbles are photographed against the opaque carbon fiber background. An automated method of image analysis is outlined, which was used to analyze 230 images for three different flow orientations of a single fabric, producing the highest amount of experimental data seen so far on in situ void measurement. The resulting data identifies a minimum velocity threshold for minimal macro-void formation. The resultant void characterization framework will better enable optimization of LCM processing for high-performance composites based on carbon reinforcements. © The Author(s) 2020.
371	a55813139600	George A.	p95	False	Journal	73	Optical measurement of voids in situ during infusion of carbon reinforcements	Liquid composite molding (LCM) is growing in importance as an alternative to traditional prepreg-autoclave methods for manufacture high-performance composites. The most significant roadblock to industry’s implementation of LCM is the usually higher void content compared with prepreg processing. One tool for reducing void levels in LCM involves optimization of flow velocity, which requires models to be developed to describe void formation at a given velocity. To help solve this problem, the following research illustrates the first known method for optical void measurement in situ during infusion in a carbon fiber reinforcement. Similar to previous studies on glass fiber, this work utilizes fluorescent dye and a digital camera to produce sufficient contrast and resolution for image analysis. Visible bubbles are photographed against the opaque carbon fiber background. An automated method of image analysis is outlined, which was used to analyze 230 images for three different flow orientations of a single fabric, producing the highest amount of experimental data seen so far on in situ void measurement. The resulting data identifies a minimum velocity threshold for minimal macro-void formation. The resultant void characterization framework will better enable optimization of LCM processing for high-performance composites based on carbon reinforcements. © The Author(s) 2020.
371	a55813139600	George A.	p140	False	Journal	98	The effects of voids in quasi-static indentation of resin-infused reinforced polymers	The focus of this study is the influence of voids on the damage behaviour in quasi-static loading of resin-infused carbon fibre-reinforced polymers. Experimental results are presented for quasi-static loading in combination with high-resolution tomographic imaging and statistical analysis (homology of pores or voids and induced cracks). Three distinct mechanisms were observed to control delamination growth in the presence of sharp and blunt voids. Delamination cracks interact with the supporting yarns, especially in combination with air pockets trapped in the resin in the form of long, sharp voids. This resulted in crack growth that coalesces with delamination cracks from neighbouring yarn-voids during increased out-of-plane load–displacement, with almost no presence of intralaminar transverse cracks. This highlights the benefits and drawbacks of the supporting yarn during out-of-plane loading. © The Author(s) 2019.
371	a55813139600	George A.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
371	a55813139600	George A.	p313	True	Conference	93	Characterization and validation of in situ void formation during resin infusion	An experimental methodology to photograph bubbles in-situ during infusion of carbon reinforcements has been developed and demonstrated previously. This method is based on fluorescent photography of bubbles at the surface of the reinforcement during infusion. Previous work with this experimental methodology was done with test oils, but has now been characterized with a curing epoxy resin. The results of in-situ bubble photography at the surface are now compared to standard defect characterization methods including ultrasound and image analysis of polished cross-section micrographs. Such experimental results are meant to provide the data required to build process optimization models capable of prediction of the final void distribution and morphology of voids. © 2019 by Ever J. Barbero. Published by CAMX - The Composites and Advanced Materials Expo.
371	a55813139600	George A.	p675	False	Journal	326	Continuous permeability measurement during unidirectional vacuum infusion processing	Flow simulation for liquid composite molding is often performed to assist in process optimization and requires the permeability of the reinforcement to be characterized. For infusion under a flexible membrane, such as vacuum infusion, or for simulation of a part with non-uniform thickness, one must test the permeability at various levels of compaction. This process is time consuming and often relies on interpolation or extrapolation around a few experimental permeability measurements. To accelerate the process of permeability characterization, a small number of methodologies have been previously presented in the literature, in which the permeability may be tested at multiple fiber volume contents in a single test. Some of the methods even measure the permeability over a continuous range of thicknesses, thus requiring no later interpolation of permeability values. A novel method is presented here for the rapid measurement of permeability over a continuous range of fiber volume content, in a single unidirectional vacuum infusion flow experiment. The thickness gradient across the vacuum bag, as well as the fluid pressure at several locations in the mold were concurrently measured to calculate the fabric compressibility. An analytical flow model, which accounts for the compressibility, is then used by iterating the fitting constant in a permeability model until the predicted flow front progression matches empirical measurement. The method is demonstrated here for two reinforcement materials: (1) a fiberglass unbalanced weave and (2) a carbon biax non-crimped fabric. The standard deviation across the multiple experiments for each material and flow orientation ranged from 12.8% to 29.7%. Validation of these results was performed by comparing the resulting permeability with multiple non-continuous permeability measurement methods. © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017.
371	a55813139600	George A.	p792	False	Conference	329	In situ bubble characterization during resin infusion for process simulation of voids	Optimization of liquid composite molding processes would greatly benefit from an understanding of how voids form and move during processing. While theoretical models exist in the literature for such phenomena, little experimental validation exists due to the difficulties of characterizing voids inside the mold, in a fluid state. The best experimental methodologies presented so far involve light transmission and thus only work for fiberglass reinforcements. An experimental methodology is presented in this paper, in which a proper lighting scheme allows for in situ photography of bubbles during liquid composite molding of carbon reinforcements. The resulting images were processed using image analysis software to identify key parameters such as grey level threshold, and size and circularity limits, which best allow for automated identification of bubbles in the images. No script achieved complete identification of all of the bubbles, but a methodology was developed and implemented to iterate the analysis parameters, evaluate the resulting bubble identification performance, and identify a range of analysis parameters that would provide the best possible results for automated in situ void detection. © 2017 International Committee on Composite Materials. All rights reserved.
372	a57203836305	Zobell B.	p95	False	Journal	73	Optical measurement of voids in situ during infusion of carbon reinforcements	Liquid composite molding (LCM) is growing in importance as an alternative to traditional prepreg-autoclave methods for manufacture high-performance composites. The most significant roadblock to industry’s implementation of LCM is the usually higher void content compared with prepreg processing. One tool for reducing void levels in LCM involves optimization of flow velocity, which requires models to be developed to describe void formation at a given velocity. To help solve this problem, the following research illustrates the first known method for optical void measurement in situ during infusion in a carbon fiber reinforcement. Similar to previous studies on glass fiber, this work utilizes fluorescent dye and a digital camera to produce sufficient contrast and resolution for image analysis. Visible bubbles are photographed against the opaque carbon fiber background. An automated method of image analysis is outlined, which was used to analyze 230 images for three different flow orientations of a single fabric, producing the highest amount of experimental data seen so far on in situ void measurement. The resulting data identifies a minimum velocity threshold for minimal macro-void formation. The resultant void characterization framework will better enable optimization of LCM processing for high-performance composites based on carbon reinforcements. © The Author(s) 2020.
372	a57203836305	Zobell B.	p792	True	Conference	329	In situ bubble characterization during resin infusion for process simulation of voids	Optimization of liquid composite molding processes would greatly benefit from an understanding of how voids form and move during processing. While theoretical models exist in the literature for such phenomena, little experimental validation exists due to the difficulties of characterizing voids inside the mold, in a fluid state. The best experimental methodologies presented so far involve light transmission and thus only work for fiberglass reinforcements. An experimental methodology is presented in this paper, in which a proper lighting scheme allows for in situ photography of bubbles during liquid composite molding of carbon reinforcements. The resulting images were processed using image analysis software to identify key parameters such as grey level threshold, and size and circularity limits, which best allow for automated identification of bubbles in the images. No script achieved complete identification of all of the bubbles, but a methodology was developed and implemented to iterate the analysis parameters, evaluate the resulting bubble identification performance, and identify a range of analysis parameters that would provide the best possible results for automated in situ void detection. © 2017 International Committee on Composite Materials. All rights reserved.
373	a57219009389	Boster K.	p95	False	Journal	73	Optical measurement of voids in situ during infusion of carbon reinforcements	Liquid composite molding (LCM) is growing in importance as an alternative to traditional prepreg-autoclave methods for manufacture high-performance composites. The most significant roadblock to industry’s implementation of LCM is the usually higher void content compared with prepreg processing. One tool for reducing void levels in LCM involves optimization of flow velocity, which requires models to be developed to describe void formation at a given velocity. To help solve this problem, the following research illustrates the first known method for optical void measurement in situ during infusion in a carbon fiber reinforcement. Similar to previous studies on glass fiber, this work utilizes fluorescent dye and a digital camera to produce sufficient contrast and resolution for image analysis. Visible bubbles are photographed against the opaque carbon fiber background. An automated method of image analysis is outlined, which was used to analyze 230 images for three different flow orientations of a single fabric, producing the highest amount of experimental data seen so far on in situ void measurement. The resulting data identifies a minimum velocity threshold for minimal macro-void formation. The resultant void characterization framework will better enable optimization of LCM processing for high-performance composites based on carbon reinforcements. © The Author(s) 2020.
374	a57219005376	Childs C.	p95	False	Journal	73	Optical measurement of voids in situ during infusion of carbon reinforcements	Liquid composite molding (LCM) is growing in importance as an alternative to traditional prepreg-autoclave methods for manufacture high-performance composites. The most significant roadblock to industry’s implementation of LCM is the usually higher void content compared with prepreg processing. One tool for reducing void levels in LCM involves optimization of flow velocity, which requires models to be developed to describe void formation at a given velocity. To help solve this problem, the following research illustrates the first known method for optical void measurement in situ during infusion in a carbon fiber reinforcement. Similar to previous studies on glass fiber, this work utilizes fluorescent dye and a digital camera to produce sufficient contrast and resolution for image analysis. Visible bubbles are photographed against the opaque carbon fiber background. An automated method of image analysis is outlined, which was used to analyze 230 images for three different flow orientations of a single fabric, producing the highest amount of experimental data seen so far on in situ void measurement. The resulting data identifies a minimum velocity threshold for minimal macro-void formation. The resultant void characterization framework will better enable optimization of LCM processing for high-performance composites based on carbon reinforcements. © The Author(s) 2020.
375	a57219006078	Girod H.	p95	False	Journal	73	Optical measurement of voids in situ during infusion of carbon reinforcements	Liquid composite molding (LCM) is growing in importance as an alternative to traditional prepreg-autoclave methods for manufacture high-performance composites. The most significant roadblock to industry’s implementation of LCM is the usually higher void content compared with prepreg processing. One tool for reducing void levels in LCM involves optimization of flow velocity, which requires models to be developed to describe void formation at a given velocity. To help solve this problem, the following research illustrates the first known method for optical void measurement in situ during infusion in a carbon fiber reinforcement. Similar to previous studies on glass fiber, this work utilizes fluorescent dye and a digital camera to produce sufficient contrast and resolution for image analysis. Visible bubbles are photographed against the opaque carbon fiber background. An automated method of image analysis is outlined, which was used to analyze 230 images for three different flow orientations of a single fabric, producing the highest amount of experimental data seen so far on in situ void measurement. The resulting data identifies a minimum velocity threshold for minimal macro-void formation. The resultant void characterization framework will better enable optimization of LCM processing for high-performance composites based on carbon reinforcements. © The Author(s) 2020.
376	a57218481091	Ploeg S.	p96	True	Journal	74	Simphony: An open-source photonic integrated circuit simulation framework	We present Simphony, a free and open-source software toolbox for abstracting and simulating photonic integrated circuits, implemented in Python. The toolbox is both fast and easily extensible; plugins can be written to provide compatibility with existing layout tools, and device libraries can be easily created without a deep knowledge of programming. We include several examples of photonic circuit simulations with novel features and demonstrate a speedup of more than 20x over a leading commercially available software tool. IEEE
377	a57217024741	Gunther H.	p96	False	Journal	74	Simphony: An open-source photonic integrated circuit simulation framework	We present Simphony, a free and open-source software toolbox for abstracting and simulating photonic integrated circuits, implemented in Python. The toolbox is both fast and easily extensible; plugins can be written to provide compatibility with existing layout tools, and device libraries can be easily created without a deep knowledge of programming. We include several examples of photonic circuit simulations with novel features and demonstrate a speedup of more than 20x over a leading commercially available software tool. IEEE
378	a57218482479	Camacho R.	p96	False	Journal	74	Simphony: An open-source photonic integrated circuit simulation framework	We present Simphony, a free and open-source software toolbox for abstracting and simulating photonic integrated circuits, implemented in Python. The toolbox is both fast and easily extensible; plugins can be written to provide compatibility with existing layout tools, and device libraries can be easily created without a deep knowledge of programming. We include several examples of photonic circuit simulations with novel features and demonstrate a speedup of more than 20x over a leading commercially available software tool. IEEE
379	a34873482400	Skaggs P.	p97	True	Conference	14	Designer Thinking, A Unique Combination of Cognitive Modes	The theory of cognitive modes states that individuals have unique and dominant ways of receiving, processing, and using information and that these styles influence behaviors and abilities. These abilities are natural talents. Every profession uses different. The work someone is most likely to enjoy and be successful in is work that uses his or her specific abilities. Research identifies three dominant cognitive modes for industrial designers: creative thinking, visual thinking, and adaptive thinking. This paper describes a series of experiences developed to help assess creative, visual, and adaptive thinking in students that are considering the industrial design program at Brigham Young University. © 2020, The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
379	a34873482400	Skaggs P.	p695	False	Journal	338	The need, development, and validation of the innovation test instrument	This study discusses the need, development, and validation of the Innovation Test Instrument (ITI). This article outlines how the researchers identified the content domain of the assessment and created test items. Then, it describes initial validation testing of the instrument. The findings suggest that the ITI is a good first step in creating an innovation assessment because it is more inclusive of both divergent and convergent thinking. In comparison, past innovation assessments have only assessed either divergence or convergence. The ITI still needs further validation and improvement to make strong claims about its ability to determine the effectiveness of an innovation course. © 2017, Virginia Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
380	a6507317548	Fulda N.	p98	True	Conference	15	Rethinking Our Assumptions About Language Model Evaluation	Many applications of pre-trained language models use their learned internal representations, also known as word- or sentence embeddings, as input features for other language-based tasks. Over recent years, this has led to the implicit assumption that the quality of such embeddings is determined solely by their ability to facilitate transfer learning. In this position paper we argue that pre-trained linguistic embeddings have value above and beyond their utility as input features for downstream tasks. We adopt a paradigm in which they are instead treated as implicit knowledge repositories that can be used to solve common-sense reasoning problems via linear operations on embedded text. To validate this paradigm, we apply our methodology to tasks such as threat detection, emotional classification, and sentiment analysis, and demonstrate that linguistic embeddings show strong potential at solving such tasks directly, without the need for additional training. Motivated by these results, we advocate for empirical evaluations of language models that include vector-based reasoning tasks in addition to more traditional benchmarks, with the ultimate goal of facilitating language-based reasoning, or ‘reasoning in the linguistic domain’. We conclude by analyzing the structure of currently available embedding models and identifying several shortcomings which must be overcome in order to realize the full potential of this approach. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
380	a6507317548	Fulda N.	p108	False	Conference	18	Machine Learning for Offensive Security: Sandbox Classification Using Decision Trees and Artificial Neural Networks	The merits of machine learning in information security have primarily focused on bolstering defenses. However, machine learning (ML) techniques are not reserved for organizations with deep pockets and massive data repositories; the democratization of ML has lead to a rise in the number of security teams using ML to support offensive operations. The research presented here will explore two models that our team has used to solve a single offensive task, detecting a sandbox. Using process list data gathered with phishing emails, we will demonstrate the use of Decision Trees and Artificial Neural Networks to successfully classify sandboxes, thereby avoiding unsafe execution. This paper aims to give unique insight into how a real offensive team is using machine learning to support offensive operations. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
381	a54781821400	Stout J.M.	p99	True	Journal	37	Nanofluidic peristaltic pumps made from silica thin films	We present theory for operation and experimental results for a nanoscale pump implemented in silica thin films that uses electrostatic actuation. The devices were implemented on silicon substrates using standard microfabrication recipes. Using pressures induced by capillary forces, the pressures exerted on pump membranes through electrostatic forces, and the approximate displacement per stroke we predict the pump speed operating the device over a range of frequencies and voltages. For membranes 100 nm thick, 170 V was required for pump actuation, providing exquisite control of pumping rates of less than 1 fl s-1 per nanochannel. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
382	a57215052018	Baumgarten T.E.	p99	False	Journal	37	Nanofluidic peristaltic pumps made from silica thin films	We present theory for operation and experimental results for a nanoscale pump implemented in silica thin films that uses electrostatic actuation. The devices were implemented on silicon substrates using standard microfabrication recipes. Using pressures induced by capillary forces, the pressures exerted on pump membranes through electrostatic forces, and the approximate displacement per stroke we predict the pump speed operating the device over a range of frequencies and voltages. For membranes 100 nm thick, 170 V was required for pump actuation, providing exquisite control of pumping rates of less than 1 fl s-1 per nanochannel. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
383	a57215058041	Stagg G.G.	p99	False	Journal	37	Nanofluidic peristaltic pumps made from silica thin films	We present theory for operation and experimental results for a nanoscale pump implemented in silica thin films that uses electrostatic actuation. The devices were implemented on silicon substrates using standard microfabrication recipes. Using pressures induced by capillary forces, the pressures exerted on pump membranes through electrostatic forces, and the approximate displacement per stroke we predict the pump speed operating the device over a range of frequencies and voltages. For membranes 100 nm thick, 170 V was required for pump actuation, providing exquisite control of pumping rates of less than 1 fl s-1 per nanochannel. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
384	a56957771800	Cannon M.J.	p100	True	Conference	16	Modeling common cause failures in systems with triple modular redundancy and repair	Triple modular redundancy (TMR) is commonly employed to increase the reliability and mean time to failure (MTTF) of a system. This improvement can be shown by using a continuous time Markov chain. However, typical Markov chain models do not model common cause failures (CCF), which is a singular event that simultaneously causes failure in multiple redundant modules. This paper introduces a new Markov chain to model CCF in TMR with repair systems. This new model is compared to the idealized models of TMR with repair without CCF. The fundamental limitations that CCF imposes on the system are shown and discussed. In a motivating example, it is seen that CCF imposes a limitation of 51× on the reliability improvement in a system with TMR and repair compared to a simplex system, (i.e., without TMR). A case study is also presented where the likelihood of CCF is reduced by a factor of 18× using various mitigation techniques. Reducing the CCF compounds the reliability improvement of TMR with repair and leads to a overall system reliability improvement of 10,000× compared to the simplex system as supported by the proposed model. © 2020 IEEE.
384	a56957771800	Cannon M.J.	p112	True	Journal	29	Improving the Reliability of TMR with Nontriplicated I/O on SRAM FPGAs	Triple modular redundancy (TMR) with repair is a commonly employed mitigation strategy used on SRAM field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to reduce the effects of ionizing radiation and improve a circuit's sensitive cross section. This article examines TMR circuits, where the I/O ports of the circuit have not been triplicated, but the internal circuitry has. Such circuits introduce single-point failures (SPFs) into the circuit that limit the neutron cross-sectional improvement offered by TMR to only 3× for the b13 benchmark circuit used in this article. This article proposes two different mitigation techniques to address SPFs, which alter the placement and routing of the circuit. These mitigation techniques reduce the neutron cross section by 26× over the unmitigated circuit while minimally affecting the circuit's maximum clock frequency and resource utilization. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
384	a56957771800	Cannon M.J.	p362	True	Journal	202	Strategies for Removing Common Mode Failures from TMR Designs Deployed on SRAM FPGAs	Triple modular redundancy (TMR) with repair has proven to be an effective strategy for mitigating the effects of single-event upsets within the configuration memory of static random access memory field-programmable gate arrays. Applying TMR to the design successfully reduces the design's neutron cross section by 80×. The effectiveness of TMR, however, is limited by the presence of single bits in the configuration memory which cause more than one TMR domain to fail simultaneously. We present three strategies to mitigate against these failures and improve the effectiveness of TMR: incremental routing, incremental placement, and striping. These techniques were tested using both fault injection and a wide spectrum neutron beam with the best technique offering a 400× reduction to the design's sensitive neutron cross section. An analysis from the radiation test shows that no single bits caused failure and that multicell upsets were the main cause of failure for these mitigation strategies. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
384	a56957771800	Cannon M.J.	p405	False	Conference	151	Single-Event Characterization of 16 nm FinFET Xilinx UltraScale+ Devices with Heavy Ion and Neutron Irradiation	This study examines the single-event response of Xilinx 16nm FinFET UltraScale+ FPGA and MPSoC device families. Heavy-ion single-event latch-up, single-event upsets in configuration SRAM, BlockRAM™ memories, and flip-flops, and neutron-induced single-event latch-up results are provided. © 2018 IEEE.
384	a56957771800	Cannon M.J.	p690	False	Journal	336	Mitigated FPGA design of multi-gigabit transceivers for application in high radiation environments of High Energy Physics experiments	SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) logic devices are very attractive in applications where high data throughput is needed, such as the latest generation of High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments. FPGAs have been rarely used in such experiments because of their sensitivity to radiation. The present paper proposes a mitigation approach applied to commercial FPGA devices to meet the reliability requirements for the front-end electronics of the Liquid Argon (LAr) electromagnetic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment, located at CERN. Particular attention will be devoted to define a proper mitigation scheme of the multi-gigabit transceivers embedded in the FPGA, which is a critical part of the LAr data acquisition chain. A demonstrator board is being developed to validate the proposed methodology. Mitigation techniques such as Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) and scrubbing will be used to increase the robustness of the design and to maximize the fault tolerance from Single-Event Upsets (SEUs). © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
384	a56957771800	Cannon M.J.	p721	True	Conference	305	Move the Laser Spot, Not the DUT: Investigating the New Micro-mirror Capability and Challenges for Localizing SEE Sites on Large Modern ICs	Small spot size laser testing for single-event effects has proven to be a particularly productive path to insights on the physics of charge collection and circuit response that are difficult or impossible to obtain through broad ion beam tests. As a result, there are a number of such laser facilities; for example, four of them were compared in 2012 [1], but a relatively new facility at the facility at the University of Saskatchewan offers a unique galvo-mirror, laser-spot scanning capability in addition to the usual micrometer-based DUT motion stage [2]. Operating in a fashion similar to LASIX eye surgery, fast pin-point redirection of the laser beam makes tractable (seconds, not hours or days) comprehensive scanning of a millimeter size field-of-view. Combined with auto-stepping the field-of-view, this new spot scanning capability opens up the possibility of comprehensively covering a large die and finding all SEE sites, including the rare, but important, ones such as SEFIs. © 2017 IEEE.
385	a57204469757	Perez-Celis A.	p100	False	Conference	16	Modeling common cause failures in systems with triple modular redundancy and repair	Triple modular redundancy (TMR) is commonly employed to increase the reliability and mean time to failure (MTTF) of a system. This improvement can be shown by using a continuous time Markov chain. However, typical Markov chain models do not model common cause failures (CCF), which is a singular event that simultaneously causes failure in multiple redundant modules. This paper introduces a new Markov chain to model CCF in TMR with repair systems. This new model is compared to the idealized models of TMR with repair without CCF. The fundamental limitations that CCF imposes on the system are shown and discussed. In a motivating example, it is seen that CCF imposes a limitation of 51× on the reliability improvement in a system with TMR and repair compared to a simplex system, (i.e., without TMR). A case study is also presented where the likelihood of CCF is reduced by a factor of 18× using various mitigation techniques. Reducing the CCF compounds the reliability improvement of TMR with repair and leads to a overall system reliability improvement of 10,000× compared to the simplex system as supported by the proposed model. © 2020 IEEE.
385	a57204469757	Perez-Celis A.	p112	False	Journal	29	Improving the Reliability of TMR with Nontriplicated I/O on SRAM FPGAs	Triple modular redundancy (TMR) with repair is a commonly employed mitigation strategy used on SRAM field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to reduce the effects of ionizing radiation and improve a circuit's sensitive cross section. This article examines TMR circuits, where the I/O ports of the circuit have not been triplicated, but the internal circuitry has. Such circuits introduce single-point failures (SPFs) into the circuit that limit the neutron cross-sectional improvement offered by TMR to only 3× for the b13 benchmark circuit used in this article. This article proposes two different mitigation techniques to address SPFs, which alter the placement and routing of the circuit. These mitigation techniques reduce the neutron cross section by 26× over the unmitigated circuit while minimally affecting the circuit's maximum clock frequency and resource utilization. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
385	a57204469757	Perez-Celis A.	p113	True	Journal	29	Statistical method to extract radiation-induced multiple-cell upsets in SRAM-Based FPGAs	Radiation-induced multiple-cell upsets (MCUs) are a concern because they can overcome the protection of error correction code and triplicated designs. Extracting MCU data from radiation tests is helpful to perform more accurate fault injection tests, where MCUs could be simulated with the injection of bits based on the MCUs shapes, sizes, and frequencies. This article presents a statistical method to extract MCU shapes and frequencies from components with no information regarding their physical layout. The proposed method can be used to extract MCU information from BRAM and CRAM alike. The results show the MCU data for three families of Xilinx field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). © 1963-2012 IEEE.
385	a57204469757	Perez-Celis A.	p362	False	Journal	202	Strategies for Removing Common Mode Failures from TMR Designs Deployed on SRAM FPGAs	Triple modular redundancy (TMR) with repair has proven to be an effective strategy for mitigating the effects of single-event upsets within the configuration memory of static random access memory field-programmable gate arrays. Applying TMR to the design successfully reduces the design's neutron cross section by 80×. The effectiveness of TMR, however, is limited by the presence of single bits in the configuration memory which cause more than one TMR domain to fail simultaneously. We present three strategies to mitigate against these failures and improve the effectiveness of TMR: incremental routing, incremental placement, and striping. These techniques were tested using both fault injection and a wide spectrum neutron beam with the best technique offering a 400× reduction to the design's sensitive neutron cross section. An analysis from the radiation test shows that no single bits caused failure and that multicell upsets were the main cause of failure for these mitigation strategies. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
385	a57204469757	Perez-Celis A.	p405	False	Conference	151	Single-Event Characterization of 16 nm FinFET Xilinx UltraScale+ Devices with Heavy Ion and Neutron Irradiation	This study examines the single-event response of Xilinx 16nm FinFET UltraScale+ FPGA and MPSoC device families. Heavy-ion single-event latch-up, single-event upsets in configuration SRAM, BlockRAM™ memories, and flip-flops, and neutron-induced single-event latch-up results are provided. © 2018 IEEE.
385	a57204469757	Perez-Celis A.	p721	False	Conference	305	Move the Laser Spot, Not the DUT: Investigating the New Micro-mirror Capability and Challenges for Localizing SEE Sites on Large Modern ICs	Small spot size laser testing for single-event effects has proven to be a particularly productive path to insights on the physics of charge collection and circuit response that are difficult or impossible to obtain through broad ion beam tests. As a result, there are a number of such laser facilities; for example, four of them were compared in 2012 [1], but a relatively new facility at the facility at the University of Saskatchewan offers a unique galvo-mirror, laser-spot scanning capability in addition to the usual micrometer-based DUT motion stage [2]. Operating in a fashion similar to LASIX eye surgery, fast pin-point redirection of the laser beam makes tractable (seconds, not hours or days) comprehensive scanning of a millimeter size field-of-view. Combined with auto-stepping the field-of-view, this new spot scanning capability opens up the possibility of comprehensively covering a large die and finding all SEE sites, including the rare, but important, ones such as SEFIs. © 2017 IEEE.
385	a57204469757	Perez-Celis A.	p722	False	Conference	306	Dynamic SEE Testing of Selected Architectural Features of Xilinx 28 nm Virtex-7 FPGAs	Recent proton and heavy ion SEE data are presented for selected Virtex-7 architectural features requiring dynamic in-beam testing: I/O blocks in various modes, IOSERDES, digital- and phase-locked loop clocks, and block memory's error correction circuitry. © 2017 IEEE.
386	a57188691775	Best C.M.	p101	True	Journal	75	Comparing model-based control methods for simultaneous stiffness and position control of inflatable soft robots	Inflatable robots are naturally lightweight and compliant, which may make them well suited for operating in unstructured environments or in close proximity to people. The inflatable joints used in this article consist of a strong fabric exterior that constrains two opposing compliant air bladders that generate torque (unlike McKibben actuators where pressure changes cause translation). This antagonistic structure allows the simultaneous control of position and stiffness. However, dynamic models of soft robots that allow variable stiffness control have not been well developed. In this work, a model that includes stiffness as a state variable is developed and validated. Using the stiffness model, a sliding mode controller and model predictive controller are developed to control stiffness and position simultaneously. For sliding mode control (SMC), the joint stiffness was controlled to within 0.07 Nm/rad of a 45 Nm/rad command. For model predictive control (MPC) the joint stiffness was controlled to within 0.045 Nm/rad of the same stiffness command. Both SMC and MPC were able to control to within 0.5° of a desired position at steady state. Stiffness control was extended to a multiple-degree-of-freedom soft robot using MPC. Controlling stiffness of a 4-DOF arm reduced the end-effector deflection by approximately 50% (from 17.9 to 12.2cm) with a 4 lb (1.8 kg) step input applied at the end effector when higher joint stiffness (40 Nm/rad) was used compared with low stiffness (30 Nm/rad). This work shows that the derived stiffness model can enable effective position and stiffness control. © The Author(s) 2020.
386	a57188691775	Best C.M.	p717	False	Conference	301	Variable stiffness adaptation to mitigate system failure in inflatable robots	Although inflatable soft robots are not yet a common robot platform, air leaking from the internal structure is a common and undesirable mode of failure for these platforms. In this paper we demonstrate a method to detect leaks in the structural chamber of an inflatable, pneumatically actuated robot. We then show that our method can adaptively lower commanded joint stiffness which slows the mass flow rate of the leak. This extends the operational life of the robot by decreasing long term error during operation by as much as 50% of the steady state error at the end effector when compared to the same leak if our adaptation method is not used. In future applications where we expect soft, inflatable robots to be useful, our methods can enable failure mitigation in resource-limited situations such as space exploration or disaster response. © 2017 IEEE.
387	a57188173800	Rupert L.	p101	False	Journal	75	Comparing model-based control methods for simultaneous stiffness and position control of inflatable soft robots	Inflatable robots are naturally lightweight and compliant, which may make them well suited for operating in unstructured environments or in close proximity to people. The inflatable joints used in this article consist of a strong fabric exterior that constrains two opposing compliant air bladders that generate torque (unlike McKibben actuators where pressure changes cause translation). This antagonistic structure allows the simultaneous control of position and stiffness. However, dynamic models of soft robots that allow variable stiffness control have not been well developed. In this work, a model that includes stiffness as a state variable is developed and validated. Using the stiffness model, a sliding mode controller and model predictive controller are developed to control stiffness and position simultaneously. For sliding mode control (SMC), the joint stiffness was controlled to within 0.07 Nm/rad of a 45 Nm/rad command. For model predictive control (MPC) the joint stiffness was controlled to within 0.045 Nm/rad of the same stiffness command. Both SMC and MPC were able to control to within 0.5° of a desired position at steady state. Stiffness control was extended to a multiple-degree-of-freedom soft robot using MPC. Controlling stiffness of a 4-DOF arm reduced the end-effector deflection by approximately 50% (from 17.9 to 12.2cm) with a 4 lb (1.8 kg) step input applied at the end effector when higher joint stiffness (40 Nm/rad) was used compared with low stiffness (30 Nm/rad). This work shows that the derived stiffness model can enable effective position and stiffness control. © The Author(s) 2020.
387	a57188173800	Rupert L.	p270	False	Journal	177	Configuration estimation for accurate position control of large-scale soft robots	There is a significant trend in robotics of exploring passively compliant and low inertia systems that can safely make contact with the environment. This paper defines many of the problems associated with developing effective control of soft, pneumatically actuated, inflatable robots, and proposes an approach to solving a subset of these problems. We show that we can obtain a global measurement of orientation for a given soft-robot link using two different types of sensors (not including motion capture). Given the orientation measurement, it is possible to estimate relative configurations of the soft actuators and joints. In order to validate the ability to control position and orientation at the end effector, we show a new method for calibrating the coordinate frames of two unrelated measurement systems. Then, using one of our configuration estimation methods, we demonstrate its viability by performing simple behaviors with a large-scale (approximately 1.5 m long) soft-robot platform attached to the K-Rex rover at NASA Ames in an outdoor environment. Our results also show the importance of soft-robot kinematic calibration and the sensitivity of a soft robot to simple perturbations in the structure like deflation and reinflation. Finally, we show that end effector error can be significantly reduced by doing a form of servoing. In summary, our approach and demonstrations show effective soft-robot configuration estimation and control for large-scale soft robots capable of performing manipulation tasks. © 1996-2012 IEEE.
388	a57202579348	Ong J.	p102	True	Journal	76	Analysis and evaluation of partitioning techniques for multi-user CAD	Recent advances into multi-user computer-aided design environments have enabled designers and engineers to work simultaneously on the same model in different locations. This technology enables different individuals and companies across the globe to share 3D model data in more direct ways. However, intellectual property becomes a larger issue when sharing potentially sensitive data with others in real-time. Partitioning techniques are one strategy to mitigate this risk within multi-user CAD environments. This study explores and evaluates six different partitioning techniques across various metrics identified in the literature and performed a user study to assess the methods' capabilities to hide or suppress data from others. Best practices are suggested and survey data from the participants are analyzed. Overall, the Planar Decomposition technique was found to offer the best trade between protecting data, facilitating multi-user design, and encouraging users to focus only on the relevant information for a design activity. © 2020 CAD Solutions, LLC.
389	a57214718289	Richards D.	p102	False	Journal	76	Analysis and evaluation of partitioning techniques for multi-user CAD	Recent advances into multi-user computer-aided design environments have enabled designers and engineers to work simultaneously on the same model in different locations. This technology enables different individuals and companies across the globe to share 3D model data in more direct ways. However, intellectual property becomes a larger issue when sharing potentially sensitive data with others in real-time. Partitioning techniques are one strategy to mitigate this risk within multi-user CAD environments. This study explores and evaluates six different partitioning techniques across various metrics identified in the literature and performed a user study to assess the methods' capabilities to hide or suppress data from others. Best practices are suggested and survey data from the participants are analyzed. Overall, the Planar Decomposition technique was found to offer the best trade between protecting data, facilitating multi-user design, and encouraging users to focus only on the relevant information for a design activity. © 2020 CAD Solutions, LLC.
390	a57193706327	Larsen J.L.	p103	True	Journal	77	Automated sounding for concrete bridge deck inspection through a multi-channel, continuously moving platform	A new multi-channel, automated, air-coupled, impact-echo sounding device was designed, constructed, and demonstrated in this work. The apparatus includes seven replicated impactor and recording units, a moving trailer platform, a distance measurement instrument, and signal processing modules. A series of computer algorithms is used to determine the presence of delamination on concrete bridge decks based on the bandlimited acoustic energy value computed from the acoustic response associated with each impact. Compared to traditional sounding methods, this device significantly decreases the required inspection time, eliminates subjectivity, and increases safety by substantially reducing the exposure of inspectors to live traffic. © 2019
390	a57193706327	Larsen J.L.	p258	False	Journal	169	Automated Air-Coupled Impact-Echo Testing of a Concrete Bridge Deck from a Continuously Moving Platform	The objective of this work was to develop an automated air-coupled impact-echo testing device for mapping the occurrence of delamination in a concrete bridge deck from a continuously moving platform with a fast, repeatable excitation mechanism and algorithms for collecting and analyzing the acoustic data. The apparatus developed in this research included an impactor unit, a moving platform, a microphone for air-coupled sensing, a distance measurement instrument, and signal processing modules. Given the absence of an existing universal threshold for differentiating among intact and delaminated areas using the new device, a delamination detection threshold value was determined in a first field demonstration also involving chain dragging and coring of a concrete bridge deck. While the maps of the air-coupled impact-echo data and chain-dragging data exhibit a high degree of similarity and are highly consistent with the results of coring, a quantitative method of comparison also demonstrates the utility of the new device across a broad range of delamination percentages. Specifically, the results indicate that the percentage of the deck area determined to be delaminated using impact-echo testing was within 3 percentage points of that determined to be delaminated using chain dragging for 10 of the 13 deck test sections, which generally exhibited delamination percentages ranging from 7 to 21%. Finally, testing with the new device was more than seven times faster than chain dragging. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
391	a57193715705	McElderry J.	p103	False	Journal	77	Automated sounding for concrete bridge deck inspection through a multi-channel, continuously moving platform	A new multi-channel, automated, air-coupled, impact-echo sounding device was designed, constructed, and demonstrated in this work. The apparatus includes seven replicated impactor and recording units, a moving trailer platform, a distance measurement instrument, and signal processing modules. A series of computer algorithms is used to determine the presence of delamination on concrete bridge decks based on the bandlimited acoustic energy value computed from the acoustic response associated with each impact. Compared to traditional sounding methods, this device significantly decreases the required inspection time, eliminates subjectivity, and increases safety by substantially reducing the exposure of inspectors to live traffic. © 2019
392	a57188833818	Pehrson N.A.	p104	True	Conference	17	Design and analysis of self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable arrays	Self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable (SDSR) arrays were introduced by the authors as a novel architecture of deployable space structures which leverages array surface topology, as opposed to dedicated structures, to achieve desirable deployed structural performance. The application of the technology to solar electric propulsion is discussed. The effects of array shape are discussed, concluding that circular arrays are more structurally efficient than several smaller rectangular arrays, especially for large scales. A system architecture is proposed that considers circular origami-based flasher SDSR arrays integrated with a spacecraft: stowage restraints during launch, deployment, and repeatable retraction. This paper studies the design and analysis of such arrays for scalability, including the performance metrics of specific power, power density, stiffness, and strength. Key advantages of the architecture are the trends of performance metrics which indicate increased performance with increased array power. The limiting constraint is found to be the stowed height dimension and another candidate folding pattern is discussed that eliminates the height constraint violation. Strengths and weaknesses of the architecture are discussed. © 2020, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
392	a57188833818	Pehrson N.A.	p106	True	Journal	78	Self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable origami-based arrays for spacecraft	Spacecraft with large arrays sometimes have deployed sizes that are much larger than the launch volumes; in this case, deployable arrays are used. Several methods exist for stowing, deploying, and stiffening large space arrays. Often these functions are performed by separate systems. This work presents a novel array system that integrates these functions into one system, without the need for external deployment or stiffening structures. The integration comes from the combination of the kinematics of origami-based folding approaches, stored strain energy of compliant hinges, and tension cables. Additionally, due to the origami-based folding approach used, tunable deployed shapes and retraction are possible using reeled cables. The result is a new array architecture that is self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable (SDSR) and is described in this work. To understand the behavior of such systems, this work presents the modeling and testing of an SDSR array using an origami flasher pattern and discusses the results for the performance considerations of deployment motion, deployment stiffness, and dynamics. © 2020 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
392	a57188833818	Pehrson N.A.	p238	False	Journal	157	Kinetostatic and dynamic analyses of planar compliant mechanisms via a two-port dynamic stiffness model	Serial-parallel configurations are widely designed in compliant mechanisms. In this paper, the transfer matrix method is combined with D'Alembert's principle to develop a two-port dynamic stiffness model for analyzing the kinetostatics and dynamics of complex compliant mechanisms with serial-parallel configurations. In detail, two kinds of improved transfer matrices for parallel sub-chains are derived in a unified form by summarizing the common serial-parallel substructures in compliant mechanisms. Then, a two-port dynamic stiffness model describing the frequency-dependent input and output force-displacement relationship of compliant mechanisms is established. Based on the two-port dynamic stiffness model, procedures for solving the static and dynamic performances of compliant mechanisms are presented. The proposed approach is demonstrated by calculating the displacement amplification ratio, input/output stiffness, natural frequencies and forced dynamic response of two typical precision flexure manipulators. The advantage of the proposed approach lies in its capability to describe the simultaneous kinetostatics and dynamics for a large class of serial-parallel configurations with very few degrees of freedom (DOFs), differing from the previous Lagrange-based dynamic modeling methods in the context of compliant mechanisms and should be of interest to designers. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
392	a57188833818	Pehrson N.A.	p246	False	Journal	161	Origami-Based Design of Conceal-and-Reveal Systems	This work introduces a type of motion termed "conceal-and-reveal" which is characterized by a state that protects a payload, a state that exposes the payload, and coupled motions between these two states. As techniques for thick, rigid origami-based engineering designs are being developed, origami is becoming increasingly more attractive as inspiration for complex systems. This paper proposes a process for designing origami-based conceal-and-reveal systems, which can be generalized to design similar thick, rigid origami-based systems. The process is demonstrated through the development of three conceal-and-reveal systems that present a luxury product to the consumer. The three designs also confirm that multiple origami crease patterns can be used to initiate viable approaches to achieving conceal-and-reveal motion. © 2019 by ASME.
392	a57188833818	Pehrson N.A.	p319	False	Conference	99	Thick folding through regionally-sandwiched compliant sheets	The regional-sandwiching of compliant sheets (ReCS) technique presented in this work creates flat-foldable, rigid-foldable, and self-deploying thick origami-based mechanisms. Regional-sandwiching of the compliant sheet is used to create mountain/valley assignments for each fold about a vertex, constraining motion to a single branch of folding. Strain energy in deflected flexible members is used to enable self-deployment. This work presents the methods to design origami-based mechanisms using the ReCS technique, including volume trimming at the vertex of the compliant sheet and of the panels used in the sandwich. Physical models of a simple single fold mechanism and a degree-four vertex mechanism are presented to demonstrate the ReCS technique using acrylic panels and spring steel. Consideration is given to the risk of yielding of the compliant sheet due to parasitic motion with possible mitigation of yielding by decreasing the thickness of the sheet. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
392	a57188833818	Pehrson N.A.	p367	True	Conference	129	Self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable origami-based arrays for spacecraft	Large deployable arrays are needed for spacecraft that require small stowed volumes. Several methods exist for stowing, deploying, and stiffening large space arrays. Often these functions are performed by separate systems. This paper presents a novel array system that integrates these functions into one system, without the need for external deployment or stiffening structures. The integration comes from the combination of the kinematics of origami-based folding approaches, stored strain energy of compliant hinges, and tension cables. Additionally, due to the origami-based folding approach used, tunable deployed shapes and retraction are possible using reeled cables. The result is a new class of arrays that are self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable (SDSR), which are described in this work. To understand the behavior of such systems, this paper presents the modeling and testing of an SDSR array using an origami flasher pattern and discusses the results for the performance metrics of stiffness and shape. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
392	a57188833818	Pehrson N.A.	p393	True	Conference	142	Folding approaches for tensioned precision planar shell structures	An origami-based engineering approach is applied to the folding design of tensioned precision space structures. Tension is a viable means of stiffening a flat antenna aperture, especially when stowed volume is paramount. Three folding patterns are described, and the design guidelines are developed. Deployment kinematics follow the simplicity of a single-degree-of-freedom mechanism for two of the three patterns. The panels are rigid, and articulations occur along the prescribed lines. These deployment architectures are compatible with storable tubular extendible member booms, articulated trusses, or continuous longeron coilable trusses, all commonly used to deploy spacecraft structures. High areal packaging densities were demonstrated: 1.0 m2∕l for a diamond pattern with a high deployed aspect ratio and 0.5 m2∕l for spiral and serpentine patterns compatible with high and low deployed aspect ratios. A double-layer material hinge method is also presented and used to enable the structures to fold, deploy, and be tensioned to a planar state. Copyright © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
392	a57188833818	Pehrson N.A.	p456	True	Conference	162	An Origami-based Thickness-Accommodating Bistable Mechanism in Monolithic Thick-sheet Materials	Origami-based mechanisms can provide useful capabilities in folding large structures to stow in small volumes. However, when using monolithic thick-sheet materials for these types of mechanisms, accommodating the thickness proves challenging. One approach to solve this is to create compliant mechanisms along the fold lines that inherently store energy when actuated and causes the mechanism to tend toward its low energy state. This tendency can be used to create bistable states. We outline a method to use this stored energy to achieve bistable states and name the resulting mechanism an origami-based "Thickness-accommodating bistable interior vertex" (TABIV) in monolithic thick-sheet materials. The kinematics and energy-displacement relationships of this mechanism are derived. Prototypes are shown to exhibit the predicted bistable behavior and the mechanism is integrated and prototyped into origami-based mechanisms demonstrating advantageous multi-stable behaviors. © 2018 IEEE.
392	a57188833818	Pehrson N.A.	p581	False	Conference	226	Origami-based design of conceal-and-reveal systems	This work introduces a type of motion termed “conceal-and-reveal” which is characterized by a state that protects a payload, a state that exposes the payload, and continuous motion between these two states. As techniques for thick, rigid origami-based engineering design are being developed, origami is becoming increasingly more attractive as inspiration for complex systems. This paper proposes a process for designing origami-based conceal-and-reveal systems, which can be generalized to design other thick, rigid origami-based systems. The process is demonstrated through the development of three conceal-and-reveal systems that present a luxury product to the consumer. The three designs also confirm that multiple origami crease patterns represent viable approaches to achieving conceal-and-reveal motion. Copyright © 2018 ASME
392	a57188833818	Pehrson N.A.	p634	True	Conference	269	Folding approaches for tensioned precision planar shell structures	An origami-based engineering approach is applied to the folding design of tensioned precision space structures. Tension is a viable means of stiffening a flat antenna aperture especially when stowed volume is paramount. Three folding patterns are introduced and the design guidelines are developed. Deployment kinematics follow the simplicity of a single degree of freedom mechanism for two of the three patterns. The panels are rigid, and articulations occur along the prescribed lines. These deployment architectures are compatible with storable tubular extendible member booms, articulated trusses, or continuous longeron coilable trusses, all commonly used to deploy spacecraft structures. High areal packaging densities were demonstrated: 1.0 m2/L for a diamond pattern with a high deployed aspect ratio and 0.5 m2/L for spiral and serpentine patterns compatible with high and low deployed aspect ratios. A double-layer material hinge method is also presented and used to enable the structures to fold, deploy, and be tensioned to a planar state. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
393	a57209881955	Ames D.C.	p104	False	Conference	17	Design and analysis of self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable arrays	Self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable (SDSR) arrays were introduced by the authors as a novel architecture of deployable space structures which leverages array surface topology, as opposed to dedicated structures, to achieve desirable deployed structural performance. The application of the technology to solar electric propulsion is discussed. The effects of array shape are discussed, concluding that circular arrays are more structurally efficient than several smaller rectangular arrays, especially for large scales. A system architecture is proposed that considers circular origami-based flasher SDSR arrays integrated with a spacecraft: stowage restraints during launch, deployment, and repeatable retraction. This paper studies the design and analysis of such arrays for scalability, including the performance metrics of specific power, power density, stiffness, and strength. Key advantages of the architecture are the trends of performance metrics which indicate increased performance with increased array power. The limiting constraint is found to be the stowed height dimension and another candidate folding pattern is discussed that eliminates the height constraint violation. Strengths and weaknesses of the architecture are discussed. © 2020, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
393	a57209881955	Ames D.C.	p106	False	Journal	78	Self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable origami-based arrays for spacecraft	Spacecraft with large arrays sometimes have deployed sizes that are much larger than the launch volumes; in this case, deployable arrays are used. Several methods exist for stowing, deploying, and stiffening large space arrays. Often these functions are performed by separate systems. This work presents a novel array system that integrates these functions into one system, without the need for external deployment or stiffening structures. The integration comes from the combination of the kinematics of origami-based folding approaches, stored strain energy of compliant hinges, and tension cables. Additionally, due to the origami-based folding approach used, tunable deployed shapes and retraction are possible using reeled cables. The result is a new array architecture that is self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable (SDSR) and is described in this work. To understand the behavior of such systems, this work presents the modeling and testing of an SDSR array using an origami flasher pattern and discusses the results for the performance considerations of deployment motion, deployment stiffness, and dynamics. © 2020 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
393	a57209881955	Ames D.C.	p367	False	Conference	129	Self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable origami-based arrays for spacecraft	Large deployable arrays are needed for spacecraft that require small stowed volumes. Several methods exist for stowing, deploying, and stiffening large space arrays. Often these functions are performed by separate systems. This paper presents a novel array system that integrates these functions into one system, without the need for external deployment or stiffening structures. The integration comes from the combination of the kinematics of origami-based folding approaches, stored strain energy of compliant hinges, and tension cables. Additionally, due to the origami-based folding approach used, tunable deployed shapes and retraction are possible using reeled cables. The result is a new class of arrays that are self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable (SDSR), which are described in this work. To understand the behavior of such systems, this paper presents the modeling and testing of an SDSR array using an origami flasher pattern and discusses the results for the performance metrics of stiffness and shape. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
394	a57212345817	Ignaut B.	p104	False	Conference	17	Design and analysis of self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable arrays	Self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable (SDSR) arrays were introduced by the authors as a novel architecture of deployable space structures which leverages array surface topology, as opposed to dedicated structures, to achieve desirable deployed structural performance. The application of the technology to solar electric propulsion is discussed. The effects of array shape are discussed, concluding that circular arrays are more structurally efficient than several smaller rectangular arrays, especially for large scales. A system architecture is proposed that considers circular origami-based flasher SDSR arrays integrated with a spacecraft: stowage restraints during launch, deployment, and repeatable retraction. This paper studies the design and analysis of such arrays for scalability, including the performance metrics of specific power, power density, stiffness, and strength. Key advantages of the architecture are the trends of performance metrics which indicate increased performance with increased array power. The limiting constraint is found to be the stowed height dimension and another candidate folding pattern is discussed that eliminates the height constraint violation. Strengths and weaknesses of the architecture are discussed. © 2020, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
394	a57212345817	Ignaut B.	p381	False	Conference	139	Rigidly foldable thick origami using designed-offset linkages	We present new families of thick origami mechanisms that achieve rigid foldability and parallel stacking of panels in the flat-folded state using linkages for some or all of the hinges between panels. A degree-four vertex results in a multi-loop eight-bar spatial mechanism that can be analyzed as separate linkages. The individual linkages are designed so that they introduce offsets perpendicular to the panels that are mutually compatible around each vertex. This family of mechanisms offers the unique combination of a planar unfolded state, parallel-stacked panels in the flat folded state, and kinematic single-degree-of-freedom motion from the flat-unfolded to the flat-folded state. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
395	a57218689472	Broyles Z.	p105	True	Journal	72	Unpacking the Mathematics of Modeling Origami Folding Transformations with Quaternions	This paper seeks to bring mathematical clarity to the modelling of rigid motion origami involving quaternions and dual quaternions. We illustrate with an analysis of a single vertex Muria-ori pattern utilizing quaternions and an analysis of a multi-vertex Muria-ori pattern utilizing dual quaternions. We construct a complete lists of formulas that determine the edge vectors, normal vectors and fold angles throughout the folding transformations. In addition we provide explicit functional representations of the resulting folding transformations. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
396	a57218687826	Talbot S.	p105	False	Journal	72	Unpacking the Mathematics of Modeling Origami Folding Transformations with Quaternions	This paper seeks to bring mathematical clarity to the modelling of rigid motion origami involving quaternions and dual quaternions. We illustrate with an analysis of a single vertex Muria-ori pattern utilizing quaternions and an analysis of a multi-vertex Muria-ori pattern utilizing dual quaternions. We construct a complete lists of formulas that determine the edge vectors, normal vectors and fold angles throughout the folding transformations. In addition we provide explicit functional representations of the resulting folding transformations. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
397	a57218685971	Johnson J.	p105	False	Journal	72	Unpacking the Mathematics of Modeling Origami Folding Transformations with Quaternions	This paper seeks to bring mathematical clarity to the modelling of rigid motion origami involving quaternions and dual quaternions. We illustrate with an analysis of a single vertex Muria-ori pattern utilizing quaternions and an analysis of a multi-vertex Muria-ori pattern utilizing dual quaternions. We construct a complete lists of formulas that determine the edge vectors, normal vectors and fold angles throughout the folding transformations. In addition we provide explicit functional representations of the resulting folding transformations. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
398	a7006533953	Halverson D.M.	p105	False	Journal	72	Unpacking the Mathematics of Modeling Origami Folding Transformations with Quaternions	This paper seeks to bring mathematical clarity to the modelling of rigid motion origami involving quaternions and dual quaternions. We illustrate with an analysis of a single vertex Muria-ori pattern utilizing quaternions and an analysis of a multi-vertex Muria-ori pattern utilizing dual quaternions. We construct a complete lists of formulas that determine the edge vectors, normal vectors and fold angles throughout the folding transformations. In addition we provide explicit functional representations of the resulting folding transformations. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
398	a7006533953	Halverson D.M.	p201	False	Journal	135	Normalized Coordinate Equations and an Energy Method for Predicting Natural Curved-Fold Configurations	Of the many valid configurations that a curved fold may assume, it is of particular interest to identify natural - or lowest energy - configurations that physical models will preferentially assume. We present normalized coordinate equations - equations that relate fold surface properties to their edge of regression - to simplify curved-fold relationships. An energy method based on these normalized coordinate equations is developed to identify natural configurations of general curved folds. While it has been noted that natural configurations have nearly planar creases for curved folds, we show that nonplanar behavior near the crease ends substantially reduces the energy of a fold. © 2019 ASME.
399	a57209889565	Smith S.P.	p106	False	Journal	78	Self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable origami-based arrays for spacecraft	Spacecraft with large arrays sometimes have deployed sizes that are much larger than the launch volumes; in this case, deployable arrays are used. Several methods exist for stowing, deploying, and stiffening large space arrays. Often these functions are performed by separate systems. This work presents a novel array system that integrates these functions into one system, without the need for external deployment or stiffening structures. The integration comes from the combination of the kinematics of origami-based folding approaches, stored strain energy of compliant hinges, and tension cables. Additionally, due to the origami-based folding approach used, tunable deployed shapes and retraction are possible using reeled cables. The result is a new array architecture that is self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable (SDSR) and is described in this work. To understand the behavior of such systems, this work presents the modeling and testing of an SDSR array using an origami flasher pattern and discusses the results for the performance considerations of deployment motion, deployment stiffness, and dynamics. © 2020 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
399	a57209889565	Smith S.P.	p367	False	Conference	129	Self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable origami-based arrays for spacecraft	Large deployable arrays are needed for spacecraft that require small stowed volumes. Several methods exist for stowing, deploying, and stiffening large space arrays. Often these functions are performed by separate systems. This paper presents a novel array system that integrates these functions into one system, without the need for external deployment or stiffening structures. The integration comes from the combination of the kinematics of origami-based folding approaches, stored strain energy of compliant hinges, and tension cables. Additionally, due to the origami-based folding approach used, tunable deployed shapes and retraction are possible using reeled cables. The result is a new class of arrays that are self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable (SDSR), which are described in this work. To understand the behavior of such systems, this paper presents the modeling and testing of an SDSR array using an origami flasher pattern and discusses the results for the performance metrics of stiffness and shape. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
400	a56045493000	Arya M.	p106	False	Journal	78	Self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable origami-based arrays for spacecraft	Spacecraft with large arrays sometimes have deployed sizes that are much larger than the launch volumes; in this case, deployable arrays are used. Several methods exist for stowing, deploying, and stiffening large space arrays. Often these functions are performed by separate systems. This work presents a novel array system that integrates these functions into one system, without the need for external deployment or stiffening structures. The integration comes from the combination of the kinematics of origami-based folding approaches, stored strain energy of compliant hinges, and tension cables. Additionally, due to the origami-based folding approach used, tunable deployed shapes and retraction are possible using reeled cables. The result is a new array architecture that is self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable (SDSR) and is described in this work. To understand the behavior of such systems, this work presents the modeling and testing of an SDSR array using an origami flasher pattern and discusses the results for the performance considerations of deployment motion, deployment stiffness, and dynamics. © 2020 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
400	a56045493000	Arya M.	p367	False	Conference	129	Self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable origami-based arrays for spacecraft	Large deployable arrays are needed for spacecraft that require small stowed volumes. Several methods exist for stowing, deploying, and stiffening large space arrays. Often these functions are performed by separate systems. This paper presents a novel array system that integrates these functions into one system, without the need for external deployment or stiffening structures. The integration comes from the combination of the kinematics of origami-based folding approaches, stored strain energy of compliant hinges, and tension cables. Additionally, due to the origami-based folding approach used, tunable deployed shapes and retraction are possible using reeled cables. The result is a new class of arrays that are self-deployable, self-stiffening, and retractable (SDSR), which are described in this work. To understand the behavior of such systems, this paper presents the modeling and testing of an SDSR array using an origami flasher pattern and discusses the results for the performance metrics of stiffness and shape. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
401	a57217866402	Adamson M.	p107	True	Journal	79	Developing Decision Boundaries for Left-Turn Treatments	The purpose of this research was to evaluate the interaction of left-turn and opposing through traffic volumes for permitted and protected left-turn phasing at intersections and develop boundaries that help identify when to switch from permitted to protected phasing at signalized intersections. Permitted phasing allows vehicles to turn left after yielding to opposing vehicles; protected phasing provides an exclusive phase for vehicles to turn left without opposition; and protected-permitted phasing combines these phasing alternatives, allowing both permitted and protected turning movements. Intersections with 1, 2, and 3 opposing-lane configurations with permitted and protected-permitted models (split into green times of 10, 15, and 20 s) were analyzed for a total of 12 simulation models. Each model was divided into 100–225 different volume scenarios, with incremental increases in left-turn and opposing volumes. By exporting trajectory files from VISSIM and importing these into the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model, crossing conflicts for each volume combination in each model were extracted. MATLAB was then used to create contour maps representing the number of crossing conflicts per hour associated with different combinations of left-turn and opposing volume. Basic decision boundaries were examined in each contour map. Statistical analysis software was used to perform a linear regression analysis on transformed data and to develop natural log-based equations that form the decision boundaries for each configuration and phase alternative. These equations were graphed and final decision boundaries developed for the 1-, 2-, and 3-lane configurations between permitted and protected-permitted phasing as well as between protected-permitted and protected phasing. © National Academy of Sciences: Transportation Research Board 2020.
402	a8244752200	Schultz G.G.	p107	False	Journal	79	Developing Decision Boundaries for Left-Turn Treatments	The purpose of this research was to evaluate the interaction of left-turn and opposing through traffic volumes for permitted and protected left-turn phasing at intersections and develop boundaries that help identify when to switch from permitted to protected phasing at signalized intersections. Permitted phasing allows vehicles to turn left after yielding to opposing vehicles; protected phasing provides an exclusive phase for vehicles to turn left without opposition; and protected-permitted phasing combines these phasing alternatives, allowing both permitted and protected turning movements. Intersections with 1, 2, and 3 opposing-lane configurations with permitted and protected-permitted models (split into green times of 10, 15, and 20 s) were analyzed for a total of 12 simulation models. Each model was divided into 100–225 different volume scenarios, with incremental increases in left-turn and opposing volumes. By exporting trajectory files from VISSIM and importing these into the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model, crossing conflicts for each volume combination in each model were extracted. MATLAB was then used to create contour maps representing the number of crossing conflicts per hour associated with different combinations of left-turn and opposing volume. Basic decision boundaries were examined in each contour map. Statistical analysis software was used to perform a linear regression analysis on transformed data and to develop natural log-based equations that form the decision boundaries for each configuration and phase alternative. These equations were graphed and final decision boundaries developed for the 1-, 2-, and 3-lane configurations between permitted and protected-permitted phasing as well as between protected-permitted and protected phasing. © National Academy of Sciences: Transportation Research Board 2020.
402	a8244752200	Schultz G.G.	p118	True	Journal	79	Measuring Compliance of Driver Yielding at Enhanced Pedestrian Crossings in Utah	In the 2000s, the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) began implementing technological enhancements to reduce the fatality rate of pedestrians involved in crashes. Although these enhancements appeared to be successful at improving safety, there was a need to evaluate their effectiveness. This research evaluates the safety impacts of several pedestrian crossing enhancements using Utah-specific compliance rates of drivers as a surrogate safety measure. This study analyzes enhanced pedestrian crossings to determine the factors that affect the compliance of driver yielding in Utah and provides a statistical analysis to prove the significance of each factor on compliance. The results show that the “High-intensity Activated crossWalK” (HAWK) is more effective at reducing the probability of a non-compliant event compared with an overhead flashing beacon (OFB), and that an OFB is more effective at reducing the probability of a non-compliant event compared with a rectangular rapid flashing beacon (RRFB) or an overhead rectangular rapid flashing beacon (ORRFB). The results show that adding a pedestrian enhancement to a marked crosswalk at a location with five lanes and speed limit between 35 mph and 45 mph can increase compliance rate by 97% for the HAWK, 77% for the OFB, and 57% for the RRFB and ORRFB. © National Academy of Sciences: Transportation Research Board 2020.
402	a8244752200	Schultz G.G.	p304	False	Conference	85	Analyzing the safety impacts of raised medians	A hierarchical Bayesian statistical before-after model was used to analyze locations where raised medians have been installed. Twenty locations where raised medians were installed in Utah from 2002 to 2014 were used in this analysis. A model was developed that analyzed raised medians by access category (AC). Only three AC were represented in the data. Regression plots depicting a decrease in crashes before and after installation and crash modification factor (CMF) plots presenting the CMF values estimated for different vehicle miles traveled values were created as output from the before-after model. Overall, installing a raised median gives an approximate average reduction of 53 percent for all crashes. Individual AC analysis yielded results ranging from 32 to 44 percent reduction for all severity groups except severity 4 and 5. When the model was only run for crash severity 4 and 5, a larger reduction of 57 to 58 percent was found. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
402	a8244752200	Schultz G.G.	p345	False	Conference	118	A methodology for analyzing intersection safety	This paper summarizes the development of the Utah intersection crash prediction model (UICPM) and the intersection safety analysis methodology (ISAM). The UICPM is a Bayesian generalized linear model that creates distributions of the expected number of crashes at each intersection, compares the actual number of crashes to the distribution, and ranks the intersections based on safety concern. The ISAM is the process that was developed to execute the UICPM. The first step is to prepare the model input by combining the roadway and crash data files. Crashes are assigned to intersections if they are located with the functional area of an intersection. The second step is to execute the UICPM using the R graphical user interface (GUI) tool and R software. The third step is to create a two-page intersection safety analysis report (ISAR) for intersections of interest and maps of the state, regions, and counties to visualize the model results. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
402	a8244752200	Schultz G.G.	p408	False	Journal	218	Evaluating Safety Impacts of Access Management Alternatives with the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model	In a traditional safety impact analysis, it is necessary to have crash data on existing roadway conditions and a few years must pass before accumulating additional crash data to evaluate the safety impact of an improvement. This is a time-consuming approach and there remains uncertainty in the crash data integrity. The surrogate safety assessment model (SSAM) was developed for resolving these issues. With SSAM, a conflict analysis is performed in a simulated environment. A planned improvement alternative is modeled and no physical installation of the alternative is needed. This study evaluated if SSAM can be used to assess the safety of a highway segment in terms of the number and type of conflicts and to compare the safety effects of multiple access management alternatives. An evaluation of the effect of converting a two-way left-turn lane (TWLTL) into a raised median on a section of an urban street was performed using SSAM working on VISSIM simulation’s trajectory files. The analysis showed that a raised median would be much safer than a TWLTL median for the same level of traffic volume, with approximately 32 to 50 percent reduction in the number of crossing conflicts. The analysis showed that about 34,000 to 38,000 veh/day would be the demand level where the median conversion is recommended for the four-lane study section. The study concluded that the combination of a simulation software program with SSAM could be a viable surrogate analysis approach for evaluating and comparing the safety effects of multiple access management alternatives. © National Academy of Sciences: Transportation Research Board 2018.
402	a8244752200	Schultz G.G.	p527	False	Journal	292	Investigating the safety impact of roadway network features of suburban arterials in Shanghai	With rapid changes in land use development along suburban arterials in Shanghai, there is a corresponding increase in traffic demand on these arterials. To accommodate the local traffic needs of high accessibility and efficiency, an increased number of signalized intersections and accesses have been installed. However, the absence of a defined hierarchical road network, together with irregular signal spacing and access density, tends to deteriorate arterial safety. Previous studies on arterial safety were generally based on a single type of road entity, either intersection or roadway segment, and they analyzed the safety contributing factors (e.g. signal density and access density) on only that type of road entity, while these suburban arterial characteristics could significantly influence the safety performance of both intersections and roadway segments. Macro-level safety modeling was usually applied to investigate the relationships between zonal crash frequencies and demographics, road network features, and traffic characteristics, but the previous researchers did not consider the specific arterial characteristics of signal density and access density. In this study, a new modeling strategy was proposed to analyze the safety impacts of zonal roadway network features (i.e., road network patterns and road network density) along with the suburban arterial characteristics of signal density and access density. Bayesian Conditional Autoregressive Poisson Log-normal models were developed for suburban arterials in 173 traffic analysis zones in the suburban area of Shanghai. Results identified that the grid pattern road network with collector roads parallel to arterials was associated with fewer crashes than networks without parallel collectors. On the other hand, lower road network density, higher signal density and higher access density tended to increase the crash occurrence on suburban arterials. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
402	a8244752200	Schultz G.G.	p570	False	Conference	218	High Accuracy Achieved in Determining Lengths and Locations of Horizontal Curves Using Light Detection and Ranging Point Cloud Data	The Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) began collecting asset management data using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology in 2012, which included horizontal curve data. However, its horizontal curve data were highly segmented and not ready for crash prediction model development for curve segments. In 2014, an algorithm named the horizontal alignment finder (HAF) algorithm was developed to identify horizontal curves on rural two-lane two-way highways. Its accuracy was about 85 percent with 2012 data. The HAF was recently recalibrated for all other types of UDOT's highways and found to be applicable to them without any modifications in its main algorithm. During the calibration, six types of errors were identified. Four of the six errors were fixed and the HAF was calibrated with new 2015 LiDAR data. The improved HAF's accuracy now ranges from 97 to 98 percent for curve length and 87 to 100 percent for curve location identification. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
402	a8244752200	Schultz G.G.	p687	False	Journal	333	Use of Hi-resolution data for evaluating accuracy of traffic volume counts collected by microwave sensors	Over the past few years, the Utah Department of Transportation has developed the signal performance metrics (SPMs) system to evaluate the performance of signalized intersections dynamically. This system currently provides data summaries for several performance measures, one of them being turning movement counts collected by microwave sensors. As this system became public, there was a need to evaluate the accuracy of the data placed on the SPMs. A large-scale data collection was carried out to meet this need. Vehicles in the Hi-resolution data from microwave sensors were matched with the vehicles by ground-truth volume count data. Matching vehicles from the microwave sensor data and the ground-truth data manually collected required significant effort. A spreadsheet-based data analysis procedure was developed to carry out the task. A mixed model analysis of variance was used to analyze the effects of the factors considered on turning volume count accuracy. The analysis found that approach volume level and number of approach lanes would have significant effect on the accuracy of turning volume counts but the location of the sensors did not significantly affect the accuracy of turning volume counts. In addition, it was found that the location of lanes in relation to the sensor did not significantly affect the accuracy of lane-by-lane volume counts. This indicated that accuracy analysis could be performed by using total approach volumes without comparing specific turning counts, that is, left-turn, through and right-turn movements. In general, the accuracy of approach volume counts collected by microwave sensors were within the margin of error that traffic engineers could accept. The procedure taken to perform the analysis and a summary of accuracy of volume counts for the factor combinations considered are presented in this paper. © 2017 The Authors
402	a8244752200	Schultz G.G.	p829	False	Journal	396	Implementing highway safety manual life-cycle benefit–cost analysis of safety improvements	The Highway Safety Manual (HSM) lists four methods for determining the change in crash severity in order of reliability. The life-cycle benefit– cost analysis currently used by the Utah Department of Transportation is similar to the least reliable method. To provide a tool to perform the most reliable method defined by the HSM—the predictive method— this research developed a spreadsheet-based tool to allow department engineers to perform life-cycle benefit–cost analyses for the 11 roadway segment types included in the HSM. The tool can be used to analyze the cost-effectiveness of safety-related improvements identified by the Utah crash prediction model, which was previously developed to identify safety hot spots on the state highway system. The concept and the spreadsheet layout are presented by using the rural two-lane, two-way highway spreadsheet as an example. Then a case of a rural two-lane, two-way highway with two selected countermeasures is presented to demonstrate the use of this spreadsheet to compare their benefit–cost ratios. One important aspect associated with life-cycle benefit–cost analyses of safety-related improvements is the cost of implementing such improvements. Safety-related improvements are often included in larger construction contracts and such costs vary significantly, depending on the way they are included in the larger contracts. Hence, construction costs of safety-related improvements—such as initial cost, periodic rehabilitation cost, and annual maintenance costs—must be prepared outside this spreadsheet by the user. © 2017, SAGE Publications Ltd. All rights reserved.
403	a55727966500	Saito M.	p107	False	Journal	79	Developing Decision Boundaries for Left-Turn Treatments	The purpose of this research was to evaluate the interaction of left-turn and opposing through traffic volumes for permitted and protected left-turn phasing at intersections and develop boundaries that help identify when to switch from permitted to protected phasing at signalized intersections. Permitted phasing allows vehicles to turn left after yielding to opposing vehicles; protected phasing provides an exclusive phase for vehicles to turn left without opposition; and protected-permitted phasing combines these phasing alternatives, allowing both permitted and protected turning movements. Intersections with 1, 2, and 3 opposing-lane configurations with permitted and protected-permitted models (split into green times of 10, 15, and 20 s) were analyzed for a total of 12 simulation models. Each model was divided into 100–225 different volume scenarios, with incremental increases in left-turn and opposing volumes. By exporting trajectory files from VISSIM and importing these into the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model, crossing conflicts for each volume combination in each model were extracted. MATLAB was then used to create contour maps representing the number of crossing conflicts per hour associated with different combinations of left-turn and opposing volume. Basic decision boundaries were examined in each contour map. Statistical analysis software was used to perform a linear regression analysis on transformed data and to develop natural log-based equations that form the decision boundaries for each configuration and phase alternative. These equations were graphed and final decision boundaries developed for the 1-, 2-, and 3-lane configurations between permitted and protected-permitted phasing as well as between protected-permitted and protected phasing. © National Academy of Sciences: Transportation Research Board 2020.
403	a55727966500	Saito M.	p304	False	Conference	85	Analyzing the safety impacts of raised medians	A hierarchical Bayesian statistical before-after model was used to analyze locations where raised medians have been installed. Twenty locations where raised medians were installed in Utah from 2002 to 2014 were used in this analysis. A model was developed that analyzed raised medians by access category (AC). Only three AC were represented in the data. Regression plots depicting a decrease in crashes before and after installation and crash modification factor (CMF) plots presenting the CMF values estimated for different vehicle miles traveled values were created as output from the before-after model. Overall, installing a raised median gives an approximate average reduction of 53 percent for all crashes. Individual AC analysis yielded results ranging from 32 to 44 percent reduction for all severity groups except severity 4 and 5. When the model was only run for crash severity 4 and 5, a larger reduction of 57 to 58 percent was found. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
403	a55727966500	Saito M.	p345	False	Conference	118	A methodology for analyzing intersection safety	This paper summarizes the development of the Utah intersection crash prediction model (UICPM) and the intersection safety analysis methodology (ISAM). The UICPM is a Bayesian generalized linear model that creates distributions of the expected number of crashes at each intersection, compares the actual number of crashes to the distribution, and ranks the intersections based on safety concern. The ISAM is the process that was developed to execute the UICPM. The first step is to prepare the model input by combining the roadway and crash data files. Crashes are assigned to intersections if they are located with the functional area of an intersection. The second step is to execute the UICPM using the R graphical user interface (GUI) tool and R software. The third step is to create a two-page intersection safety analysis report (ISAR) for intersections of interest and maps of the state, regions, and counties to visualize the model results. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
403	a55727966500	Saito M.	p408	False	Journal	218	Evaluating Safety Impacts of Access Management Alternatives with the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model	In a traditional safety impact analysis, it is necessary to have crash data on existing roadway conditions and a few years must pass before accumulating additional crash data to evaluate the safety impact of an improvement. This is a time-consuming approach and there remains uncertainty in the crash data integrity. The surrogate safety assessment model (SSAM) was developed for resolving these issues. With SSAM, a conflict analysis is performed in a simulated environment. A planned improvement alternative is modeled and no physical installation of the alternative is needed. This study evaluated if SSAM can be used to assess the safety of a highway segment in terms of the number and type of conflicts and to compare the safety effects of multiple access management alternatives. An evaluation of the effect of converting a two-way left-turn lane (TWLTL) into a raised median on a section of an urban street was performed using SSAM working on VISSIM simulation’s trajectory files. The analysis showed that a raised median would be much safer than a TWLTL median for the same level of traffic volume, with approximately 32 to 50 percent reduction in the number of crossing conflicts. The analysis showed that about 34,000 to 38,000 veh/day would be the demand level where the median conversion is recommended for the four-lane study section. The study concluded that the combination of a simulation software program with SSAM could be a viable surrogate analysis approach for evaluating and comparing the safety effects of multiple access management alternatives. © National Academy of Sciences: Transportation Research Board 2018.
403	a55727966500	Saito M.	p570	False	Conference	218	High Accuracy Achieved in Determining Lengths and Locations of Horizontal Curves Using Light Detection and Ranging Point Cloud Data	The Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) began collecting asset management data using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology in 2012, which included horizontal curve data. However, its horizontal curve data were highly segmented and not ready for crash prediction model development for curve segments. In 2014, an algorithm named the horizontal alignment finder (HAF) algorithm was developed to identify horizontal curves on rural two-lane two-way highways. Its accuracy was about 85 percent with 2012 data. The HAF was recently recalibrated for all other types of UDOT's highways and found to be applicable to them without any modifications in its main algorithm. During the calibration, six types of errors were identified. Four of the six errors were fixed and the HAF was calibrated with new 2015 LiDAR data. The improved HAF's accuracy now ranges from 97 to 98 percent for curve length and 87 to 100 percent for curve location identification. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
403	a55727966500	Saito M.	p687	False	Journal	333	Use of Hi-resolution data for evaluating accuracy of traffic volume counts collected by microwave sensors	Over the past few years, the Utah Department of Transportation has developed the signal performance metrics (SPMs) system to evaluate the performance of signalized intersections dynamically. This system currently provides data summaries for several performance measures, one of them being turning movement counts collected by microwave sensors. As this system became public, there was a need to evaluate the accuracy of the data placed on the SPMs. A large-scale data collection was carried out to meet this need. Vehicles in the Hi-resolution data from microwave sensors were matched with the vehicles by ground-truth volume count data. Matching vehicles from the microwave sensor data and the ground-truth data manually collected required significant effort. A spreadsheet-based data analysis procedure was developed to carry out the task. A mixed model analysis of variance was used to analyze the effects of the factors considered on turning volume count accuracy. The analysis found that approach volume level and number of approach lanes would have significant effect on the accuracy of turning volume counts but the location of the sensors did not significantly affect the accuracy of turning volume counts. In addition, it was found that the location of lanes in relation to the sensor did not significantly affect the accuracy of lane-by-lane volume counts. This indicated that accuracy analysis could be performed by using total approach volumes without comparing specific turning counts, that is, left-turn, through and right-turn movements. In general, the accuracy of approach volume counts collected by microwave sensors were within the margin of error that traffic engineers could accept. The procedure taken to perform the analysis and a summary of accuracy of volume counts for the factor combinations considered are presented in this paper. © 2017 The Authors
403	a55727966500	Saito M.	p829	False	Journal	396	Implementing highway safety manual life-cycle benefit–cost analysis of safety improvements	The Highway Safety Manual (HSM) lists four methods for determining the change in crash severity in order of reliability. The life-cycle benefit– cost analysis currently used by the Utah Department of Transportation is similar to the least reliable method. To provide a tool to perform the most reliable method defined by the HSM—the predictive method— this research developed a spreadsheet-based tool to allow department engineers to perform life-cycle benefit–cost analyses for the 11 roadway segment types included in the HSM. The tool can be used to analyze the cost-effectiveness of safety-related improvements identified by the Utah crash prediction model, which was previously developed to identify safety hot spots on the state highway system. The concept and the spreadsheet layout are presented by using the rural two-lane, two-way highway spreadsheet as an example. Then a case of a rural two-lane, two-way highway with two selected countermeasures is presented to demonstrate the use of this spreadsheet to compare their benefit–cost ratios. One important aspect associated with life-cycle benefit–cost analyses of safety-related improvements is the cost of implementing such improvements. Safety-related improvements are often included in larger construction contracts and such costs vary significantly, depending on the way they are included in the larger contracts. Hence, construction costs of safety-related improvements—such as initial cost, periodic rehabilitation cost, and annual maintenance costs—must be prepared outside this spreadsheet by the user. © 2017, SAGE Publications Ltd. All rights reserved.
404	a57217871738	Stevens M.D.	p107	False	Journal	79	Developing Decision Boundaries for Left-Turn Treatments	The purpose of this research was to evaluate the interaction of left-turn and opposing through traffic volumes for permitted and protected left-turn phasing at intersections and develop boundaries that help identify when to switch from permitted to protected phasing at signalized intersections. Permitted phasing allows vehicles to turn left after yielding to opposing vehicles; protected phasing provides an exclusive phase for vehicles to turn left without opposition; and protected-permitted phasing combines these phasing alternatives, allowing both permitted and protected turning movements. Intersections with 1, 2, and 3 opposing-lane configurations with permitted and protected-permitted models (split into green times of 10, 15, and 20 s) were analyzed for a total of 12 simulation models. Each model was divided into 100–225 different volume scenarios, with incremental increases in left-turn and opposing volumes. By exporting trajectory files from VISSIM and importing these into the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model, crossing conflicts for each volume combination in each model were extracted. MATLAB was then used to create contour maps representing the number of crossing conflicts per hour associated with different combinations of left-turn and opposing volume. Basic decision boundaries were examined in each contour map. Statistical analysis software was used to perform a linear regression analysis on transformed data and to develop natural log-based equations that form the decision boundaries for each configuration and phase alternative. These equations were graphed and final decision boundaries developed for the 1-, 2-, and 3-lane configurations between permitted and protected-permitted phasing as well as between protected-permitted and protected phasing. © National Academy of Sciences: Transportation Research Board 2020.
405	a57218270296	Pearce W.	p108	True	Conference	18	Machine Learning for Offensive Security: Sandbox Classification Using Decision Trees and Artificial Neural Networks	The merits of machine learning in information security have primarily focused on bolstering defenses. However, machine learning (ML) techniques are not reserved for organizations with deep pockets and massive data repositories; the democratization of ML has lead to a rise in the number of security teams using ML to support offensive operations. The research presented here will explore two models that our team has used to solve a single offensive task, detecting a sandbox. Using process list data gathered with phishing emails, we will demonstrate the use of Decision Trees and Artificial Neural Networks to successfully classify sandboxes, thereby avoiding unsafe execution. This paper aims to give unique insight into how a real offensive team is using machine learning to support offensive operations. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
406	a57218269408	Landers N.	p108	False	Conference	18	Machine Learning for Offensive Security: Sandbox Classification Using Decision Trees and Artificial Neural Networks	The merits of machine learning in information security have primarily focused on bolstering defenses. However, machine learning (ML) techniques are not reserved for organizations with deep pockets and massive data repositories; the democratization of ML has lead to a rise in the number of security teams using ML to support offensive operations. The research presented here will explore two models that our team has used to solve a single offensive task, detecting a sandbox. Using process list data gathered with phishing emails, we will demonstrate the use of Decision Trees and Artificial Neural Networks to successfully classify sandboxes, thereby avoiding unsafe execution. This paper aims to give unique insight into how a real offensive team is using machine learning to support offensive operations. © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
407	a56215007300	Francom D.	p109	True	Journal	80	Simulation and Emulation of X-Ray Diffraction from Dynamic Compression Experiments	Many important aspects of the dynamic thermo-mechanical response of materials occur at the mesoscale, i.e. a physical scale of interactions smaller than what can be adequately described by homogenous behaviors, yet larger than the scale of the atomic lattice. Concurrent advancements in computational power, continuum theory, and experimental diagnostics are enabling unprecedented understanding of such interactions. However, we cannot develop a sufficient level of confidence in such mesoscale capability until the constitutive description of the underlying constituents is reliably representative of their actual physical behavior. Therefore, there is a strong need to combine experimental, modeling, and data-science techniques to validate models of the thermomechanical response of individual single crystals. One experimental diagnostic with high potential impact to shock physics and materials science is in-situ x-ray diffraction. This paper is primarily focused on simulation of x-ray diffraction in shock physics, but with an aim toward quantifying parametric uncertainty of simulation models. We develop and demonstrate a data-science and model-driven approach to constrain the parameterization of continuum models of crystal lattice deformation associated with the shock response of crystalline materials. The framework is built around the connection between continuum hydrodynamic simulations of lattice deformation and a new Bragg diffraction simulation code, BarberShop. The dynamic deformation of a crystal lattice is modeled using the DiscoFlux model within an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian hydrodynamic code, FLAG. These detailed continuum simulations of lattice deformation can be computationally slow, thus a statistical model is used to emulate the evolution of lattice deformation fields in time and across the considered model parameter space. Emulated lattice deformation fields can then be generated rapidly for any combination of physics model parameters. In turn, these fields can be fed into BarberShop to realize a rapid prediction of Bragg diffraction patterns associated with particular values of physics model parameters. The framework enables parameterization of the single crystal model to obtain Bragg diffraction patterns that most closely resemble a corresponding measurement. Furthermore, the framework naturally provides sensitivities of the lattice deformation to the physics parameters. We highlight the utility of this framework through the application to a synthetic closed-loop inverse problem leading to the parameterization of a single crystal material model. As a model problem, we consider the dynamic response of the energetic molecular crystal, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (or RDX), under dynamic compression induced by simulated flyer plate impact experiments. © 2020, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.
408	a50162863000	Walters D.J.	p109	False	Journal	80	Simulation and Emulation of X-Ray Diffraction from Dynamic Compression Experiments	Many important aspects of the dynamic thermo-mechanical response of materials occur at the mesoscale, i.e. a physical scale of interactions smaller than what can be adequately described by homogenous behaviors, yet larger than the scale of the atomic lattice. Concurrent advancements in computational power, continuum theory, and experimental diagnostics are enabling unprecedented understanding of such interactions. However, we cannot develop a sufficient level of confidence in such mesoscale capability until the constitutive description of the underlying constituents is reliably representative of their actual physical behavior. Therefore, there is a strong need to combine experimental, modeling, and data-science techniques to validate models of the thermomechanical response of individual single crystals. One experimental diagnostic with high potential impact to shock physics and materials science is in-situ x-ray diffraction. This paper is primarily focused on simulation of x-ray diffraction in shock physics, but with an aim toward quantifying parametric uncertainty of simulation models. We develop and demonstrate a data-science and model-driven approach to constrain the parameterization of continuum models of crystal lattice deformation associated with the shock response of crystalline materials. The framework is built around the connection between continuum hydrodynamic simulations of lattice deformation and a new Bragg diffraction simulation code, BarberShop. The dynamic deformation of a crystal lattice is modeled using the DiscoFlux model within an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian hydrodynamic code, FLAG. These detailed continuum simulations of lattice deformation can be computationally slow, thus a statistical model is used to emulate the evolution of lattice deformation fields in time and across the considered model parameter space. Emulated lattice deformation fields can then be generated rapidly for any combination of physics model parameters. In turn, these fields can be fed into BarberShop to realize a rapid prediction of Bragg diffraction patterns associated with particular values of physics model parameters. The framework enables parameterization of the single crystal model to obtain Bragg diffraction patterns that most closely resemble a corresponding measurement. Furthermore, the framework naturally provides sensitivities of the lattice deformation to the physics parameters. We highlight the utility of this framework through the application to a synthetic closed-loop inverse problem leading to the parameterization of a single crystal material model. As a model problem, we consider the dynamic response of the energetic molecular crystal, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (or RDX), under dynamic compression induced by simulated flyer plate impact experiments. © 2020, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.
409	a55422614200	Barber J.L.	p109	False	Journal	80	Simulation and Emulation of X-Ray Diffraction from Dynamic Compression Experiments	Many important aspects of the dynamic thermo-mechanical response of materials occur at the mesoscale, i.e. a physical scale of interactions smaller than what can be adequately described by homogenous behaviors, yet larger than the scale of the atomic lattice. Concurrent advancements in computational power, continuum theory, and experimental diagnostics are enabling unprecedented understanding of such interactions. However, we cannot develop a sufficient level of confidence in such mesoscale capability until the constitutive description of the underlying constituents is reliably representative of their actual physical behavior. Therefore, there is a strong need to combine experimental, modeling, and data-science techniques to validate models of the thermomechanical response of individual single crystals. One experimental diagnostic with high potential impact to shock physics and materials science is in-situ x-ray diffraction. This paper is primarily focused on simulation of x-ray diffraction in shock physics, but with an aim toward quantifying parametric uncertainty of simulation models. We develop and demonstrate a data-science and model-driven approach to constrain the parameterization of continuum models of crystal lattice deformation associated with the shock response of crystalline materials. The framework is built around the connection between continuum hydrodynamic simulations of lattice deformation and a new Bragg diffraction simulation code, BarberShop. The dynamic deformation of a crystal lattice is modeled using the DiscoFlux model within an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian hydrodynamic code, FLAG. These detailed continuum simulations of lattice deformation can be computationally slow, thus a statistical model is used to emulate the evolution of lattice deformation fields in time and across the considered model parameter space. Emulated lattice deformation fields can then be generated rapidly for any combination of physics model parameters. In turn, these fields can be fed into BarberShop to realize a rapid prediction of Bragg diffraction patterns associated with particular values of physics model parameters. The framework enables parameterization of the single crystal model to obtain Bragg diffraction patterns that most closely resemble a corresponding measurement. Furthermore, the framework naturally provides sensitivities of the lattice deformation to the physics parameters. We highlight the utility of this framework through the application to a synthetic closed-loop inverse problem leading to the parameterization of a single crystal material model. As a model problem, we consider the dynamic response of the energetic molecular crystal, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (or RDX), under dynamic compression induced by simulated flyer plate impact experiments. © 2020, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.
410	a6603288835	Luscher D.J.	p109	False	Journal	80	Simulation and Emulation of X-Ray Diffraction from Dynamic Compression Experiments	Many important aspects of the dynamic thermo-mechanical response of materials occur at the mesoscale, i.e. a physical scale of interactions smaller than what can be adequately described by homogenous behaviors, yet larger than the scale of the atomic lattice. Concurrent advancements in computational power, continuum theory, and experimental diagnostics are enabling unprecedented understanding of such interactions. However, we cannot develop a sufficient level of confidence in such mesoscale capability until the constitutive description of the underlying constituents is reliably representative of their actual physical behavior. Therefore, there is a strong need to combine experimental, modeling, and data-science techniques to validate models of the thermomechanical response of individual single crystals. One experimental diagnostic with high potential impact to shock physics and materials science is in-situ x-ray diffraction. This paper is primarily focused on simulation of x-ray diffraction in shock physics, but with an aim toward quantifying parametric uncertainty of simulation models. We develop and demonstrate a data-science and model-driven approach to constrain the parameterization of continuum models of crystal lattice deformation associated with the shock response of crystalline materials. The framework is built around the connection between continuum hydrodynamic simulations of lattice deformation and a new Bragg diffraction simulation code, BarberShop. The dynamic deformation of a crystal lattice is modeled using the DiscoFlux model within an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian hydrodynamic code, FLAG. These detailed continuum simulations of lattice deformation can be computationally slow, thus a statistical model is used to emulate the evolution of lattice deformation fields in time and across the considered model parameter space. Emulated lattice deformation fields can then be generated rapidly for any combination of physics model parameters. In turn, these fields can be fed into BarberShop to realize a rapid prediction of Bragg diffraction patterns associated with particular values of physics model parameters. The framework enables parameterization of the single crystal model to obtain Bragg diffraction patterns that most closely resemble a corresponding measurement. Furthermore, the framework naturally provides sensitivities of the lattice deformation to the physics parameters. We highlight the utility of this framework through the application to a synthetic closed-loop inverse problem leading to the parameterization of a single crystal material model. As a model problem, we consider the dynamic response of the energetic molecular crystal, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (or RDX), under dynamic compression induced by simulated flyer plate impact experiments. © 2020, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.
411	a13405030000	Lawrence E.	p109	False	Journal	80	Simulation and Emulation of X-Ray Diffraction from Dynamic Compression Experiments	Many important aspects of the dynamic thermo-mechanical response of materials occur at the mesoscale, i.e. a physical scale of interactions smaller than what can be adequately described by homogenous behaviors, yet larger than the scale of the atomic lattice. Concurrent advancements in computational power, continuum theory, and experimental diagnostics are enabling unprecedented understanding of such interactions. However, we cannot develop a sufficient level of confidence in such mesoscale capability until the constitutive description of the underlying constituents is reliably representative of their actual physical behavior. Therefore, there is a strong need to combine experimental, modeling, and data-science techniques to validate models of the thermomechanical response of individual single crystals. One experimental diagnostic with high potential impact to shock physics and materials science is in-situ x-ray diffraction. This paper is primarily focused on simulation of x-ray diffraction in shock physics, but with an aim toward quantifying parametric uncertainty of simulation models. We develop and demonstrate a data-science and model-driven approach to constrain the parameterization of continuum models of crystal lattice deformation associated with the shock response of crystalline materials. The framework is built around the connection between continuum hydrodynamic simulations of lattice deformation and a new Bragg diffraction simulation code, BarberShop. The dynamic deformation of a crystal lattice is modeled using the DiscoFlux model within an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian hydrodynamic code, FLAG. These detailed continuum simulations of lattice deformation can be computationally slow, thus a statistical model is used to emulate the evolution of lattice deformation fields in time and across the considered model parameter space. Emulated lattice deformation fields can then be generated rapidly for any combination of physics model parameters. In turn, these fields can be fed into BarberShop to realize a rapid prediction of Bragg diffraction patterns associated with particular values of physics model parameters. The framework enables parameterization of the single crystal model to obtain Bragg diffraction patterns that most closely resemble a corresponding measurement. Furthermore, the framework naturally provides sensitivities of the lattice deformation to the physics parameters. We highlight the utility of this framework through the application to a synthetic closed-loop inverse problem leading to the parameterization of a single crystal material model. As a model problem, we consider the dynamic response of the energetic molecular crystal, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (or RDX), under dynamic compression induced by simulated flyer plate impact experiments. © 2020, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.
412	a55904183100	Biswas A.	p109	False	Journal	80	Simulation and Emulation of X-Ray Diffraction from Dynamic Compression Experiments	Many important aspects of the dynamic thermo-mechanical response of materials occur at the mesoscale, i.e. a physical scale of interactions smaller than what can be adequately described by homogenous behaviors, yet larger than the scale of the atomic lattice. Concurrent advancements in computational power, continuum theory, and experimental diagnostics are enabling unprecedented understanding of such interactions. However, we cannot develop a sufficient level of confidence in such mesoscale capability until the constitutive description of the underlying constituents is reliably representative of their actual physical behavior. Therefore, there is a strong need to combine experimental, modeling, and data-science techniques to validate models of the thermomechanical response of individual single crystals. One experimental diagnostic with high potential impact to shock physics and materials science is in-situ x-ray diffraction. This paper is primarily focused on simulation of x-ray diffraction in shock physics, but with an aim toward quantifying parametric uncertainty of simulation models. We develop and demonstrate a data-science and model-driven approach to constrain the parameterization of continuum models of crystal lattice deformation associated with the shock response of crystalline materials. The framework is built around the connection between continuum hydrodynamic simulations of lattice deformation and a new Bragg diffraction simulation code, BarberShop. The dynamic deformation of a crystal lattice is modeled using the DiscoFlux model within an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian hydrodynamic code, FLAG. These detailed continuum simulations of lattice deformation can be computationally slow, thus a statistical model is used to emulate the evolution of lattice deformation fields in time and across the considered model parameter space. Emulated lattice deformation fields can then be generated rapidly for any combination of physics model parameters. In turn, these fields can be fed into BarberShop to realize a rapid prediction of Bragg diffraction patterns associated with particular values of physics model parameters. The framework enables parameterization of the single crystal model to obtain Bragg diffraction patterns that most closely resemble a corresponding measurement. Furthermore, the framework naturally provides sensitivities of the lattice deformation to the physics parameters. We highlight the utility of this framework through the application to a synthetic closed-loop inverse problem leading to the parameterization of a single crystal material model. As a model problem, we consider the dynamic response of the energetic molecular crystal, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (or RDX), under dynamic compression induced by simulated flyer plate impact experiments. © 2020, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.
413	a55279219900	Biwer C.M.	p109	False	Journal	80	Simulation and Emulation of X-Ray Diffraction from Dynamic Compression Experiments	Many important aspects of the dynamic thermo-mechanical response of materials occur at the mesoscale, i.e. a physical scale of interactions smaller than what can be adequately described by homogenous behaviors, yet larger than the scale of the atomic lattice. Concurrent advancements in computational power, continuum theory, and experimental diagnostics are enabling unprecedented understanding of such interactions. However, we cannot develop a sufficient level of confidence in such mesoscale capability until the constitutive description of the underlying constituents is reliably representative of their actual physical behavior. Therefore, there is a strong need to combine experimental, modeling, and data-science techniques to validate models of the thermomechanical response of individual single crystals. One experimental diagnostic with high potential impact to shock physics and materials science is in-situ x-ray diffraction. This paper is primarily focused on simulation of x-ray diffraction in shock physics, but with an aim toward quantifying parametric uncertainty of simulation models. We develop and demonstrate a data-science and model-driven approach to constrain the parameterization of continuum models of crystal lattice deformation associated with the shock response of crystalline materials. The framework is built around the connection between continuum hydrodynamic simulations of lattice deformation and a new Bragg diffraction simulation code, BarberShop. The dynamic deformation of a crystal lattice is modeled using the DiscoFlux model within an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian hydrodynamic code, FLAG. These detailed continuum simulations of lattice deformation can be computationally slow, thus a statistical model is used to emulate the evolution of lattice deformation fields in time and across the considered model parameter space. Emulated lattice deformation fields can then be generated rapidly for any combination of physics model parameters. In turn, these fields can be fed into BarberShop to realize a rapid prediction of Bragg diffraction patterns associated with particular values of physics model parameters. The framework enables parameterization of the single crystal model to obtain Bragg diffraction patterns that most closely resemble a corresponding measurement. Furthermore, the framework naturally provides sensitivities of the lattice deformation to the physics parameters. We highlight the utility of this framework through the application to a synthetic closed-loop inverse problem leading to the parameterization of a single crystal material model. As a model problem, we consider the dynamic response of the energetic molecular crystal, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (or RDX), under dynamic compression induced by simulated flyer plate impact experiments. © 2020, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.
414	a57211205845	Banesh D.	p109	False	Journal	80	Simulation and Emulation of X-Ray Diffraction from Dynamic Compression Experiments	Many important aspects of the dynamic thermo-mechanical response of materials occur at the mesoscale, i.e. a physical scale of interactions smaller than what can be adequately described by homogenous behaviors, yet larger than the scale of the atomic lattice. Concurrent advancements in computational power, continuum theory, and experimental diagnostics are enabling unprecedented understanding of such interactions. However, we cannot develop a sufficient level of confidence in such mesoscale capability until the constitutive description of the underlying constituents is reliably representative of their actual physical behavior. Therefore, there is a strong need to combine experimental, modeling, and data-science techniques to validate models of the thermomechanical response of individual single crystals. One experimental diagnostic with high potential impact to shock physics and materials science is in-situ x-ray diffraction. This paper is primarily focused on simulation of x-ray diffraction in shock physics, but with an aim toward quantifying parametric uncertainty of simulation models. We develop and demonstrate a data-science and model-driven approach to constrain the parameterization of continuum models of crystal lattice deformation associated with the shock response of crystalline materials. The framework is built around the connection between continuum hydrodynamic simulations of lattice deformation and a new Bragg diffraction simulation code, BarberShop. The dynamic deformation of a crystal lattice is modeled using the DiscoFlux model within an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian hydrodynamic code, FLAG. These detailed continuum simulations of lattice deformation can be computationally slow, thus a statistical model is used to emulate the evolution of lattice deformation fields in time and across the considered model parameter space. Emulated lattice deformation fields can then be generated rapidly for any combination of physics model parameters. In turn, these fields can be fed into BarberShop to realize a rapid prediction of Bragg diffraction patterns associated with particular values of physics model parameters. The framework enables parameterization of the single crystal model to obtain Bragg diffraction patterns that most closely resemble a corresponding measurement. Furthermore, the framework naturally provides sensitivities of the lattice deformation to the physics parameters. We highlight the utility of this framework through the application to a synthetic closed-loop inverse problem leading to the parameterization of a single crystal material model. As a model problem, we consider the dynamic response of the energetic molecular crystal, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (or RDX), under dynamic compression induced by simulated flyer plate impact experiments. © 2020, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.
415	a38662818500	Lazarz J.	p109	False	Journal	80	Simulation and Emulation of X-Ray Diffraction from Dynamic Compression Experiments	Many important aspects of the dynamic thermo-mechanical response of materials occur at the mesoscale, i.e. a physical scale of interactions smaller than what can be adequately described by homogenous behaviors, yet larger than the scale of the atomic lattice. Concurrent advancements in computational power, continuum theory, and experimental diagnostics are enabling unprecedented understanding of such interactions. However, we cannot develop a sufficient level of confidence in such mesoscale capability until the constitutive description of the underlying constituents is reliably representative of their actual physical behavior. Therefore, there is a strong need to combine experimental, modeling, and data-science techniques to validate models of the thermomechanical response of individual single crystals. One experimental diagnostic with high potential impact to shock physics and materials science is in-situ x-ray diffraction. This paper is primarily focused on simulation of x-ray diffraction in shock physics, but with an aim toward quantifying parametric uncertainty of simulation models. We develop and demonstrate a data-science and model-driven approach to constrain the parameterization of continuum models of crystal lattice deformation associated with the shock response of crystalline materials. The framework is built around the connection between continuum hydrodynamic simulations of lattice deformation and a new Bragg diffraction simulation code, BarberShop. The dynamic deformation of a crystal lattice is modeled using the DiscoFlux model within an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian hydrodynamic code, FLAG. These detailed continuum simulations of lattice deformation can be computationally slow, thus a statistical model is used to emulate the evolution of lattice deformation fields in time and across the considered model parameter space. Emulated lattice deformation fields can then be generated rapidly for any combination of physics model parameters. In turn, these fields can be fed into BarberShop to realize a rapid prediction of Bragg diffraction patterns associated with particular values of physics model parameters. The framework enables parameterization of the single crystal model to obtain Bragg diffraction patterns that most closely resemble a corresponding measurement. Furthermore, the framework naturally provides sensitivities of the lattice deformation to the physics parameters. We highlight the utility of this framework through the application to a synthetic closed-loop inverse problem leading to the parameterization of a single crystal material model. As a model problem, we consider the dynamic response of the energetic molecular crystal, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (or RDX), under dynamic compression induced by simulated flyer plate impact experiments. © 2020, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.
416	a57203219105	Vogel S.C.	p109	False	Journal	80	Simulation and Emulation of X-Ray Diffraction from Dynamic Compression Experiments	Many important aspects of the dynamic thermo-mechanical response of materials occur at the mesoscale, i.e. a physical scale of interactions smaller than what can be adequately described by homogenous behaviors, yet larger than the scale of the atomic lattice. Concurrent advancements in computational power, continuum theory, and experimental diagnostics are enabling unprecedented understanding of such interactions. However, we cannot develop a sufficient level of confidence in such mesoscale capability until the constitutive description of the underlying constituents is reliably representative of their actual physical behavior. Therefore, there is a strong need to combine experimental, modeling, and data-science techniques to validate models of the thermomechanical response of individual single crystals. One experimental diagnostic with high potential impact to shock physics and materials science is in-situ x-ray diffraction. This paper is primarily focused on simulation of x-ray diffraction in shock physics, but with an aim toward quantifying parametric uncertainty of simulation models. We develop and demonstrate a data-science and model-driven approach to constrain the parameterization of continuum models of crystal lattice deformation associated with the shock response of crystalline materials. The framework is built around the connection between continuum hydrodynamic simulations of lattice deformation and a new Bragg diffraction simulation code, BarberShop. The dynamic deformation of a crystal lattice is modeled using the DiscoFlux model within an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian hydrodynamic code, FLAG. These detailed continuum simulations of lattice deformation can be computationally slow, thus a statistical model is used to emulate the evolution of lattice deformation fields in time and across the considered model parameter space. Emulated lattice deformation fields can then be generated rapidly for any combination of physics model parameters. In turn, these fields can be fed into BarberShop to realize a rapid prediction of Bragg diffraction patterns associated with particular values of physics model parameters. The framework enables parameterization of the single crystal model to obtain Bragg diffraction patterns that most closely resemble a corresponding measurement. Furthermore, the framework naturally provides sensitivities of the lattice deformation to the physics parameters. We highlight the utility of this framework through the application to a synthetic closed-loop inverse problem leading to the parameterization of a single crystal material model. As a model problem, we consider the dynamic response of the energetic molecular crystal, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (or RDX), under dynamic compression induced by simulated flyer plate impact experiments. © 2020, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.
417	a14059027500	Ramos K.	p109	False	Journal	80	Simulation and Emulation of X-Ray Diffraction from Dynamic Compression Experiments	Many important aspects of the dynamic thermo-mechanical response of materials occur at the mesoscale, i.e. a physical scale of interactions smaller than what can be adequately described by homogenous behaviors, yet larger than the scale of the atomic lattice. Concurrent advancements in computational power, continuum theory, and experimental diagnostics are enabling unprecedented understanding of such interactions. However, we cannot develop a sufficient level of confidence in such mesoscale capability until the constitutive description of the underlying constituents is reliably representative of their actual physical behavior. Therefore, there is a strong need to combine experimental, modeling, and data-science techniques to validate models of the thermomechanical response of individual single crystals. One experimental diagnostic with high potential impact to shock physics and materials science is in-situ x-ray diffraction. This paper is primarily focused on simulation of x-ray diffraction in shock physics, but with an aim toward quantifying parametric uncertainty of simulation models. We develop and demonstrate a data-science and model-driven approach to constrain the parameterization of continuum models of crystal lattice deformation associated with the shock response of crystalline materials. The framework is built around the connection between continuum hydrodynamic simulations of lattice deformation and a new Bragg diffraction simulation code, BarberShop. The dynamic deformation of a crystal lattice is modeled using the DiscoFlux model within an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian hydrodynamic code, FLAG. These detailed continuum simulations of lattice deformation can be computationally slow, thus a statistical model is used to emulate the evolution of lattice deformation fields in time and across the considered model parameter space. Emulated lattice deformation fields can then be generated rapidly for any combination of physics model parameters. In turn, these fields can be fed into BarberShop to realize a rapid prediction of Bragg diffraction patterns associated with particular values of physics model parameters. The framework enables parameterization of the single crystal model to obtain Bragg diffraction patterns that most closely resemble a corresponding measurement. Furthermore, the framework naturally provides sensitivities of the lattice deformation to the physics parameters. We highlight the utility of this framework through the application to a synthetic closed-loop inverse problem leading to the parameterization of a single crystal material model. As a model problem, we consider the dynamic response of the energetic molecular crystal, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (or RDX), under dynamic compression induced by simulated flyer plate impact experiments. © 2020, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.
418	a6505524737	Bolme C.	p109	False	Journal	80	Simulation and Emulation of X-Ray Diffraction from Dynamic Compression Experiments	Many important aspects of the dynamic thermo-mechanical response of materials occur at the mesoscale, i.e. a physical scale of interactions smaller than what can be adequately described by homogenous behaviors, yet larger than the scale of the atomic lattice. Concurrent advancements in computational power, continuum theory, and experimental diagnostics are enabling unprecedented understanding of such interactions. However, we cannot develop a sufficient level of confidence in such mesoscale capability until the constitutive description of the underlying constituents is reliably representative of their actual physical behavior. Therefore, there is a strong need to combine experimental, modeling, and data-science techniques to validate models of the thermomechanical response of individual single crystals. One experimental diagnostic with high potential impact to shock physics and materials science is in-situ x-ray diffraction. This paper is primarily focused on simulation of x-ray diffraction in shock physics, but with an aim toward quantifying parametric uncertainty of simulation models. We develop and demonstrate a data-science and model-driven approach to constrain the parameterization of continuum models of crystal lattice deformation associated with the shock response of crystalline materials. The framework is built around the connection between continuum hydrodynamic simulations of lattice deformation and a new Bragg diffraction simulation code, BarberShop. The dynamic deformation of a crystal lattice is modeled using the DiscoFlux model within an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian hydrodynamic code, FLAG. These detailed continuum simulations of lattice deformation can be computationally slow, thus a statistical model is used to emulate the evolution of lattice deformation fields in time and across the considered model parameter space. Emulated lattice deformation fields can then be generated rapidly for any combination of physics model parameters. In turn, these fields can be fed into BarberShop to realize a rapid prediction of Bragg diffraction patterns associated with particular values of physics model parameters. The framework enables parameterization of the single crystal model to obtain Bragg diffraction patterns that most closely resemble a corresponding measurement. Furthermore, the framework naturally provides sensitivities of the lattice deformation to the physics parameters. We highlight the utility of this framework through the application to a synthetic closed-loop inverse problem leading to the parameterization of a single crystal material model. As a model problem, we consider the dynamic response of the energetic molecular crystal, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (or RDX), under dynamic compression induced by simulated flyer plate impact experiments. © 2020, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.
419	a7103004161	Ahrens J.	p109	False	Journal	80	Simulation and Emulation of X-Ray Diffraction from Dynamic Compression Experiments	Many important aspects of the dynamic thermo-mechanical response of materials occur at the mesoscale, i.e. a physical scale of interactions smaller than what can be adequately described by homogenous behaviors, yet larger than the scale of the atomic lattice. Concurrent advancements in computational power, continuum theory, and experimental diagnostics are enabling unprecedented understanding of such interactions. However, we cannot develop a sufficient level of confidence in such mesoscale capability until the constitutive description of the underlying constituents is reliably representative of their actual physical behavior. Therefore, there is a strong need to combine experimental, modeling, and data-science techniques to validate models of the thermomechanical response of individual single crystals. One experimental diagnostic with high potential impact to shock physics and materials science is in-situ x-ray diffraction. This paper is primarily focused on simulation of x-ray diffraction in shock physics, but with an aim toward quantifying parametric uncertainty of simulation models. We develop and demonstrate a data-science and model-driven approach to constrain the parameterization of continuum models of crystal lattice deformation associated with the shock response of crystalline materials. The framework is built around the connection between continuum hydrodynamic simulations of lattice deformation and a new Bragg diffraction simulation code, BarberShop. The dynamic deformation of a crystal lattice is modeled using the DiscoFlux model within an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian hydrodynamic code, FLAG. These detailed continuum simulations of lattice deformation can be computationally slow, thus a statistical model is used to emulate the evolution of lattice deformation fields in time and across the considered model parameter space. Emulated lattice deformation fields can then be generated rapidly for any combination of physics model parameters. In turn, these fields can be fed into BarberShop to realize a rapid prediction of Bragg diffraction patterns associated with particular values of physics model parameters. The framework enables parameterization of the single crystal model to obtain Bragg diffraction patterns that most closely resemble a corresponding measurement. Furthermore, the framework naturally provides sensitivities of the lattice deformation to the physics parameters. We highlight the utility of this framework through the application to a synthetic closed-loop inverse problem leading to the parameterization of a single crystal material model. As a model problem, we consider the dynamic response of the energetic molecular crystal, cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (or RDX), under dynamic compression induced by simulated flyer plate impact experiments. © 2020, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.
420	a57202612841	Willey L.C.	p110	False	Journal	81	Single pursuer and two cooperative evaders in the border defense differential game	An interest in border defense, surveillance, and interdiction has recently increased for a variety of reasons related to issues of illegal immigration, terrorism, drug and human trafficking, and other potential threats. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer an attractive alternative to supporting and defending various threats at borders. This paper applies a differential game to define a border defense scenario where one UAV (pursuer) seeks to capture two intruders (evaders) before they reach a designated border. The evaders can be UAVs, marine or ground vehicles, or human agents, but they have a lower maximum speed than the pursuer throughout the game. Simple motion is assumed for the pursuer and evaders with complete state information shared across all agents. The game is played within a rectangular area with a parallel top and bottom border of length L and left and right borders with a length of W, for a game aspect ratio of L∕W. The value of the game is the minimum distance to the bottom border achieved by the evaders at any time before capture of both evaders. Within the region where the pursuer wins, the game of degree is explored and the optimal policy for both the evaders and pursuer is derived using geometric properties. © 2020 by John Salmon. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
420	a57202612841	Willey L.C.	p508	False	Conference	188	Systems analysis of EV adoption and criteria pollutant accumulation during inversion events	Exploring the system-level interactions between vehicle exhaust criteria pollutants, human health, and natural weather patterns such as inversion events is increasingly expedient given the accelerated growth and concentration of human populations in recent years. Pollutants often accumulate to unhealthy concentrations during winter inversion events like those that commonly occur in the state of Utah and other mountainous regions. Electric vehicles (EV) are a potential solution to reduce harmful tail-pipe emissions that accumulate during inversions. This work represents a systems-level analysis of the degree to which replacing internal combustion engine vehicles (ICE) with EVs would reduce the near-road accumulation of criteria pollutants. The analysis draws on vehicle miles travelled data from major highways in Utah, vehicle fuel efficiency data, EPA-specified vehicle pollution emission standards, and local weather pattern trends. It employs two models, built in MATLAB and the agent-based modeling environment NetLogo, to determine pollutant concentrations, accumulation, and dispersion rates. These results are processed to determine changes in the Air Quality Index (AQI) caused by adjusting the percentage of EVs present within the vehicle population. The analysis concludes that replacing a significant percentage (80-100%) of the existing, fossil-fuel powered vehicle population with EVs would improve local AQI by 13 points. During extreme inversion events in Utah, these reductions would delay AQI levels from reaching 'red,' or unhealthy, status for enough time to allow local weather patterns to shift and dissipate the inversion event and accompanying pollution. Such a drastic reduction in AQI translates into better adolescent and elderly health and could minimize the risk of early onset asthma and other respiratory illnesses in regions negatively affected by high traffic pollution and winter inversion events. © 2018 IEEE.
421	a36499438800	Garcia E.	p110	False	Journal	81	Single pursuer and two cooperative evaders in the border defense differential game	An interest in border defense, surveillance, and interdiction has recently increased for a variety of reasons related to issues of illegal immigration, terrorism, drug and human trafficking, and other potential threats. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer an attractive alternative to supporting and defending various threats at borders. This paper applies a differential game to define a border defense scenario where one UAV (pursuer) seeks to capture two intruders (evaders) before they reach a designated border. The evaders can be UAVs, marine or ground vehicles, or human agents, but they have a lower maximum speed than the pursuer throughout the game. Simple motion is assumed for the pursuer and evaders with complete state information shared across all agents. The game is played within a rectangular area with a parallel top and bottom border of length L and left and right borders with a length of W, for a game aspect ratio of L∕W. The value of the game is the minimum distance to the bottom border achieved by the evaders at any time before capture of both evaders. Within the region where the pursuer wins, the game of degree is explored and the optimal policy for both the evaders and pursuer is derived using geometric properties. © 2020 by John Salmon. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
422	a55860312700	Von Moll A.	p110	False	Journal	81	Single pursuer and two cooperative evaders in the border defense differential game	An interest in border defense, surveillance, and interdiction has recently increased for a variety of reasons related to issues of illegal immigration, terrorism, drug and human trafficking, and other potential threats. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) offer an attractive alternative to supporting and defending various threats at borders. This paper applies a differential game to define a border defense scenario where one UAV (pursuer) seeks to capture two intruders (evaders) before they reach a designated border. The evaders can be UAVs, marine or ground vehicles, or human agents, but they have a lower maximum speed than the pursuer throughout the game. Simple motion is assumed for the pursuer and evaders with complete state information shared across all agents. The game is played within a rectangular area with a parallel top and bottom border of length L and left and right borders with a length of W, for a game aspect ratio of L∕W. The value of the game is the minimum distance to the bottom border achieved by the evaders at any time before capture of both evaders. Within the region where the pursuer wins, the game of degree is explored and the optimal policy for both the evaders and pursuer is derived using geometric properties. © 2020 by John Salmon. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.
423	a57201618074	Trapuzzano M.	p111	True	Journal	82	Volume and frequency-independent spreading of droplets driven by ultrasonic surface vibration	Many industrial processes depend on the wetting of liquids on various surfaces. Understanding the wetting effects due to ultrasonic vibration could provide a means for changing the behavior of liquids on any surface. In previous studies, low-frequency surface vibrations have been used to alter wetting states of droplets by exciting droplet volume modes. While high-frequency (>20 kHz) surface vibration can also cause droplets to wet or spread on a surface, this effect is relatively uncharacterized. In this study, droplets of various liquids with volumes ranging from 2 to 70 μL were vibrated on hydrophobic-coated (FluoroSyl) glass substrates fixed to a piezoelectric transducer at varying amplitudes and at a range of frequencies between 21 and 42 kHz. The conditions for contact line motion were evaluated, and the change in droplet diameter under vibration was measured. Droplets of all tested liquids initially begin to spread out at a similar surface acceleration level. The results show that the increase in diameter is proportional to the maximum acceleration of the surface. Finally, liquid properties and surface roughness may also produce some secondary effects, but droplet volume and excitation frequency do not significantly change the droplet spreading behavior within the parameter range studied. © 2020 by the authors.
424	a6506325894	Tejada-Martínez A.	p111	False	Journal	82	Volume and frequency-independent spreading of droplets driven by ultrasonic surface vibration	Many industrial processes depend on the wetting of liquids on various surfaces. Understanding the wetting effects due to ultrasonic vibration could provide a means for changing the behavior of liquids on any surface. In previous studies, low-frequency surface vibrations have been used to alter wetting states of droplets by exciting droplet volume modes. While high-frequency (>20 kHz) surface vibration can also cause droplets to wet or spread on a surface, this effect is relatively uncharacterized. In this study, droplets of various liquids with volumes ranging from 2 to 70 μL were vibrated on hydrophobic-coated (FluoroSyl) glass substrates fixed to a piezoelectric transducer at varying amplitudes and at a range of frequencies between 21 and 42 kHz. The conditions for contact line motion were evaluated, and the change in droplet diameter under vibration was measured. Droplets of all tested liquids initially begin to spread out at a similar surface acceleration level. The results show that the increase in diameter is proportional to the maximum acceleration of the surface. Finally, liquid properties and surface roughness may also produce some secondary effects, but droplet volume and excitation frequency do not significantly change the droplet spreading behavior within the parameter range studied. © 2020 by the authors.
425	a8608764300	Guldiken R.	p111	False	Journal	82	Volume and frequency-independent spreading of droplets driven by ultrasonic surface vibration	Many industrial processes depend on the wetting of liquids on various surfaces. Understanding the wetting effects due to ultrasonic vibration could provide a means for changing the behavior of liquids on any surface. In previous studies, low-frequency surface vibrations have been used to alter wetting states of droplets by exciting droplet volume modes. While high-frequency (>20 kHz) surface vibration can also cause droplets to wet or spread on a surface, this effect is relatively uncharacterized. In this study, droplets of various liquids with volumes ranging from 2 to 70 μL were vibrated on hydrophobic-coated (FluoroSyl) glass substrates fixed to a piezoelectric transducer at varying amplitudes and at a range of frequencies between 21 and 42 kHz. The conditions for contact line motion were evaluated, and the change in droplet diameter under vibration was measured. Droplets of all tested liquids initially begin to spread out at a similar surface acceleration level. The results show that the increase in diameter is proportional to the maximum acceleration of the surface. Finally, liquid properties and surface roughness may also produce some secondary effects, but droplet volume and excitation frequency do not significantly change the droplet spreading behavior within the parameter range studied. © 2020 by the authors.
426	a57204470823	Thurlow C.A.	p112	False	Journal	29	Improving the Reliability of TMR with Nontriplicated I/O on SRAM FPGAs	Triple modular redundancy (TMR) with repair is a commonly employed mitigation strategy used on SRAM field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) to reduce the effects of ionizing radiation and improve a circuit's sensitive cross section. This article examines TMR circuits, where the I/O ports of the circuit have not been triplicated, but the internal circuitry has. Such circuits introduce single-point failures (SPFs) into the circuit that limit the neutron cross-sectional improvement offered by TMR to only 3× for the b13 benchmark circuit used in this article. This article proposes two different mitigation techniques to address SPFs, which alter the placement and routing of the circuit. These mitigation techniques reduce the neutron cross section by 26× over the unmitigated circuit while minimally affecting the circuit's maximum clock frequency and resource utilization. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
426	a57204470823	Thurlow C.A.	p362	False	Journal	202	Strategies for Removing Common Mode Failures from TMR Designs Deployed on SRAM FPGAs	Triple modular redundancy (TMR) with repair has proven to be an effective strategy for mitigating the effects of single-event upsets within the configuration memory of static random access memory field-programmable gate arrays. Applying TMR to the design successfully reduces the design's neutron cross section by 80×. The effectiveness of TMR, however, is limited by the presence of single bits in the configuration memory which cause more than one TMR domain to fail simultaneously. We present three strategies to mitigate against these failures and improve the effectiveness of TMR: incremental routing, incremental placement, and striping. These techniques were tested using both fault injection and a wide spectrum neutron beam with the best technique offering a 400× reduction to the design's sensitive neutron cross section. An analysis from the radiation test shows that no single bits caused failure and that multicell upsets were the main cause of failure for these mitigation strategies. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
427	a57211518929	Gregg J.F.	p114	True	Journal	77	Electromagnetic excitation technique for nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy	Nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) is a method that can be used to determine the amount of microcracking in structures. The nonlinear parameter extracted in NRUS is based on the dependence of the resonance frequency on vibration amplitude in the presence of damage. NRUS measurements typically are excited with a piezoelectric transducer, but here the application of an electromagnetic transducer is explored as an alternative. The electromagnetic transducer, unlike a single piezoelectric, allows selective excitation of longitudinal, torsional, and bending vibrations in a rod-shaped sample. Measurement of the nonlinear properties of the sample for each type of vibration is therefore possible. This electromagnetic technique involves gluing a coil of wire onto the end of a rod sample and placing it in a magnetic field. By controlling which part of the coil is inside the strongest region of the magnetic field, the principal direction of the driven oscillations in the rod can be controlled. Both piezoelectric and electromagnetic excitation techniques are tested by measuring the parameter of nonlinearity for longitudinal motion, αE, in a sample of Berea sandstone. The electromagnetic technique was shown to measure a 30% higher mean value for αE than the piezoelectric technique. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
428	a56036628100	Anderson B.E.	p114	False	Journal	77	Electromagnetic excitation technique for nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy	Nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) is a method that can be used to determine the amount of microcracking in structures. The nonlinear parameter extracted in NRUS is based on the dependence of the resonance frequency on vibration amplitude in the presence of damage. NRUS measurements typically are excited with a piezoelectric transducer, but here the application of an electromagnetic transducer is explored as an alternative. The electromagnetic transducer, unlike a single piezoelectric, allows selective excitation of longitudinal, torsional, and bending vibrations in a rod-shaped sample. Measurement of the nonlinear properties of the sample for each type of vibration is therefore possible. This electromagnetic technique involves gluing a coil of wire onto the end of a rod sample and placing it in a magnetic field. By controlling which part of the coil is inside the strongest region of the magnetic field, the principal direction of the driven oscillations in the rod can be controlled. Both piezoelectric and electromagnetic excitation techniques are tested by measuring the parameter of nonlinearity for longitudinal motion, αE, in a sample of Berea sandstone. The electromagnetic technique was shown to measure a 30% higher mean value for αE than the piezoelectric technique. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
428	a56036628100	Anderson B.E.	p130	False	Journal	77	Detecting and imaging stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel, with application to inspecting storage canisters for spent nuclear fuel	One of the primary concerns with the long-term performance of storage systems for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is the potential for corrosion due to deliquescence of salts deposited as aerosols on the surface of the canister, which is typically made of austentic stainless steel. In regions of high residual weld stresses, this may lead to localized stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The ability to detect and image SCC at an early stage (long before the cracks are susceptible to propagate through the thickness of the canister wall and leaks of radioactive material may occur) is essential to the performance evaluation and licensing process of the storage systems. In this paper, we explore a number of nondestructive testing techniques to detect and image SCC in austenitic stainless steel. Our attention is focused on a small rectangular sample of 1 × 2 in2 with two cracks of mm-scale sizes. The techniques explored in this paper include nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) for detection, Linear Elastodynamic Gradient Imaging Technique (LEGIT), ultrasonic C-scan, vibrothermography, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction for imaging. Results obtained from these techniques are compared. Cracks of mm-scale sizes can be detected and imaged with all the techniques explored in this study. © 2019
428	a56036628100	Anderson B.E.	p265	False	Journal	174	Nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy of stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel rods	Stainless steel containers are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) under certain stress and corrosion conditions. Nonlinear ultrasonic techniques are very sensitive to the early presence of damage, more so than linear techniques. Nonlinear Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (NRUS) is used here to measure a nonlinear shift in the resonance frequency due to a cumulative amount of SCC. Steel rods are immersed in a heated magnesium chloride solution and removed after different exposure times. NRUS measurements are conducted using the fundamental longitudinal mode of vibration. Rods exposed longer generally have a larger resonance frequency shift and are therefore more nonlinear. Thus NRUS might offer a means of detecting a cumulative SCC damage in a sample. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
428	a56036628100	Anderson B.E.	p620	True	Journal	310	Time reversal techniques	Time reversal is a technique to focus wave energy to a selected point in space and time, localize and characterize a source of wave propagation, and/or communicate information between two points. This chapter will introduce the reader to the concept of time reversal and different implementations of this concept. The focus will then be directed to non-destructive evaluation applications using nonlinear elasto-dynamics together with time reversal. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.
429	a16033650300	Remillieux M.C.	p114	False	Journal	77	Electromagnetic excitation technique for nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy	Nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) is a method that can be used to determine the amount of microcracking in structures. The nonlinear parameter extracted in NRUS is based on the dependence of the resonance frequency on vibration amplitude in the presence of damage. NRUS measurements typically are excited with a piezoelectric transducer, but here the application of an electromagnetic transducer is explored as an alternative. The electromagnetic transducer, unlike a single piezoelectric, allows selective excitation of longitudinal, torsional, and bending vibrations in a rod-shaped sample. Measurement of the nonlinear properties of the sample for each type of vibration is therefore possible. This electromagnetic technique involves gluing a coil of wire onto the end of a rod sample and placing it in a magnetic field. By controlling which part of the coil is inside the strongest region of the magnetic field, the principal direction of the driven oscillations in the rod can be controlled. Both piezoelectric and electromagnetic excitation techniques are tested by measuring the parameter of nonlinearity for longitudinal motion, αE, in a sample of Berea sandstone. The electromagnetic technique was shown to measure a 30% higher mean value for αE than the piezoelectric technique. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
429	a16033650300	Remillieux M.C.	p130	True	Journal	77	Detecting and imaging stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel, with application to inspecting storage canisters for spent nuclear fuel	One of the primary concerns with the long-term performance of storage systems for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is the potential for corrosion due to deliquescence of salts deposited as aerosols on the surface of the canister, which is typically made of austentic stainless steel. In regions of high residual weld stresses, this may lead to localized stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The ability to detect and image SCC at an early stage (long before the cracks are susceptible to propagate through the thickness of the canister wall and leaks of radioactive material may occur) is essential to the performance evaluation and licensing process of the storage systems. In this paper, we explore a number of nondestructive testing techniques to detect and image SCC in austenitic stainless steel. Our attention is focused on a small rectangular sample of 1 × 2 in2 with two cracks of mm-scale sizes. The techniques explored in this paper include nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) for detection, Linear Elastodynamic Gradient Imaging Technique (LEGIT), ultrasonic C-scan, vibrothermography, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction for imaging. Results obtained from these techniques are compared. Cracks of mm-scale sizes can be detected and imaged with all the techniques explored in this study. © 2019
429	a16033650300	Remillieux M.C.	p265	False	Journal	174	Nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy of stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel rods	Stainless steel containers are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) under certain stress and corrosion conditions. Nonlinear ultrasonic techniques are very sensitive to the early presence of damage, more so than linear techniques. Nonlinear Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (NRUS) is used here to measure a nonlinear shift in the resonance frequency due to a cumulative amount of SCC. Steel rods are immersed in a heated magnesium chloride solution and removed after different exposure times. NRUS measurements are conducted using the fundamental longitudinal mode of vibration. Rods exposed longer generally have a larger resonance frequency shift and are therefore more nonlinear. Thus NRUS might offer a means of detecting a cumulative SCC damage in a sample. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
429	a16033650300	Remillieux M.C.	p620	False	Journal	310	Time reversal techniques	Time reversal is a technique to focus wave energy to a selected point in space and time, localize and characterize a source of wave propagation, and/or communicate information between two points. This chapter will introduce the reader to the concept of time reversal and different implementations of this concept. The focus will then be directed to non-destructive evaluation applications using nonlinear elasto-dynamics together with time reversal. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.
430	a57195804520	Bilancia P.	p115	True	Journal	83	On the modeling of a contact-aided cross-axis flexural pivot	This paper reports the study of a planar Cross-Axis Flexural Pivot (CAFP) comprising an additional contact pair. The proposed device may be useful for applications requiring a revolute joint that behaves differently when deflecting clockwise/anti-clockwise. The presence of the contact pair reduces the free length of one flexures, resulting in a considerable increment of the overall joint stiffness. The pivot behaviour is investigated, for different load cases, via the Chained-Beam-Constraint Model (CBCM), namely an accurate method to be applied in large deflection problems. A framework comprising Matlab and ANSYS is developed for testing the CAFP performances in terms of rotational stiffness, parasitic shift and maximum stress, with different combinations of geometrical aspect ratios and contact extensions. Results achieved via CBCM for a pure rotation applied to the CAFP's output link are then verified through Finite Element Analysis. The resulting performance maps show good agreement between the numerical results. Furthermore, the CBCM shows an improved computational efficiency, which is a crucial aspect for preliminary design steps. At last, direct comparison between simulations and experiments, developed by means of two custom test rigs, confirms the efficacy of the proposed design method for the modeling of contacts in large deflection problems. © 2019
431	a24483038000	Berselli G.	p115	False	Journal	83	On the modeling of a contact-aided cross-axis flexural pivot	This paper reports the study of a planar Cross-Axis Flexural Pivot (CAFP) comprising an additional contact pair. The proposed device may be useful for applications requiring a revolute joint that behaves differently when deflecting clockwise/anti-clockwise. The presence of the contact pair reduces the free length of one flexures, resulting in a considerable increment of the overall joint stiffness. The pivot behaviour is investigated, for different load cases, via the Chained-Beam-Constraint Model (CBCM), namely an accurate method to be applied in large deflection problems. A framework comprising Matlab and ANSYS is developed for testing the CAFP performances in terms of rotational stiffness, parasitic shift and maximum stress, with different combinations of geometrical aspect ratios and contact extensions. Results achieved via CBCM for a pure rotation applied to the CAFP's output link are then verified through Finite Element Analysis. The resulting performance maps show good agreement between the numerical results. Furthermore, the CBCM shows an improved computational efficiency, which is a crucial aspect for preliminary design steps. At last, direct comparison between simulations and experiments, developed by means of two custom test rigs, confirms the efficacy of the proposed design method for the modeling of contacts in large deflection problems. © 2019
432	a57189375802	Park J.	p116	True	Journal	84	Model predictive control and estimation of managed pressure drilling using a real-time high fidelity flow model	When drilling an oil or gas well, well pressures may be controlled using a technology called managed pressure drilling. This technology often relies on model predictive control schemes; however, practical limitations have generally led to the use of simplified controller models that do not optimally handle certain perturbations in the physical system. The present work reports on the first implementation of a highly accurate system model that has been adapted for real-time use in a controller. This real-time high-fidelity model approximates the results of offline high-fidelity models without requiring operation by model experts. The effectiveness of the model is demonstrated through simulation studies of controller behavior under various drilling conditions, including an evaluation of the impact of sparse downhole feedback measurements. © 2020
432	a57189375802	Park J.	p356	True	Conference	126	Closed-Loop PID Re-Tuning in a Digital Twin by Re-Playing Past Setpoint and Load Disturbance Data	[No abstract available]
432	a57189375802	Park J.	p834	True	Conference	362	Improved bottomhole pressure control with wired drillpipe and physics-based models	Wired Drillpipe (WDP) technology provides two-way and high speed measurements from bottom hole and along-string sensors. The data offered by WDP technology has maximum benefit when applied in an automation system or as a real-time advisory tool. Improved control is demonstrated for Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) with the use of high-speed telemetry and physics-based models. Stabilizing and minimizing pressure within an acceptable bound leads to higher and more consistent Rate of Penetration (ROP). MPD control is challenging due to tight pressure windows and the nonlinearity of the choke and pump response on Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP). This work demonstrates a new Hammerstein-Wiener nonlinear model predictive controller for BHP regulation in drilling. Hammerstein-Wiener models employ input and output static nonlinear blocks before and after linear dynamics blocks and thereby simplify the controller design. The control performance is evaluated in scenarios such as drilling, pipe connections, and kick attenuation. A physics-based drilling simulator, WeMod, is used for model identification and control performance evaluation. The control performance of the new nonlinear controller is compared to conventional controllers in various scenarios. Because of the interconnected multivariable and nonlinear nature of the drilling operation, conventional controllers show severe limitations. In a first scenario, the performance of set point tracking during normal drilling operation is compared. By changing the set point of the BHP, the conventional controller manipulates only the choke valve opening while the nonlinear controller moves choke valve opening, mud pump, and back pressure pump simultaneously. In a second scenario, a pipe connection of a typical drillpipe stand is demonstrated. The conventional controller is not able to regulate the BHP by adjusting the choke valve only. Although a linear version of the controller is able to exploit multivariable relationships, absence of the nonlinear relationships results in severe oscillation when the operational range is shifted outside of the training region. The nonlinear controller maintains a BHP within ±1 bar of the requested set point. A third scenario investigates the kick attenuation performance of conventional and nonlinear control algorithms. The nonlinear controller attenuates the kick within well control conditions, without requiring a well shut-in procedure. Recent advances in drilling simulators and the reliability of the WDP data highway have enabled tighter BHP control. This study presents a robust method to control BHP by applying Hammerstein-Wiener models in an efficient model predictive controller. The proposed methods have been validated in the downstream industry, but are applied for the first time to drilling with nonlinear control functionality. The multivariable control adjusts three main manipulated variables in MPD simultaneously. Copyright © 2017, SPE/IADC Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
433	a57212455523	Price C.	p116	False	Journal	84	Model predictive control and estimation of managed pressure drilling using a real-time high fidelity flow model	When drilling an oil or gas well, well pressures may be controlled using a technology called managed pressure drilling. This technology often relies on model predictive control schemes; however, practical limitations have generally led to the use of simplified controller models that do not optimally handle certain perturbations in the physical system. The present work reports on the first implementation of a highly accurate system model that has been adapted for real-time use in a controller. This real-time high-fidelity model approximates the results of offline high-fidelity models without requiring operation by model experts. The effectiveness of the model is demonstrated through simulation studies of controller behavior under various drilling conditions, including an evaluation of the impact of sparse downhole feedback measurements. © 2020
434	a6603286802	Pixton D.	p116	False	Journal	84	Model predictive control and estimation of managed pressure drilling using a real-time high fidelity flow model	When drilling an oil or gas well, well pressures may be controlled using a technology called managed pressure drilling. This technology often relies on model predictive control schemes; however, practical limitations have generally led to the use of simplified controller models that do not optimally handle certain perturbations in the physical system. The present work reports on the first implementation of a highly accurate system model that has been adapted for real-time use in a controller. This real-time high-fidelity model approximates the results of offline high-fidelity models without requiring operation by model experts. The effectiveness of the model is demonstrated through simulation studies of controller behavior under various drilling conditions, including an evaluation of the impact of sparse downhole feedback measurements. © 2020
435	a57023931200	Aghito M.	p116	False	Journal	84	Model predictive control and estimation of managed pressure drilling using a real-time high fidelity flow model	When drilling an oil or gas well, well pressures may be controlled using a technology called managed pressure drilling. This technology often relies on model predictive control schemes; however, practical limitations have generally led to the use of simplified controller models that do not optimally handle certain perturbations in the physical system. The present work reports on the first implementation of a highly accurate system model that has been adapted for real-time use in a controller. This real-time high-fidelity model approximates the results of offline high-fidelity models without requiring operation by model experts. The effectiveness of the model is demonstrated through simulation studies of controller behavior under various drilling conditions, including an evaluation of the impact of sparse downhole feedback measurements. © 2020
435	a57023931200	Aghito M.	p859	True	Conference	381	Automatic model calibration for drilling automation	Physics-based hydraulic models are essential for proceeding to a high level of automation in drilling. Mathematical models can facilitate process understanding and problem detection, and determine appropriate actions in case of mismatch between model and data. Furthermore, calculations may replace measurements where and when the latter are not available, as normally occurs during connections or when instruments or signal transmissions fail. However, advanced hydraulic models rely on a large set of inputs, such as pipe and wellbore geometry, various tuning parameters and fluid properties. The models are therefore time-consuming and difficult to configure in the field, where third-party experts may be needed at each well, to properly initiate the automation system and adjust it during the drilling process. Although the methods described in this paper are relevant to any critical drilling operation, they are applied to Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) as a widely deployed example of drilling automation. In MPD, hydraulic models predict downhole conditions and determine the requisite choke pressure for automatic adjustment. A new method for automatic configuration of key model parameters simplifies the tedious job of setting up the model and ensures that the automation system remains tuned to the well, even without onsite model tuning expertise. The proposed scheme is based on a simple method for separating inaccuracies due to co-linearity in frictional pressure losses and static mud weight. The search for optimal correction factors is based on a sequence of small oscillations of pump rate that can be applied during drilling without interrupting the operation. A massively parallel computing architecture improves the speed of the calibration algorithm proportional to the number of available CPU cores. A set of hydraulic model instances runs in parallel, allowing for efficient testing of changes in input signals within ranges of uncertainty. A method for selecting a subset of the best models that more accurately represent a given well is proposed. Computer simulations demonstrate how the novel calibration scheme allows automatic tuning of the friction factor and density correction factor, giving accurate prediction of the bottom hole pressure (BHP). The tuning scheme is run with a parallel architecture to demonstrate that correct values of unknown configuration parameters can be automatically determined sufficiently fast for real-time drilling control or as an advisory tool. The deployment of automation systems in drilling is hampered by the need for dedicated expert personnel to maintain systems that could have reduced the personnel needed on the rig. The proposed automated physics-based model tuning contributes to removing this roadblock, aiming at making automation systems a more cost-efficient option for drilling operations. Copyright 2017, Society of Petroleum Engineers.
436	a24830555500	Nybø R.	p116	False	Journal	84	Model predictive control and estimation of managed pressure drilling using a real-time high fidelity flow model	When drilling an oil or gas well, well pressures may be controlled using a technology called managed pressure drilling. This technology often relies on model predictive control schemes; however, practical limitations have generally led to the use of simplified controller models that do not optimally handle certain perturbations in the physical system. The present work reports on the first implementation of a highly accurate system model that has been adapted for real-time use in a controller. This real-time high-fidelity model approximates the results of offline high-fidelity models without requiring operation by model experts. The effectiveness of the model is demonstrated through simulation studies of controller behavior under various drilling conditions, including an evaluation of the impact of sparse downhole feedback measurements. © 2020
436	a24830555500	Nybø R.	p859	False	Conference	381	Automatic model calibration for drilling automation	Physics-based hydraulic models are essential for proceeding to a high level of automation in drilling. Mathematical models can facilitate process understanding and problem detection, and determine appropriate actions in case of mismatch between model and data. Furthermore, calculations may replace measurements where and when the latter are not available, as normally occurs during connections or when instruments or signal transmissions fail. However, advanced hydraulic models rely on a large set of inputs, such as pipe and wellbore geometry, various tuning parameters and fluid properties. The models are therefore time-consuming and difficult to configure in the field, where third-party experts may be needed at each well, to properly initiate the automation system and adjust it during the drilling process. Although the methods described in this paper are relevant to any critical drilling operation, they are applied to Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) as a widely deployed example of drilling automation. In MPD, hydraulic models predict downhole conditions and determine the requisite choke pressure for automatic adjustment. A new method for automatic configuration of key model parameters simplifies the tedious job of setting up the model and ensures that the automation system remains tuned to the well, even without onsite model tuning expertise. The proposed scheme is based on a simple method for separating inaccuracies due to co-linearity in frictional pressure losses and static mud weight. The search for optimal correction factors is based on a sequence of small oscillations of pump rate that can be applied during drilling without interrupting the operation. A massively parallel computing architecture improves the speed of the calibration algorithm proportional to the number of available CPU cores. A set of hydraulic model instances runs in parallel, allowing for efficient testing of changes in input signals within ranges of uncertainty. A method for selecting a subset of the best models that more accurately represent a given well is proposed. Computer simulations demonstrate how the novel calibration scheme allows automatic tuning of the friction factor and density correction factor, giving accurate prediction of the bottom hole pressure (BHP). The tuning scheme is run with a parallel architecture to demonstrate that correct values of unknown configuration parameters can be automatically determined sufficiently fast for real-time drilling control or as an advisory tool. The deployment of automation systems in drilling is hampered by the need for dedicated expert personnel to maintain systems that could have reduced the personnel needed on the rig. The proposed automated physics-based model tuning contributes to removing this roadblock, aiming at making automation systems a more cost-efficient option for drilling operations. Copyright 2017, Society of Petroleum Engineers.
437	a6602776615	Bjørkevoll K.	p116	False	Journal	84	Model predictive control and estimation of managed pressure drilling using a real-time high fidelity flow model	When drilling an oil or gas well, well pressures may be controlled using a technology called managed pressure drilling. This technology often relies on model predictive control schemes; however, practical limitations have generally led to the use of simplified controller models that do not optimally handle certain perturbations in the physical system. The present work reports on the first implementation of a highly accurate system model that has been adapted for real-time use in a controller. This real-time high-fidelity model approximates the results of offline high-fidelity models without requiring operation by model experts. The effectiveness of the model is demonstrated through simulation studies of controller behavior under various drilling conditions, including an evaluation of the impact of sparse downhole feedback measurements. © 2020
437	a6602776615	Bjørkevoll K.	p859	False	Conference	381	Automatic model calibration for drilling automation	Physics-based hydraulic models are essential for proceeding to a high level of automation in drilling. Mathematical models can facilitate process understanding and problem detection, and determine appropriate actions in case of mismatch between model and data. Furthermore, calculations may replace measurements where and when the latter are not available, as normally occurs during connections or when instruments or signal transmissions fail. However, advanced hydraulic models rely on a large set of inputs, such as pipe and wellbore geometry, various tuning parameters and fluid properties. The models are therefore time-consuming and difficult to configure in the field, where third-party experts may be needed at each well, to properly initiate the automation system and adjust it during the drilling process. Although the methods described in this paper are relevant to any critical drilling operation, they are applied to Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) as a widely deployed example of drilling automation. In MPD, hydraulic models predict downhole conditions and determine the requisite choke pressure for automatic adjustment. A new method for automatic configuration of key model parameters simplifies the tedious job of setting up the model and ensures that the automation system remains tuned to the well, even without onsite model tuning expertise. The proposed scheme is based on a simple method for separating inaccuracies due to co-linearity in frictional pressure losses and static mud weight. The search for optimal correction factors is based on a sequence of small oscillations of pump rate that can be applied during drilling without interrupting the operation. A massively parallel computing architecture improves the speed of the calibration algorithm proportional to the number of available CPU cores. A set of hydraulic model instances runs in parallel, allowing for efficient testing of changes in input signals within ranges of uncertainty. A method for selecting a subset of the best models that more accurately represent a given well is proposed. Computer simulations demonstrate how the novel calibration scheme allows automatic tuning of the friction factor and density correction factor, giving accurate prediction of the bottom hole pressure (BHP). The tuning scheme is run with a parallel architecture to demonstrate that correct values of unknown configuration parameters can be automatically determined sufficiently fast for real-time drilling control or as an advisory tool. The deployment of automation systems in drilling is hampered by the need for dedicated expert personnel to maintain systems that could have reduced the personnel needed on the rig. The proposed automated physics-based model tuning contributes to removing this roadblock, aiming at making automation systems a more cost-efficient option for drilling operations. Copyright 2017, Society of Petroleum Engineers.
438	a56857577200	Leete K.M.	p117	True	Journal	78	Coherence analysis of the noise from a simulated highly heated laboratory-scale jet	Measurements of full-scale high-performance military aircraft reveal phenomena that are not widely seen at laboratory scales. However, recent modifications to large eddy-simulation (LES) methods allow for simulations of jets operating at a high-temperature ratio in a similar regime as military aircraft operating at afterburner. This work applies coherence analyses that have been previously used to study the jet noise field produced by military aircraft to the LES of a highly heated laboratory-scale jet. The coherence of the complex pressures along a near-field line approximately parallel to the shear layer as well as along the nozzle lip line shows evidence of distinct noise production mechanisms that transfer information differently from the flow to the field. A phenomenological comparison between the LES and measurements of an afterburning F-35 aircraft is then made. Although the LES is not run at the exact same conditions as the aircraft and does not reproduce all of the phenomena present in the aircraft’s jet noise field, differences between noise production mechanisms observed in the LES may describe some of the spatiospectral lobe phenomena observed in the measurements of the F-35. © 2020 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
438	a56857577200	Leete K.M.	p373	False	Conference	134	Crackle-related beamforming of military jet aircraft noise	Crackle is a perceptual feature of supersonic jet noise that is related to the presence of acoustic shocks. This study investigates the apparent source locations of events related to crackle for a high-performance military jet aircraft using an event-based, time-domain beamforming method. This method utilizes the cross correlation between adjacent microphones to determine the angle of propagation of an ensemble of shock-related events within the time waveform. This angle of propagation is then traced back towards the source to find the apparent source location. Based on the angle of propagation, derivative skewness, and overall sound pressure level, the microphone pairs along the array can be sorted into six groups. With increasing engine condition, groups related to the presence of crackle tend to shift downstream and broaden, in qualitative agreement with the general aeroacoustic source locations. However, a comparison with near-field acoustical holography shows that the apparent source region of crackle-related events appears upstream of the overall energy at intermediate power but appear to converge at maximum afterburner. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
438	a56857577200	Leete K.M.	p374	True	Conference	135	Coherence analysis of the noise from a simulated highly-heated laboratory-scale jet	Large-eddy simulations (LES) have been shown to reproduce the flow and acoustic fields of laboratory-scale jets with increasing accuracy. However, measurements of full-scale, high-performance military aircraft reveal phenomena that are not widely seen at laboratory scales. Recent modifications to LES methods allow for simulations of jets operating at a high temperature ratio, in a similar regime as military aircraft operating at afterburner. This work applies coherence analyses that have been previously used to study the jet noise field produced by military aircraft to the LES of a highly-heated, laboratory-scale jet. The coherence of the complex pressures along a near-field line approximately parallel to the shear layer shows evidence of four distinct field regions. The coherence between this line and complex pressures along the simulated jet lipline provide source regions in the jet plume corresponding to each field region. Differences in how information is transferred from the flow to the field suggests that the source regions represent different noise production mechanisms. The field regions compare favorably to some spatiospectral lobe features observed in measurements of an F-35B aircraft operating at afterburner, though do not reproduce all of the phenomena present in the aircraft’s jet noise field. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
438	a56857577200	Leete K.M.	p624	True	Conference	260	Dependence of high-performance military aircraft noise on frequency and engine power	To further understand the unique characteristics of military aircraft noise, the sound field in the vicinity of a tied-down F-35B was measured for various engine powers, from 25% to 150% Engine Thrust Request (ETR). Synchronous measurements along a linear ground array approximately parallel to the shear layer were used to image the entire field through multisource statistically optimized near-field acoustical holography (M-SONAH). The field in the direction of maximum radiation consists of multiple lobes in the spatiospectral domain, which are manifest as multiple local maxima in space for a fixed frequency or multiple peaks in the spectra at a fixed location. Multiple lobes are observed at non-afterburning and afterburning engine conditions. As frequency increases for a given engine power, lobes appear towards the sideline and shift aft until they disappear beyond the measurement aperture and new lobe(s) take their place. As engine power is increased at a fixed frequency, the forwardmost lobe increases in its relative contribution to the field, which is a major contributing factor to the forward shift in overall directivity with increasing engine power. Field reconstructions and data in the forward direction outside of the region of maximum radiation show the presence of broadband shock-associated noise (BBSAN) for 75% ETR and above. Reconstructions along the nozzle lipline of the jet indicate the BBSAN originates from approximately the same region as the sources for the main radiation direction. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
438	a56857577200	Leete K.M.	p865	False	Conference	386	Preliminary investigation of multilobe fighter jet noise sources using acoustical holography	An understanding of jet noise source mechanisms can facilitate targeted noise reduction efforts. This understanding has been enhanced with acoustic imaging technologies, such as near-field acoustical holography (NAH). In this study, multisource statistically optimized NAH (M-SONAH) was used to image the sound field near a tethered F-35 aircraft at multiple frequencies. A linear microphone array, placed along the ground, spanned the length of the jet exhaust plume. A multisource model of the sound field was included in the algorithm to incorporate the effects of the ground reflection on the measurement. Narrowband reconstructions elucidated fine details of the radiation patterns, such as multilobe radiation patterns (which may supersede “dual-lobe” patterns shown in previous studies), and broadband shock-associated noise. [Work supported by F-35 JPO.] © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
439	a16643231700	Liu J.	p117	False	Journal	78	Coherence analysis of the noise from a simulated highly heated laboratory-scale jet	Measurements of full-scale high-performance military aircraft reveal phenomena that are not widely seen at laboratory scales. However, recent modifications to large eddy-simulation (LES) methods allow for simulations of jets operating at a high-temperature ratio in a similar regime as military aircraft operating at afterburner. This work applies coherence analyses that have been previously used to study the jet noise field produced by military aircraft to the LES of a highly heated laboratory-scale jet. The coherence of the complex pressures along a near-field line approximately parallel to the shear layer as well as along the nozzle lip line shows evidence of distinct noise production mechanisms that transfer information differently from the flow to the field. A phenomenological comparison between the LES and measurements of an afterburning F-35 aircraft is then made. Although the LES is not run at the exact same conditions as the aircraft and does not reproduce all of the phenomena present in the aircraft’s jet noise field, differences between noise production mechanisms observed in the LES may describe some of the spatiospectral lobe phenomena observed in the measurements of the F-35. © 2020 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
439	a16643231700	Liu J.	p374	False	Conference	135	Coherence analysis of the noise from a simulated highly-heated laboratory-scale jet	Large-eddy simulations (LES) have been shown to reproduce the flow and acoustic fields of laboratory-scale jets with increasing accuracy. However, measurements of full-scale, high-performance military aircraft reveal phenomena that are not widely seen at laboratory scales. Recent modifications to LES methods allow for simulations of jets operating at a high temperature ratio, in a similar regime as military aircraft operating at afterburner. This work applies coherence analyses that have been previously used to study the jet noise field produced by military aircraft to the LES of a highly-heated, laboratory-scale jet. The coherence of the complex pressures along a near-field line approximately parallel to the shear layer shows evidence of four distinct field regions. The coherence between this line and complex pressures along the simulated jet lipline provide source regions in the jet plume corresponding to each field region. Differences in how information is transferred from the flow to the field suggests that the source regions represent different noise production mechanisms. The field regions compare favorably to some spatiospectral lobe features observed in measurements of an F-35B aircraft operating at afterburner, though do not reproduce all of the phenomena present in the aircraft’s jet noise field. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
440	a55359090100	Wall A.T.	p117	False	Journal	78	Coherence analysis of the noise from a simulated highly heated laboratory-scale jet	Measurements of full-scale high-performance military aircraft reveal phenomena that are not widely seen at laboratory scales. However, recent modifications to large eddy-simulation (LES) methods allow for simulations of jets operating at a high-temperature ratio in a similar regime as military aircraft operating at afterburner. This work applies coherence analyses that have been previously used to study the jet noise field produced by military aircraft to the LES of a highly heated laboratory-scale jet. The coherence of the complex pressures along a near-field line approximately parallel to the shear layer as well as along the nozzle lip line shows evidence of distinct noise production mechanisms that transfer information differently from the flow to the field. A phenomenological comparison between the LES and measurements of an afterburning F-35 aircraft is then made. Although the LES is not run at the exact same conditions as the aircraft and does not reproduce all of the phenomena present in the aircraft’s jet noise field, differences between noise production mechanisms observed in the LES may describe some of the spatiospectral lobe phenomena observed in the measurements of the F-35. © 2020 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
440	a55359090100	Wall A.T.	p370	False	Conference	132	Three-way spectral decompositions of high-performance military aircraft noise	High-performance military aircraft noise contains large- and fine-scale turbulent mixing noise and broadband shock-associated noise. A three-way spectral decomposition quantifies the contribution from each noise type in the sound of a tied-down F-35B aircraft on a linear ground-based array spanning 35–152 deg. This large spatial aperture allows for detailed investigation into the spatial variation in broadband shock-associated noise and fine- and large-scale turbulent mixing noise. The spectral models used in the decomposition capture the main features of the measured spectra with three exceptions: 1) that the F-35B engine noise contains multiple spectral peaks in the maximum radiation region, 2) that the nonlinear propagation increases the high-frequency spectral levels, and 3) that the low-frequency levels in the maximum radiation region are less than those predicted by the large-scale similarity spectrum. The F-35B broadband shock-associated noise has the same characteristic shape and variation in peak frequency as overexpanded, laboratory-scale jets. However, the peak level and width exhibit different trends than laboratory-scale broadband shock-associated noise and those recently reported for the F/A-18E aircraft. The strengths and limitations of current models to represent the spatial variation in the spectral content of F-35B noise can guide research efforts to more fully understand the sound radiation. Copyright © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
440	a55359090100	Wall A.T.	p373	False	Conference	134	Crackle-related beamforming of military jet aircraft noise	Crackle is a perceptual feature of supersonic jet noise that is related to the presence of acoustic shocks. This study investigates the apparent source locations of events related to crackle for a high-performance military jet aircraft using an event-based, time-domain beamforming method. This method utilizes the cross correlation between adjacent microphones to determine the angle of propagation of an ensemble of shock-related events within the time waveform. This angle of propagation is then traced back towards the source to find the apparent source location. Based on the angle of propagation, derivative skewness, and overall sound pressure level, the microphone pairs along the array can be sorted into six groups. With increasing engine condition, groups related to the presence of crackle tend to shift downstream and broaden, in qualitative agreement with the general aeroacoustic source locations. However, a comparison with near-field acoustical holography shows that the apparent source region of crackle-related events appears upstream of the overall energy at intermediate power but appear to converge at maximum afterburner. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
440	a55359090100	Wall A.T.	p374	False	Conference	135	Coherence analysis of the noise from a simulated highly-heated laboratory-scale jet	Large-eddy simulations (LES) have been shown to reproduce the flow and acoustic fields of laboratory-scale jets with increasing accuracy. However, measurements of full-scale, high-performance military aircraft reveal phenomena that are not widely seen at laboratory scales. Recent modifications to LES methods allow for simulations of jets operating at a high temperature ratio, in a similar regime as military aircraft operating at afterburner. This work applies coherence analyses that have been previously used to study the jet noise field produced by military aircraft to the LES of a highly-heated, laboratory-scale jet. The coherence of the complex pressures along a near-field line approximately parallel to the shear layer shows evidence of four distinct field regions. The coherence between this line and complex pressures along the simulated jet lipline provide source regions in the jet plume corresponding to each field region. Differences in how information is transferred from the flow to the field suggests that the source regions represent different noise production mechanisms. The field regions compare favorably to some spatiospectral lobe features observed in measurements of an F-35B aircraft operating at afterburner, though do not reproduce all of the phenomena present in the aircraft’s jet noise field. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
440	a55359090100	Wall A.T.	p623	False	Conference	259	Spatiotemporal correlation analysis of jet noise from a round-nozzle supersonic aircraft	Spatiotemporal analysis of noise from a tethered F-35B provides insight into the spatial, spectral and temporal relationships within the sound field. Six engine power conditions ranging from 25% to 150% engine thrust request were measured using a 71-microphone linear ground array located approximately 8 m from the estimated shear layer. Mixing noise trends with engine power for the round-nozzle F-35B are similar to those of a nominally rectangular-nozzle high-performance jet aircraft [Harker et al, AIAA, 2016]. Cross-correlation and coherence measures are used to corroborate and confirm identifications of fine- and large-scale turbulent mixing noise contributions from a concurrent study of the F-35B dataset [Neilsen et al., AIAA, 2018]. The relationships observed between multiple spatiospectral lobes seen in the maximum radiation regions of prior and concurrent high-performance aircraft noise studies [Leete et al., AIAA, 2018] are confirmed and expanded upon. Correlograms help identify how the multiple spatiospectral lobes have different apparent phase speeds across the array, corresponding to different directionality, some components of which also change with engine power. Increased overlap of lobes with increased engine power appears to drive global decreases in field coherence. Finally, the structure of the spatiospectral lobes appears to be more visible in nondimensionalized coherence length than in the spectrum itself. Broadband shock-associated noise (BBSAN) is found in the upstream direction at engine powers of 75% engine thrust request and above. Coherence is also used to separate BBSAN from jet mixing noise because the BBSAN is coherent within the relevant frequency range while adjacent fine-scale mixing noise is not. However, correlation and coherence analyses show that the upstream BBSAN signature is related to sound received in the peak radiation region dominated by the spatiospectral lobes. Possible links between the shock-associated noise and the spatiospectral lobes are discussed. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
440	a55359090100	Wall A.T.	p624	False	Conference	260	Dependence of high-performance military aircraft noise on frequency and engine power	To further understand the unique characteristics of military aircraft noise, the sound field in the vicinity of a tied-down F-35B was measured for various engine powers, from 25% to 150% Engine Thrust Request (ETR). Synchronous measurements along a linear ground array approximately parallel to the shear layer were used to image the entire field through multisource statistically optimized near-field acoustical holography (M-SONAH). The field in the direction of maximum radiation consists of multiple lobes in the spatiospectral domain, which are manifest as multiple local maxima in space for a fixed frequency or multiple peaks in the spectra at a fixed location. Multiple lobes are observed at non-afterburning and afterburning engine conditions. As frequency increases for a given engine power, lobes appear towards the sideline and shift aft until they disappear beyond the measurement aperture and new lobe(s) take their place. As engine power is increased at a fixed frequency, the forwardmost lobe increases in its relative contribution to the field, which is a major contributing factor to the forward shift in overall directivity with increasing engine power. Field reconstructions and data in the forward direction outside of the region of maximum radiation show the presence of broadband shock-associated noise (BBSAN) for 75% ETR and above. Reconstructions along the nozzle lipline of the jet indicate the BBSAN originates from approximately the same region as the sources for the main radiation direction. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
440	a55359090100	Wall A.T.	p625	False	Conference	261	Inclusion of broadband shock-associated noise in spectral decomposition of noise from highperformance military aircraft	Attempts to reduce the noise from high-performance military aircraft requires an understanding of the different jet noise generation mechanisms. The primary noise sources originate from interactions between turbulent mixing noise associated with large and finescale turbulent structures and the ambient air. A nonideally expanded jet also contains broadband shock-associated noise. A three-way decomposition of the spectral density measured near a tied-down F-35B quantifies the contribution from each type of noise. The decomposition is performed on noise from a ground-based, linear array of microphones, approximately 8 m from the estimated shear layer, which spanned an angular aperture of 35° to 152° (relative to engine inlet). This large spatial aperture allows for a detailed investigation into the spatial variation in broadband shock-associated noise and fine and large-scale turbulent mixing noise. The spectral decompositions match the measured spectral levels with three main exceptions: 1) the F-35B noise contains multiple spectral peaks in the maximum radiation region, 2) nonlinear propagation increases the high-frequency spectral levels, and 3) the low-frequency levels in the maximum radiation region are less than those predicted by the large-scale similarity spectrum. The main peak of the F-35B broadband shock-associated noise, evident from 35°-70°, has the same characteristic shape and variation in peak frequency as overexpanded, laboratory-scale jets. The F-35B broadband shockassociated noise peak level and width exhibit different trends than laboratory-scale BBSAN and those recently reported for the F/A-18E [Tam et al., Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 422, 2018, pp. 92-111]. The strengths and limitations of current models to represent the spatial variation in the spectral content of F-35B noise can guide research efforts to more fully understand the sound radiation from high-performance military aircraft. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
440	a55359090100	Wall A.T.	p626	False	Conference	262	Comparison of noise from high-performance military aircraft for ground run-up and flyover operations	While the majority of jet noise analysis takes place with a static jet or aircraft, airbase and community military jet noise exposure happens for the most part when the aircraft is in flight. Comparisons between flyover and ground run-up measurements for high-performance military aircraft have not been previously published. This paper presents comparisons between static ground run-up and flyover measurements for the F-35 operating at 150% Engine Thrust Request. The overall sound pressure levels and spectra are shown for the two scenarios, as well as indicators of nonlinear propagation and shock content, specifically the derivative skewness and average steepening factor. The overall sound pressure level is reduced in the peak radiation direction aft of the aircraft but increased in the forward direction. The peak frequency of the noise is relatively unaffected by flight effects, though the amplitude of each frequency may vary. The increase in level in the forward direction results in shock formation that is absent during ground run-up measurements. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
440	a55359090100	Wall A.T.	p861	False	Conference	382	Acoustic shock formation in noise propagation during ground run-up operations of military aircraft	A distinctive feature of many propagating, high-amplitude jet noise waveforms is the presence of acoustic shocks. Metrics indicative of shock presence, specifically the skewness of the time derivative of the waveform, the average steepening factor, and a new wavelet-based metric called the shock energy fraction (SEF), are used to quantify the strength and prevalence of acoustic shocks within waveforms recorded 10-305 m from a tethered military aircraft. The derivative skewness is more sensitive to the presence of the largest and steepest shocks, while the ASF and SEF tend to emphasize aggregate behavior of the entire waveform. These metrics are applied at engine conditions ranging from 50% to 150% engine thrust request, over a wide range of angles and distances, to assess the growth and decay of shock waves. The responses of these metrics point to significant shock formation occurring through nonlinear propagation out to 76 m from the microphone array reference position. Although these strongest shocks decay, the metrics point to continued nonlinear propagation in the far-field, out to 305 m. Many of these features are accurately characterized using a nonlinear propagation scheme based on the Burgers equation, but this scheme fails to account for multipath interference and significant atmospheric effects over the long propagation distances, resulting in an overestimation of nonlinearity metrics. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
440	a55359090100	Wall A.T.	p863	False	Conference	384	Beamforming-based wavepacket model for noise environment predictions of tactical aircraft	Jet noise consists of extended, partially correlated sources such that a single-wavepacket source representation is inadequate. A multiple-wavepacket (MWP) model provides an analytical framework for jet-noise-like radiation to simulate jet noise field levels as well as the corresponding spatial coherence properties within the field. Here, a beamforming method with regularization is applied to noise measured by a linear array near a high-performance military aircraft. Beamforming results are decomposed into a reduced-order MWP model and the predicted radiation is validated in terms of level and coherence properties using benchmark measurements. Sound levels and coherence lengths generated by the beamforming results show good agreement with benchmark measurements over a range of frequencies that contribute significantly to the overall radiation. The MWP model is shown to predict full-scale specific features such as multilobe directivity patterns, and the addition of an uncorrelated distribution (UD) model adequately predicts the sideline radiation that is otherwise difficult to reproduce from wavepacket radiation. The MWP model predicted radiation characteristics are an improvement over single-wavepacket models, which do not incorporate spatiotemporal features of the radiation. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
440	a55359090100	Wall A.T.	p865	True	Conference	386	Preliminary investigation of multilobe fighter jet noise sources using acoustical holography	An understanding of jet noise source mechanisms can facilitate targeted noise reduction efforts. This understanding has been enhanced with acoustic imaging technologies, such as near-field acoustical holography (NAH). In this study, multisource statistically optimized NAH (M-SONAH) was used to image the sound field near a tethered F-35 aircraft at multiple frequencies. A linear microphone array, placed along the ground, spanned the length of the jet exhaust plume. A multisource model of the sound field was included in the algorithm to incorporate the effects of the ground reflection on the measurement. Narrowband reconstructions elucidated fine details of the radiation patterns, such as multilobe radiation patterns (which may supersede “dual-lobe” patterns shown in previous studies), and broadband shock-associated noise. [Work supported by F-35 JPO.] © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
441	a57217872286	Galvez de Leon P.	p118	False	Journal	79	Measuring Compliance of Driver Yielding at Enhanced Pedestrian Crossings in Utah	In the 2000s, the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) began implementing technological enhancements to reduce the fatality rate of pedestrians involved in crashes. Although these enhancements appeared to be successful at improving safety, there was a need to evaluate their effectiveness. This research evaluates the safety impacts of several pedestrian crossing enhancements using Utah-specific compliance rates of drivers as a surrogate safety measure. This study analyzes enhanced pedestrian crossings to determine the factors that affect the compliance of driver yielding in Utah and provides a statistical analysis to prove the significance of each factor on compliance. The results show that the “High-intensity Activated crossWalK” (HAWK) is more effective at reducing the probability of a non-compliant event compared with an overhead flashing beacon (OFB), and that an OFB is more effective at reducing the probability of a non-compliant event compared with a rectangular rapid flashing beacon (RRFB) or an overhead rectangular rapid flashing beacon (ORRFB). The results show that adding a pedestrian enhancement to a marked crosswalk at a location with five lanes and speed limit between 35 mph and 45 mph can increase compliance rate by 97% for the HAWK, 77% for the OFB, and 57% for the RRFB and ORRFB. © National Academy of Sciences: Transportation Research Board 2020.
442	a57217867341	Shahandashti S.K.F.	p118	False	Journal	79	Measuring Compliance of Driver Yielding at Enhanced Pedestrian Crossings in Utah	In the 2000s, the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) began implementing technological enhancements to reduce the fatality rate of pedestrians involved in crashes. Although these enhancements appeared to be successful at improving safety, there was a need to evaluate their effectiveness. This research evaluates the safety impacts of several pedestrian crossing enhancements using Utah-specific compliance rates of drivers as a surrogate safety measure. This study analyzes enhanced pedestrian crossings to determine the factors that affect the compliance of driver yielding in Utah and provides a statistical analysis to prove the significance of each factor on compliance. The results show that the “High-intensity Activated crossWalK” (HAWK) is more effective at reducing the probability of a non-compliant event compared with an overhead flashing beacon (OFB), and that an OFB is more effective at reducing the probability of a non-compliant event compared with a rectangular rapid flashing beacon (RRFB) or an overhead rectangular rapid flashing beacon (ORRFB). The results show that adding a pedestrian enhancement to a marked crosswalk at a location with five lanes and speed limit between 35 mph and 45 mph can increase compliance rate by 97% for the HAWK, 77% for the OFB, and 57% for the RRFB and ORRFB. © National Academy of Sciences: Transportation Research Board 2020.
443	a36893877000	Chamberlin R.	p118	False	Journal	79	Measuring Compliance of Driver Yielding at Enhanced Pedestrian Crossings in Utah	In the 2000s, the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) began implementing technological enhancements to reduce the fatality rate of pedestrians involved in crashes. Although these enhancements appeared to be successful at improving safety, there was a need to evaluate their effectiveness. This research evaluates the safety impacts of several pedestrian crossing enhancements using Utah-specific compliance rates of drivers as a surrogate safety measure. This study analyzes enhanced pedestrian crossings to determine the factors that affect the compliance of driver yielding in Utah and provides a statistical analysis to prove the significance of each factor on compliance. The results show that the “High-intensity Activated crossWalK” (HAWK) is more effective at reducing the probability of a non-compliant event compared with an overhead flashing beacon (OFB), and that an OFB is more effective at reducing the probability of a non-compliant event compared with a rectangular rapid flashing beacon (RRFB) or an overhead rectangular rapid flashing beacon (ORRFB). The results show that adding a pedestrian enhancement to a marked crosswalk at a location with five lanes and speed limit between 35 mph and 45 mph can increase compliance rate by 97% for the HAWK, 77% for the OFB, and 57% for the RRFB and ORRFB. © National Academy of Sciences: Transportation Research Board 2020.
444	a57189218211	Liu L.	p119	True	Journal	85	Array Antenna Gain Enhancement with the Poynting Streamline Method	Streamlines of the Poynting vector field connect antenna figures of merit with the energy flow characteristics near a receiving antenna. Poynting streamlines properties and absorption aperture of antenna under different load conditions have been studied in this letter. Based on its Poynting streamline characteristics, the short-circuit dipole can be used as a parasitic element to direct the flow of energy, increase the absorption aperture, and enhance the gain of the array. Numerical examples show that this strategy can not only enhance the gain of dipole array, but also improve the gain of circularly polarized antenna array without deteriorating the axial ratio. Poynting streamline-based methods augment commonly used radiation-mode antenna analysis techniques by providing an intuitive and visual way to guide the design of antenna arrays. © 2002-2011 IEEE.
444	a57189218211	Liu L.	p276	False	Journal	101	An intuitive way to understand mutual coupling effects in antenna arrays using the poynting streamline method	The flow of energy around array antenna in receiving mode can be modeled by generating streamlines of the Poynting vector field. From the streamlines that terminate on the array element loads, a geometrical shape can be assigned to the effective area of the array. These concepts provide an intuitive tool for understanding mutual coupling effects in antenna arrays. The decrease in directivity associated with mutual coupling effects, the so-called element-gain paradox, can be explained by the overlap of the element effective area shapes. The critical element spacing for the element-gain paradox effect can be predicted from the effective area shape for a single isolated array element. Antenna design for minimizing mutual coupling, which is of interest in multiple input multiple output communications systems, magnetic resonance imaging arrays, astronomical arrays, and other applications, can be guided by analysing the effective area shape for a single isolated array element. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
445	a48361087900	Diao J.	p119	False	Journal	85	Array Antenna Gain Enhancement with the Poynting Streamline Method	Streamlines of the Poynting vector field connect antenna figures of merit with the energy flow characteristics near a receiving antenna. Poynting streamlines properties and absorption aperture of antenna under different load conditions have been studied in this letter. Based on its Poynting streamline characteristics, the short-circuit dipole can be used as a parasitic element to direct the flow of energy, increase the absorption aperture, and enhance the gain of the array. Numerical examples show that this strategy can not only enhance the gain of dipole array, but also improve the gain of circularly polarized antenna array without deteriorating the axial ratio. Poynting streamline-based methods augment commonly used radiation-mode antenna analysis techniques by providing an intuitive and visual way to guide the design of antenna arrays. © 2002-2011 IEEE.
445	a48361087900	Diao J.	p276	True	Journal	101	An intuitive way to understand mutual coupling effects in antenna arrays using the poynting streamline method	The flow of energy around array antenna in receiving mode can be modeled by generating streamlines of the Poynting vector field. From the streamlines that terminate on the array element loads, a geometrical shape can be assigned to the effective area of the array. These concepts provide an intuitive tool for understanding mutual coupling effects in antenna arrays. The decrease in directivity associated with mutual coupling effects, the so-called element-gain paradox, can be explained by the overlap of the element effective area shapes. The critical element spacing for the element-gain paradox effect can be predicted from the effective area shape for a single isolated array element. Antenna design for minimizing mutual coupling, which is of interest in multiple input multiple output communications systems, magnetic resonance imaging arrays, astronomical arrays, and other applications, can be guided by analysing the effective area shape for a single isolated array element. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
445	a48361087900	Diao J.	p556	True	Journal	263	Practical Superdirectivity with Resonant Screened Apertures Motivated by a Poynting Streamlines Analysis	Fundamental limits on the degree of practical achievable superdirectivity for antennas include narrow bandwidth, large antenna loss, and sensitivity to excitation and fabrication errors. Superdirective antennas are commonly considered as transmitters, but thinking of the antenna as a receiver may help to understand and overcome some of these limits on practical superdirectivity. We directly model a superdirective antenna in receive mode by calculating streamlines of Poynting vector field near the receiving antennas. Superdirectivity is achieved by expanding the shape of the effective area beyond the antenna physical aperture area. The degree of superdirectivity is parameterized by an effective area expansion distance. The theory predicts that superdirectivity is practical for electrically small and middle size antennas and electrically large antennas with a large aspect ratio. With this motivation, a 1.5 λ × 2 λ superdirective horn antenna with resonant screen structure in front of the antenna aperture is designed and fabricated. The superdirective horn achieves a measured antenna efficiency of 115% over a reasonable bandwidth and with moderate sensitivity to fabrication errors. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
445	a48361087900	Diao J.	p665	True	Journal	319	Sidelobe Level and Aperture Efficiency Optimization for Tiled Aperiodic Array Antennas	Array antennas with aperiodic element placement provide a way to mitigate grating lobe level when the array element spacing is larger than one half wavelength. Design techniques for aperiodic arrays include thinning, numerical optimization, and other methods, but even with modern tools, designing electrically large aperiodic arrays remain computationally challenging. To reduce the complexity of the large aperiodic array design problem, we study the use of discrete rotated tiles with element positions and tile orientations optimized to minimize peak sidelobe level (PSLL). The directivity, frequency sensitivity of PSLL, and optimization complexity for uniform arrays, aperiodic arrays, and tiled arrays are compared. Based on many numerical examples, an approximate relationship between PSLL and array element number and density for aperiodic and tiled arrays is proposed as a convergence estimator for the design optimization process. © 2017 IEEE.
445	a48361087900	Diao J.	p674	True	Journal	319	Antenna Loss and Receiving Efficiency for Mutually Coupled Arrays	For phased arrays used in satellite communications and radio astronomy, high sensitivity is required, and minimizing antenna losses is critical. Losses for single antennas can be minimized using high conductivity materials. It is less well understood that loss for array antennas is also influenced by mutual coupling between array elements and the beamformer weights applied to the signal from each element. In this paper, we study the antenna loss and receiving efficiency for phased array antennas and focal plane phased array feeds. To better elucidate the physics of array antenna loss related to mutual coupling and beamformer weights, losses for a coupled array can be lumped into an array effective resistance similar to the loss resistance of an equivalent single antenna. Numerical results show that although the antenna loss for a single isolated array element is low, the array antenna loss can be significantly increased by mutual coupling, particularly for beams with a large scan angle. © 2017 IEEE.
445	a48361087900	Diao J.	p779	True	Journal	319	Poynting Streamlines, Effective Area Shape, and the Design of Superdirective Antennas	A receiving antenna alters an incident field in such a way that the field is concentrated at the terminals of the antenna. The Poynting power flux density vector associated with the field carries to the antenna the power dissipated in the antenna structure and the load. Streamlines of the Poynting vector field can be used to understand electromagnetic energy flow near linear and aperture antennas. Poynting streamlines provide a way to understand and guide the design of superdirective antennas. Directivity-enhancing screens that attract Poynting streamlines and increase the aperture efficiency of a horn antenna to almost 200% are studied. Superdirective antennas generally have limited practical value due to poor radiation efficiency, narrow bandwidth, and extreme sensitivity to fabrication errors. We show that these limitations can be mitigated by using metal-only structures that are optimized for broadband operation. The tradeoff between peak achievable aperture efficiency and bandwidth is explored. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
446	a7005241866	Eckhardt B.	p120	True	Journal	86	Exact relations between Rayleigh-Bénard and rotating plane Couette flow in two dimensions	Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC) and Taylor-Couette flow (TCF) are two paradigmatic fluid dynamical systems frequently discussed together because of their many similarities despite their different geometries and forcing. Often these analogies require approximations, but in the limit of large radii where TCF becomes rotating plane Couette flow (RPC) exact relations can be established. When the flows are restricted to two spatial independent variables, there is an exact specification that maps the three velocity components in RPC to the two velocity components and one temperature field in RBC. Using this, we deduce several relations between both flows: (i) heat and angular momentum transport differ by, explaining why angular momentum transport is not symmetric around even though the relation between, the Rayleigh number, and, a non-dimensional measure of the rotation, has this symmetry. This relationship leads to a predicted value of that maximizes the angular momentum transport that agrees remarkably well with existing numerical simulations of the full three-dimensional system. (ii) One variable in both flows satisfies a maximum principle, i.e. the fields' extrema occur at the walls. Accordingly, backflow events in shear flow cannot occur in this quasi two-dimensional setting. (iii) For free-slip boundary conditions on the axial and radial velocity components, previous rigorous analysis for RBC implies that the azimuthal momentum transport in RPC is bounded from above by, where is the shear Reynolds number, with a scaling exponent smaller than the anticipated. © 2020 Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
447	a7006815587	Doering C.R.	p120	False	Journal	86	Exact relations between Rayleigh-Bénard and rotating plane Couette flow in two dimensions	Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC) and Taylor-Couette flow (TCF) are two paradigmatic fluid dynamical systems frequently discussed together because of their many similarities despite their different geometries and forcing. Often these analogies require approximations, but in the limit of large radii where TCF becomes rotating plane Couette flow (RPC) exact relations can be established. When the flows are restricted to two spatial independent variables, there is an exact specification that maps the three velocity components in RPC to the two velocity components and one temperature field in RBC. Using this, we deduce several relations between both flows: (i) heat and angular momentum transport differ by, explaining why angular momentum transport is not symmetric around even though the relation between, the Rayleigh number, and, a non-dimensional measure of the rotation, has this symmetry. This relationship leads to a predicted value of that maximizes the angular momentum transport that agrees remarkably well with existing numerical simulations of the full three-dimensional system. (ii) One variable in both flows satisfies a maximum principle, i.e. the fields' extrema occur at the walls. Accordingly, backflow events in shear flow cannot occur in this quasi two-dimensional setting. (iii) For free-slip boundary conditions on the axial and radial velocity components, previous rigorous analysis for RBC implies that the azimuthal momentum transport in RPC is bounded from above by, where is the shear Reynolds number, with a scaling exponent smaller than the anticipated. © 2020 Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
448	a36154754400	Whitehead J.P.	p120	False	Journal	86	Exact relations between Rayleigh-Bénard and rotating plane Couette flow in two dimensions	Rayleigh-Bénard convection (RBC) and Taylor-Couette flow (TCF) are two paradigmatic fluid dynamical systems frequently discussed together because of their many similarities despite their different geometries and forcing. Often these analogies require approximations, but in the limit of large radii where TCF becomes rotating plane Couette flow (RPC) exact relations can be established. When the flows are restricted to two spatial independent variables, there is an exact specification that maps the three velocity components in RPC to the two velocity components and one temperature field in RBC. Using this, we deduce several relations between both flows: (i) heat and angular momentum transport differ by, explaining why angular momentum transport is not symmetric around even though the relation between, the Rayleigh number, and, a non-dimensional measure of the rotation, has this symmetry. This relationship leads to a predicted value of that maximizes the angular momentum transport that agrees remarkably well with existing numerical simulations of the full three-dimensional system. (ii) One variable in both flows satisfies a maximum principle, i.e. the fields' extrema occur at the walls. Accordingly, backflow events in shear flow cannot occur in this quasi two-dimensional setting. (iii) For free-slip boundary conditions on the axial and radial velocity components, previous rigorous analysis for RBC implies that the azimuthal momentum transport in RPC is bounded from above by, where is the shear Reynolds number, with a scaling exponent smaller than the anticipated. © 2020 Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved.
448	a36154754400	Whitehead J.P.	p418	True	Journal	228	The effect of two distinct fast time scales in the rotating, stratified Boussinesq equations: variations from quasi-geostrophy	Inspired by the use of fast singular limits in time-parallel numerical methods for a single fast frequency, we consider the limiting, nonlinear dynamics for a system of partial differential equations when two fast, distinct time scales are present. First-order slow equations are derived via the method of multiple time scales when the two small parameters are related by a rational power. We find that the resultant system depends only on the relationship of the two fast time scales, i.e. which fast time is fastest? Using the theory of cancellation of fast oscillations, we show that with the appropriate assumptions on the nonlinear operator of the full system, this reduced slow system is exactly that which the solution will converge to if each asymptotic limit is considered sequentially. The same result is also obtained via the method of renormalization. The specific example of the rotating, stratified Boussinesq equations is explored in detail, indicating that the most common distinguished limit of this system—quasi-geostrophy, is not the only limiting asymptotic system. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
449	a57193226888	Huang Z.	p122	True	Journal	87	Convolutional Neural Network Based on Complex Networks for Brain Tumor Image Classification with a Modified Activation Function	The diagnosis of brain tumor types generally depends on the clinical experience of doctors, and computer-assisted diagnosis improves the accuracy of diagnosing tumor types. Therefore, a convolutional neural network based on complex networks (CNNBCN) with a modified activation function for the magnetic resonance imaging classification of brain tumors is presented. The network structure is not manually designed and optimized, but is generated by randomly generated graph algorithms. These randomly generated graphs are mapped into a computable neural network by a network generator. The accuracy of the modified CNNBCN model for brain tumor classification reaches 95.49%, which is higher than several models presented by other works. In addition, the test loss of brain tumor classification of the modified CNNBCN model is lower than those of the ResNet, DenseNet and MobileNet models in the experiments. The modified CNNBCN model not only achieves satisfactory results in brain tumor image classification, but also enriches the methodology of neural network design. © 2013 IEEE.
450	a57216966389	Du X.	p122	False	Journal	87	Convolutional Neural Network Based on Complex Networks for Brain Tumor Image Classification with a Modified Activation Function	The diagnosis of brain tumor types generally depends on the clinical experience of doctors, and computer-assisted diagnosis improves the accuracy of diagnosing tumor types. Therefore, a convolutional neural network based on complex networks (CNNBCN) with a modified activation function for the magnetic resonance imaging classification of brain tumors is presented. The network structure is not manually designed and optimized, but is generated by randomly generated graph algorithms. These randomly generated graphs are mapped into a computable neural network by a network generator. The accuracy of the modified CNNBCN model for brain tumor classification reaches 95.49%, which is higher than several models presented by other works. In addition, the test loss of brain tumor classification of the modified CNNBCN model is lower than those of the ResNet, DenseNet and MobileNet models in the experiments. The modified CNNBCN model not only achieves satisfactory results in brain tumor image classification, but also enriches the methodology of neural network design. © 2013 IEEE.
451	a57208015963	Chen L.	p122	False	Journal	87	Convolutional Neural Network Based on Complex Networks for Brain Tumor Image Classification with a Modified Activation Function	The diagnosis of brain tumor types generally depends on the clinical experience of doctors, and computer-assisted diagnosis improves the accuracy of diagnosing tumor types. Therefore, a convolutional neural network based on complex networks (CNNBCN) with a modified activation function for the magnetic resonance imaging classification of brain tumors is presented. The network structure is not manually designed and optimized, but is generated by randomly generated graph algorithms. These randomly generated graphs are mapped into a computable neural network by a network generator. The accuracy of the modified CNNBCN model for brain tumor classification reaches 95.49%, which is higher than several models presented by other works. In addition, the test loss of brain tumor classification of the modified CNNBCN model is lower than those of the ResNet, DenseNet and MobileNet models in the experiments. The modified CNNBCN model not only achieves satisfactory results in brain tumor image classification, but also enriches the methodology of neural network design. © 2013 IEEE.
452	a57193230951	Li Y.	p122	False	Journal	87	Convolutional Neural Network Based on Complex Networks for Brain Tumor Image Classification with a Modified Activation Function	The diagnosis of brain tumor types generally depends on the clinical experience of doctors, and computer-assisted diagnosis improves the accuracy of diagnosing tumor types. Therefore, a convolutional neural network based on complex networks (CNNBCN) with a modified activation function for the magnetic resonance imaging classification of brain tumors is presented. The network structure is not manually designed and optimized, but is generated by randomly generated graph algorithms. These randomly generated graphs are mapped into a computable neural network by a network generator. The accuracy of the modified CNNBCN model for brain tumor classification reaches 95.49%, which is higher than several models presented by other works. In addition, the test loss of brain tumor classification of the modified CNNBCN model is lower than those of the ResNet, DenseNet and MobileNet models in the experiments. The modified CNNBCN model not only achieves satisfactory results in brain tumor image classification, but also enriches the methodology of neural network design. © 2013 IEEE.
453	a56584993700	Liu M.	p122	False	Journal	87	Convolutional Neural Network Based on Complex Networks for Brain Tumor Image Classification with a Modified Activation Function	The diagnosis of brain tumor types generally depends on the clinical experience of doctors, and computer-assisted diagnosis improves the accuracy of diagnosing tumor types. Therefore, a convolutional neural network based on complex networks (CNNBCN) with a modified activation function for the magnetic resonance imaging classification of brain tumors is presented. The network structure is not manually designed and optimized, but is generated by randomly generated graph algorithms. These randomly generated graphs are mapped into a computable neural network by a network generator. The accuracy of the modified CNNBCN model for brain tumor classification reaches 95.49%, which is higher than several models presented by other works. In addition, the test loss of brain tumor classification of the modified CNNBCN model is lower than those of the ResNet, DenseNet and MobileNet models in the experiments. The modified CNNBCN model not only achieves satisfactory results in brain tumor image classification, but also enriches the methodology of neural network design. © 2013 IEEE.
454	a55367023500	Chou Y.	p122	False	Journal	87	Convolutional Neural Network Based on Complex Networks for Brain Tumor Image Classification with a Modified Activation Function	The diagnosis of brain tumor types generally depends on the clinical experience of doctors, and computer-assisted diagnosis improves the accuracy of diagnosing tumor types. Therefore, a convolutional neural network based on complex networks (CNNBCN) with a modified activation function for the magnetic resonance imaging classification of brain tumors is presented. The network structure is not manually designed and optimized, but is generated by randomly generated graph algorithms. These randomly generated graphs are mapped into a computable neural network by a network generator. The accuracy of the modified CNNBCN model for brain tumor classification reaches 95.49%, which is higher than several models presented by other works. In addition, the test loss of brain tumor classification of the modified CNNBCN model is lower than those of the ResNet, DenseNet and MobileNet models in the experiments. The modified CNNBCN model not only achieves satisfactory results in brain tumor image classification, but also enriches the methodology of neural network design. © 2013 IEEE.
454	a55367023500	Chou Y.	p237	False	Journal	156	Recognition of Chinese food using convolutional neural network	Food recognition is the first step for dietary assessment. Computer vision technology is being viewed as an effective tool for automatic food recognition for monitoring nutrition intake. Of the many food recognition algorithms in the literature, Bag-of-Features model is a proven approach that has shown impressive recognition accuracy. In this paper, we propose a small and efficient convolutional neural network architecture for Chinese food recognition, which is more applicable for resources limited platforms. Our network architecture is designed to model and perform a pipeline of processing similar to the Bag-of-Features approach. The main advantage of the proposed architecture, like other convolutional neural networks, is its ability to unifiedly optimize the entire network through back propagation, which is critical to recognition accuracy. We further compare and correlate our architecture with the traditional Bag-of-Features model in an attempt to investigate the similarities between them and identify factors that influence the recognition accuracy. The proposed architecture with a 5-layer deep convolutional neural network achieves the top-1 accuracy of 97.12% and the top-5 accuracy of 99.86% on a newly created Chinese food image dataset that is composed of 8734 images of 25 food categories. Our experimental result demonstrates the feasibility of applying the proposed compact CNN architecture to a challenging problem and achieve real-time performance. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
455	a7403329173	Jin L.	p122	False	Journal	87	Convolutional Neural Network Based on Complex Networks for Brain Tumor Image Classification with a Modified Activation Function	The diagnosis of brain tumor types generally depends on the clinical experience of doctors, and computer-assisted diagnosis improves the accuracy of diagnosing tumor types. Therefore, a convolutional neural network based on complex networks (CNNBCN) with a modified activation function for the magnetic resonance imaging classification of brain tumors is presented. The network structure is not manually designed and optimized, but is generated by randomly generated graph algorithms. These randomly generated graphs are mapped into a computable neural network by a network generator. The accuracy of the modified CNNBCN model for brain tumor classification reaches 95.49%, which is higher than several models presented by other works. In addition, the test loss of brain tumor classification of the modified CNNBCN model is lower than those of the ResNet, DenseNet and MobileNet models in the experiments. The modified CNNBCN model not only achieves satisfactory results in brain tumor image classification, but also enriches the methodology of neural network design. © 2013 IEEE.
456	a57204964732	James B.	p123	True	Journal	29	Applying Compiler-Automated Software Fault Tolerance to Multiple Processor Platforms	Several recent works have explored the feasibility of using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processing systems in radiation-prone environments, such as spacecraft. Typically, this approach requires some form of protection to ensure that the software can tolerate radiation upsets without compromising the system. Our recent work, COmpiler Assisted Software fault Tolerance (COAST), provides automated compiler modification of software programs to insert dual-or triple-modular redundancy. In this article, we extend COAST to support several new processing platforms, including RISC-V and Xilinx, San Jose, CA, USA, SoC-based products. The automated software protection mechanisms are tested for a variety of configurations, altering the benchmark and cache configuration. Across the different configurations, the cross sections were improved by 4× to 106×. In addition, a hardware-mitigation technique is tested using dual-lock-step cores on the Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA, Hercules platform, which is compared with the software-only mitigation approach. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
456	a57204964732	James B.	p385	False	Journal	202	Microcontroller compiler-assisted software fault tolerance	Commercial off-the-shelf microcontrollers can be useful for noncritical processing on spaceborne platforms. These microprocessors can be inexpensive and consume small amounts of power. However, the software running on these processors is vulnerable to radiation upsets. In this paper, we present a fully automated, configurable, software-based tool to increase the reliability of microprocessors in high-radiation environments. This tool consists of a set of open-source LLVM compiler passes to automatically implement software-based mitigation techniques. We duplicate or triplicate computations and insert voting mechanisms into software during the compilation process, allowing for runtime error correction. While the techniques we implement are not novel, previous work has typically been closed source, processor architecture dependent, not automated, and not tested in real high-radiation environments. In contrast, the compiler passes presented in this paper are publicly available, highly customizable, and are platform independent and language independent. We have tested our modified software using both fault injection and through neutron beam radiation on a Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller. When tested by a neutron beam, we were able to decrease the cross section of programs by 17-29 × , increasing mean-work-to-failure by 4-7 ×. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
457	a12544690900	Quinn H.	p123	False	Journal	29	Applying Compiler-Automated Software Fault Tolerance to Multiple Processor Platforms	Several recent works have explored the feasibility of using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processing systems in radiation-prone environments, such as spacecraft. Typically, this approach requires some form of protection to ensure that the software can tolerate radiation upsets without compromising the system. Our recent work, COmpiler Assisted Software fault Tolerance (COAST), provides automated compiler modification of software programs to insert dual-or triple-modular redundancy. In this article, we extend COAST to support several new processing platforms, including RISC-V and Xilinx, San Jose, CA, USA, SoC-based products. The automated software protection mechanisms are tested for a variety of configurations, altering the benchmark and cache configuration. Across the different configurations, the cross sections were improved by 4× to 106×. In addition, a hardware-mitigation technique is tested using dual-lock-step cores on the Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA, Hercules platform, which is compared with the software-only mitigation approach. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
457	a12544690900	Quinn H.	p385	False	Journal	202	Microcontroller compiler-assisted software fault tolerance	Commercial off-the-shelf microcontrollers can be useful for noncritical processing on spaceborne platforms. These microprocessors can be inexpensive and consume small amounts of power. However, the software running on these processors is vulnerable to radiation upsets. In this paper, we present a fully automated, configurable, software-based tool to increase the reliability of microprocessors in high-radiation environments. This tool consists of a set of open-source LLVM compiler passes to automatically implement software-based mitigation techniques. We duplicate or triplicate computations and insert voting mechanisms into software during the compilation process, allowing for runtime error correction. While the techniques we implement are not novel, previous work has typically been closed source, processor architecture dependent, not automated, and not tested in real high-radiation environments. In contrast, the compiler passes presented in this paper are publicly available, highly customizable, and are platform independent and language independent. We have tested our modified software using both fault injection and through neutron beam radiation on a Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller. When tested by a neutron beam, we were able to decrease the cross section of programs by 17-29 × , increasing mean-work-to-failure by 4-7 ×. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
458	a54978625300	Goeders J.	p123	False	Journal	29	Applying Compiler-Automated Software Fault Tolerance to Multiple Processor Platforms	Several recent works have explored the feasibility of using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processing systems in radiation-prone environments, such as spacecraft. Typically, this approach requires some form of protection to ensure that the software can tolerate radiation upsets without compromising the system. Our recent work, COmpiler Assisted Software fault Tolerance (COAST), provides automated compiler modification of software programs to insert dual-or triple-modular redundancy. In this article, we extend COAST to support several new processing platforms, including RISC-V and Xilinx, San Jose, CA, USA, SoC-based products. The automated software protection mechanisms are tested for a variety of configurations, altering the benchmark and cache configuration. Across the different configurations, the cross sections were improved by 4× to 106×. In addition, a hardware-mitigation technique is tested using dual-lock-step cores on the Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, USA, Hercules platform, which is compared with the software-only mitigation approach. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
458	a54978625300	Goeders J.	p268	False	Conference	63	On-chip FPGA debug instrumentation for machine learning applications	FPGAs provide a promising implementation option for many machine learning applications. Although simulations or software models can be used to explore the design space of these applications, often the final behaviour can not be evaluated until the design is mapped to the FPGA and integrated into the target system. This may be because long run-times are required, or because the environment can not be adequately described using a software model. Once unexpected behaviour is observed, on-chip debug is notoriously difficult; typically a design is instrumented with on-chip trace buffers that record the run-time behaviour for later interrogation. In this paper, we describe instrumentation that can accelerate the process of debugging machine learning applications implemented on an FPGA. Unlike previous work, our instrumentation is optimized to take advantage of characteristics of this application domain. Our instruments gather useful domain-specific information about the observed variables instead of recording the raw values of those elements. Results show that the proposed instruments provide at least 17.8x longer visibility in the most conservative of our experiments at a low area and latency cost. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
458	a54978625300	Goeders J.	p385	False	Journal	202	Microcontroller compiler-assisted software fault tolerance	Commercial off-the-shelf microcontrollers can be useful for noncritical processing on spaceborne platforms. These microprocessors can be inexpensive and consume small amounts of power. However, the software running on these processors is vulnerable to radiation upsets. In this paper, we present a fully automated, configurable, software-based tool to increase the reliability of microprocessors in high-radiation environments. This tool consists of a set of open-source LLVM compiler passes to automatically implement software-based mitigation techniques. We duplicate or triplicate computations and insert voting mechanisms into software during the compilation process, allowing for runtime error correction. While the techniques we implement are not novel, previous work has typically been closed source, processor architecture dependent, not automated, and not tested in real high-radiation environments. In contrast, the compiler passes presented in this paper are publicly available, highly customizable, and are platform independent and language independent. We have tested our modified software using both fault injection and through neutron beam radiation on a Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller. When tested by a neutron beam, we were able to decrease the cross section of programs by 17-29 × , increasing mean-work-to-failure by 4-7 ×. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
458	a54978625300	Goeders J.	p429	False	Conference	154	Using physical and functional comparisons to assure 3rd-party IP for modern FPGAs	In modern FPGA design, 3rd-party IP is commonly used to reduce costs and time-to-market. However, the complexity of IP and associated CAD tools makes it easier for attackers to maliciously tamper with the IP (i.e. insert Hardware Trojans) in ways that are hard to detect. This work proposes techniques that allows a user to incorporate trusted 3rd-party IP into a design and verify that the incorporation occurs tamper-free. We present comparative results from utilizing this framework across a benchmark suite of 22 designs. We show that the approach reliably detects tampering without giving any false positives. © 2018 IEEE.
458	a54978625300	Goeders J.	p538	False	Conference	194	Architecture exploration for HLS-oriented FPGA debug overlays	High-Level Synthesis (HLS) promises improved designer productivity, but requires a debug ecosystem that allows designers to debug in the context of the original source code. Recent work has presented in-system debug frameworks where instrumentation added to the design collects trace data as the circuit runs, and a software tool that allows the user to replay the execution using the captured data. When searching for the root cause of a bug, the designer may need to modify the instrumentation to collect data from a new part of the design, requiring a lengthy recompile. In this paper, we propose a flexible debug overlay family that provides software-like debug turn-around times for HLS generated circuits. At compile time, the overlay is added to the design and compiled. At debug time, the overlay can be configured many times to implement specific debug scenarios without a recompilation. This paper first outlines a number of “capabilities” that such an overlay should have, and then describes architectural support for each of these capabilities. The cheapest overlay variant allows selective variable tracing with only a 1.7% increase in area overhead from the baseline debug instrumentation, while the deluxe variant offers 2x-7x improvement in trace buffer memory utilization with conditional buffer freeze support. © 2018 Association for Computing Machinery.
459	a57201759181	Ling M.	p124	True	Journal	88	Kinetostatic and dynamic modeling of flexure-based compliant mechanisms: A survey	Flexure-based compliant mechanisms are becoming increasingly promising in precision engineering, robotics, and other applications due to the excellent advantages of no friction, no backlash, no wear, and minimal requirement of assembly. Because compliant mechanisms have inherent coupling of kinematic-mechanical behaviors with large deflections and/or complex serial-parallel configurations, the kinetostatic and dynamic analyses are challenging in comparison to their rigid-body counterparts. To address these challenges, a variety of techniques have been reported in a growing stream of publications. This paper surveys and compares the conceptual ideas, key advances, and applicable scopes, and open problems of the state-of-the-art kinetostatic and dynamic modeling methods for compliant mechanisms in terms of small and large deflections. Future challenges are discussed and new opportunities for extended study are highlighted as well. The presented review provides a guide on how to select suitable modeling approaches for those engaged in the field of compliant mechanisms. © 2020 Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
459	a57201759181	Ling M.	p238	True	Journal	157	Kinetostatic and dynamic analyses of planar compliant mechanisms via a two-port dynamic stiffness model	Serial-parallel configurations are widely designed in compliant mechanisms. In this paper, the transfer matrix method is combined with D'Alembert's principle to develop a two-port dynamic stiffness model for analyzing the kinetostatics and dynamics of complex compliant mechanisms with serial-parallel configurations. In detail, two kinds of improved transfer matrices for parallel sub-chains are derived in a unified form by summarizing the common serial-parallel substructures in compliant mechanisms. Then, a two-port dynamic stiffness model describing the frequency-dependent input and output force-displacement relationship of compliant mechanisms is established. Based on the two-port dynamic stiffness model, procedures for solving the static and dynamic performances of compliant mechanisms are presented. The proposed approach is demonstrated by calculating the displacement amplification ratio, input/output stiffness, natural frequencies and forced dynamic response of two typical precision flexure manipulators. The advantage of the proposed approach lies in its capability to describe the simultaneous kinetostatics and dynamics for a large class of serial-parallel configurations with very few degrees of freedom (DOFs), differing from the previous Lagrange-based dynamic modeling methods in the context of compliant mechanisms and should be of interest to designers. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
459	a57201759181	Ling M.	p443	True	Journal	222	A pseudo-static model for dynamic analysis on frequency domain of distributed compliant mechanisms	This paper presents a pseudo-static modeling methodology for dynamic analysis of distributed compliant mechanisms to provide accurate and efficient solutions. First, a dynamic stiffness matrix of the flexible beam is deduced, which has the same definition and a similar form as the traditional static compliance/stiffness matrix but is frequency dependent. Second, the pseudo-static modeling procedure for the dynamic analysis is implemented in a statics-similar way based on D'alembert's principle. Then, all the kinematic, static and dynamic performances of compliant mechanisms can be analyzed based on the pseudo-static model. The superiority of the proposed method is that when it is used for the dynamic modeling of compliant mechanisms, the traditional dynamic modeling procedures, such as calculation of the elastic and kinetic energies as well as using Lagrange's equation, are avoided and the dynamic modeling is converted to a staticssimilar problem. Comparison of the proposed method with an elastic-beam-based model in previous literature and finite element analysis for an exemplary XY precision positioning stage reveals its high accuracy and easy operation. © 2018 by ASME.
459	a57201759181	Ling M.	p479	True	Journal	265	Kinetostatic modeling of complex compliant mechanisms with serial-parallel substructures: A semi-analytical matrix displacement method	Kinetostatic analysis of compliant mechanisms are crucial at the early stage of design, and it can be difficult and laborsome for complex configurations with distributed compliance. In this paper, a kinetostatic modeling method for flexure-hinge-based compliant mechanisms with hybrid serial-parallel substructures is presented to provide accurate and concise solutions by combining the matrix displacement method with the transfer matrix method. The transition between the elemental stiffness matrix and the transfer matrix of flexure hinges/flexible beams is straightforward, enabling the condensation of a hybrid serial-parallel substructure into one equivalent two-node element simple. A general kinetostatic model of the whole compliant mechanisms is first established based on the equilibrium equation of the nodal force. Then, a condensed two-port mechanical network representing the input/output force-displacement relations of single-degree-of-freedom (DOF) compliant mechanisms and the Jacobian matrix for multi-DOF compliant mechanisms are respectively built. Comparison of the proposed method with the compliance matrix method in previous literature, finite element analysis and experiment for three exemplary mechanisms reveals good prediction accuracy, suggesting its feasibility for fast performance evaluation and parameter optimization at the initial stage of design. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
460	a16548784600	Cao J.	p124	False	Journal	88	Kinetostatic and dynamic modeling of flexure-based compliant mechanisms: A survey	Flexure-based compliant mechanisms are becoming increasingly promising in precision engineering, robotics, and other applications due to the excellent advantages of no friction, no backlash, no wear, and minimal requirement of assembly. Because compliant mechanisms have inherent coupling of kinematic-mechanical behaviors with large deflections and/or complex serial-parallel configurations, the kinetostatic and dynamic analyses are challenging in comparison to their rigid-body counterparts. To address these challenges, a variety of techniques have been reported in a growing stream of publications. This paper surveys and compares the conceptual ideas, key advances, and applicable scopes, and open problems of the state-of-the-art kinetostatic and dynamic modeling methods for compliant mechanisms in terms of small and large deflections. Future challenges are discussed and new opportunities for extended study are highlighted as well. The presented review provides a guide on how to select suitable modeling approaches for those engaged in the field of compliant mechanisms. © 2020 Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
460	a16548784600	Cao J.	p238	False	Journal	157	Kinetostatic and dynamic analyses of planar compliant mechanisms via a two-port dynamic stiffness model	Serial-parallel configurations are widely designed in compliant mechanisms. In this paper, the transfer matrix method is combined with D'Alembert's principle to develop a two-port dynamic stiffness model for analyzing the kinetostatics and dynamics of complex compliant mechanisms with serial-parallel configurations. In detail, two kinds of improved transfer matrices for parallel sub-chains are derived in a unified form by summarizing the common serial-parallel substructures in compliant mechanisms. Then, a two-port dynamic stiffness model describing the frequency-dependent input and output force-displacement relationship of compliant mechanisms is established. Based on the two-port dynamic stiffness model, procedures for solving the static and dynamic performances of compliant mechanisms are presented. The proposed approach is demonstrated by calculating the displacement amplification ratio, input/output stiffness, natural frequencies and forced dynamic response of two typical precision flexure manipulators. The advantage of the proposed approach lies in its capability to describe the simultaneous kinetostatics and dynamics for a large class of serial-parallel configurations with very few degrees of freedom (DOFs), differing from the previous Lagrange-based dynamic modeling methods in the context of compliant mechanisms and should be of interest to designers. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
460	a16548784600	Cao J.	p443	False	Journal	222	A pseudo-static model for dynamic analysis on frequency domain of distributed compliant mechanisms	This paper presents a pseudo-static modeling methodology for dynamic analysis of distributed compliant mechanisms to provide accurate and efficient solutions. First, a dynamic stiffness matrix of the flexible beam is deduced, which has the same definition and a similar form as the traditional static compliance/stiffness matrix but is frequency dependent. Second, the pseudo-static modeling procedure for the dynamic analysis is implemented in a statics-similar way based on D'alembert's principle. Then, all the kinematic, static and dynamic performances of compliant mechanisms can be analyzed based on the pseudo-static model. The superiority of the proposed method is that when it is used for the dynamic modeling of compliant mechanisms, the traditional dynamic modeling procedures, such as calculation of the elastic and kinetic energies as well as using Lagrange's equation, are avoided and the dynamic modeling is converted to a staticssimilar problem. Comparison of the proposed method with an elastic-beam-based model in previous literature and finite element analysis for an exemplary XY precision positioning stage reveals its high accuracy and easy operation. © 2018 by ASME.
460	a16548784600	Cao J.	p479	False	Journal	265	Kinetostatic modeling of complex compliant mechanisms with serial-parallel substructures: A semi-analytical matrix displacement method	Kinetostatic analysis of compliant mechanisms are crucial at the early stage of design, and it can be difficult and laborsome for complex configurations with distributed compliance. In this paper, a kinetostatic modeling method for flexure-hinge-based compliant mechanisms with hybrid serial-parallel substructures is presented to provide accurate and concise solutions by combining the matrix displacement method with the transfer matrix method. The transition between the elemental stiffness matrix and the transfer matrix of flexure hinges/flexible beams is straightforward, enabling the condensation of a hybrid serial-parallel substructure into one equivalent two-node element simple. A general kinetostatic model of the whole compliant mechanisms is first established based on the equilibrium equation of the nodal force. Then, a condensed two-port mechanical network representing the input/output force-displacement relations of single-degree-of-freedom (DOF) compliant mechanisms and the Jacobian matrix for multi-DOF compliant mechanisms are respectively built. Comparison of the proposed method with the compliance matrix method in previous literature, finite element analysis and experiment for three exemplary mechanisms reveals good prediction accuracy, suggesting its feasibility for fast performance evaluation and parameter optimization at the initial stage of design. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
461	a8922674200	Chen G.	p124	False	Journal	88	Kinetostatic and dynamic modeling of flexure-based compliant mechanisms: A survey	Flexure-based compliant mechanisms are becoming increasingly promising in precision engineering, robotics, and other applications due to the excellent advantages of no friction, no backlash, no wear, and minimal requirement of assembly. Because compliant mechanisms have inherent coupling of kinematic-mechanical behaviors with large deflections and/or complex serial-parallel configurations, the kinetostatic and dynamic analyses are challenging in comparison to their rigid-body counterparts. To address these challenges, a variety of techniques have been reported in a growing stream of publications. This paper surveys and compares the conceptual ideas, key advances, and applicable scopes, and open problems of the state-of-the-art kinetostatic and dynamic modeling methods for compliant mechanisms in terms of small and large deflections. Future challenges are discussed and new opportunities for extended study are highlighted as well. The presented review provides a guide on how to select suitable modeling approaches for those engaged in the field of compliant mechanisms. © 2020 Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
461	a8922674200	Chen G.	p390	False	Journal	213	A design approach to fully compliant multistable mechanisms employing a single bistable mechanism	A fully compliant multistable mechanism is a monolithic structure that is capable of staying at multiple positions without power input, and has many applications including switches, valves, positioners. However, it is difficult to design such a mechanism because of the complexities of the multistable behavior, the practical stress limits and the buckling constraints. This paper discusses the design approach for fully compliant multistable mechanisms which employs a single bistable mechanism and several end-effectors connected in series. The force-displacement characteristics of the end-effectors are derived using the pseudo-rigid-body model. The design approach to the fully compliant multistable mechanism is provided to determine the design parameters for the flexible segments considering the critical buckling load and the bending strength. Two design examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
461	a8922674200	Chen G.	p413	True	Journal	223	Symmetric Equations for Evaluating Maximum Torsion Stress of Rectangular Beams in Compliant Mechanisms	There are several design equations available for calculating the torsional compliance and the maximum torsion stress of a rectangular cross-section beam, but most depend on the relative magnitude of the two dimensions of the cross-section (i.e., the thickness and the width). After reviewing the available equations, two thickness-to-width ratio independent equations that are symmetric with respect to the two dimensions are obtained for evaluating the maximum torsion stress of rectangular cross-section beams. Based on the resulting equations, outside lamina emergent torsional joints are analyzed and some useful design insights are obtained. These equations, together with the previous work on symmetric equations for calculating torsional compliance, provide a convenient and effective way for designing and optimizing torsional beams in compliant mechanisms. © 2018, The Author(s).
461	a8922674200	Chen G.	p503	True	Journal	274	Membrane-Enhanced Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints for Surrogate Folds	Lamina emergent compliant mechanisms (including origami-adapted compliant mechanisms) are mechanical devices that can be fabricated from a planar material (a lamina) and have motion that emerges out of the fabrication plane. Lamina emergent compliant mechanisms often exhibit undesirable parasitic motions due to the planar fabrication constraint. This work introduces a type of lamina emergent torsion (LET) joint that reduces parasitic motions of lamina emergent mechanisms, and presents equations for modeling parasitic motion of LET joints. The membrane joint also makes possible one-way joints that can ensure origami-based mechanisms emerge from their flat state (a change point) into the desired configuration. Membrane-enhanced LET (M-LET) joints, including one-way surrogate folds, are described here and show promise for use in a wide range of compliant mechanisms and origami-based compliant mechanisms. They are demonstrated as individual joints and in mechanisms such as a kaleidocycle (a 6R Bricard linkage), degree-4 origami vertices (spherical mechanisms), and waterbomb base mechanisms (an 8R multi-degrees-of-freedom origami-based mechanism). © 2018 by ASME.
461	a8922674200	Chen G.	p853	True	Conference	377	A framework for energy-based kinetostatic modeling of compliant mechanisms	Although energy-based methods have advantages over the Newtonian methods for kinetostatic modeling, the geometric nonlinearities inherent in deflections of compliant mechanisms preclude most of the energy-based theorems. Castigliano's first theorem and the Crotti-Engesser theorem, which don't require the problem being solved to be linear, are selected to construct the energy-based kinetostatic modeling framework for compliant mechanisms in this work. Utilization of these two theorems requires explicitly formulating the strain energy in terms of deflections and the complementary strain energy in terms of loads, which are derived based on the beam constraint model. The kinetostatic modeling of two compliant mechanisms are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of using Castigliano's first theorem and the Crotti-Engesser theorem with the explicit formulations in this framework. Future work will be focused on incorporating use of the principle of minimum strain energy and the principle of minimum complementary strain energy. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
462	a55764938300	Wilson P.S.	p125	True	Journal	89	Guest editorial an overview of the seabed characterization experiment	[No abstract available]
463	a6701550039	Knobles D.P.	p125	False	Journal	89	Guest editorial an overview of the seabed characterization experiment	[No abstract available]
464	a6506328689	Neilsen T.B.	p125	False	Journal	89	Guest editorial an overview of the seabed characterization experiment	[No abstract available]
464	a6506328689	Neilsen T.B.	p370	True	Conference	132	Three-way spectral decompositions of high-performance military aircraft noise	High-performance military aircraft noise contains large- and fine-scale turbulent mixing noise and broadband shock-associated noise. A three-way spectral decomposition quantifies the contribution from each noise type in the sound of a tied-down F-35B aircraft on a linear ground-based array spanning 35–152 deg. This large spatial aperture allows for detailed investigation into the spatial variation in broadband shock-associated noise and fine- and large-scale turbulent mixing noise. The spectral models used in the decomposition capture the main features of the measured spectra with three exceptions: 1) that the F-35B engine noise contains multiple spectral peaks in the maximum radiation region, 2) that the nonlinear propagation increases the high-frequency spectral levels, and 3) that the low-frequency levels in the maximum radiation region are less than those predicted by the large-scale similarity spectrum. The F-35B broadband shock-associated noise has the same characteristic shape and variation in peak frequency as overexpanded, laboratory-scale jets. However, the peak level and width exhibit different trends than laboratory-scale broadband shock-associated noise and those recently reported for the F/A-18E aircraft. The strengths and limitations of current models to represent the spatial variation in the spectral content of F-35B noise can guide research efforts to more fully understand the sound radiation. Copyright © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
464	a6506328689	Neilsen T.B.	p623	False	Conference	259	Spatiotemporal correlation analysis of jet noise from a round-nozzle supersonic aircraft	Spatiotemporal analysis of noise from a tethered F-35B provides insight into the spatial, spectral and temporal relationships within the sound field. Six engine power conditions ranging from 25% to 150% engine thrust request were measured using a 71-microphone linear ground array located approximately 8 m from the estimated shear layer. Mixing noise trends with engine power for the round-nozzle F-35B are similar to those of a nominally rectangular-nozzle high-performance jet aircraft [Harker et al, AIAA, 2016]. Cross-correlation and coherence measures are used to corroborate and confirm identifications of fine- and large-scale turbulent mixing noise contributions from a concurrent study of the F-35B dataset [Neilsen et al., AIAA, 2018]. The relationships observed between multiple spatiospectral lobes seen in the maximum radiation regions of prior and concurrent high-performance aircraft noise studies [Leete et al., AIAA, 2018] are confirmed and expanded upon. Correlograms help identify how the multiple spatiospectral lobes have different apparent phase speeds across the array, corresponding to different directionality, some components of which also change with engine power. Increased overlap of lobes with increased engine power appears to drive global decreases in field coherence. Finally, the structure of the spatiospectral lobes appears to be more visible in nondimensionalized coherence length than in the spectrum itself. Broadband shock-associated noise (BBSAN) is found in the upstream direction at engine powers of 75% engine thrust request and above. Coherence is also used to separate BBSAN from jet mixing noise because the BBSAN is coherent within the relevant frequency range while adjacent fine-scale mixing noise is not. However, correlation and coherence analyses show that the upstream BBSAN signature is related to sound received in the peak radiation region dominated by the spatiospectral lobes. Possible links between the shock-associated noise and the spatiospectral lobes are discussed. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
464	a6506328689	Neilsen T.B.	p624	False	Conference	260	Dependence of high-performance military aircraft noise on frequency and engine power	To further understand the unique characteristics of military aircraft noise, the sound field in the vicinity of a tied-down F-35B was measured for various engine powers, from 25% to 150% Engine Thrust Request (ETR). Synchronous measurements along a linear ground array approximately parallel to the shear layer were used to image the entire field through multisource statistically optimized near-field acoustical holography (M-SONAH). The field in the direction of maximum radiation consists of multiple lobes in the spatiospectral domain, which are manifest as multiple local maxima in space for a fixed frequency or multiple peaks in the spectra at a fixed location. Multiple lobes are observed at non-afterburning and afterburning engine conditions. As frequency increases for a given engine power, lobes appear towards the sideline and shift aft until they disappear beyond the measurement aperture and new lobe(s) take their place. As engine power is increased at a fixed frequency, the forwardmost lobe increases in its relative contribution to the field, which is a major contributing factor to the forward shift in overall directivity with increasing engine power. Field reconstructions and data in the forward direction outside of the region of maximum radiation show the presence of broadband shock-associated noise (BBSAN) for 75% ETR and above. Reconstructions along the nozzle lipline of the jet indicate the BBSAN originates from approximately the same region as the sources for the main radiation direction. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
464	a6506328689	Neilsen T.B.	p625	True	Conference	261	Inclusion of broadband shock-associated noise in spectral decomposition of noise from highperformance military aircraft	Attempts to reduce the noise from high-performance military aircraft requires an understanding of the different jet noise generation mechanisms. The primary noise sources originate from interactions between turbulent mixing noise associated with large and finescale turbulent structures and the ambient air. A nonideally expanded jet also contains broadband shock-associated noise. A three-way decomposition of the spectral density measured near a tied-down F-35B quantifies the contribution from each type of noise. The decomposition is performed on noise from a ground-based, linear array of microphones, approximately 8 m from the estimated shear layer, which spanned an angular aperture of 35° to 152° (relative to engine inlet). This large spatial aperture allows for a detailed investigation into the spatial variation in broadband shock-associated noise and fine and large-scale turbulent mixing noise. The spectral decompositions match the measured spectral levels with three main exceptions: 1) the F-35B noise contains multiple spectral peaks in the maximum radiation region, 2) nonlinear propagation increases the high-frequency spectral levels, and 3) the low-frequency levels in the maximum radiation region are less than those predicted by the large-scale similarity spectrum. The main peak of the F-35B broadband shock-associated noise, evident from 35°-70°, has the same characteristic shape and variation in peak frequency as overexpanded, laboratory-scale jets. The F-35B broadband shockassociated noise peak level and width exhibit different trends than laboratory-scale BBSAN and those recently reported for the F/A-18E [Tam et al., Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 422, 2018, pp. 92-111]. The strengths and limitations of current models to represent the spatial variation in the spectral content of F-35B noise can guide research efforts to more fully understand the sound radiation from high-performance military aircraft. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
464	a6506328689	Neilsen T.B.	p626	False	Conference	262	Comparison of noise from high-performance military aircraft for ground run-up and flyover operations	While the majority of jet noise analysis takes place with a static jet or aircraft, airbase and community military jet noise exposure happens for the most part when the aircraft is in flight. Comparisons between flyover and ground run-up measurements for high-performance military aircraft have not been previously published. This paper presents comparisons between static ground run-up and flyover measurements for the F-35 operating at 150% Engine Thrust Request. The overall sound pressure levels and spectra are shown for the two scenarios, as well as indicators of nonlinear propagation and shock content, specifically the derivative skewness and average steepening factor. The overall sound pressure level is reduced in the peak radiation direction aft of the aircraft but increased in the forward direction. The peak frequency of the noise is relatively unaffected by flight effects, though the amplitude of each frequency may vary. The increase in level in the forward direction results in shock formation that is absent during ground run-up measurements. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
464	a6506328689	Neilsen T.B.	p640	False	Journal	312	Effect of nozzle–plate distance on acoustic phenomena from supersonic impinging jet	For an adequate understanding of the broadband acoustic phenomena generated by a rocket exhaust jet impinging on a flame deflector, this study experimentally clarifies the factors that cause the difference in the broadband acoustic field of a supersonic ideally expanded jet impinging on an inclined flat plate for various nozzle–plate distances. According to previous studies, there are two possible factors: the Mach waves, which are radiated from the free-jet region and reflected by the plate, and the acoustic waves generated in the impingement region. To distinguish the effects of these factors, this study compares the following three results: the overall sound pressure level distribution, images extracted from the schlieren visualization movies using acoustic-triggered conditional sampling, and tracing lines of the acoustic intensity vectors of the Mach waves. The results reveal that the nozzle–plate distance affects the fraction of the Mach waves that are generated in the free-jet region and reflected by the plate, resulting in a higher overall sound pressure level in the upstream direction for larger nozzle–plate distances. It is concluded that the location of the plate relative to the source region of the Mach waves significantly affects the acoustic phenomena, owing to the variation in the nozzle–plate distances. Copyright © 2018 by Masahito Akamine, Koji Okamoto, Kent L. Gee, Tracianne B. Neilsen, Susumu Teramoto, Takeo Okunuki, and Seiji Tsutsumi.
464	a6506328689	Neilsen T.B.	p861	False	Conference	382	Acoustic shock formation in noise propagation during ground run-up operations of military aircraft	A distinctive feature of many propagating, high-amplitude jet noise waveforms is the presence of acoustic shocks. Metrics indicative of shock presence, specifically the skewness of the time derivative of the waveform, the average steepening factor, and a new wavelet-based metric called the shock energy fraction (SEF), are used to quantify the strength and prevalence of acoustic shocks within waveforms recorded 10-305 m from a tethered military aircraft. The derivative skewness is more sensitive to the presence of the largest and steepest shocks, while the ASF and SEF tend to emphasize aggregate behavior of the entire waveform. These metrics are applied at engine conditions ranging from 50% to 150% engine thrust request, over a wide range of angles and distances, to assess the growth and decay of shock waves. The responses of these metrics point to significant shock formation occurring through nonlinear propagation out to 76 m from the microphone array reference position. Although these strongest shocks decay, the metrics point to continued nonlinear propagation in the far-field, out to 305 m. Many of these features are accurately characterized using a nonlinear propagation scheme based on the Burgers equation, but this scheme fails to account for multipath interference and significant atmospheric effects over the long propagation distances, resulting in an overestimation of nonlinearity metrics. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
464	a6506328689	Neilsen T.B.	p862	True	Conference	383	Level-educed wavepacket representation of Mach 1.8 laboratory-scale jet noise	The search for an equivalent acoustic source model for high-speed jet noise has recently focused on wavepacket representations. A wavepacket is defined as a spatially extended source with an axial amplitude distribution that grows, saturates and decays, an axial phase relationship that produces directional noise, and correlation lengths longer than the integral length scales of the turbulent structures. This definition of a wavepacket has the same characteristics as the large-scale turbulent mixing noise; if the turbulent mixing noise can be isolated, the associate equivalent acoustic wavepacket—defined as a pressure fluctuation on a cylinder around the jet nozzle—can be found. An estimate of the frequencydependent, spatial variation in the large-scale turbulent mixing noise comes from a similarity spectra decomposition of the measured autospectral density, which in turn leads to data-educed wavenumber axial spectra associated with the frequency-dependent equivalent wavepackets. This wavepacket eduction technique has been applied to acoustical measurements of an unheated, Mach 1.8 jet in the near and far fields. At both locations, the resulting frequency-dependent, data-educed wavenumber spectra exhibit different types of self-similarity for low and high frequency regimes that become apparent when the axial wavenumber is scaled by the acoustic wavenumber, with a transition band between the two regimes. As expected, the data-educed wavenumber spectra can be used to predict field levels in the dominant radiation lobe. Addition of an uncorrelated source distribution, derived from the similarity spectra decomposition associated with the fine-scale turbulent mixing noise, creates a model that accounts for the sideline levels. This field-prediction ability of the wavepacket-plus-uncorrelated-distribution model is tested using the near and far field measurements. When predicting the field at the other location, the model’s average error is less than 2 dB for St = 0.04-0.25 but increases for larger St because the apparent directivity changes from near to far field, likely due to the frequency dependence of the extended source region. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
464	a6506328689	Neilsen T.B.	p863	False	Conference	384	Beamforming-based wavepacket model for noise environment predictions of tactical aircraft	Jet noise consists of extended, partially correlated sources such that a single-wavepacket source representation is inadequate. A multiple-wavepacket (MWP) model provides an analytical framework for jet-noise-like radiation to simulate jet noise field levels as well as the corresponding spatial coherence properties within the field. Here, a beamforming method with regularization is applied to noise measured by a linear array near a high-performance military aircraft. Beamforming results are decomposed into a reduced-order MWP model and the predicted radiation is validated in terms of level and coherence properties using benchmark measurements. Sound levels and coherence lengths generated by the beamforming results show good agreement with benchmark measurements over a range of frequencies that contribute significantly to the overall radiation. The MWP model is shown to predict full-scale specific features such as multilobe directivity patterns, and the addition of an uncorrelated distribution (UD) model adequately predicts the sideline radiation that is otherwise difficult to reproduce from wavepacket radiation. The MWP model predicted radiation characteristics are an improvement over single-wavepacket models, which do not incorporate spatiotemporal features of the radiation. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
464	a6506328689	Neilsen T.B.	p864	False	Conference	385	Characterization of supersonic laboratory-scale jet noise with vector acoustic intensity	A new method for the calculation of vector acoustic intensity from pressure microphone measurements has been applied to the aeroacoustic source characterization of an unheated, Mach 1.8 laboratory-scale jet. Because of the ability to unwrap the phase of the transfer functions between microphone pairs in the measurement of a radiating, broadband source, physically meaningful near-field intensity vectors are calculated up to the maximum analysis frequency of 32 kHz. The new intensity method is used to obtain a detailed description of the sound energy flow near the jet. The resulting intensity vectors have been used with a ray-tracing technique to identify the dominant source region over a broad range of frequencies. Additional aeroacoustics analyses provide insight into the frequency-dependent characteristics of jet noise radiation, including the nature of the hydrodynamic field and the transition between the principal lobe and sideline radiation. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
464	a6506328689	Neilsen T.B.	p865	False	Conference	386	Preliminary investigation of multilobe fighter jet noise sources using acoustical holography	An understanding of jet noise source mechanisms can facilitate targeted noise reduction efforts. This understanding has been enhanced with acoustic imaging technologies, such as near-field acoustical holography (NAH). In this study, multisource statistically optimized NAH (M-SONAH) was used to image the sound field near a tethered F-35 aircraft at multiple frequencies. A linear microphone array, placed along the ground, spanned the length of the jet exhaust plume. A multisource model of the sound field was included in the algorithm to incorporate the effects of the ground reflection on the measurement. Narrowband reconstructions elucidated fine details of the radiation patterns, such as multilobe radiation patterns (which may supersede “dual-lobe” patterns shown in previous studies), and broadband shock-associated noise. [Work supported by F-35 JPO.] © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
465	a57201947722	Manring L.	p126	True	Conference	19	Augmented Reality for Interactive Robot Control	Robots are widely used to support mission-critical, high-risk and complex operations. Human supervision and remote robot control are often required to operate robots in unpredictable and changing scenarios. Often, robots are controlled remotely by technicians via joystick interfaces which require training and experience to operate. To improve robot usage and practicality, we propose using augmented reality (AR) to create a more intuitive, less training-intensive means of controlling robots than traditional joystick control. AR is a creative platform for developing robot control systems, because AR combines the real world (the environment around the user, the physical robot, etc.) with the digital world (holograms, digital displays, etc.); it can even interpret physical gestures, such as pinching two fingers. In this research, a Microsoft Hololens headset is used to create an AR environment to control a Yaskawa Motoman SIA5D robot. The control process begins with the user placing an interactable holographic robot in 3D space. The user can then select between two control methods: manual control and automatic control. In manual control, the user can move the end effector of the holographic robot and the physical robot will respond immediately. In automatic control, the user can move the end effector of the holographic robot to a desired location, view a holographic preview of the motion, and select execute if the motion plan is satisfactory. In this preview mode, the user is able to preview both the motion of the robot and the torques experienced by the joints of the manipulator. This gives the user additional feedback on the planned motion. In this project we succeeded in creating an AR control system that makes controlling a robotic manipulator intuitive and effective. © 2020, Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.
466	a57209567638	Pederson J.	p126	False	Conference	19	Augmented Reality for Interactive Robot Control	Robots are widely used to support mission-critical, high-risk and complex operations. Human supervision and remote robot control are often required to operate robots in unpredictable and changing scenarios. Often, robots are controlled remotely by technicians via joystick interfaces which require training and experience to operate. To improve robot usage and practicality, we propose using augmented reality (AR) to create a more intuitive, less training-intensive means of controlling robots than traditional joystick control. AR is a creative platform for developing robot control systems, because AR combines the real world (the environment around the user, the physical robot, etc.) with the digital world (holograms, digital displays, etc.); it can even interpret physical gestures, such as pinching two fingers. In this research, a Microsoft Hololens headset is used to create an AR environment to control a Yaskawa Motoman SIA5D robot. The control process begins with the user placing an interactable holographic robot in 3D space. The user can then select between two control methods: manual control and automatic control. In manual control, the user can move the end effector of the holographic robot and the physical robot will respond immediately. In automatic control, the user can move the end effector of the holographic robot to a desired location, view a holographic preview of the motion, and select execute if the motion plan is satisfactory. In this preview mode, the user is able to preview both the motion of the robot and the torques experienced by the joints of the manipulator. This gives the user additional feedback on the planned motion. In this project we succeeded in creating an AR control system that makes controlling a robotic manipulator intuitive and effective. © 2020, Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.
467	a57209581042	Potts D.	p126	False	Conference	19	Augmented Reality for Interactive Robot Control	Robots are widely used to support mission-critical, high-risk and complex operations. Human supervision and remote robot control are often required to operate robots in unpredictable and changing scenarios. Often, robots are controlled remotely by technicians via joystick interfaces which require training and experience to operate. To improve robot usage and practicality, we propose using augmented reality (AR) to create a more intuitive, less training-intensive means of controlling robots than traditional joystick control. AR is a creative platform for developing robot control systems, because AR combines the real world (the environment around the user, the physical robot, etc.) with the digital world (holograms, digital displays, etc.); it can even interpret physical gestures, such as pinching two fingers. In this research, a Microsoft Hololens headset is used to create an AR environment to control a Yaskawa Motoman SIA5D robot. The control process begins with the user placing an interactable holographic robot in 3D space. The user can then select between two control methods: manual control and automatic control. In manual control, the user can move the end effector of the holographic robot and the physical robot will respond immediately. In automatic control, the user can move the end effector of the holographic robot to a desired location, view a holographic preview of the motion, and select execute if the motion plan is satisfactory. In this preview mode, the user is able to preview both the motion of the robot and the torques experienced by the joints of the manipulator. This gives the user additional feedback on the planned motion. In this project we succeeded in creating an AR control system that makes controlling a robotic manipulator intuitive and effective. © 2020, Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.
468	a55845968200	Boardman B.	p126	False	Conference	19	Augmented Reality for Interactive Robot Control	Robots are widely used to support mission-critical, high-risk and complex operations. Human supervision and remote robot control are often required to operate robots in unpredictable and changing scenarios. Often, robots are controlled remotely by technicians via joystick interfaces which require training and experience to operate. To improve robot usage and practicality, we propose using augmented reality (AR) to create a more intuitive, less training-intensive means of controlling robots than traditional joystick control. AR is a creative platform for developing robot control systems, because AR combines the real world (the environment around the user, the physical robot, etc.) with the digital world (holograms, digital displays, etc.); it can even interpret physical gestures, such as pinching two fingers. In this research, a Microsoft Hololens headset is used to create an AR environment to control a Yaskawa Motoman SIA5D robot. The control process begins with the user placing an interactable holographic robot in 3D space. The user can then select between two control methods: manual control and automatic control. In manual control, the user can move the end effector of the holographic robot and the physical robot will respond immediately. In automatic control, the user can move the end effector of the holographic robot to a desired location, view a holographic preview of the motion, and select execute if the motion plan is satisfactory. In this preview mode, the user is able to preview both the motion of the robot and the torques experienced by the joints of the manipulator. This gives the user additional feedback on the planned motion. In this project we succeeded in creating an AR control system that makes controlling a robotic manipulator intuitive and effective. © 2020, Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.
469	a14831622300	Mascarenas D.	p126	False	Conference	19	Augmented Reality for Interactive Robot Control	Robots are widely used to support mission-critical, high-risk and complex operations. Human supervision and remote robot control are often required to operate robots in unpredictable and changing scenarios. Often, robots are controlled remotely by technicians via joystick interfaces which require training and experience to operate. To improve robot usage and practicality, we propose using augmented reality (AR) to create a more intuitive, less training-intensive means of controlling robots than traditional joystick control. AR is a creative platform for developing robot control systems, because AR combines the real world (the environment around the user, the physical robot, etc.) with the digital world (holograms, digital displays, etc.); it can even interpret physical gestures, such as pinching two fingers. In this research, a Microsoft Hololens headset is used to create an AR environment to control a Yaskawa Motoman SIA5D robot. The control process begins with the user placing an interactable holographic robot in 3D space. The user can then select between two control methods: manual control and automatic control. In manual control, the user can move the end effector of the holographic robot and the physical robot will respond immediately. In automatic control, the user can move the end effector of the holographic robot to a desired location, view a holographic preview of the motion, and select execute if the motion plan is satisfactory. In this preview mode, the user is able to preview both the motion of the robot and the torques experienced by the joints of the manipulator. This gives the user additional feedback on the planned motion. In this project we succeeded in creating an AR control system that makes controlling a robotic manipulator intuitive and effective. © 2020, Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.
469	a14831622300	Mascarenas D.	p127	False	Conference	20	Visio-acoustic data fusion for structural health monitoring applications	Structural health monitoring has been an expanding discipline due to its potential to decrease maintenance and downtime costs, detect failure early, extend life spans, and fulfill the increased need of safety and security. Acoustic source identification techniques’ have been used for remote structural health monitoring, but the applicability of each technique has been limited by factors ranging from achievable spatial resolution to hardware costs. This paper aims to mitigate current acoustic techniques’ limitations by exploring the possibility of fusing acoustic and video data. This paper focuses on combining microphone acoustic measurements with vibrational information recovered from video-based measurements. Among acoustic methods, acoustic arrays have been used for remotely detecting, localizing and characterizing acoustic sources. Acoustic-array based techniques are limited in their ability to discriminate multiple closely-spaced acoustic sources from far-field acoustic pressure signals. On the contrary, video-based techniques have shown the ability to recover full-field, high resolution mode shapes, and the associated frequencies and damping ratios with virtually no dependence with the distance from the target. The challenge with video methods, applied to acoustic source identification, is that acoustic sources may occur in the kilohertz range requiring a higher frame per second sampling rate than most low cost cameras. Acoustic measurements provide additional information content that is used to recover the correct frequency content of an acoustically radiating structure from temporally-aliased (sub-Nyquist) video measurements. Experiments are conducted to show how combining acoustic and video data relaxes the hardware requirements for acoustic source detection and localization applications. © 2020, The Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.
470	a12646372900	Harden T.	p126	False	Conference	19	Augmented Reality for Interactive Robot Control	Robots are widely used to support mission-critical, high-risk and complex operations. Human supervision and remote robot control are often required to operate robots in unpredictable and changing scenarios. Often, robots are controlled remotely by technicians via joystick interfaces which require training and experience to operate. To improve robot usage and practicality, we propose using augmented reality (AR) to create a more intuitive, less training-intensive means of controlling robots than traditional joystick control. AR is a creative platform for developing robot control systems, because AR combines the real world (the environment around the user, the physical robot, etc.) with the digital world (holograms, digital displays, etc.); it can even interpret physical gestures, such as pinching two fingers. In this research, a Microsoft Hololens headset is used to create an AR environment to control a Yaskawa Motoman SIA5D robot. The control process begins with the user placing an interactable holographic robot in 3D space. The user can then select between two control methods: manual control and automatic control. In manual control, the user can move the end effector of the holographic robot and the physical robot will respond immediately. In automatic control, the user can move the end effector of the holographic robot to a desired location, view a holographic preview of the motion, and select execute if the motion plan is satisfactory. In this preview mode, the user is able to preview both the motion of the robot and the torques experienced by the joints of the manipulator. This gives the user additional feedback on the planned motion. In this project we succeeded in creating an AR control system that makes controlling a robotic manipulator intuitive and effective. © 2020, Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.
471	a55788214400	Cattaneo A.	p126	False	Conference	19	Augmented Reality for Interactive Robot Control	Robots are widely used to support mission-critical, high-risk and complex operations. Human supervision and remote robot control are often required to operate robots in unpredictable and changing scenarios. Often, robots are controlled remotely by technicians via joystick interfaces which require training and experience to operate. To improve robot usage and practicality, we propose using augmented reality (AR) to create a more intuitive, less training-intensive means of controlling robots than traditional joystick control. AR is a creative platform for developing robot control systems, because AR combines the real world (the environment around the user, the physical robot, etc.) with the digital world (holograms, digital displays, etc.); it can even interpret physical gestures, such as pinching two fingers. In this research, a Microsoft Hololens headset is used to create an AR environment to control a Yaskawa Motoman SIA5D robot. The control process begins with the user placing an interactable holographic robot in 3D space. The user can then select between two control methods: manual control and automatic control. In manual control, the user can move the end effector of the holographic robot and the physical robot will respond immediately. In automatic control, the user can move the end effector of the holographic robot to a desired location, view a holographic preview of the motion, and select execute if the motion plan is satisfactory. In this preview mode, the user is able to preview both the motion of the robot and the torques experienced by the joints of the manipulator. This gives the user additional feedback on the planned motion. In this project we succeeded in creating an AR control system that makes controlling a robotic manipulator intuitive and effective. © 2020, Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.
471	a55788214400	Cattaneo A.	p127	False	Conference	20	Visio-acoustic data fusion for structural health monitoring applications	Structural health monitoring has been an expanding discipline due to its potential to decrease maintenance and downtime costs, detect failure early, extend life spans, and fulfill the increased need of safety and security. Acoustic source identification techniques’ have been used for remote structural health monitoring, but the applicability of each technique has been limited by factors ranging from achievable spatial resolution to hardware costs. This paper aims to mitigate current acoustic techniques’ limitations by exploring the possibility of fusing acoustic and video data. This paper focuses on combining microphone acoustic measurements with vibrational information recovered from video-based measurements. Among acoustic methods, acoustic arrays have been used for remotely detecting, localizing and characterizing acoustic sources. Acoustic-array based techniques are limited in their ability to discriminate multiple closely-spaced acoustic sources from far-field acoustic pressure signals. On the contrary, video-based techniques have shown the ability to recover full-field, high resolution mode shapes, and the associated frequencies and damping ratios with virtually no dependence with the distance from the target. The challenge with video methods, applied to acoustic source identification, is that acoustic sources may occur in the kilohertz range requiring a higher frame per second sampling rate than most low cost cameras. Acoustic measurements provide additional information content that is used to recover the correct frequency content of an acoustically radiating structure from temporally-aliased (sub-Nyquist) video measurements. Experiments are conducted to show how combining acoustic and video data relaxes the hardware requirements for acoustic source detection and localization applications. © 2020, The Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.
472	a57219330558	Samuelson C.R.	p127	True	Conference	20	Visio-acoustic data fusion for structural health monitoring applications	Structural health monitoring has been an expanding discipline due to its potential to decrease maintenance and downtime costs, detect failure early, extend life spans, and fulfill the increased need of safety and security. Acoustic source identification techniques’ have been used for remote structural health monitoring, but the applicability of each technique has been limited by factors ranging from achievable spatial resolution to hardware costs. This paper aims to mitigate current acoustic techniques’ limitations by exploring the possibility of fusing acoustic and video data. This paper focuses on combining microphone acoustic measurements with vibrational information recovered from video-based measurements. Among acoustic methods, acoustic arrays have been used for remotely detecting, localizing and characterizing acoustic sources. Acoustic-array based techniques are limited in their ability to discriminate multiple closely-spaced acoustic sources from far-field acoustic pressure signals. On the contrary, video-based techniques have shown the ability to recover full-field, high resolution mode shapes, and the associated frequencies and damping ratios with virtually no dependence with the distance from the target. The challenge with video methods, applied to acoustic source identification, is that acoustic sources may occur in the kilohertz range requiring a higher frame per second sampling rate than most low cost cameras. Acoustic measurements provide additional information content that is used to recover the correct frequency content of an acoustically radiating structure from temporally-aliased (sub-Nyquist) video measurements. Experiments are conducted to show how combining acoustic and video data relaxes the hardware requirements for acoustic source detection and localization applications. © 2020, The Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.
473	a57219332168	Duffy-Deno C.A.	p127	False	Conference	20	Visio-acoustic data fusion for structural health monitoring applications	Structural health monitoring has been an expanding discipline due to its potential to decrease maintenance and downtime costs, detect failure early, extend life spans, and fulfill the increased need of safety and security. Acoustic source identification techniques’ have been used for remote structural health monitoring, but the applicability of each technique has been limited by factors ranging from achievable spatial resolution to hardware costs. This paper aims to mitigate current acoustic techniques’ limitations by exploring the possibility of fusing acoustic and video data. This paper focuses on combining microphone acoustic measurements with vibrational information recovered from video-based measurements. Among acoustic methods, acoustic arrays have been used for remotely detecting, localizing and characterizing acoustic sources. Acoustic-array based techniques are limited in their ability to discriminate multiple closely-spaced acoustic sources from far-field acoustic pressure signals. On the contrary, video-based techniques have shown the ability to recover full-field, high resolution mode shapes, and the associated frequencies and damping ratios with virtually no dependence with the distance from the target. The challenge with video methods, applied to acoustic source identification, is that acoustic sources may occur in the kilohertz range requiring a higher frame per second sampling rate than most low cost cameras. Acoustic measurements provide additional information content that is used to recover the correct frequency content of an acoustically radiating structure from temporally-aliased (sub-Nyquist) video measurements. Experiments are conducted to show how combining acoustic and video data relaxes the hardware requirements for acoustic source detection and localization applications. © 2020, The Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.
474	a57219327922	Whitworth C.B.	p127	False	Conference	20	Visio-acoustic data fusion for structural health monitoring applications	Structural health monitoring has been an expanding discipline due to its potential to decrease maintenance and downtime costs, detect failure early, extend life spans, and fulfill the increased need of safety and security. Acoustic source identification techniques’ have been used for remote structural health monitoring, but the applicability of each technique has been limited by factors ranging from achievable spatial resolution to hardware costs. This paper aims to mitigate current acoustic techniques’ limitations by exploring the possibility of fusing acoustic and video data. This paper focuses on combining microphone acoustic measurements with vibrational information recovered from video-based measurements. Among acoustic methods, acoustic arrays have been used for remotely detecting, localizing and characterizing acoustic sources. Acoustic-array based techniques are limited in their ability to discriminate multiple closely-spaced acoustic sources from far-field acoustic pressure signals. On the contrary, video-based techniques have shown the ability to recover full-field, high resolution mode shapes, and the associated frequencies and damping ratios with virtually no dependence with the distance from the target. The challenge with video methods, applied to acoustic source identification, is that acoustic sources may occur in the kilohertz range requiring a higher frame per second sampling rate than most low cost cameras. Acoustic measurements provide additional information content that is used to recover the correct frequency content of an acoustically radiating structure from temporally-aliased (sub-Nyquist) video measurements. Experiments are conducted to show how combining acoustic and video data relaxes the hardware requirements for acoustic source detection and localization applications. © 2020, The Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.
475	a55220932600	Tippmann J.D.	p127	False	Conference	20	Visio-acoustic data fusion for structural health monitoring applications	Structural health monitoring has been an expanding discipline due to its potential to decrease maintenance and downtime costs, detect failure early, extend life spans, and fulfill the increased need of safety and security. Acoustic source identification techniques’ have been used for remote structural health monitoring, but the applicability of each technique has been limited by factors ranging from achievable spatial resolution to hardware costs. This paper aims to mitigate current acoustic techniques’ limitations by exploring the possibility of fusing acoustic and video data. This paper focuses on combining microphone acoustic measurements with vibrational information recovered from video-based measurements. Among acoustic methods, acoustic arrays have been used for remotely detecting, localizing and characterizing acoustic sources. Acoustic-array based techniques are limited in their ability to discriminate multiple closely-spaced acoustic sources from far-field acoustic pressure signals. On the contrary, video-based techniques have shown the ability to recover full-field, high resolution mode shapes, and the associated frequencies and damping ratios with virtually no dependence with the distance from the target. The challenge with video methods, applied to acoustic source identification, is that acoustic sources may occur in the kilohertz range requiring a higher frame per second sampling rate than most low cost cameras. Acoustic measurements provide additional information content that is used to recover the correct frequency content of an acoustically radiating structure from temporally-aliased (sub-Nyquist) video measurements. Experiments are conducted to show how combining acoustic and video data relaxes the hardware requirements for acoustic source detection and localization applications. © 2020, The Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.
476	a56263319900	Qu Y.	p128	True	Journal	90	A Low-Profile High-Efficiency Fast Battery Charger With Unifiable Constant-Current and Constant-Voltage Regulation	Present universal serial bus (USB) battery chargers often suffer from limitations to meet the increasing demand for quick charging due to compromised power efficiency and complicated hardware implementation. In this paper, we propose a charge unifiable (QU) control scheme that enables a battery charger to improve power efficiency in a low-profile hardware manner. This scheme features fully soft-switching (vis-&#x00E0;-vis hard switching) and single control scheme (vis-&#x00E0;-vis multiple) for distinct constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) charging modes. To the best of authors' knowledge, the proposed QU control scheme is the first to simultaneously offer fully soft-switching, innate CC-and-CV regulation, and seamless CC-to-CV transition. To verify the proposed design, we monolithically realize a low-profile high-efficiency fast battery charger based on this scheme. The prototype embodying a tiny 470-nH output inductor supports a maximum input voltage of 16V, output voltage of 2.2-4.2 V, output current of 0.1-2 A, and peak power efficiency of 96.2&#x0025;. When benchmarked against state-of-the-art counterparts, the proposed charger features at least 2.1x smaller inductor and 7.2&#x0025; higher power efficiency at both the maximum and the minimum output power charging scenarios. Further, this charger is the only design that features &#x2265; 91&#x0025; power efficiency in the whole load range. IEEE
477	a55436436900	Shu W.	p128	False	Journal	90	A Low-Profile High-Efficiency Fast Battery Charger With Unifiable Constant-Current and Constant-Voltage Regulation	Present universal serial bus (USB) battery chargers often suffer from limitations to meet the increasing demand for quick charging due to compromised power efficiency and complicated hardware implementation. In this paper, we propose a charge unifiable (QU) control scheme that enables a battery charger to improve power efficiency in a low-profile hardware manner. This scheme features fully soft-switching (vis-&#x00E0;-vis hard switching) and single control scheme (vis-&#x00E0;-vis multiple) for distinct constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) charging modes. To the best of authors' knowledge, the proposed QU control scheme is the first to simultaneously offer fully soft-switching, innate CC-and-CV regulation, and seamless CC-to-CV transition. To verify the proposed design, we monolithically realize a low-profile high-efficiency fast battery charger based on this scheme. The prototype embodying a tiny 470-nH output inductor supports a maximum input voltage of 16V, output voltage of 2.2-4.2 V, output current of 0.1-2 A, and peak power efficiency of 96.2&#x0025;. When benchmarked against state-of-the-art counterparts, the proposed charger features at least 2.1x smaller inductor and 7.2&#x0025; higher power efficiency at both the maximum and the minimum output power charging scenarios. Further, this charger is the only design that features &#x2265; 91&#x0025; power efficiency in the whole load range. IEEE
478	a57218480110	Qiu L.	p128	False	Journal	90	A Low-Profile High-Efficiency Fast Battery Charger With Unifiable Constant-Current and Constant-Voltage Regulation	Present universal serial bus (USB) battery chargers often suffer from limitations to meet the increasing demand for quick charging due to compromised power efficiency and complicated hardware implementation. In this paper, we propose a charge unifiable (QU) control scheme that enables a battery charger to improve power efficiency in a low-profile hardware manner. This scheme features fully soft-switching (vis-&#x00E0;-vis hard switching) and single control scheme (vis-&#x00E0;-vis multiple) for distinct constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) charging modes. To the best of authors' knowledge, the proposed QU control scheme is the first to simultaneously offer fully soft-switching, innate CC-and-CV regulation, and seamless CC-to-CV transition. To verify the proposed design, we monolithically realize a low-profile high-efficiency fast battery charger based on this scheme. The prototype embodying a tiny 470-nH output inductor supports a maximum input voltage of 16V, output voltage of 2.2-4.2 V, output current of 0.1-2 A, and peak power efficiency of 96.2&#x0025;. When benchmarked against state-of-the-art counterparts, the proposed charger features at least 2.1x smaller inductor and 7.2&#x0025; higher power efficiency at both the maximum and the minimum output power charging scenarios. Further, this charger is the only design that features &#x2265; 91&#x0025; power efficiency in the whole load range. IEEE
479	a7004688501	Kuan Y.	p128	False	Journal	90	A Low-Profile High-Efficiency Fast Battery Charger With Unifiable Constant-Current and Constant-Voltage Regulation	Present universal serial bus (USB) battery chargers often suffer from limitations to meet the increasing demand for quick charging due to compromised power efficiency and complicated hardware implementation. In this paper, we propose a charge unifiable (QU) control scheme that enables a battery charger to improve power efficiency in a low-profile hardware manner. This scheme features fully soft-switching (vis-&#x00E0;-vis hard switching) and single control scheme (vis-&#x00E0;-vis multiple) for distinct constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) charging modes. To the best of authors' knowledge, the proposed QU control scheme is the first to simultaneously offer fully soft-switching, innate CC-and-CV regulation, and seamless CC-to-CV transition. To verify the proposed design, we monolithically realize a low-profile high-efficiency fast battery charger based on this scheme. The prototype embodying a tiny 470-nH output inductor supports a maximum input voltage of 16V, output voltage of 2.2-4.2 V, output current of 0.1-2 A, and peak power efficiency of 96.2&#x0025;. When benchmarked against state-of-the-art counterparts, the proposed charger features at least 2.1x smaller inductor and 7.2&#x0025; higher power efficiency at both the maximum and the minimum output power charging scenarios. Further, this charger is the only design that features &#x2265; 91&#x0025; power efficiency in the whole load range. IEEE
479	a7004688501	Kuan Y.	p175	False	Journal	119	An 8-bit 10-GHz 21-mW Time-Interleaved SAR ADC with Grouped DAC Capacitors and Dual-Path Bootstrapped Switch	An 8-bit 10-GHz 8× time-interleaved SAR ADC in 28-nm CMOS incorporates an aggressively scaled DAC with grouped capacitors in a symmetrical comb structure to afford a threefold reduction in the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance. A dual-path bootstrapped switch decouples critical signal from nonlinear capacitance to boost the sampling SFDR by more than 5 dB. The ADC demonstrates an SNDR of 36.9 dB at Nyquist while consuming 21 mW, yielding an FoM of 37 fJ/conv.-step, the lowest among the reported ADCs with similar speeds and resolutions and more than 2× improvement from the state-of-the-art. © 2018 IEEE.
479	a7004688501	Kuan Y.	p177	False	Conference	39	An 8-bit 10-GHz 21-mW Time-Interleaved SAR ADC with Grouped DAC Capacitors and Dual-Path Bootstrapped Switch	An 8-bit 10-GHz 8× time-interleaved SAR ADC in 28-nm CMOS incorporates an aggressively scaled DAC with grouped capacitors in a symmetrical comb structure to afford a threefold reduction in the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance. A dual-path bootstrapped switch decouples critical signal from nonlinear capacitance to boost the sampling SFDR by more than 5 dB. The ADC demonstrates an SNDR of 36.9 dB at Nyquist while consuming 21 mW,yielding an FoM of 37 fJ/conv.-step,the lowest among the reported ADCs with similar speeds and resolutions and more than 2× improvement from the state-of-the-art. © 2019 IEEE.
480	a7601550121	Chang J.S.	p128	False	Journal	90	A Low-Profile High-Efficiency Fast Battery Charger With Unifiable Constant-Current and Constant-Voltage Regulation	Present universal serial bus (USB) battery chargers often suffer from limitations to meet the increasing demand for quick charging due to compromised power efficiency and complicated hardware implementation. In this paper, we propose a charge unifiable (QU) control scheme that enables a battery charger to improve power efficiency in a low-profile hardware manner. This scheme features fully soft-switching (vis-&#x00E0;-vis hard switching) and single control scheme (vis-&#x00E0;-vis multiple) for distinct constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) charging modes. To the best of authors' knowledge, the proposed QU control scheme is the first to simultaneously offer fully soft-switching, innate CC-and-CV regulation, and seamless CC-to-CV transition. To verify the proposed design, we monolithically realize a low-profile high-efficiency fast battery charger based on this scheme. The prototype embodying a tiny 470-nH output inductor supports a maximum input voltage of 16V, output voltage of 2.2-4.2 V, output current of 0.1-2 A, and peak power efficiency of 96.2&#x0025;. When benchmarked against state-of-the-art counterparts, the proposed charger features at least 2.1x smaller inductor and 7.2&#x0025; higher power efficiency at both the maximum and the minimum output power charging scenarios. Further, this charger is the only design that features &#x2265; 91&#x0025; power efficiency in the whole load range. IEEE
481	a57201735120	Bopp D.G.	p129	True	Conference	21	Atomic flux circuits	Atomic vapors are a crucial platform for precision metrology but in their simplest implementation, a thermal vapor, the intrinsic optical resonances are broadened due to the random and isotropic thermal motion of the atoms. By structuring the container of a thermal vapor with narrow emission apertures, the velocity distribution can be modified to create a directed beam of atoms.1 These atomic beams can then interact sequentially with a series of optical fields, or interaction zones, and ultimately allow precision control over the internal state of the atom. This is useful for optical frequency standards and precision spectroscopy2, 3 and may also provide the means to build a simple flying qubit platform.4 Furthermore, atomic beams on a chip can be used as a compact, directed source to load magneto-optical traps (MOTs) while minimally increasing the ambient pressure.5 We apply microfabrication techniques to microscopically structure silicon to deterministically control the ow of Rb between connected cavities. We describe a methodology to measure the experimental parameters that govern the flux of atomic vapors in these microfabricated structures with a goal of creating an equivalent electrical circuit model. This toolkit will provide a simple platform for the creation of atomic beams on a chip with controllable pressure profiles and a thorough understanding of the influence of adsorptive effects and pseudo- ballistic trajectories on the resultant atomic beam. © 2020 SPIE.
482	a57216287696	Taylor E.	p129	False	Conference	21	Atomic flux circuits	Atomic vapors are a crucial platform for precision metrology but in their simplest implementation, a thermal vapor, the intrinsic optical resonances are broadened due to the random and isotropic thermal motion of the atoms. By structuring the container of a thermal vapor with narrow emission apertures, the velocity distribution can be modified to create a directed beam of atoms.1 These atomic beams can then interact sequentially with a series of optical fields, or interaction zones, and ultimately allow precision control over the internal state of the atom. This is useful for optical frequency standards and precision spectroscopy2, 3 and may also provide the means to build a simple flying qubit platform.4 Furthermore, atomic beams on a chip can be used as a compact, directed source to load magneto-optical traps (MOTs) while minimally increasing the ambient pressure.5 We apply microfabrication techniques to microscopically structure silicon to deterministically control the ow of Rb between connected cavities. We describe a methodology to measure the experimental parameters that govern the flux of atomic vapors in these microfabricated structures with a goal of creating an equivalent electrical circuit model. This toolkit will provide a simple platform for the creation of atomic beams on a chip with controllable pressure profiles and a thorough understanding of the influence of adsorptive effects and pseudo- ballistic trajectories on the resultant atomic beam. © 2020 SPIE.
483	a57216287324	Le K.	p129	False	Conference	21	Atomic flux circuits	Atomic vapors are a crucial platform for precision metrology but in their simplest implementation, a thermal vapor, the intrinsic optical resonances are broadened due to the random and isotropic thermal motion of the atoms. By structuring the container of a thermal vapor with narrow emission apertures, the velocity distribution can be modified to create a directed beam of atoms.1 These atomic beams can then interact sequentially with a series of optical fields, or interaction zones, and ultimately allow precision control over the internal state of the atom. This is useful for optical frequency standards and precision spectroscopy2, 3 and may also provide the means to build a simple flying qubit platform.4 Furthermore, atomic beams on a chip can be used as a compact, directed source to load magneto-optical traps (MOTs) while minimally increasing the ambient pressure.5 We apply microfabrication techniques to microscopically structure silicon to deterministically control the ow of Rb between connected cavities. We describe a methodology to measure the experimental parameters that govern the flux of atomic vapors in these microfabricated structures with a goal of creating an equivalent electrical circuit model. This toolkit will provide a simple platform for the creation of atomic beams on a chip with controllable pressure profiles and a thorough understanding of the influence of adsorptive effects and pseudo- ballistic trajectories on the resultant atomic beam. © 2020 SPIE.
484	a6506462706	Schima S.	p129	False	Conference	21	Atomic flux circuits	Atomic vapors are a crucial platform for precision metrology but in their simplest implementation, a thermal vapor, the intrinsic optical resonances are broadened due to the random and isotropic thermal motion of the atoms. By structuring the container of a thermal vapor with narrow emission apertures, the velocity distribution can be modified to create a directed beam of atoms.1 These atomic beams can then interact sequentially with a series of optical fields, or interaction zones, and ultimately allow precision control over the internal state of the atom. This is useful for optical frequency standards and precision spectroscopy2, 3 and may also provide the means to build a simple flying qubit platform.4 Furthermore, atomic beams on a chip can be used as a compact, directed source to load magneto-optical traps (MOTs) while minimally increasing the ambient pressure.5 We apply microfabrication techniques to microscopically structure silicon to deterministically control the ow of Rb between connected cavities. We describe a methodology to measure the experimental parameters that govern the flux of atomic vapors in these microfabricated structures with a goal of creating an equivalent electrical circuit model. This toolkit will provide a simple platform for the creation of atomic beams on a chip with controllable pressure profiles and a thorough understanding of the influence of adsorptive effects and pseudo- ballistic trajectories on the resultant atomic beam. © 2020 SPIE.
485	a8357777200	Hummon M.T.	p129	False	Conference	21	Atomic flux circuits	Atomic vapors are a crucial platform for precision metrology but in their simplest implementation, a thermal vapor, the intrinsic optical resonances are broadened due to the random and isotropic thermal motion of the atoms. By structuring the container of a thermal vapor with narrow emission apertures, the velocity distribution can be modified to create a directed beam of atoms.1 These atomic beams can then interact sequentially with a series of optical fields, or interaction zones, and ultimately allow precision control over the internal state of the atom. This is useful for optical frequency standards and precision spectroscopy2, 3 and may also provide the means to build a simple flying qubit platform.4 Furthermore, atomic beams on a chip can be used as a compact, directed source to load magneto-optical traps (MOTs) while minimally increasing the ambient pressure.5 We apply microfabrication techniques to microscopically structure silicon to deterministically control the ow of Rb between connected cavities. We describe a methodology to measure the experimental parameters that govern the flux of atomic vapors in these microfabricated structures with a goal of creating an equivalent electrical circuit model. This toolkit will provide a simple platform for the creation of atomic beams on a chip with controllable pressure profiles and a thorough understanding of the influence of adsorptive effects and pseudo- ballistic trajectories on the resultant atomic beam. © 2020 SPIE.
486	a7004945584	Kitching J.	p129	False	Conference	21	Atomic flux circuits	Atomic vapors are a crucial platform for precision metrology but in their simplest implementation, a thermal vapor, the intrinsic optical resonances are broadened due to the random and isotropic thermal motion of the atoms. By structuring the container of a thermal vapor with narrow emission apertures, the velocity distribution can be modified to create a directed beam of atoms.1 These atomic beams can then interact sequentially with a series of optical fields, or interaction zones, and ultimately allow precision control over the internal state of the atom. This is useful for optical frequency standards and precision spectroscopy2, 3 and may also provide the means to build a simple flying qubit platform.4 Furthermore, atomic beams on a chip can be used as a compact, directed source to load magneto-optical traps (MOTs) while minimally increasing the ambient pressure.5 We apply microfabrication techniques to microscopically structure silicon to deterministically control the ow of Rb between connected cavities. We describe a methodology to measure the experimental parameters that govern the flux of atomic vapors in these microfabricated structures with a goal of creating an equivalent electrical circuit model. This toolkit will provide a simple platform for the creation of atomic beams on a chip with controllable pressure profiles and a thorough understanding of the influence of adsorptive effects and pseudo- ballistic trajectories on the resultant atomic beam. © 2020 SPIE.
487	a9741060000	Kaoumi D.	p130	False	Journal	77	Detecting and imaging stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel, with application to inspecting storage canisters for spent nuclear fuel	One of the primary concerns with the long-term performance of storage systems for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is the potential for corrosion due to deliquescence of salts deposited as aerosols on the surface of the canister, which is typically made of austentic stainless steel. In regions of high residual weld stresses, this may lead to localized stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The ability to detect and image SCC at an early stage (long before the cracks are susceptible to propagate through the thickness of the canister wall and leaks of radioactive material may occur) is essential to the performance evaluation and licensing process of the storage systems. In this paper, we explore a number of nondestructive testing techniques to detect and image SCC in austenitic stainless steel. Our attention is focused on a small rectangular sample of 1 × 2 in2 with two cracks of mm-scale sizes. The techniques explored in this paper include nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) for detection, Linear Elastodynamic Gradient Imaging Technique (LEGIT), ultrasonic C-scan, vibrothermography, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction for imaging. Results obtained from these techniques are compared. Cracks of mm-scale sizes can be detected and imaged with all the techniques explored in this study. © 2019
488	a12143690400	Ohara Y.	p130	False	Journal	77	Detecting and imaging stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel, with application to inspecting storage canisters for spent nuclear fuel	One of the primary concerns with the long-term performance of storage systems for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is the potential for corrosion due to deliquescence of salts deposited as aerosols on the surface of the canister, which is typically made of austentic stainless steel. In regions of high residual weld stresses, this may lead to localized stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The ability to detect and image SCC at an early stage (long before the cracks are susceptible to propagate through the thickness of the canister wall and leaks of radioactive material may occur) is essential to the performance evaluation and licensing process of the storage systems. In this paper, we explore a number of nondestructive testing techniques to detect and image SCC in austenitic stainless steel. Our attention is focused on a small rectangular sample of 1 × 2 in2 with two cracks of mm-scale sizes. The techniques explored in this paper include nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) for detection, Linear Elastodynamic Gradient Imaging Technique (LEGIT), ultrasonic C-scan, vibrothermography, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction for imaging. Results obtained from these techniques are compared. Cracks of mm-scale sizes can be detected and imaged with all the techniques explored in this study. © 2019
489	a57208015244	Stuber Geesey M.A.	p130	False	Journal	77	Detecting and imaging stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel, with application to inspecting storage canisters for spent nuclear fuel	One of the primary concerns with the long-term performance of storage systems for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is the potential for corrosion due to deliquescence of salts deposited as aerosols on the surface of the canister, which is typically made of austentic stainless steel. In regions of high residual weld stresses, this may lead to localized stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The ability to detect and image SCC at an early stage (long before the cracks are susceptible to propagate through the thickness of the canister wall and leaks of radioactive material may occur) is essential to the performance evaluation and licensing process of the storage systems. In this paper, we explore a number of nondestructive testing techniques to detect and image SCC in austenitic stainless steel. Our attention is focused on a small rectangular sample of 1 × 2 in2 with two cracks of mm-scale sizes. The techniques explored in this paper include nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) for detection, Linear Elastodynamic Gradient Imaging Technique (LEGIT), ultrasonic C-scan, vibrothermography, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction for imaging. Results obtained from these techniques are compared. Cracks of mm-scale sizes can be detected and imaged with all the techniques explored in this study. © 2019
490	a57052262900	Xi L.	p130	False	Journal	77	Detecting and imaging stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel, with application to inspecting storage canisters for spent nuclear fuel	One of the primary concerns with the long-term performance of storage systems for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is the potential for corrosion due to deliquescence of salts deposited as aerosols on the surface of the canister, which is typically made of austentic stainless steel. In regions of high residual weld stresses, this may lead to localized stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The ability to detect and image SCC at an early stage (long before the cracks are susceptible to propagate through the thickness of the canister wall and leaks of radioactive material may occur) is essential to the performance evaluation and licensing process of the storage systems. In this paper, we explore a number of nondestructive testing techniques to detect and image SCC in austenitic stainless steel. Our attention is focused on a small rectangular sample of 1 × 2 in2 with two cracks of mm-scale sizes. The techniques explored in this paper include nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) for detection, Linear Elastodynamic Gradient Imaging Technique (LEGIT), ultrasonic C-scan, vibrothermography, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction for imaging. Results obtained from these techniques are compared. Cracks of mm-scale sizes can be detected and imaged with all the techniques explored in this study. © 2019
491	a57204944822	Schoell R.	p130	False	Journal	77	Detecting and imaging stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel, with application to inspecting storage canisters for spent nuclear fuel	One of the primary concerns with the long-term performance of storage systems for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is the potential for corrosion due to deliquescence of salts deposited as aerosols on the surface of the canister, which is typically made of austentic stainless steel. In regions of high residual weld stresses, this may lead to localized stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The ability to detect and image SCC at an early stage (long before the cracks are susceptible to propagate through the thickness of the canister wall and leaks of radioactive material may occur) is essential to the performance evaluation and licensing process of the storage systems. In this paper, we explore a number of nondestructive testing techniques to detect and image SCC in austenitic stainless steel. Our attention is focused on a small rectangular sample of 1 × 2 in2 with two cracks of mm-scale sizes. The techniques explored in this paper include nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) for detection, Linear Elastodynamic Gradient Imaging Technique (LEGIT), ultrasonic C-scan, vibrothermography, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction for imaging. Results obtained from these techniques are compared. Cracks of mm-scale sizes can be detected and imaged with all the techniques explored in this study. © 2019
492	a7102369425	Bryan C.R.	p130	False	Journal	77	Detecting and imaging stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel, with application to inspecting storage canisters for spent nuclear fuel	One of the primary concerns with the long-term performance of storage systems for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is the potential for corrosion due to deliquescence of salts deposited as aerosols on the surface of the canister, which is typically made of austentic stainless steel. In regions of high residual weld stresses, this may lead to localized stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The ability to detect and image SCC at an early stage (long before the cracks are susceptible to propagate through the thickness of the canister wall and leaks of radioactive material may occur) is essential to the performance evaluation and licensing process of the storage systems. In this paper, we explore a number of nondestructive testing techniques to detect and image SCC in austenitic stainless steel. Our attention is focused on a small rectangular sample of 1 × 2 in2 with two cracks of mm-scale sizes. The techniques explored in this paper include nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) for detection, Linear Elastodynamic Gradient Imaging Technique (LEGIT), ultrasonic C-scan, vibrothermography, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction for imaging. Results obtained from these techniques are compared. Cracks of mm-scale sizes can be detected and imaged with all the techniques explored in this study. © 2019
493	a6603460787	Enos D.G.	p130	False	Journal	77	Detecting and imaging stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel, with application to inspecting storage canisters for spent nuclear fuel	One of the primary concerns with the long-term performance of storage systems for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is the potential for corrosion due to deliquescence of salts deposited as aerosols on the surface of the canister, which is typically made of austentic stainless steel. In regions of high residual weld stresses, this may lead to localized stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The ability to detect and image SCC at an early stage (long before the cracks are susceptible to propagate through the thickness of the canister wall and leaks of radioactive material may occur) is essential to the performance evaluation and licensing process of the storage systems. In this paper, we explore a number of nondestructive testing techniques to detect and image SCC in austenitic stainless steel. Our attention is focused on a small rectangular sample of 1 × 2 in2 with two cracks of mm-scale sizes. The techniques explored in this paper include nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) for detection, Linear Elastodynamic Gradient Imaging Technique (LEGIT), ultrasonic C-scan, vibrothermography, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction for imaging. Results obtained from these techniques are compared. Cracks of mm-scale sizes can be detected and imaged with all the techniques explored in this study. © 2019
494	a6603089864	Summa D.A.	p130	False	Journal	77	Detecting and imaging stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel, with application to inspecting storage canisters for spent nuclear fuel	One of the primary concerns with the long-term performance of storage systems for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is the potential for corrosion due to deliquescence of salts deposited as aerosols on the surface of the canister, which is typically made of austentic stainless steel. In regions of high residual weld stresses, this may lead to localized stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The ability to detect and image SCC at an early stage (long before the cracks are susceptible to propagate through the thickness of the canister wall and leaks of radioactive material may occur) is essential to the performance evaluation and licensing process of the storage systems. In this paper, we explore a number of nondestructive testing techniques to detect and image SCC in austenitic stainless steel. Our attention is focused on a small rectangular sample of 1 × 2 in2 with two cracks of mm-scale sizes. The techniques explored in this paper include nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) for detection, Linear Elastodynamic Gradient Imaging Technique (LEGIT), ultrasonic C-scan, vibrothermography, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction for imaging. Results obtained from these techniques are compared. Cracks of mm-scale sizes can be detected and imaged with all the techniques explored in this study. © 2019
495	a12761902000	Ulrich T.J.	p130	False	Journal	77	Detecting and imaging stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel, with application to inspecting storage canisters for spent nuclear fuel	One of the primary concerns with the long-term performance of storage systems for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is the potential for corrosion due to deliquescence of salts deposited as aerosols on the surface of the canister, which is typically made of austentic stainless steel. In regions of high residual weld stresses, this may lead to localized stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The ability to detect and image SCC at an early stage (long before the cracks are susceptible to propagate through the thickness of the canister wall and leaks of radioactive material may occur) is essential to the performance evaluation and licensing process of the storage systems. In this paper, we explore a number of nondestructive testing techniques to detect and image SCC in austenitic stainless steel. Our attention is focused on a small rectangular sample of 1 × 2 in2 with two cracks of mm-scale sizes. The techniques explored in this paper include nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) for detection, Linear Elastodynamic Gradient Imaging Technique (LEGIT), ultrasonic C-scan, vibrothermography, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction for imaging. Results obtained from these techniques are compared. Cracks of mm-scale sizes can be detected and imaged with all the techniques explored in this study. © 2019
495	a12761902000	Ulrich T.J.	p620	False	Journal	310	Time reversal techniques	Time reversal is a technique to focus wave energy to a selected point in space and time, localize and characterize a source of wave propagation, and/or communicate information between two points. This chapter will introduce the reader to the concept of time reversal and different implementations of this concept. The focus will then be directed to non-destructive evaluation applications using nonlinear elasto-dynamics together with time reversal. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.
496	a9279493200	Shayer Z.	p130	False	Journal	77	Detecting and imaging stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel, with application to inspecting storage canisters for spent nuclear fuel	One of the primary concerns with the long-term performance of storage systems for spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is the potential for corrosion due to deliquescence of salts deposited as aerosols on the surface of the canister, which is typically made of austentic stainless steel. In regions of high residual weld stresses, this may lead to localized stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The ability to detect and image SCC at an early stage (long before the cracks are susceptible to propagate through the thickness of the canister wall and leaks of radioactive material may occur) is essential to the performance evaluation and licensing process of the storage systems. In this paper, we explore a number of nondestructive testing techniques to detect and image SCC in austenitic stainless steel. Our attention is focused on a small rectangular sample of 1 × 2 in2 with two cracks of mm-scale sizes. The techniques explored in this paper include nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (NRUS) for detection, Linear Elastodynamic Gradient Imaging Technique (LEGIT), ultrasonic C-scan, vibrothermography, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction for imaging. Results obtained from these techniques are compared. Cracks of mm-scale sizes can be detected and imaged with all the techniques explored in this study. © 2019
497	a57194034271	Cabas A.	p131	True	Conference	22	Turning Disaster into Knowledge: Geotechnical Aspects of the 2018 Mw 7.1 Anchorage Alaska Earthquake	The moment magnitude (Mw) 7.1 Anchorage, Alaska, earthquake on November 30, 2018 is one of the largest earthquakes to strike near a major U.S. city since the 1994 Northridge earthquake. No fatalities were reported, but the earthquake caused widespread power outages, structural damage to residential buildings, damage to roadways and railways, and ground failures. This paper presents a summary of preliminary findings by the NSF-sponsored Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) team. Damage was characterized using a combination of on-ground site mapping and aerial reconnaissance with state-of-art geomatics technology and photogrammetry. Recorded peak ground accelerations (PGA) at most stations range between 0.2 g and 0.3 g, with a few sites in the central and southeastern vicinities of Anchorage with PGA greater than 0.5 g. The duration of strong shaking from the M 7.1 event may not have been enough to initiate substantial movements on the majority of the historic landslides from the 1964 M 9.2 earthquake, including the slides at the Turnagain Heights and 4th Avenue. However, liquefaction appeared to have contributed to re-mobilization of the 1964 Potter Hill (Rabbit Creek) landslide. While the majority of the damage observed in Anchorage and surrounding communities appeared to be non-structural, the isolated cases of structural damage seemed to be caused by geotechnical issues, particularly settlement of the foundation and/or slope deformations. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
498	a53866135200	Beyzaei C.	p131	False	Conference	22	Turning Disaster into Knowledge: Geotechnical Aspects of the 2018 Mw 7.1 Anchorage Alaska Earthquake	The moment magnitude (Mw) 7.1 Anchorage, Alaska, earthquake on November 30, 2018 is one of the largest earthquakes to strike near a major U.S. city since the 1994 Northridge earthquake. No fatalities were reported, but the earthquake caused widespread power outages, structural damage to residential buildings, damage to roadways and railways, and ground failures. This paper presents a summary of preliminary findings by the NSF-sponsored Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) team. Damage was characterized using a combination of on-ground site mapping and aerial reconnaissance with state-of-art geomatics technology and photogrammetry. Recorded peak ground accelerations (PGA) at most stations range between 0.2 g and 0.3 g, with a few sites in the central and southeastern vicinities of Anchorage with PGA greater than 0.5 g. The duration of strong shaking from the M 7.1 event may not have been enough to initiate substantial movements on the majority of the historic landslides from the 1964 M 9.2 earthquake, including the slides at the Turnagain Heights and 4th Avenue. However, liquefaction appeared to have contributed to re-mobilization of the 1964 Potter Hill (Rabbit Creek) landslide. While the majority of the damage observed in Anchorage and surrounding communities appeared to be non-structural, the isolated cases of structural damage seemed to be caused by geotechnical issues, particularly settlement of the foundation and/or slope deformations. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
499	a55315026400	Franke K.	p131	False	Conference	22	Turning Disaster into Knowledge: Geotechnical Aspects of the 2018 Mw 7.1 Anchorage Alaska Earthquake	The moment magnitude (Mw) 7.1 Anchorage, Alaska, earthquake on November 30, 2018 is one of the largest earthquakes to strike near a major U.S. city since the 1994 Northridge earthquake. No fatalities were reported, but the earthquake caused widespread power outages, structural damage to residential buildings, damage to roadways and railways, and ground failures. This paper presents a summary of preliminary findings by the NSF-sponsored Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) team. Damage was characterized using a combination of on-ground site mapping and aerial reconnaissance with state-of-art geomatics technology and photogrammetry. Recorded peak ground accelerations (PGA) at most stations range between 0.2 g and 0.3 g, with a few sites in the central and southeastern vicinities of Anchorage with PGA greater than 0.5 g. The duration of strong shaking from the M 7.1 event may not have been enough to initiate substantial movements on the majority of the historic landslides from the 1964 M 9.2 earthquake, including the slides at the Turnagain Heights and 4th Avenue. However, liquefaction appeared to have contributed to re-mobilization of the 1964 Potter Hill (Rabbit Creek) landslide. While the majority of the damage observed in Anchorage and surrounding communities appeared to be non-structural, the isolated cases of structural damage seemed to be caused by geotechnical issues, particularly settlement of the foundation and/or slope deformations. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
499	a55315026400	Franke K.	p163	True	Journal	113	Observed building damage patterns and foundation performance in Mexico City following the 2017 M7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake	The September 19th, 2017 M7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake introduced strong ground motions into the Mexico City basin, which contains very soft lacustrine soils, dense urban infrastructure, and millions of inhabitants. As a result, 38 mid-rise structures collapsed and several hundred more were damaged. This paper reports the observations related to building performance, damage patterns, and foundation performance made by the two UNAM-GEER engineering reconnaissance teams sent to investigate the geotechnical aspects of the earthquake. The methodology used to perform building damage mapping following the 2017 event is described. Comparisons are made between the observed building damage patterns following the September 19th, 1985 and the 2017 earthquake, and the distinct differences in the damage pattern distribution between the two earthquakes are summarized. Overall, building and foundation performance were observed to be quite good during the 2017 event, especially when compared to the 1985 event. Structures that were observed to be heavily damaged or collapsed were all built prior to 1985, and incorporated poor structural design and/or construction which resonated with the soil column on which they were constructed, and/or were built upon very soft soils that contributed to significant foundation deformations. Detailed building damage pattern maps of specific neighborhoods that were investigated are provided, and lessons learned from this event are summarized. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
499	a55315026400	Franke K.	p185	False	Journal	126	The September 19, 2017 Mw 7.1 Puebla-Mexico city earthquake: Important findings from the field – Overview of Special Edition	The September 19th, 2017 Mw 7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake lead to strong ground shaking in the densely populated Mexico City basin, and surrounding country areas in central Mexico. As a result, 38 mid-rise buildings collapsed and several hundred more were damaged in Mexico City, and extensive damage was observed in the states of Puebla and Morelos. This special edition synthesizes observations related to structural and foundation performance, and the corresponding damage patterns, carried out by two UNAM-GEER engineering reconnaissance teams sent to investigate the geotechnical earthquake engineering aspects of this event. Articles were solicited of researchers that were in the field that investigated: the characteristics of the event, the demand and damage distribution across Mexico City and surrounding regions, the seismic performance of buildings, lifelines, and other critical infrastructure, considering the site response and soil-structure interaction effects in the observed damage distribution. Special attention was paid to the impact of regional ground subsidence, in the seismic-soil structure interaction exhibited by the affected building. Advanced non-intrusive survey methods were used to map damage patterns in a regional level. Comparisons were made between the observed building damage patterns following the September 19th, 1985 Michoacan earthquake, and the 2017 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake, and the distinct differences in the damage distribution between the two earthquakes were revised. Overall, building and foundation performance were observed to be quite good during the 2017 event, especially when compared to the 1985 event. Structures that were observed to be heavily damaged or collapsed were all built prior to 1985, and incorporated poor structural design and/or construction, which resonated with the soil column on which they were constructed, and/or were built upon very soft soils that contributed to significant foundation deformations. Detailed building damage pattern maps of specific neighborhoods that were investigated are provided, and lessons learned from this event are summarized in each research paper include in this special issue. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
499	a55315026400	Franke K.	p210	False	Journal	142	Achieving tiered model quality in 3D structure from motion models using a multi-scale view-planning algorithm for automated targeted inspection	This study presents a novel multi-scale view-planning algorithm for automated targeted inspection using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). In industrial inspection, it is important to collect the most relevant data to keep processing demands, both human and computational, to a minimum. This study investigates the viability of automated targeted multi-scale image acquisition for Structure from Motion (SfM)-based infrastructure modeling. A traditional view-planning approach for SfM is extended to a multi-scale approach, planning for targeted regions of high, medium, and low priority. The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can traverse the entire aerial space and facilitates collection of an optimized set of views, both close to and far away from areas of interest. The test case for field validation is the Tibble Fork Dam in Utah. Using the targeted multi-scale flight planning, a UAV automatically flies a tiered inspection using less than 25% of the number of photos needed to model the entire dam at high-priority level. This results in approximately 75% reduced flight time and model processing load, while still maintaining high model accuracy where needed. Models display stepped improvement in visual clarity and SfM reconstruction integrity by priority level, with the higher priority regions more accurately modeling smaller and finer features. A resolution map of the final tiered model is included. While this study focuses on multi-scale view planning for optical sensors, the methods potentially extend to other remote sensors, such as aerial LiDAR. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
499	a55315026400	Franke K.	p211	False	Journal	143	Disaster reconnaissance using multiple small unmanned aerial vehicles"	[No abstract available]
499	a55315026400	Franke K.	p228	False	Journal	150	Site effects in Mexico City basin: Past and present	Due to the unique subsoil conditions prevailing in the Mexico City basin, seismic risk has been strongly correlated to site effects. Thus, during the Mw 8.1 09/19/1985 subduction fault earthquake, and its strong aftershock Mw 7.5 09/21/1985, extensive damage was observed in the area, along with the loss of thousands of lives, despite these events had an epicentral distance of around 430 km from Mexico City. The observed damage was mostly due to site affects originated by the high plastiCity clay deposits found in the basin, which lead to large amplifications, and duration elongation of the ground motions coming from the epicenter. In addition, a frequency content modification occurs, which in turn, leads to a double resonance effect between the incoming ground motions, soil deposits, and the damaged buildings. Exactly 32 years after this devastating event, the Mw 7.1 09/19/2017 normal fault earthquake, reminded us of the importance of accounting for site effects, and most importantly the need to carry out a proper characterization of basin geometry, soil profile configuration, hydraulic conditions, and maintenance-structure periodic assessments of the building stock in Mexico City. This is required to reduce uncertainties of seismic vulnerability studies for extreme-event seismic hazard scenarios. In this paper, the role of site response and seismic soil-structure interaction as key factors responsible of the observed damage in the City is revisited, through series of 3D finite difference models of typical structure-foundation-soil typologies found at the areas where most of the damage was observed, highlighting its clear impact in the final damage distribution observed around the City. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
499	a55315026400	Franke K.	p361	True	Journal	201	Overestimation of liquefaction hazard in areas of low to moderate seismicity due to improper characterization of probabilistic seismic loading	This study evaluates the impact of characterizing probabilistic ground motions for liquefaction hazard analysis (defined and quantified in this paper as liquefaction triggering and free-field post-liquefaction settlements) in areas of low to moderate seismicity. Both pseudo-probabilistic and probabilistic (i.e., performance-based) methods are assessed and compared. Results of the comparative study suggest that pseudo-probabilistic methods can significantly overestimate liquefaction hazards in areas of low seismicity. Performance-based probabilistic methods are shown to predict between 5.2 cm and 16.5 cm (approximately 36–47%) less post-liquefaction free-field settlement on average than pseudo-probabilistic methods in areas of low seismicity at a return period of 2475 years, and to predict 9 cm to 19.7cm (approximately 96%) less post-liquefaction free-field settlement on average than pseudo-probabilistic methods at a return period of 475 years. Soil site classification is shown to have substantial impact on the estimated liquefaction hazards in areas of low seismicity due to soil amplification, potentially increasing design accelerations by up to 56%. Consequences of inconsistencies regarding design ground motions in current seismic design provisions are also discussed. To avoid potential for overpredicting liquefaction hazards, engineers should apply a performance-based approach when assessing liquefaction triggering and its effects in areas of low to moderate seismicity. © 2018 The Authors
499	a55315026400	Franke K.	p394	False	Conference	143	Mexico City Basin Effects: Past, Present, and Future	Seismic hazard in Mexico City governed by site effects. The M8.1 1985 subduction zone earthquake, which caused significant damage and loss of thousands of lives at 350 km epicentral distance, has become the quintessential example of the role that site effects can play in modifying the amplitude, frequency, and duration of ground shaking; and in aggravating the catastrophic consequences of earthquakes. We here present observations and analyses of the M7.1 September 19, 2017, event that -while triggered by an intraplate rupture at approximately half the epicentral distance of the 1985 event relative to Mexico City -caused severe structural damage to a few tens of buildings located in a relatively narrow zone between the hill and lake zones of the basin, known as the transition zone. We show that the M 7.1 mainshock exposed the vulnerabilities of the pre-1985 building code in the transition zone; but more importantly highlighted the improvement of the 1987 building code revision in terms of the performance of modern high-rise buildings that suffered catastrophic consequences during the 1985 Michoácan earthquake sequence. We next analyze several records collected at stations in the basin over the past 20 years. We highlight the importance of three-dimensional heterogeneity of the basin sediments, the coupling between hydrological setting and site response and their evolution with time, and the energy interaction between the deep basin edge and the shallow clay layers. Results presented are the collective effort of the GEER teams that were deployed to perform post-earthquake reconnaissance in the affected regions of the epicentral area and in Mexico City after the M 7.1 September 19, 2017, earthquake sequence. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
499	a55315026400	Franke K.	p613	True	Conference	251	Optimization of Grid Spacing Pattern for the Development of Reference Parameter Maps for Liquefaction-Induced Free-Field Settlement	Performance-based earthquake engineering analysis methods are desirable in geotechnical engineering due to their ability to incorporate the various uncertainties associated with complex problems and their ability to frame responses in terms of a targeted hazard. However, such methods are difficult to implement on routine projects without the use of specialized software because the many iterative probabilistic calculations required. Prior research has introduced a simplified approach of using performance-based reference parameter maps in conjunction with correction equations that account for site-specific geotechnical and topographical conditions. This paper addresses the development of such performance-based reference parameter maps for the calculation of post-liquefaction volumetric strains and settlements in the free field. A study is performed and presented to assess the optimized grid spacing for a performance-based volumetric strain analysis and development of a strain performance-based reference parameter map. Recommended grid spacing values as correlated to USGS seismic hazard maps for PGA are provided to produce a maximum of 0.15% strain error in interpolating the reference strain for the simplified performance-based analysis approach. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
499	a55315026400	Franke K.	p671	False	Journal	296	Water supply damage caused by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake	Widespread damage to lifeline systems occurred as a result from the Kumamoto Earthquakes that initiated on April 14, 2016. Interruption to the water, gas, and electric power supply affected thousands of people. Landslides and surface rupture caused significant damage to transportation systems, especially roads and bridges. This paper provides an overview of observations and information gathered by US researchers (sponsored by Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance Association), Japanese researchers, and others regarding water supply damage. Emphasis is placed on the largest water authority in the region of the earthquake, Kumamoto City, including damage metrics for various pipe materials and diameters. The greatest damage occurred at valves and other fundamental mechanisms of large diameter pipelines. Pipelines constructed of ERDIP and HDPE performed most favorably while steel and cast iron pipelines were shown to be the more vulnerable. A liquefaction-induced lateral spreading site at which pipeline damage occurred is identified for further study. © 2017 International Association of Lowland Technology. All rights reserved.
499	a55315026400	Franke K.	p838	True	Conference	365	Probabilistic Lateral Spread Evaluation for Long, Linear Infrastructure Using Performance-Based Reference Parameter Maps	The design of long, linear infrastructure such as pipelines, levees, roads, and canals can be challenging in areas of moderate to high seismicity due to numerous seismic and geologic hazards that can be encountered along proposed alignments. One of the most challenging earthquake-related hazards in the design of large infrastructure is liquefaction-induced lateral spread displacement. This paper presents a new simplified probabilistic approach to estimate lateral spread displacements at targeted return periods across large geographic areas using performance-based lateral spread displacement reference parameter maps and (if available) site-specific geotechnical information. The approach is demonstrated on a hypothetical pipeline extending from Rock Springs, Wyoming, to West Bountiful, Utah, in the United States. Advantages and limitations of the proposed approach are discussed. The results of the demonstrative calculation show how the approach can be used to identify areas where additional geotechnical investigations might be needed, and how probabilistic lateral spread displacements can be easily predicted along numerous proposed alignments of the pipeline once geotechnical subsurface investigation and ground surveys become available. © 2017 ASCE.
499	a55315026400	Franke K.	p879	True	Conference	395	The use of unmanned aerial vehicles and structures from motion to measure the volume change at a deep dynamic compaction site	A small unmanned aerial vehicle (sUAV) is used with structure from motion (SfM) computer vision (Marr and Nishihara 1978; Snavely et al. 2008) to measure the amount of settlement that is induced by deep dynamic compaction at a site of a new casino near Lake Havasu City, AZ. Details of the project and field operations are provided, and comparisons are made between induced settlement measurements from traditional techniques and induced settlement measurements from the new sUAV/SfM approach. Results of the study show that the sUAV/SfM approach estimates an average induced settlement of 38 cm across the site, which straddles within 2.5 cm of the average induced settlements that were measured with other traditional techniques. Additionally, the sUAV/SfM technique is shown to provide significant detail of the distribution of induced settlements across the site. This distribution of settlements could be indicative of the distribution of subsurface soils that were more affected by the DDC such as looser or cleaner sands. Implications of the findings of this study are briefly discussed. © ASCE.
500	a57216076371	Koehler R.	p131	False	Conference	22	Turning Disaster into Knowledge: Geotechnical Aspects of the 2018 Mw 7.1 Anchorage Alaska Earthquake	The moment magnitude (Mw) 7.1 Anchorage, Alaska, earthquake on November 30, 2018 is one of the largest earthquakes to strike near a major U.S. city since the 1994 Northridge earthquake. No fatalities were reported, but the earthquake caused widespread power outages, structural damage to residential buildings, damage to roadways and railways, and ground failures. This paper presents a summary of preliminary findings by the NSF-sponsored Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) team. Damage was characterized using a combination of on-ground site mapping and aerial reconnaissance with state-of-art geomatics technology and photogrammetry. Recorded peak ground accelerations (PGA) at most stations range between 0.2 g and 0.3 g, with a few sites in the central and southeastern vicinities of Anchorage with PGA greater than 0.5 g. The duration of strong shaking from the M 7.1 event may not have been enough to initiate substantial movements on the majority of the historic landslides from the 1964 M 9.2 earthquake, including the slides at the Turnagain Heights and 4th Avenue. However, liquefaction appeared to have contributed to re-mobilization of the 1964 Potter Hill (Rabbit Creek) landslide. While the majority of the damage observed in Anchorage and surrounding communities appeared to be non-structural, the isolated cases of structural damage seemed to be caused by geotechnical issues, particularly settlement of the foundation and/or slope deformations. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
501	a56818839700	Pierce I.	p131	False	Conference	22	Turning Disaster into Knowledge: Geotechnical Aspects of the 2018 Mw 7.1 Anchorage Alaska Earthquake	The moment magnitude (Mw) 7.1 Anchorage, Alaska, earthquake on November 30, 2018 is one of the largest earthquakes to strike near a major U.S. city since the 1994 Northridge earthquake. No fatalities were reported, but the earthquake caused widespread power outages, structural damage to residential buildings, damage to roadways and railways, and ground failures. This paper presents a summary of preliminary findings by the NSF-sponsored Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) team. Damage was characterized using a combination of on-ground site mapping and aerial reconnaissance with state-of-art geomatics technology and photogrammetry. Recorded peak ground accelerations (PGA) at most stations range between 0.2 g and 0.3 g, with a few sites in the central and southeastern vicinities of Anchorage with PGA greater than 0.5 g. The duration of strong shaking from the M 7.1 event may not have been enough to initiate substantial movements on the majority of the historic landslides from the 1964 M 9.2 earthquake, including the slides at the Turnagain Heights and 4th Avenue. However, liquefaction appeared to have contributed to re-mobilization of the 1964 Potter Hill (Rabbit Creek) landslide. While the majority of the damage observed in Anchorage and surrounding communities appeared to be non-structural, the isolated cases of structural damage seemed to be caused by geotechnical issues, particularly settlement of the foundation and/or slope deformations. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
502	a23570183200	Stuedlein A.	p131	False	Conference	22	Turning Disaster into Knowledge: Geotechnical Aspects of the 2018 Mw 7.1 Anchorage Alaska Earthquake	The moment magnitude (Mw) 7.1 Anchorage, Alaska, earthquake on November 30, 2018 is one of the largest earthquakes to strike near a major U.S. city since the 1994 Northridge earthquake. No fatalities were reported, but the earthquake caused widespread power outages, structural damage to residential buildings, damage to roadways and railways, and ground failures. This paper presents a summary of preliminary findings by the NSF-sponsored Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) team. Damage was characterized using a combination of on-ground site mapping and aerial reconnaissance with state-of-art geomatics technology and photogrammetry. Recorded peak ground accelerations (PGA) at most stations range between 0.2 g and 0.3 g, with a few sites in the central and southeastern vicinities of Anchorage with PGA greater than 0.5 g. The duration of strong shaking from the M 7.1 event may not have been enough to initiate substantial movements on the majority of the historic landslides from the 1964 M 9.2 earthquake, including the slides at the Turnagain Heights and 4th Avenue. However, liquefaction appeared to have contributed to re-mobilization of the 1964 Potter Hill (Rabbit Creek) landslide. While the majority of the damage observed in Anchorage and surrounding communities appeared to be non-structural, the isolated cases of structural damage seemed to be caused by geotechnical issues, particularly settlement of the foundation and/or slope deformations. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
503	a57215823167	Yang Z.	p131	False	Conference	22	Turning Disaster into Knowledge: Geotechnical Aspects of the 2018 Mw 7.1 Anchorage Alaska Earthquake	The moment magnitude (Mw) 7.1 Anchorage, Alaska, earthquake on November 30, 2018 is one of the largest earthquakes to strike near a major U.S. city since the 1994 Northridge earthquake. No fatalities were reported, but the earthquake caused widespread power outages, structural damage to residential buildings, damage to roadways and railways, and ground failures. This paper presents a summary of preliminary findings by the NSF-sponsored Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) team. Damage was characterized using a combination of on-ground site mapping and aerial reconnaissance with state-of-art geomatics technology and photogrammetry. Recorded peak ground accelerations (PGA) at most stations range between 0.2 g and 0.3 g, with a few sites in the central and southeastern vicinities of Anchorage with PGA greater than 0.5 g. The duration of strong shaking from the M 7.1 event may not have been enough to initiate substantial movements on the majority of the historic landslides from the 1964 M 9.2 earthquake, including the slides at the Turnagain Heights and 4th Avenue. However, liquefaction appeared to have contributed to re-mobilization of the 1964 Potter Hill (Rabbit Creek) landslide. While the majority of the damage observed in Anchorage and surrounding communities appeared to be non-structural, the isolated cases of structural damage seemed to be caused by geotechnical issues, particularly settlement of the foundation and/or slope deformations. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
504	a57216048774	Christie S.	p131	False	Conference	22	Turning Disaster into Knowledge: Geotechnical Aspects of the 2018 Mw 7.1 Anchorage Alaska Earthquake	The moment magnitude (Mw) 7.1 Anchorage, Alaska, earthquake on November 30, 2018 is one of the largest earthquakes to strike near a major U.S. city since the 1994 Northridge earthquake. No fatalities were reported, but the earthquake caused widespread power outages, structural damage to residential buildings, damage to roadways and railways, and ground failures. This paper presents a summary of preliminary findings by the NSF-sponsored Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) team. Damage was characterized using a combination of on-ground site mapping and aerial reconnaissance with state-of-art geomatics technology and photogrammetry. Recorded peak ground accelerations (PGA) at most stations range between 0.2 g and 0.3 g, with a few sites in the central and southeastern vicinities of Anchorage with PGA greater than 0.5 g. The duration of strong shaking from the M 7.1 event may not have been enough to initiate substantial movements on the majority of the historic landslides from the 1964 M 9.2 earthquake, including the slides at the Turnagain Heights and 4th Avenue. However, liquefaction appeared to have contributed to re-mobilization of the 1964 Potter Hill (Rabbit Creek) landslide. While the majority of the damage observed in Anchorage and surrounding communities appeared to be non-structural, the isolated cases of structural damage seemed to be caused by geotechnical issues, particularly settlement of the foundation and/or slope deformations. © 2020 American Society of Civil Engineers.
505	a7202049689	Tucker A.L.	p132	True	Journal	91	When do workarounds help or hurt patient outcomes? The moderating role of operational failures	Hospital providers often use workarounds to circumvent processes so that patients can receive care. Workarounds in response to operational failures enable care to continue and therefore may be indicative of workers' commitment. On the other hand, workarounds in the absence of operational failures may signal an ineffective approach associated with lower quality of care and worse patient outcomes. Working closely with healthcare providers, we developed a survey to measure workaround behaviors and operational failures on medical/surgical units. The lead author surveyed over 4,000 nurses from 63 hospitals throughout the United States. We matched this data with audit data on the incidence of pressure injuries among over 21,000 patients on 262 nursing units in 56 survey hospitals. Hospital-acquired pressure injuries are a significant risk to patient health and hospital costs. We do not find support for our hypothesis that workarounds are associated with a higher rate of hospital-acquired pressure injuries. However, when we take into account the moderating role of operational failures on the relationship between workarounds and pressure injuries, we find significant results. When nursing units have lower levels of operational failures, workarounds are associated with higher rates of hospital-acquired pressure injuries. Our results provide evidence that workarounds may be associated with negative patient outcomes, if they stem from a process-avoiding approach. The best results can be achieved by reducing both operational failures and workarounds via instilling a process-focused approach. © 2019 Association for Supply Chain Management, Inc.
506	a57207774891	Zheng S.	p132	False	Journal	91	When do workarounds help or hurt patient outcomes? The moderating role of operational failures	Hospital providers often use workarounds to circumvent processes so that patients can receive care. Workarounds in response to operational failures enable care to continue and therefore may be indicative of workers' commitment. On the other hand, workarounds in the absence of operational failures may signal an ineffective approach associated with lower quality of care and worse patient outcomes. Working closely with healthcare providers, we developed a survey to measure workaround behaviors and operational failures on medical/surgical units. The lead author surveyed over 4,000 nurses from 63 hospitals throughout the United States. We matched this data with audit data on the incidence of pressure injuries among over 21,000 patients on 262 nursing units in 56 survey hospitals. Hospital-acquired pressure injuries are a significant risk to patient health and hospital costs. We do not find support for our hypothesis that workarounds are associated with a higher rate of hospital-acquired pressure injuries. However, when we take into account the moderating role of operational failures on the relationship between workarounds and pressure injuries, we find significant results. When nursing units have lower levels of operational failures, workarounds are associated with higher rates of hospital-acquired pressure injuries. Our results provide evidence that workarounds may be associated with negative patient outcomes, if they stem from a process-avoiding approach. The best results can be achieved by reducing both operational failures and workarounds via instilling a process-focused approach. © 2019 Association for Supply Chain Management, Inc.
507	a7006410098	Bohn R.E.	p132	False	Journal	91	When do workarounds help or hurt patient outcomes? The moderating role of operational failures	Hospital providers often use workarounds to circumvent processes so that patients can receive care. Workarounds in response to operational failures enable care to continue and therefore may be indicative of workers' commitment. On the other hand, workarounds in the absence of operational failures may signal an ineffective approach associated with lower quality of care and worse patient outcomes. Working closely with healthcare providers, we developed a survey to measure workaround behaviors and operational failures on medical/surgical units. The lead author surveyed over 4,000 nurses from 63 hospitals throughout the United States. We matched this data with audit data on the incidence of pressure injuries among over 21,000 patients on 262 nursing units in 56 survey hospitals. Hospital-acquired pressure injuries are a significant risk to patient health and hospital costs. We do not find support for our hypothesis that workarounds are associated with a higher rate of hospital-acquired pressure injuries. However, when we take into account the moderating role of operational failures on the relationship between workarounds and pressure injuries, we find significant results. When nursing units have lower levels of operational failures, workarounds are associated with higher rates of hospital-acquired pressure injuries. Our results provide evidence that workarounds may be associated with negative patient outcomes, if they stem from a process-avoiding approach. The best results can be achieved by reducing both operational failures and workarounds via instilling a process-focused approach. © 2019 Association for Supply Chain Management, Inc.
508	a56206655300	Sacchi C.	p133	True	Journal	92	Glue Technologies for Space Systems: An Introduction to a New AESS Technical Panel	This article aims at introducing to the readers of the AES Magazine the recently constituted technical panel: Glue Technologies for Space Systems. A short overview of the technologies considered in the panel will be provided, along with panel vision and perspectives shared with the founder members. Some information about panel meetings and participation rules will conclude this article. © 1986-2012 IEEE.
509	a55368982000	Schlegel C.	p133	False	Journal	92	Glue Technologies for Space Systems: An Introduction to a New AESS Technical Panel	This article aims at introducing to the readers of the AES Magazine the recently constituted technical panel: Glue Technologies for Space Systems. A short overview of the technologies considered in the panel will be provided, along with panel vision and perspectives shared with the founder members. Some information about panel meetings and participation rules will conclude this article. © 1986-2012 IEEE.
510	a56078804700	Rossi T.	p133	False	Journal	92	Glue Technologies for Space Systems: An Introduction to a New AESS Technical Panel	This article aims at introducing to the readers of the AES Magazine the recently constituted technical panel: Glue Technologies for Space Systems. A short overview of the technologies considered in the panel will be provided, along with panel vision and perspectives shared with the founder members. Some information about panel meetings and participation rules will conclude this article. © 1986-2012 IEEE.
511	a57216040137	Noble M.	p133	False	Journal	92	Glue Technologies for Space Systems: An Introduction to a New AESS Technical Panel	This article aims at introducing to the readers of the AES Magazine the recently constituted technical panel: Glue Technologies for Space Systems. A short overview of the technologies considered in the panel will be provided, along with panel vision and perspectives shared with the founder members. Some information about panel meetings and participation rules will conclude this article. © 1986-2012 IEEE.
512	a7102391180	Ruggieri M.	p133	False	Journal	92	Glue Technologies for Space Systems: An Introduction to a New AESS Technical Panel	This article aims at introducing to the readers of the AES Magazine the recently constituted technical panel: Glue Technologies for Space Systems. A short overview of the technologies considered in the panel will be provided, along with panel vision and perspectives shared with the founder members. Some information about panel meetings and participation rules will conclude this article. © 1986-2012 IEEE.
513	a7402406630	Cheung K.-M.	p133	False	Journal	92	Glue Technologies for Space Systems: An Introduction to a New AESS Technical Panel	This article aims at introducing to the readers of the AES Magazine the recently constituted technical panel: Glue Technologies for Space Systems. A short overview of the technologies considered in the panel will be provided, along with panel vision and perspectives shared with the founder members. Some information about panel meetings and participation rules will conclude this article. © 1986-2012 IEEE.
514	a7004398165	Marchese M.	p133	False	Journal	92	Glue Technologies for Space Systems: An Introduction to a New AESS Technical Panel	This article aims at introducing to the readers of the AES Magazine the recently constituted technical panel: Glue Technologies for Space Systems. A short overview of the technologies considered in the panel will be provided, along with panel vision and perspectives shared with the founder members. Some information about panel meetings and participation rules will conclude this article. © 1986-2012 IEEE.
515	a6701655006	Granelli F.	p133	False	Journal	92	Glue Technologies for Space Systems: An Introduction to a New AESS Technical Panel	This article aims at introducing to the readers of the AES Magazine the recently constituted technical panel: Glue Technologies for Space Systems. A short overview of the technologies considered in the panel will be provided, along with panel vision and perspectives shared with the founder members. Some information about panel meetings and participation rules will conclude this article. © 1986-2012 IEEE.
516	a35103143500	Popescu V.	p133	False	Journal	92	Glue Technologies for Space Systems: An Introduction to a New AESS Technical Panel	This article aims at introducing to the readers of the AES Magazine the recently constituted technical panel: Glue Technologies for Space Systems. A short overview of the technologies considered in the panel will be provided, along with panel vision and perspectives shared with the founder members. Some information about panel meetings and participation rules will conclude this article. © 1986-2012 IEEE.
517	a57216037206	Rice M.	p133	False	Journal	92	Glue Technologies for Space Systems: An Introduction to a New AESS Technical Panel	This article aims at introducing to the readers of the AES Magazine the recently constituted technical panel: Glue Technologies for Space Systems. A short overview of the technologies considered in the panel will be provided, along with panel vision and perspectives shared with the founder members. Some information about panel meetings and participation rules will conclude this article. © 1986-2012 IEEE.
518	a7801550098	Murroni M.	p133	False	Journal	92	Glue Technologies for Space Systems: An Introduction to a New AESS Technical Panel	This article aims at introducing to the readers of the AES Magazine the recently constituted technical panel: Glue Technologies for Space Systems. A short overview of the technologies considered in the panel will be provided, along with panel vision and perspectives shared with the founder members. Some information about panel meetings and participation rules will conclude this article. © 1986-2012 IEEE.
519	a14832404400	Conci N.	p133	False	Journal	92	Glue Technologies for Space Systems: An Introduction to a New AESS Technical Panel	This article aims at introducing to the readers of the AES Magazine the recently constituted technical panel: Glue Technologies for Space Systems. A short overview of the technologies considered in the panel will be provided, along with panel vision and perspectives shared with the founder members. Some information about panel meetings and participation rules will conclude this article. © 1986-2012 IEEE.
520	a55559344500	Allen M.	p134	True	Journal	93	A New Boundary Harnack Principle (Equations with Right Hand Side)	We introduce a new boundary Harnack principle in Lipschitz domains for equations with a right hand side. Our approach, which uses comparisons and blow-ups, will adapt to more general domains as well as other types of operators. We prove the principle for divergence form elliptic equations with lower order terms including zero order terms. The inclusion of a zero order term appears to be new even in the absence of a right hand side. © 2019, The Author(s).
521	a6701910642	Shahgholian H.	p134	False	Journal	93	A New Boundary Harnack Principle (Equations with Right Hand Side)	We introduce a new boundary Harnack principle in Lipschitz domains for equations with a right hand side. Our approach, which uses comparisons and blow-ups, will adapt to more general domains as well as other types of operators. We prove the principle for divergence form elliptic equations with lower order terms including zero order terms. The inclusion of a zero order term appears to be new even in the absence of a right hand side. © 2019, The Author(s).
522	a56221719300	Hunt J.P.	p135	True	Journal	94	Streamlining the preparation of “endotoxin-free” ClearColi cell extract with autoinduction media for cell-free protein synthesis of the therapeutic protein crisantaspase	An “endotoxin-free” E. coli-based cell-free protein synthesis system has been reported to produce therapeutic proteins rapidly and on-demand. However, preparation of the most complex CFPS reagent – the cell extract – remains time-consuming and labor-intensive because of the relatively slow growth kinetics of the endotoxin-free ClearColiTMBL21(DE3) strain. Here we report a streamlined procedure for preparing E. coli cell extract from ClearColi™ using auto-induction media. In this work, the term auto-induction describes cell culture media which eliminates the need for manual induction of protein expression. Culturing Clearcoli™ cells in autoinduction media significantly reduces the hands-on time required during extract preparation, and the resulting “endotoxin-free” cell extract maintained the same cell-free protein synthesis capability as extract produced with traditional induction as demonstrated by the high-yield expression of crisantaspase, an FDA approved leukemia therapeutic. It is anticipated that this work will lower the barrier for researchers to enter the field and use this technology as the method to produce endotoxin-free E. coli-based extract for CFPS. © 2019
523	a57210161259	Zhao E.L.	p135	False	Journal	94	Streamlining the preparation of “endotoxin-free” ClearColi cell extract with autoinduction media for cell-free protein synthesis of the therapeutic protein crisantaspase	An “endotoxin-free” E. coli-based cell-free protein synthesis system has been reported to produce therapeutic proteins rapidly and on-demand. However, preparation of the most complex CFPS reagent – the cell extract – remains time-consuming and labor-intensive because of the relatively slow growth kinetics of the endotoxin-free ClearColiTMBL21(DE3) strain. Here we report a streamlined procedure for preparing E. coli cell extract from ClearColi™ using auto-induction media. In this work, the term auto-induction describes cell culture media which eliminates the need for manual induction of protein expression. Culturing Clearcoli™ cells in autoinduction media significantly reduces the hands-on time required during extract preparation, and the resulting “endotoxin-free” cell extract maintained the same cell-free protein synthesis capability as extract produced with traditional induction as demonstrated by the high-yield expression of crisantaspase, an FDA approved leukemia therapeutic. It is anticipated that this work will lower the barrier for researchers to enter the field and use this technology as the method to produce endotoxin-free E. coli-based extract for CFPS. © 2019
524	a57203181568	Soltani M.	p135	False	Journal	94	Streamlining the preparation of “endotoxin-free” ClearColi cell extract with autoinduction media for cell-free protein synthesis of the therapeutic protein crisantaspase	An “endotoxin-free” E. coli-based cell-free protein synthesis system has been reported to produce therapeutic proteins rapidly and on-demand. However, preparation of the most complex CFPS reagent – the cell extract – remains time-consuming and labor-intensive because of the relatively slow growth kinetics of the endotoxin-free ClearColiTMBL21(DE3) strain. Here we report a streamlined procedure for preparing E. coli cell extract from ClearColi™ using auto-induction media. In this work, the term auto-induction describes cell culture media which eliminates the need for manual induction of protein expression. Culturing Clearcoli™ cells in autoinduction media significantly reduces the hands-on time required during extract preparation, and the resulting “endotoxin-free” cell extract maintained the same cell-free protein synthesis capability as extract produced with traditional induction as demonstrated by the high-yield expression of crisantaspase, an FDA approved leukemia therapeutic. It is anticipated that this work will lower the barrier for researchers to enter the field and use this technology as the method to produce endotoxin-free E. coli-based extract for CFPS. © 2019
524	a57203181568	Soltani M.	p430	True	Journal	238	Reengineering cell-free protein synthesis as a biosensor: Biosensing with transcription, translation, and protein-folding	Biosensors highjack and reengineer biological systems for highly specific detection of diverse molecules. However, many traditional biosensor devices have slow response times and high operating costs and require specialized training and immobile lab equipment. In an effort to address these limitations, researchers have begun using cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems as biosensors. CFPS-based systems provide the advantages of speed, portability, and robustness at a relatively low cost. Here, we review CFPS-based biosensors according to the three fundamental stages of CFPS: transcription, translation, and protein folding. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
525	a57212304730	Frei M.	p135	False	Journal	94	Streamlining the preparation of “endotoxin-free” ClearColi cell extract with autoinduction media for cell-free protein synthesis of the therapeutic protein crisantaspase	An “endotoxin-free” E. coli-based cell-free protein synthesis system has been reported to produce therapeutic proteins rapidly and on-demand. However, preparation of the most complex CFPS reagent – the cell extract – remains time-consuming and labor-intensive because of the relatively slow growth kinetics of the endotoxin-free ClearColiTMBL21(DE3) strain. Here we report a streamlined procedure for preparing E. coli cell extract from ClearColi™ using auto-induction media. In this work, the term auto-induction describes cell culture media which eliminates the need for manual induction of protein expression. Culturing Clearcoli™ cells in autoinduction media significantly reduces the hands-on time required during extract preparation, and the resulting “endotoxin-free” cell extract maintained the same cell-free protein synthesis capability as extract produced with traditional induction as demonstrated by the high-yield expression of crisantaspase, an FDA approved leukemia therapeutic. It is anticipated that this work will lower the barrier for researchers to enter the field and use this technology as the method to produce endotoxin-free E. coli-based extract for CFPS. © 2019
526	a55458271500	Nelson J.A.D.	p135	False	Journal	94	Streamlining the preparation of “endotoxin-free” ClearColi cell extract with autoinduction media for cell-free protein synthesis of the therapeutic protein crisantaspase	An “endotoxin-free” E. coli-based cell-free protein synthesis system has been reported to produce therapeutic proteins rapidly and on-demand. However, preparation of the most complex CFPS reagent – the cell extract – remains time-consuming and labor-intensive because of the relatively slow growth kinetics of the endotoxin-free ClearColiTMBL21(DE3) strain. Here we report a streamlined procedure for preparing E. coli cell extract from ClearColi™ using auto-induction media. In this work, the term auto-induction describes cell culture media which eliminates the need for manual induction of protein expression. Culturing Clearcoli™ cells in autoinduction media significantly reduces the hands-on time required during extract preparation, and the resulting “endotoxin-free” cell extract maintained the same cell-free protein synthesis capability as extract produced with traditional induction as demonstrated by the high-yield expression of crisantaspase, an FDA approved leukemia therapeutic. It is anticipated that this work will lower the barrier for researchers to enter the field and use this technology as the method to produce endotoxin-free E. coli-based extract for CFPS. © 2019
526	a55458271500	Nelson J.A.D.	p430	False	Journal	238	Reengineering cell-free protein synthesis as a biosensor: Biosensing with transcription, translation, and protein-folding	Biosensors highjack and reengineer biological systems for highly specific detection of diverse molecules. However, many traditional biosensor devices have slow response times and high operating costs and require specialized training and immobile lab equipment. In an effort to address these limitations, researchers have begun using cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems as biosensors. CFPS-based systems provide the advantages of speed, portability, and robustness at a relatively low cost. Here, we review CFPS-based biosensors according to the three fundamental stages of CFPS: transcription, translation, and protein folding. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
527	a56266132600	Bundy B.C.	p135	False	Journal	94	Streamlining the preparation of “endotoxin-free” ClearColi cell extract with autoinduction media for cell-free protein synthesis of the therapeutic protein crisantaspase	An “endotoxin-free” E. coli-based cell-free protein synthesis system has been reported to produce therapeutic proteins rapidly and on-demand. However, preparation of the most complex CFPS reagent – the cell extract – remains time-consuming and labor-intensive because of the relatively slow growth kinetics of the endotoxin-free ClearColiTMBL21(DE3) strain. Here we report a streamlined procedure for preparing E. coli cell extract from ClearColi™ using auto-induction media. In this work, the term auto-induction describes cell culture media which eliminates the need for manual induction of protein expression. Culturing Clearcoli™ cells in autoinduction media significantly reduces the hands-on time required during extract preparation, and the resulting “endotoxin-free” cell extract maintained the same cell-free protein synthesis capability as extract produced with traditional induction as demonstrated by the high-yield expression of crisantaspase, an FDA approved leukemia therapeutic. It is anticipated that this work will lower the barrier for researchers to enter the field and use this technology as the method to produce endotoxin-free E. coli-based extract for CFPS. © 2019
527	a56266132600	Bundy B.C.	p231	False	Journal	153	Non-canonical amino acid labeling in proteomics and biotechnology	Metabolic labeling of proteins with non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) provides unique bioorthogonal chemical groups during de novo synthesis by taking advantage of both endogenous and heterologous protein synthesis machineries. Labeled proteins can then be selectively conjugated to fluorophores, affinity reagents, peptides, polymers, nanoparticles or surfaces for a wide variety of downstream applications in proteomics and biotechnology. In this review, we focus on techniques in which proteins are residue- and site-specifically labeled with ncAAs containing bioorthogonal handles. These ncAA-labeled proteins are: readily enriched from cells and tissues for identification via mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis; selectively purified for downstream biotechnology applications; or labeled with fluorophores for in situ analysis. To facilitate the wider use of these techniques, we provide decision trees to help guide the design of future experiments. It is expected that the use of ncAA labeling will continue to expand into new application areas where spatial and temporal analysis of proteome dynamics and engineering new chemistries and new function into proteins are desired. © 2019 The Author(s).
527	a56266132600	Bundy B.C.	p430	False	Journal	238	Reengineering cell-free protein synthesis as a biosensor: Biosensing with transcription, translation, and protein-folding	Biosensors highjack and reengineer biological systems for highly specific detection of diverse molecules. However, many traditional biosensor devices have slow response times and high operating costs and require specialized training and immobile lab equipment. In an effort to address these limitations, researchers have begun using cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems as biosensors. CFPS-based systems provide the advantages of speed, portability, and robustness at a relatively low cost. Here, we review CFPS-based biosensors according to the three fundamental stages of CFPS: transcription, translation, and protein folding. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
527	a56266132600	Bundy B.C.	p439	False	Journal	244	The emerging impact of cell-free chemical biosynthesis	Biomanufacturing has emerged as a promising alternative to chemocatalysis for green, renewable, complex synthesis of biofuels, medicines, and fine chemicals. Cell-free chemical biosynthesis offers additional advantages over in vivo production, enabling plug-and-play assembly of separately produced enzymes into an optimal cascade, versatile reaction conditions, and direct access to the reaction environment. In order for these advantages to be realized on the larger scale of industry, strategies are needed to reduce costs of biocatalyst generation, improve biocatalyst stability, and enable economically sustainable continuous cascade operation. Here we overview the advantages and remaining challenges of applying cell-free chemical biosynthesis for commodity production, and discuss recent advances in cascade engineering, enzyme immobilization, and enzyme encapsulation which constitute important steps towards addressing these challenges. © 2017
527	a56266132600	Bundy B.C.	p444	False	Journal	248	Corrigendum: Efficient decellularization of whole porcine kidneys improves reseeded cell behavior (Biomedical Materials (Bristol) (2016) 11 (025003) DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/2/025003)	The above manuscript describes our efforts to improve the process for recellularization of porcine kidneys. We obtained what we believed to be an immortalized cell line of human renal cortical tubular epithelium (RCTE) cells from the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University to conduct our reseeding experiments. The RCTE cells that were provided to us were later discovered to actually be Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. Despite being of canine origin, MDCK cells are a distal tubule epithelial cell line that behave similarly to human RCTE cells. The conclusions regarding reseeding as reported in our paper are still sound, as described in the following. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
527	a56266132600	Bundy B.C.	p537	False	Journal	297	The Locational Impact of Site-Specific PEGylation: Streamlined Screening with Cell-Free Protein Expression and Coarse-Grain Simulation	Although polyethylene glycol (PEG) is commonly used to improve protein stability and therapeutic efficacy, the optimal location for attaching PEG onto proteins is not well understood. Here, we present a cell-free protein synthesis-based screening platform that facilitates site-specific PEGylation and efficient evaluation of PEG attachment efficiency, thermal stability, and activity for different variants of PEGylated T4 lysozyme, including a di-PEGylated variant. We also report developing a computationally efficient coarse-grain simulation model as a potential tool to narrow experimental screening candidates. We use this simulation method as a novel tool to evaluate the locational impact of PEGylation. Using this screen, we also evaluated the predictive impact of PEGylation site solvent accessibility, conjugation site structure, PEG size, and double PEGylation. Our findings indicate that PEGylation efficiency, protein stability, and protein activity varied considerably with PEGylation site, variations that were not well predicted by common PEGylation guidelines. Overall our results suggest current guidelines are insufficiently predictive, highlighting the need for experimental and simulation screening systems such as the one presented here. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
528	a57209399454	Fanning D.T.	p137	True	Journal	96	Contributions of Tip Leakage and Inlet Diffusion on Inducer Backflow	Inducers are used as a first stage in pumps to minimize cavitation and allow the pump to operate at lower inlet head conditions. Inlet flow recirculation or backflow in the inducer occurs at low flow conditions and can lead to instabilities and cavitation-induced head breakdown. Backflow of an inducer with a tip clearance (TC) of τ = 0.32% and with no tip clearance (NTC) is examined with a series of computational fluid dynamics simulations. Removing the TC eliminates tip leakage flow; however, backflow is still observed. In fact, the NTC case showed a 37% increase in the length of the upstream backflow penetration. Tip leakage flow does instigate a smaller secondary leading edge tip vortex that is separate from the much larger backflow structure. A comprehensive analysis of these simulations suggests that blade inlet diffusion, not tip leakage flow, is the fundamental mechanism leading to the formation of backflow. © 2019 by ASME.
529	a9245406100	Oliphant K.	p137	False	Journal	96	Contributions of Tip Leakage and Inlet Diffusion on Inducer Backflow	Inducers are used as a first stage in pumps to minimize cavitation and allow the pump to operate at lower inlet head conditions. Inlet flow recirculation or backflow in the inducer occurs at low flow conditions and can lead to instabilities and cavitation-induced head breakdown. Backflow of an inducer with a tip clearance (TC) of τ = 0.32% and with no tip clearance (NTC) is examined with a series of computational fluid dynamics simulations. Removing the TC eliminates tip leakage flow; however, backflow is still observed. In fact, the NTC case showed a 37% increase in the length of the upstream backflow penetration. Tip leakage flow does instigate a smaller secondary leading edge tip vortex that is separate from the much larger backflow structure. A comprehensive analysis of these simulations suggests that blade inlet diffusion, not tip leakage flow, is the fundamental mechanism leading to the formation of backflow. © 2019 by ASME.
529	a9245406100	Oliphant K.	p340	False	Journal	96	Increasing Inducer Stability and Suction Performance With a Stability Control Device	An inducer is used as the first stage of high suction performance pump. It pressurizes the fluid to delay the onset of cavitation, which can adversely affect performance in a centrifugal pump. In this paper, the performance of a water pump inducer has been explored with and without the implementation of a stability control device (SCD). This device is an inlet cover bleed system that removes high-energy fluid near the blade leading edge and reinjects it back upstream. The research was conducted by running multiphase, time-accurate computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations at the design flow coefficient and at low, off-design flow coefficients. The suction performance and stability for the same inducer with and without the implementation of the SCD has been explored. An improvement in stability and suction performance was observed when the SCD was implemented. Without the SCD, the inducer developed backflow at the blade tip, which led to rotating cavitation and larger rotordynamic forces. With the SCD, no significant cavitation instabilities developed, and the rotordynamic forces remained small. The lack of cavitation instabilities also allowed the inducer to operate at lower inlet pressures, increasing the suction performance of the inducer. Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
530	a57194053456	Goates C.B.	p138	True	Journal	97	Modeling acoustic resonators using higher-order equivalent circuits	Helmholtz resonators are widely used, but classical models for the resonators, such as the lumped-element equivalent circuit, are inaccurate for most geometries. This article presents higher-order equivalent circuits for describing the resonators based on the one-dimensional wave equation. Impedance expressions are also derived. These circuits and expressions are given for various constituent resonator components, which may be combined to model resonators with curved, tapered, and straight necks. Resonance frequency predictions using this theory are demonstrated on two realistic resonators. The higher-order predictions are also applied to the theory of side branch attenuators in a duct and the theory of resonator coupling with a mode of an enclosure. © 2019 Institute of Noise Control Engineering.
531	a56968013300	Calton M.F.	p138	False	Journal	97	Modeling acoustic resonators using higher-order equivalent circuits	Helmholtz resonators are widely used, but classical models for the resonators, such as the lumped-element equivalent circuit, are inaccurate for most geometries. This article presents higher-order equivalent circuits for describing the resonators based on the one-dimensional wave equation. Impedance expressions are also derived. These circuits and expressions are given for various constituent resonator components, which may be combined to model resonators with curved, tapered, and straight necks. Resonance frequency predictions using this theory are demonstrated on two realistic resonators. The higher-order predictions are also applied to the theory of side branch attenuators in a duct and the theory of resonator coupling with a mode of an enclosure. © 2019 Institute of Noise Control Engineering.
532	a6701723921	Copley D.C.	p138	False	Journal	97	Modeling acoustic resonators using higher-order equivalent circuits	Helmholtz resonators are widely used, but classical models for the resonators, such as the lumped-element equivalent circuit, are inaccurate for most geometries. This article presents higher-order equivalent circuits for describing the resonators based on the one-dimensional wave equation. Impedance expressions are also derived. These circuits and expressions are given for various constituent resonator components, which may be combined to model resonators with curved, tapered, and straight necks. Resonance frequency predictions using this theory are demonstrated on two realistic resonators. The higher-order predictions are also applied to the theory of side branch attenuators in a duct and the theory of resonator coupling with a mode of an enclosure. © 2019 Institute of Noise Control Engineering.
533	a57202910211	Smith R.	p139	True	Conference	23	Adapting standard external clustering metrics for repetitive, noisy observations	Clustering for data analysis often makes use of external metrics to evaluate how closely clustering assignments match a gold standard. In order to use external clustering metrics, explicit noise points are usually removed or treated as a single cluster. This modification reduces the relevancy of external metrics as a predictor of performance on unlabeled data, where it is not possible to identify noise points. We propose a modification of standard external metrics to explicitly handle noise points in experimental data. We illustrate the effect of this explicit treatment of noise on clustering evaluation using several examples of common noisy clustering problems as well as a real data set from mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that (external) clustering metrics that explicitly treat noise are more robust than standard (external) clustering metrics in the presence of noise. © 2019 IEEE.
534	a57196421757	Rosen J.	p139	False	Conference	23	Adapting standard external clustering metrics for repetitive, noisy observations	Clustering for data analysis often makes use of external metrics to evaluate how closely clustering assignments match a gold standard. In order to use external clustering metrics, explicit noise points are usually removed or treated as a single cluster. This modification reduces the relevancy of external metrics as a predictor of performance on unlabeled data, where it is not possible to identify noise points. We propose a modification of standard external metrics to explicitly handle noise points in experimental data. We illustrate the effect of this explicit treatment of noise on clustering evaluation using several examples of common noisy clustering problems as well as a real data set from mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that (external) clustering metrics that explicitly treat noise are more robust than standard (external) clustering metrics in the presence of noise. © 2019 IEEE.
535	a24402340500	Ventura D.	p139	False	Conference	23	Adapting standard external clustering metrics for repetitive, noisy observations	Clustering for data analysis often makes use of external metrics to evaluate how closely clustering assignments match a gold standard. In order to use external clustering metrics, explicit noise points are usually removed or treated as a single cluster. This modification reduces the relevancy of external metrics as a predictor of performance on unlabeled data, where it is not possible to identify noise points. We propose a modification of standard external metrics to explicitly handle noise points in experimental data. We illustrate the effect of this explicit treatment of noise on clustering evaluation using several examples of common noisy clustering problems as well as a real data set from mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that (external) clustering metrics that explicitly treat noise are more robust than standard (external) clustering metrics in the presence of noise. © 2019 IEEE.
535	a24402340500	Ventura D.	p830	False	Conference	358	Semantic style creation	Visual style transfer involves combining the content of one image with the style of another, and recent work has produced some compelling results. This paper proposes a related task that requires additional system intelligence and autonomy-that of style creation. Rather than using the style of an existing source image, the goal is to have the system autonomously create a rendering style based on a simple (text-based) semantic description. Results demonstrate the system's ability to autonomously create interesting, semantically appropriate styles that can be applied for image rendering. © 2017, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved.
536	a55645613600	Sisodia S.M.	p140	True	Journal	98	The effects of voids in quasi-static indentation of resin-infused reinforced polymers	The focus of this study is the influence of voids on the damage behaviour in quasi-static loading of resin-infused carbon fibre-reinforced polymers. Experimental results are presented for quasi-static loading in combination with high-resolution tomographic imaging and statistical analysis (homology of pores or voids and induced cracks). Three distinct mechanisms were observed to control delamination growth in the presence of sharp and blunt voids. Delamination cracks interact with the supporting yarns, especially in combination with air pockets trapped in the resin in the form of long, sharp voids. This resulted in crack growth that coalesces with delamination cracks from neighbouring yarn-voids during increased out-of-plane load–displacement, with almost no presence of intralaminar transverse cracks. This highlights the benefits and drawbacks of the supporting yarn during out-of-plane loading. © The Author(s) 2019.
537	a55546296200	Bull D.J.	p140	False	Journal	98	The effects of voids in quasi-static indentation of resin-infused reinforced polymers	The focus of this study is the influence of voids on the damage behaviour in quasi-static loading of resin-infused carbon fibre-reinforced polymers. Experimental results are presented for quasi-static loading in combination with high-resolution tomographic imaging and statistical analysis (homology of pores or voids and induced cracks). Three distinct mechanisms were observed to control delamination growth in the presence of sharp and blunt voids. Delamination cracks interact with the supporting yarns, especially in combination with air pockets trapped in the resin in the form of long, sharp voids. This resulted in crack growth that coalesces with delamination cracks from neighbouring yarn-voids during increased out-of-plane load–displacement, with almost no presence of intralaminar transverse cracks. This highlights the benefits and drawbacks of the supporting yarn during out-of-plane loading. © The Author(s) 2019.
538	a6603579157	Gamstedt E.K.	p140	False	Journal	98	The effects of voids in quasi-static indentation of resin-infused reinforced polymers	The focus of this study is the influence of voids on the damage behaviour in quasi-static loading of resin-infused carbon fibre-reinforced polymers. Experimental results are presented for quasi-static loading in combination with high-resolution tomographic imaging and statistical analysis (homology of pores or voids and induced cracks). Three distinct mechanisms were observed to control delamination growth in the presence of sharp and blunt voids. Delamination cracks interact with the supporting yarns, especially in combination with air pockets trapped in the resin in the form of long, sharp voids. This resulted in crack growth that coalesces with delamination cracks from neighbouring yarn-voids during increased out-of-plane load–displacement, with almost no presence of intralaminar transverse cracks. This highlights the benefits and drawbacks of the supporting yarn during out-of-plane loading. © The Author(s) 2019.
539	a28167695400	Mavrogordato M.N.	p140	False	Journal	98	The effects of voids in quasi-static indentation of resin-infused reinforced polymers	The focus of this study is the influence of voids on the damage behaviour in quasi-static loading of resin-infused carbon fibre-reinforced polymers. Experimental results are presented for quasi-static loading in combination with high-resolution tomographic imaging and statistical analysis (homology of pores or voids and induced cracks). Three distinct mechanisms were observed to control delamination growth in the presence of sharp and blunt voids. Delamination cracks interact with the supporting yarns, especially in combination with air pockets trapped in the resin in the form of long, sharp voids. This resulted in crack growth that coalesces with delamination cracks from neighbouring yarn-voids during increased out-of-plane load–displacement, with almost no presence of intralaminar transverse cracks. This highlights the benefits and drawbacks of the supporting yarn during out-of-plane loading. © The Author(s) 2019.
540	a57212950333	Spearing S.M.	p140	False	Journal	98	The effects of voids in quasi-static indentation of resin-infused reinforced polymers	The focus of this study is the influence of voids on the damage behaviour in quasi-static loading of resin-infused carbon fibre-reinforced polymers. Experimental results are presented for quasi-static loading in combination with high-resolution tomographic imaging and statistical analysis (homology of pores or voids and induced cracks). Three distinct mechanisms were observed to control delamination growth in the presence of sharp and blunt voids. Delamination cracks interact with the supporting yarns, especially in combination with air pockets trapped in the resin in the form of long, sharp voids. This resulted in crack growth that coalesces with delamination cracks from neighbouring yarn-voids during increased out-of-plane load–displacement, with almost no presence of intralaminar transverse cracks. This highlights the benefits and drawbacks of the supporting yarn during out-of-plane loading. © The Author(s) 2019.
541	a55945437600	Taus M.	p141	True	Journal	99	Isogeometric boundary element methods and patch tests for linear elastic problems: Formulation, numerical integration, and applications	An Isogeometric Boundary Element Method for solving three-dimensional boundary-value problems of classical linear elasticity theory is proposed. The method is developed as a generalization of the author's earlier work on Laplace's equation to Navier's equations. As a result the proposed method features (i) proper basis functions for approximating Dirichlet and Neumann data, (ii) high-order collocation schemes for weakly singular, singular, and hyper-singular integral operators, (iii) state-of-the-art numerical integration schemes capable of handling geometries with disparate dimensions, (iv) well-conditioned linear algebraic systems, with the condition number independent of the mesh size. Boundary Element Patch Tests, as extensions of concepts widely used for finite element methods, are also introduced. It is shown how these tests can be used to assess the veracity of boundary element formulations and numerical integration schemes, implementations, and geometric precision of Computer Aided Design models. The method is applied to two challenging case studies, representative of industrial applications. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
542	a7004277402	Rodin G.J.	p141	False	Journal	99	Isogeometric boundary element methods and patch tests for linear elastic problems: Formulation, numerical integration, and applications	An Isogeometric Boundary Element Method for solving three-dimensional boundary-value problems of classical linear elasticity theory is proposed. The method is developed as a generalization of the author's earlier work on Laplace's equation to Navier's equations. As a result the proposed method features (i) proper basis functions for approximating Dirichlet and Neumann data, (ii) high-order collocation schemes for weakly singular, singular, and hyper-singular integral operators, (iii) state-of-the-art numerical integration schemes capable of handling geometries with disparate dimensions, (iv) well-conditioned linear algebraic systems, with the condition number independent of the mesh size. Boundary Element Patch Tests, as extensions of concepts widely used for finite element methods, are also introduced. It is shown how these tests can be used to assess the veracity of boundary element formulations and numerical integration schemes, implementations, and geometric precision of Computer Aided Design models. The method is applied to two challenging case studies, representative of industrial applications. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
543	a55911870000	Hughes T.J.R.	p141	False	Journal	99	Isogeometric boundary element methods and patch tests for linear elastic problems: Formulation, numerical integration, and applications	An Isogeometric Boundary Element Method for solving three-dimensional boundary-value problems of classical linear elasticity theory is proposed. The method is developed as a generalization of the author's earlier work on Laplace's equation to Navier's equations. As a result the proposed method features (i) proper basis functions for approximating Dirichlet and Neumann data, (ii) high-order collocation schemes for weakly singular, singular, and hyper-singular integral operators, (iii) state-of-the-art numerical integration schemes capable of handling geometries with disparate dimensions, (iv) well-conditioned linear algebraic systems, with the condition number independent of the mesh size. Boundary Element Patch Tests, as extensions of concepts widely used for finite element methods, are also introduced. It is shown how these tests can be used to assess the veracity of boundary element formulations and numerical integration schemes, implementations, and geometric precision of Computer Aided Design models. The method is applied to two challenging case studies, representative of industrial applications. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
543	a55911870000	Hughes T.J.R.	p745	False	Journal	360	Hierarchically refined and coarsened splines for moving interface problems, with particular application to phase-field models of prostate tumor growth	Moving interface problems are ubiquitous in science and engineering. To develop an accurate and efficient methodology for this class of problems, we present algorithms for local h-adaptivity of hierarchical B-splines to be utilized in isogeometric analysis. We extend Bézier projection, an efficient quadrature-free local projection technique, to the hierarchical setting. In this case, extraction operators may not be invertible. To address this issue we develop a multi-level reconstruction operator which maintains the locality properties of the projection. We also introduce a balance parameter to control the overlap of hierarchical functions leading to improved numerical conditioning. We apply our algorithms to the simulation of localized prostate cancer growth. We model this disease using the phase-field method and a set of diffusion–reaction equations to account for the dynamics of nutrients and a key biomarker termed Prostate Specific Antigen. Our results include examples on simple 2D and 3D domains and a more compelling tissue-scale, patient-specific simulation, which is run over a prostate anatomy extracted from medical images. Our methods for local h-adaptivity efficiently capture the evolving interface between the tumor and the neighboring healthy tissue with remarkable accuracy in all cases. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
544	a57215811083	Searle H.	p142	True	Conference	24	Irregular quadrature amplitude modulation for adaptive physical-layer security	We propose adding an irregular quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation to a wireless transmission scheme in order to obtain greater control over the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required to successfully decode the signal. By altering the separation between adjacent symbols, the minimum required SNR is raised without degradation in the performance of the scheme. This allows the system to adapt to preferable channel conditions for the authorized user, making it harder for eavesdroppers to intercept and decode the transmission, thus making the communication safer. In addition, we show that by overlaying a coset code onto the QAM constellation, a new, stronger security gap metric can be further improved. Results show the effectiveness of this strategy with an interleaved coding for secrecy with a hidden key (ICSHK) scheme. © 2019 IEEE.
545	a17434035200	Gomes M.A.C.	p142	False	Conference	24	Irregular quadrature amplitude modulation for adaptive physical-layer security	We propose adding an irregular quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation to a wireless transmission scheme in order to obtain greater control over the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required to successfully decode the signal. By altering the separation between adjacent symbols, the minimum required SNR is raised without degradation in the performance of the scheme. This allows the system to adapt to preferable channel conditions for the authorized user, making it harder for eavesdroppers to intercept and decode the transmission, thus making the communication safer. In addition, we show that by overlaying a coset code onto the QAM constellation, a new, stronger security gap metric can be further improved. Results show the effectiveness of this strategy with an interleaved coding for secrecy with a hidden key (ICSHK) scheme. © 2019 IEEE.
545	a17434035200	Gomes M.A.C.	p186	False	Journal	127	Generating a Binary Symmetric Channel for Wiretap Codes	In this paper, we fill a void between information theoretic security and practical coding over the Gaussian wiretap channel using a three-stage encoder/decoder technique. Security is measured using Kullback-Leibler divergence and resolvability techniques along with a limited number of practical assumptions regarding the eavesdropper's decoder. The results specify a general coding recipe for obtaining both secure and reliable communications over the Gaussian wiretap channel, and one specific set of concatenated codes is presented as a test case for the sake of providing simulation-based evaluation of security and reliability over the network. It is shown that there exists a threshold in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over a Gaussian channel, such that receivers experiencing SNR below the threshold have no practical hope of receiving information about the message when the three-stage coding technique is applied. Results further indicate that the two innermost encoding stages successfully approximate a binary symmetric channel, allowing the outermost encoding stage (e.g., a wiretap code) to focus solely on secrecy coding over this approximated channel. © 2005-2012 IEEE.
545	a17434035200	Gomes M.A.C.	p240	False	Conference	58	Full-Duplex Jamming for Enhanced Hidden-Key Secrecy	This paper presents a practical physical-layer security scheme based on coding methodologies combined with self-jamming to combat advantaged eavesdroppers, i.e., eavesdroppers that may possess an equal or even better channel than the legitimate receiver. We introduce a strengthened security gap notion, where reliability is assured by typical bit-error rate (BER) measurements, but secrecy is guaranteed by considering the entire distribution of messages upon reception, instead of average measures. Relying on this new security gap notion, we then propose a scheme that combines concatenated coding with self-jamming by the legitimate receiver for effective security and reliability even when eavesdroppers possess a channel with equal or better conditions than the legitimate receiver. © 2019 IEEE.
545	a17434035200	Gomes M.A.C.	p241	False	Conference	59	Adaptive Physical-Layer Security Through Punctured Coding for Secrecy	We propose a coding methodology for physical layer security with adaptive characteristics, whereby adaptive we mean that the system must be tunable to different operational points/signal-to-noise ratio levels of both the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper. Based on interleaving and scrambling as techniques that shuffle the original message before transmission, we consider puncturing over an interleaving/scrambling key and/or over the message as a mechanism to provide the required adaptability to channel conditions. The proposed techniques have shown suitable adaptability to different channel quality levels of the legitimate receiver and eavesdropper, while still guaranteeing the desired reliability for the legitimate receiver and secrecy against the eavesdropper. © 2019 IEEE.
545	a17434035200	Gomes M.A.C.	p253	False	Conference	60	Polar coding for physical-layer security without knowledge of the eavesdropper's channel	We propose an adaptive secrecy scheme using polar codes with random frozen bits for a general wiretap channel, in which to protect the data from a potential eavesdropper, part or all of the frozen bits are randomly generated per message. To assess the secrecy level of the proposed scheme, three types of decoding strategies are evaluated: a matching decoder which knows the positions of all inserted bits inside the blocklength and tries to estimate them using the same decoding techniques, a blind decoder which treats all the frozen bits as the same value, and a random decoder which considers those dynamic bits as random at the receiver. Results are presented in terms of the system security gap, assuming an adaptive decoding strategy. It is shown that the system achieves combined secrecy and reliability. The proposed scheme does not assume knowledge of the eavesdropper's channel when defining the indices of information and frozen bits. © 2019 IEEE.
545	a17434035200	Gomes M.A.C.	p470	False	Conference	172	Nested QPSK Encoding for Information Theoretic Security	This paper proposes a method to provide secrecy for digital communications with arbitrarily large quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations for transmission over a Gaussian fading wiretap channel. This is accomplished by breaking the constellation down into nested quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) symbols and randomizing the assignment between message bits and modulated symbols using channel state information (CSI). If enough random bits can be generated from CSI it becomes possible to uniquely map an arbitrary message to any symbol in the large QAM constellation. The proposed method can thereby provide perfect secrecy while maintaining high reliability by exclusively assigning minimum-distance-mapped constellations through the randomization for use by the legitimate decoder. © 2018 IEEE.
546	a24726409500	Vilela J.P.	p142	False	Conference	24	Irregular quadrature amplitude modulation for adaptive physical-layer security	We propose adding an irregular quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation to a wireless transmission scheme in order to obtain greater control over the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) required to successfully decode the signal. By altering the separation between adjacent symbols, the minimum required SNR is raised without degradation in the performance of the scheme. This allows the system to adapt to preferable channel conditions for the authorized user, making it harder for eavesdroppers to intercept and decode the transmission, thus making the communication safer. In addition, we show that by overlaying a coset code onto the QAM constellation, a new, stronger security gap metric can be further improved. Results show the effectiveness of this strategy with an interleaved coding for secrecy with a hidden key (ICSHK) scheme. © 2019 IEEE.
546	a24726409500	Vilela J.P.	p186	False	Journal	127	Generating a Binary Symmetric Channel for Wiretap Codes	In this paper, we fill a void between information theoretic security and practical coding over the Gaussian wiretap channel using a three-stage encoder/decoder technique. Security is measured using Kullback-Leibler divergence and resolvability techniques along with a limited number of practical assumptions regarding the eavesdropper's decoder. The results specify a general coding recipe for obtaining both secure and reliable communications over the Gaussian wiretap channel, and one specific set of concatenated codes is presented as a test case for the sake of providing simulation-based evaluation of security and reliability over the network. It is shown that there exists a threshold in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over a Gaussian channel, such that receivers experiencing SNR below the threshold have no practical hope of receiving information about the message when the three-stage coding technique is applied. Results further indicate that the two innermost encoding stages successfully approximate a binary symmetric channel, allowing the outermost encoding stage (e.g., a wiretap code) to focus solely on secrecy coding over this approximated channel. © 2005-2012 IEEE.
546	a24726409500	Vilela J.P.	p240	False	Conference	58	Full-Duplex Jamming for Enhanced Hidden-Key Secrecy	This paper presents a practical physical-layer security scheme based on coding methodologies combined with self-jamming to combat advantaged eavesdroppers, i.e., eavesdroppers that may possess an equal or even better channel than the legitimate receiver. We introduce a strengthened security gap notion, where reliability is assured by typical bit-error rate (BER) measurements, but secrecy is guaranteed by considering the entire distribution of messages upon reception, instead of average measures. Relying on this new security gap notion, we then propose a scheme that combines concatenated coding with self-jamming by the legitimate receiver for effective security and reliability even when eavesdroppers possess a channel with equal or better conditions than the legitimate receiver. © 2019 IEEE.
546	a24726409500	Vilela J.P.	p241	False	Conference	59	Adaptive Physical-Layer Security Through Punctured Coding for Secrecy	We propose a coding methodology for physical layer security with adaptive characteristics, whereby adaptive we mean that the system must be tunable to different operational points/signal-to-noise ratio levels of both the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper. Based on interleaving and scrambling as techniques that shuffle the original message before transmission, we consider puncturing over an interleaving/scrambling key and/or over the message as a mechanism to provide the required adaptability to channel conditions. The proposed techniques have shown suitable adaptability to different channel quality levels of the legitimate receiver and eavesdropper, while still guaranteeing the desired reliability for the legitimate receiver and secrecy against the eavesdropper. © 2019 IEEE.
546	a24726409500	Vilela J.P.	p253	False	Conference	60	Polar coding for physical-layer security without knowledge of the eavesdropper's channel	We propose an adaptive secrecy scheme using polar codes with random frozen bits for a general wiretap channel, in which to protect the data from a potential eavesdropper, part or all of the frozen bits are randomly generated per message. To assess the secrecy level of the proposed scheme, three types of decoding strategies are evaluated: a matching decoder which knows the positions of all inserted bits inside the blocklength and tries to estimate them using the same decoding techniques, a blind decoder which treats all the frozen bits as the same value, and a random decoder which considers those dynamic bits as random at the receiver. Results are presented in terms of the system security gap, assuming an adaptive decoding strategy. It is shown that the system achieves combined secrecy and reliability. The proposed scheme does not assume knowledge of the eavesdropper's channel when defining the indices of information and frozen bits. © 2019 IEEE.
546	a24726409500	Vilela J.P.	p470	False	Conference	172	Nested QPSK Encoding for Information Theoretic Security	This paper proposes a method to provide secrecy for digital communications with arbitrarily large quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations for transmission over a Gaussian fading wiretap channel. This is accomplished by breaking the constellation down into nested quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) symbols and randomizing the assignment between message bits and modulated symbols using channel state information (CSI). If enough random bits can be generated from CSI it becomes possible to uniquely map an arbitrary message to any symbol in the large QAM constellation. The proposed method can thereby provide perfect secrecy while maintaining high reliability by exclusively assigning minimum-distance-mapped constellations through the randomization for use by the legitimate decoder. © 2018 IEEE.
547	a57191862517	Nyshadham C.	p143	True	Journal	100	Machine-learned multi-system surrogate models for materials prediction	Surrogate machine-learning models are transforming computational materials science by predicting properties of materials with the accuracy of ab initio methods at a fraction of the computational cost. We demonstrate surrogate models that simultaneously interpolate energies of different materials on a dataset of 10 binary alloys (AgCu, AlFe, AlMg, AlNi, AlTi, CoNi, CuFe, CuNi, FeV, and NbNi) with 10 different species and all possible fcc, bcc, and hcp structures up to eight atoms in the unit cell, 15,950 structures in total. We find that the deviation of prediction errors when increasing the number of simultaneously modeled alloys is <1 meV/atom. Several state-of-the-art materials representations and learning algorithms were found to qualitatively agree on the prediction errors of formation enthalpy with relative errors of <2.5% for all systems. © 2019, The Author(s).
547	a57191862517	Nyshadham C.	p278	False	Journal	183	Reduced-order modeling through machine learning and graph-theoretic approaches for brittle fracture applications	Typically, thousands of computationally expensive micro-scale simulations of brittle crack propagation are needed to upscale lower length scale phenomena to the macro-continuum scale. Running such a large number of crack propagation simulations presents a significant computational challenge, making reduced-order models (ROMs) attractive for this task. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop ROMs that have sufficient accuracy and low computational cost so that these upscaling simulations can be readily performed. However, constructing ROMs for these complex simulations presents its own challenge. Here, we present and compare four different approaches for reduced-order modeling of brittle crack propagation in geomaterials. These methods rely on machine learning (ML) and graph-theoretic algorithms to approximate key aspects of the brittle crack problem. These methods also incorporate different physics-based assumptions in order to reduce the training requirements while maintaining accurate physics as much as possible. Results from the ROMs are directly compared against a high-fidelity model of brittle crack propagation. Further, the strengths and weaknesses of the ROMs are discussed, and we conclude that combining smart physics-informed feature engineering with highly trainable ML models provides the best performance. The ROMs considered here have computational costs that are orders-of-magnitude less than the cost associated with high-fidelity physical models while maintaining good accuracy. © 2018
548	a23091904000	Rupp M.	p143	False	Journal	100	Machine-learned multi-system surrogate models for materials prediction	Surrogate machine-learning models are transforming computational materials science by predicting properties of materials with the accuracy of ab initio methods at a fraction of the computational cost. We demonstrate surrogate models that simultaneously interpolate energies of different materials on a dataset of 10 binary alloys (AgCu, AlFe, AlMg, AlNi, AlTi, CoNi, CuFe, CuNi, FeV, and NbNi) with 10 different species and all possible fcc, bcc, and hcp structures up to eight atoms in the unit cell, 15,950 structures in total. We find that the deviation of prediction errors when increasing the number of simultaneously modeled alloys is <1 meV/atom. Several state-of-the-art materials representations and learning algorithms were found to qualitatively agree on the prediction errors of formation enthalpy with relative errors of <2.5% for all systems. © 2019, The Author(s).
549	a57208341600	Bekker B.	p143	False	Journal	100	Machine-learned multi-system surrogate models for materials prediction	Surrogate machine-learning models are transforming computational materials science by predicting properties of materials with the accuracy of ab initio methods at a fraction of the computational cost. We demonstrate surrogate models that simultaneously interpolate energies of different materials on a dataset of 10 binary alloys (AgCu, AlFe, AlMg, AlNi, AlTi, CoNi, CuFe, CuNi, FeV, and NbNi) with 10 different species and all possible fcc, bcc, and hcp structures up to eight atoms in the unit cell, 15,950 structures in total. We find that the deviation of prediction errors when increasing the number of simultaneously modeled alloys is <1 meV/atom. Several state-of-the-art materials representations and learning algorithms were found to qualitatively agree on the prediction errors of formation enthalpy with relative errors of <2.5% for all systems. © 2019, The Author(s).
550	a53878508900	Shapeev A.V.	p143	False	Journal	100	Machine-learned multi-system surrogate models for materials prediction	Surrogate machine-learning models are transforming computational materials science by predicting properties of materials with the accuracy of ab initio methods at a fraction of the computational cost. We demonstrate surrogate models that simultaneously interpolate energies of different materials on a dataset of 10 binary alloys (AgCu, AlFe, AlMg, AlNi, AlTi, CoNi, CuFe, CuNi, FeV, and NbNi) with 10 different species and all possible fcc, bcc, and hcp structures up to eight atoms in the unit cell, 15,950 structures in total. We find that the deviation of prediction errors when increasing the number of simultaneously modeled alloys is <1 meV/atom. Several state-of-the-art materials representations and learning algorithms were found to qualitatively agree on the prediction errors of formation enthalpy with relative errors of <2.5% for all systems. © 2019, The Author(s).
550	a53878508900	Shapeev A.V.	p366	False	Journal	204	Accelerating high-throughput searches for new alloys with active learning of interatomic potentials	We propose an approach to materials prediction that uses a machine-learning interatomic potential to approximate quantum-mechanical energies and an active learning algorithm for the automatic selection of an optimal training dataset. Our approach significantly reduces the amount of density functional theory (DFT) calculations needed, resorting to DFT only to produce the training data, while structural optimization is performed using the interatomic potentials. Our approach is not limited to one (or a small number of) lattice types (as is the case for cluster expansion, for example) and can predict structures with lattice types not present in the training dataset. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm by predicting the convex hull for the following three systems: Cu-Pd, Co-Nb-V, and Al-Ni-Ti. Our method is three to four orders of magnitude faster than conventional high-throughput DFT calculations and explores a wider range of materials space. In all three systems, we found unreported stable structures compared to the AFLOW database. Because our method is much cheaper and explores much more of materials space than high-throughput methods or cluster expansion, and because our interatomic potentials have a systematically improvable accuracy compared to empirical potentials such as embedded atom model, it will have a significant impact in the discovery of new alloy phases, particularly those with three or more components. © 2018
551	a56363360200	Mueller T.	p143	False	Journal	100	Machine-learned multi-system surrogate models for materials prediction	Surrogate machine-learning models are transforming computational materials science by predicting properties of materials with the accuracy of ab initio methods at a fraction of the computational cost. We demonstrate surrogate models that simultaneously interpolate energies of different materials on a dataset of 10 binary alloys (AgCu, AlFe, AlMg, AlNi, AlTi, CoNi, CuFe, CuNi, FeV, and NbNi) with 10 different species and all possible fcc, bcc, and hcp structures up to eight atoms in the unit cell, 15,950 structures in total. We find that the deviation of prediction errors when increasing the number of simultaneously modeled alloys is <1 meV/atom. Several state-of-the-art materials representations and learning algorithms were found to qualitatively agree on the prediction errors of formation enthalpy with relative errors of <2.5% for all systems. © 2019, The Author(s).
552	a56148594700	Rosenbrock C.W.	p143	False	Journal	100	Machine-learned multi-system surrogate models for materials prediction	Surrogate machine-learning models are transforming computational materials science by predicting properties of materials with the accuracy of ab initio methods at a fraction of the computational cost. We demonstrate surrogate models that simultaneously interpolate energies of different materials on a dataset of 10 binary alloys (AgCu, AlFe, AlMg, AlNi, AlTi, CoNi, CuFe, CuNi, FeV, and NbNi) with 10 different species and all possible fcc, bcc, and hcp structures up to eight atoms in the unit cell, 15,950 structures in total. We find that the deviation of prediction errors when increasing the number of simultaneously modeled alloys is <1 meV/atom. Several state-of-the-art materials representations and learning algorithms were found to qualitatively agree on the prediction errors of formation enthalpy with relative errors of <2.5% for all systems. © 2019, The Author(s).
552	a56148594700	Rosenbrock C.W.	p668	True	Journal	322	Discovering the building blocks of atomic systems using machine learning: Application to grain boundaries	Machine learning has proven to be a valuable tool to approximate functions in high-dimensional spaces. Unfortunately, analysis of these models to extract the relevant physics is never as easy as applying machine learning to a large data set in the first place. Here we present a description of atomic systems that generates machine learning representations with a direct path to physical interpretation. As an example, we demonstrate its usefulness as a universal descriptor of grain boundary systems. Grain boundaries in crystalline materials are a quintessential example of a complex, high-dimensional system with broad impact on many physical properties including strength, ductility, corrosion resistance, crack resistance, and conductivity. In addition to modeling such properties, the method also provides insight into the physical "building blocks" that influence them. This opens the way to discover the underlying physics behind behaviors by understanding which building blocks map to particular properties. Once the structures are understood, they can then be optimized for desirable behaviors. © 2017 The Author(s).
553	a6602577617	Csányi G.	p143	False	Journal	100	Machine-learned multi-system surrogate models for materials prediction	Surrogate machine-learning models are transforming computational materials science by predicting properties of materials with the accuracy of ab initio methods at a fraction of the computational cost. We demonstrate surrogate models that simultaneously interpolate energies of different materials on a dataset of 10 binary alloys (AgCu, AlFe, AlMg, AlNi, AlTi, CoNi, CuFe, CuNi, FeV, and NbNi) with 10 different species and all possible fcc, bcc, and hcp structures up to eight atoms in the unit cell, 15,950 structures in total. We find that the deviation of prediction errors when increasing the number of simultaneously modeled alloys is <1 meV/atom. Several state-of-the-art materials representations and learning algorithms were found to qualitatively agree on the prediction errors of formation enthalpy with relative errors of <2.5% for all systems. © 2019, The Author(s).
553	a6602577617	Csányi G.	p668	False	Journal	322	Discovering the building blocks of atomic systems using machine learning: Application to grain boundaries	Machine learning has proven to be a valuable tool to approximate functions in high-dimensional spaces. Unfortunately, analysis of these models to extract the relevant physics is never as easy as applying machine learning to a large data set in the first place. Here we present a description of atomic systems that generates machine learning representations with a direct path to physical interpretation. As an example, we demonstrate its usefulness as a universal descriptor of grain boundary systems. Grain boundaries in crystalline materials are a quintessential example of a complex, high-dimensional system with broad impact on many physical properties including strength, ductility, corrosion resistance, crack resistance, and conductivity. In addition to modeling such properties, the method also provides insight into the physical "building blocks" that influence them. This opens the way to discover the underlying physics behind behaviors by understanding which building blocks map to particular properties. Once the structures are understood, they can then be optimized for desirable behaviors. © 2017 The Author(s).
554	a36176552000	Wingate D.W.	p143	False	Journal	100	Machine-learned multi-system surrogate models for materials prediction	Surrogate machine-learning models are transforming computational materials science by predicting properties of materials with the accuracy of ab initio methods at a fraction of the computational cost. We demonstrate surrogate models that simultaneously interpolate energies of different materials on a dataset of 10 binary alloys (AgCu, AlFe, AlMg, AlNi, AlTi, CoNi, CuFe, CuNi, FeV, and NbNi) with 10 different species and all possible fcc, bcc, and hcp structures up to eight atoms in the unit cell, 15,950 structures in total. We find that the deviation of prediction errors when increasing the number of simultaneously modeled alloys is <1 meV/atom. Several state-of-the-art materials representations and learning algorithms were found to qualitatively agree on the prediction errors of formation enthalpy with relative errors of <2.5% for all systems. © 2019, The Author(s).
554	a36176552000	Wingate D.W.	p662	False	Conference	289	Deep visual gravity vector detection for unmanned aircraft attitude estimation	This paper demonstrates a feasible method for using a deep neural network as a sensor to estimate the attitude of a flying vehicle using only flight video. A dataset of still images and associated gravity vectors was collected and used to perform supervised learning. The network builds on a previously trained network and was trained to be able to approximate the attitude of the camera with an average error of about 8 degrees. Flight test video was recorded and processed with a relatively simple visual odometry method. The aircraft attitude is then estimated with the visual odometry as the state propagation and network providing the attitude measurement in an extended Kalman filter. Results show that the proposed method of having the neural network provide a gravity vector attitude measurement from the flight imagery reduces the standard deviation of the attitude error by approximately 12 times compared to a baseline approach. © 2017 IEEE.
555	a57189244450	Kamminga J.W.	p144	True	Conference	25	Synchronization between sensors and cameras in movement data labeling frameworks	Obtaining labeled data for activity recognition tasks is a tremendously time consuming, tedious, and labor-intensive task. Often, ground-truth video of the activity is recorded along with sensor-data recorded during the activity. The data must be synchronized with the recorded video to be useful. In this paper, we present and compare two labeling frameworks that each has a different approach to synchronization. Approach A uses time-stamped visual indicators positioned on the data loggers. The approach results in accurate synchronization between video and data but adds more overhead and is not practical when using multiple sensors, subjects, and cameras simultaneously. Also, synchronization needs to be redone for each recording session. Approach B uses Real-Time Clocks (RTCs) on the devices for synchronization, which is less accurate but has several advantages: multiple subjects can be recorded on various cameras, it becomes easier to collect more data, and synchronization only needs to be done once across multiple recording sessions. Therefore, it is easier to collect more data which increases the probability of capturing an unusual activity. The best way forward is likely a combination of both approaches. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
556	a57211332837	Jones M.	p144	False	Conference	25	Synchronization between sensors and cameras in movement data labeling frameworks	Obtaining labeled data for activity recognition tasks is a tremendously time consuming, tedious, and labor-intensive task. Often, ground-truth video of the activity is recorded along with sensor-data recorded during the activity. The data must be synchronized with the recorded video to be useful. In this paper, we present and compare two labeling frameworks that each has a different approach to synchronization. Approach A uses time-stamped visual indicators positioned on the data loggers. The approach results in accurate synchronization between video and data but adds more overhead and is not practical when using multiple sensors, subjects, and cameras simultaneously. Also, synchronization needs to be redone for each recording session. Approach B uses Real-Time Clocks (RTCs) on the devices for synchronization, which is less accurate but has several advantages: multiple subjects can be recorded on various cameras, it becomes easier to collect more data, and synchronization only needs to be done once across multiple recording sessions. Therefore, it is easier to collect more data which increases the probability of capturing an unusual activity. The best way forward is likely a combination of both approaches. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
557	a8231832400	Seppi K.	p144	False	Conference	25	Synchronization between sensors and cameras in movement data labeling frameworks	Obtaining labeled data for activity recognition tasks is a tremendously time consuming, tedious, and labor-intensive task. Often, ground-truth video of the activity is recorded along with sensor-data recorded during the activity. The data must be synchronized with the recorded video to be useful. In this paper, we present and compare two labeling frameworks that each has a different approach to synchronization. Approach A uses time-stamped visual indicators positioned on the data loggers. The approach results in accurate synchronization between video and data but adds more overhead and is not practical when using multiple sensors, subjects, and cameras simultaneously. Also, synchronization needs to be redone for each recording session. Approach B uses Real-Time Clocks (RTCs) on the devices for synchronization, which is less accurate but has several advantages: multiple subjects can be recorded on various cameras, it becomes easier to collect more data, and synchronization only needs to be done once across multiple recording sessions. Therefore, it is easier to collect more data which increases the probability of capturing an unusual activity. The best way forward is likely a combination of both approaches. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
557	a8231832400	Seppi K.	p702	False	Journal	344	The human touch: How non-expert users perceive, interpret, and fix topic models	Topic modeling is a common tool for understanding large bodies of text, but is typically provided as a “take it or leave it” proposition. Incorporating human knowledge in unsupervised learning is a promising approach to create high-quality topic models. Existing interactive systems and modeling algorithms support a wide range of refinement operations to express feedback. However, these systems’ interactions are primarily driven by algorithmic convenience, ignoring users who may lack expertise in topic modeling. To better understand how non-expert users understand, assess, and refine topics, we conducted two user studies—an in-person interview study and an online crowdsourced study. These studies demonstrate a disconnect between what non-expert users want and the complex, low-level operations that current interactive systems support. In particular, our findings include: (1) analysis of how non-expert users perceive topic models; (2) characterization of primary refinement operations expected by non-expert users and ordered by relative preference; (3) further evidence of the benefits of supporting users in directly refining a topic model; (4) design implications for future human-in-the-loop topic modeling interfaces. © 2017
558	a57192300416	Meratnia N.	p144	False	Conference	25	Synchronization between sensors and cameras in movement data labeling frameworks	Obtaining labeled data for activity recognition tasks is a tremendously time consuming, tedious, and labor-intensive task. Often, ground-truth video of the activity is recorded along with sensor-data recorded during the activity. The data must be synchronized with the recorded video to be useful. In this paper, we present and compare two labeling frameworks that each has a different approach to synchronization. Approach A uses time-stamped visual indicators positioned on the data loggers. The approach results in accurate synchronization between video and data but adds more overhead and is not practical when using multiple sensors, subjects, and cameras simultaneously. Also, synchronization needs to be redone for each recording session. Approach B uses Real-Time Clocks (RTCs) on the devices for synchronization, which is less accurate but has several advantages: multiple subjects can be recorded on various cameras, it becomes easier to collect more data, and synchronization only needs to be done once across multiple recording sessions. Therefore, it is easier to collect more data which increases the probability of capturing an unusual activity. The best way forward is likely a combination of both approaches. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
559	a6701454416	Havinga P.J.M.	p144	False	Conference	25	Synchronization between sensors and cameras in movement data labeling frameworks	Obtaining labeled data for activity recognition tasks is a tremendously time consuming, tedious, and labor-intensive task. Often, ground-truth video of the activity is recorded along with sensor-data recorded during the activity. The data must be synchronized with the recorded video to be useful. In this paper, we present and compare two labeling frameworks that each has a different approach to synchronization. Approach A uses time-stamped visual indicators positioned on the data loggers. The approach results in accurate synchronization between video and data but adds more overhead and is not practical when using multiple sensors, subjects, and cameras simultaneously. Also, synchronization needs to be redone for each recording session. Approach B uses Real-Time Clocks (RTCs) on the devices for synchronization, which is less accurate but has several advantages: multiple subjects can be recorded on various cameras, it becomes easier to collect more data, and synchronization only needs to be done once across multiple recording sessions. Therefore, it is easier to collect more data which increases the probability of capturing an unusual activity. The best way forward is likely a combination of both approaches. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
560	a57202064143	Johnston J.D.	p146	True	Journal	102	Associations between evaporative cooling and dust-mite allergens, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans in house dust: A study of low-income homes	Recent work suggests that evaporative coolers increase the level and diversity of bioaerosols, but this association remains understudied in low-income homes. We conducted a cross-sectional study of metropolitan, low-income homes in Utah with evaporative coolers (n = 20) and central air conditioners (n = 28). Dust samples (N = 147) were collected from four locations in each home and analyzed for dust-mite allergens Der p1 and Der f1, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans. In all sample locations combined, Der p1 or Der f1 was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.05-4.98). Endotoxin concentration was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in furniture (geometric mean (GM) = 8.05 vs 2.85 EU/mg, P '.01) and all samples combined (GM = 3.60 vs 1.29 EU/mg, P =.03). β-(1 → 3)-d-glucan concentration and surface loads were significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in all four sample locations and all samples combined (P '.01). Our study suggests that low-income, evaporative cooled homes have higher levels of immunologically important bioaerosols than central air-conditioned homes in dry climates, warranting studies on health implications and other exposed populations. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
560	a57202064143	Johnston J.D.	p698	True	Journal	341	Differential effects of air conditioning type on residential endotoxin levels in a semi-arid climate	Residential endotoxin exposure is associated with protective and pathogenic health outcomes. Evaporative coolers, an energy-efficient type of air conditioner used in dry climates, are a potential source of indoor endotoxins; however, this association is largely unstudied. We collected settled dust biannually from four locations in homes with evaporative coolers (n=18) and central air conditioners (n=22) in Utah County, Utah (USA), during winter (Jan-Apr) and summer (Aug-Sept), 2014. Dust samples (n=281) were analyzed by the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Housing factors were measured by survey, and indoor temperature and relative humidity measures were collected during both seasons. Endotoxin concentrations (EU/mg) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons. Endotoxin surface loads (EU/m2) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons and in upholstered furniture during winter. For the nine significant season-by-location comparisons, EU/mg and EU/m2 were approximately three to six times greater in homes using evaporative coolers. A plausible explanation for these findings is that evaporative coolers serve as a reservoir and distribution system for Gram-negative bacteria or their cell wall components in homes. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
561	a57204597171	Cowger A.E.	p146	False	Journal	102	Associations between evaporative cooling and dust-mite allergens, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans in house dust: A study of low-income homes	Recent work suggests that evaporative coolers increase the level and diversity of bioaerosols, but this association remains understudied in low-income homes. We conducted a cross-sectional study of metropolitan, low-income homes in Utah with evaporative coolers (n = 20) and central air conditioners (n = 28). Dust samples (N = 147) were collected from four locations in each home and analyzed for dust-mite allergens Der p1 and Der f1, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans. In all sample locations combined, Der p1 or Der f1 was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.05-4.98). Endotoxin concentration was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in furniture (geometric mean (GM) = 8.05 vs 2.85 EU/mg, P '.01) and all samples combined (GM = 3.60 vs 1.29 EU/mg, P =.03). β-(1 → 3)-d-glucan concentration and surface loads were significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in all four sample locations and all samples combined (P '.01). Our study suggests that low-income, evaporative cooled homes have higher levels of immunologically important bioaerosols than central air-conditioned homes in dry climates, warranting studies on health implications and other exposed populations. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
562	a57192662939	Graul R.J.	p146	False	Journal	102	Associations between evaporative cooling and dust-mite allergens, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans in house dust: A study of low-income homes	Recent work suggests that evaporative coolers increase the level and diversity of bioaerosols, but this association remains understudied in low-income homes. We conducted a cross-sectional study of metropolitan, low-income homes in Utah with evaporative coolers (n = 20) and central air conditioners (n = 28). Dust samples (N = 147) were collected from four locations in each home and analyzed for dust-mite allergens Der p1 and Der f1, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans. In all sample locations combined, Der p1 or Der f1 was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.05-4.98). Endotoxin concentration was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in furniture (geometric mean (GM) = 8.05 vs 2.85 EU/mg, P '.01) and all samples combined (GM = 3.60 vs 1.29 EU/mg, P =.03). β-(1 → 3)-d-glucan concentration and surface loads were significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in all four sample locations and all samples combined (P '.01). Our study suggests that low-income, evaporative cooled homes have higher levels of immunologically important bioaerosols than central air-conditioned homes in dry climates, warranting studies on health implications and other exposed populations. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
562	a57192662939	Graul R.J.	p698	False	Journal	341	Differential effects of air conditioning type on residential endotoxin levels in a semi-arid climate	Residential endotoxin exposure is associated with protective and pathogenic health outcomes. Evaporative coolers, an energy-efficient type of air conditioner used in dry climates, are a potential source of indoor endotoxins; however, this association is largely unstudied. We collected settled dust biannually from four locations in homes with evaporative coolers (n=18) and central air conditioners (n=22) in Utah County, Utah (USA), during winter (Jan-Apr) and summer (Aug-Sept), 2014. Dust samples (n=281) were analyzed by the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Housing factors were measured by survey, and indoor temperature and relative humidity measures were collected during both seasons. Endotoxin concentrations (EU/mg) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons. Endotoxin surface loads (EU/m2) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons and in upholstered furniture during winter. For the nine significant season-by-location comparisons, EU/mg and EU/m2 were approximately three to six times greater in homes using evaporative coolers. A plausible explanation for these findings is that evaporative coolers serve as a reservoir and distribution system for Gram-negative bacteria or their cell wall components in homes. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
563	a57210982957	Nash R.	p146	False	Journal	102	Associations between evaporative cooling and dust-mite allergens, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans in house dust: A study of low-income homes	Recent work suggests that evaporative coolers increase the level and diversity of bioaerosols, but this association remains understudied in low-income homes. We conducted a cross-sectional study of metropolitan, low-income homes in Utah with evaporative coolers (n = 20) and central air conditioners (n = 28). Dust samples (N = 147) were collected from four locations in each home and analyzed for dust-mite allergens Der p1 and Der f1, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans. In all sample locations combined, Der p1 or Der f1 was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.05-4.98). Endotoxin concentration was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in furniture (geometric mean (GM) = 8.05 vs 2.85 EU/mg, P '.01) and all samples combined (GM = 3.60 vs 1.29 EU/mg, P =.03). β-(1 → 3)-d-glucan concentration and surface loads were significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in all four sample locations and all samples combined (P '.01). Our study suggests that low-income, evaporative cooled homes have higher levels of immunologically important bioaerosols than central air-conditioned homes in dry climates, warranting studies on health implications and other exposed populations. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
564	a57204035623	Tueller J.A.	p146	False	Journal	102	Associations between evaporative cooling and dust-mite allergens, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans in house dust: A study of low-income homes	Recent work suggests that evaporative coolers increase the level and diversity of bioaerosols, but this association remains understudied in low-income homes. We conducted a cross-sectional study of metropolitan, low-income homes in Utah with evaporative coolers (n = 20) and central air conditioners (n = 28). Dust samples (N = 147) were collected from four locations in each home and analyzed for dust-mite allergens Der p1 and Der f1, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans. In all sample locations combined, Der p1 or Der f1 was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.05-4.98). Endotoxin concentration was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in furniture (geometric mean (GM) = 8.05 vs 2.85 EU/mg, P '.01) and all samples combined (GM = 3.60 vs 1.29 EU/mg, P =.03). β-(1 → 3)-d-glucan concentration and surface loads were significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in all four sample locations and all samples combined (P '.01). Our study suggests that low-income, evaporative cooled homes have higher levels of immunologically important bioaerosols than central air-conditioned homes in dry climates, warranting studies on health implications and other exposed populations. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
565	a57196952707	Hendrickson N.R.	p146	False	Journal	102	Associations between evaporative cooling and dust-mite allergens, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans in house dust: A study of low-income homes	Recent work suggests that evaporative coolers increase the level and diversity of bioaerosols, but this association remains understudied in low-income homes. We conducted a cross-sectional study of metropolitan, low-income homes in Utah with evaporative coolers (n = 20) and central air conditioners (n = 28). Dust samples (N = 147) were collected from four locations in each home and analyzed for dust-mite allergens Der p1 and Der f1, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans. In all sample locations combined, Der p1 or Der f1 was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.05-4.98). Endotoxin concentration was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in furniture (geometric mean (GM) = 8.05 vs 2.85 EU/mg, P '.01) and all samples combined (GM = 3.60 vs 1.29 EU/mg, P =.03). β-(1 → 3)-d-glucan concentration and surface loads were significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in all four sample locations and all samples combined (P '.01). Our study suggests that low-income, evaporative cooled homes have higher levels of immunologically important bioaerosols than central air-conditioned homes in dry climates, warranting studies on health implications and other exposed populations. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
566	a57196950804	Robinson D.R.	p146	False	Journal	102	Associations between evaporative cooling and dust-mite allergens, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans in house dust: A study of low-income homes	Recent work suggests that evaporative coolers increase the level and diversity of bioaerosols, but this association remains understudied in low-income homes. We conducted a cross-sectional study of metropolitan, low-income homes in Utah with evaporative coolers (n = 20) and central air conditioners (n = 28). Dust samples (N = 147) were collected from four locations in each home and analyzed for dust-mite allergens Der p1 and Der f1, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans. In all sample locations combined, Der p1 or Der f1 was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.05-4.98). Endotoxin concentration was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in furniture (geometric mean (GM) = 8.05 vs 2.85 EU/mg, P '.01) and all samples combined (GM = 3.60 vs 1.29 EU/mg, P =.03). β-(1 → 3)-d-glucan concentration and surface loads were significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in all four sample locations and all samples combined (P '.01). Our study suggests that low-income, evaporative cooled homes have higher levels of immunologically important bioaerosols than central air-conditioned homes in dry climates, warranting studies on health implications and other exposed populations. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
567	a57213874106	Beard J.D.	p146	False	Journal	102	Associations between evaporative cooling and dust-mite allergens, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans in house dust: A study of low-income homes	Recent work suggests that evaporative coolers increase the level and diversity of bioaerosols, but this association remains understudied in low-income homes. We conducted a cross-sectional study of metropolitan, low-income homes in Utah with evaporative coolers (n = 20) and central air conditioners (n = 28). Dust samples (N = 147) were collected from four locations in each home and analyzed for dust-mite allergens Der p1 and Der f1, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans. In all sample locations combined, Der p1 or Der f1 was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.05-4.98). Endotoxin concentration was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in furniture (geometric mean (GM) = 8.05 vs 2.85 EU/mg, P '.01) and all samples combined (GM = 3.60 vs 1.29 EU/mg, P =.03). β-(1 → 3)-d-glucan concentration and surface loads were significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in all four sample locations and all samples combined (P '.01). Our study suggests that low-income, evaporative cooled homes have higher levels of immunologically important bioaerosols than central air-conditioned homes in dry climates, warranting studies on health implications and other exposed populations. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
568	a7402658393	Weber K.S.	p146	False	Journal	102	Associations between evaporative cooling and dust-mite allergens, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans in house dust: A study of low-income homes	Recent work suggests that evaporative coolers increase the level and diversity of bioaerosols, but this association remains understudied in low-income homes. We conducted a cross-sectional study of metropolitan, low-income homes in Utah with evaporative coolers (n = 20) and central air conditioners (n = 28). Dust samples (N = 147) were collected from four locations in each home and analyzed for dust-mite allergens Der p1 and Der f1, endotoxins, and β-(1 → 3)-d-glucans. In all sample locations combined, Der p1 or Der f1 was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes (OR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.05-4.98). Endotoxin concentration was significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in furniture (geometric mean (GM) = 8.05 vs 2.85 EU/mg, P '.01) and all samples combined (GM = 3.60 vs 1.29 EU/mg, P =.03). β-(1 → 3)-d-glucan concentration and surface loads were significantly higher in evaporative cooler versus central air conditioning homes in all four sample locations and all samples combined (P '.01). Our study suggests that low-income, evaporative cooled homes have higher levels of immunologically important bioaerosols than central air-conditioned homes in dry climates, warranting studies on health implications and other exposed populations. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
568	a7402658393	Weber K.S.	p698	False	Journal	341	Differential effects of air conditioning type on residential endotoxin levels in a semi-arid climate	Residential endotoxin exposure is associated with protective and pathogenic health outcomes. Evaporative coolers, an energy-efficient type of air conditioner used in dry climates, are a potential source of indoor endotoxins; however, this association is largely unstudied. We collected settled dust biannually from four locations in homes with evaporative coolers (n=18) and central air conditioners (n=22) in Utah County, Utah (USA), during winter (Jan-Apr) and summer (Aug-Sept), 2014. Dust samples (n=281) were analyzed by the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Housing factors were measured by survey, and indoor temperature and relative humidity measures were collected during both seasons. Endotoxin concentrations (EU/mg) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons. Endotoxin surface loads (EU/m2) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons and in upholstered furniture during winter. For the nine significant season-by-location comparisons, EU/mg and EU/m2 were approximately three to six times greater in homes using evaporative coolers. A plausible explanation for these findings is that evaporative coolers serve as a reservoir and distribution system for Gram-negative bacteria or their cell wall components in homes. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
569	a56680952700	Josephson C.	p148	True	Conference	26	Space-Time Coded ARTM CPM for Aeronautical Telemetry	This paper shows that burst-based orthogonal spacetime block-coded ARTM CPM is capable of solving the two-antenna problem in aeronautical telemetry, but detection requires a prohibitively complex trellis detector. In single-input, single-output (SISO) applications, pulse truncation and state-space partitioning reduce the computational complexity of the trellis detector with only modest bit error rate (BER) performance penalties. In this paper it is shown that layering pulse truncation and state-space partition complexity-reducing techniques with a burst-based orthogonal space-time block-code does not introduce additional BER performance losses relative to the SISO case. © 2019 IEEE.
569	a56680952700	Josephson C.	p435	False	Conference	156	On peak-to-average power ratio optimization for coded APSK	The symmetric information rate is used to define the relationship between the APSK constellation parameters, the code rate, and the average and peak Eb=N0. Minimizing the average Eb=N0 reproduces the DVB-S2 constellation parameters for 16- And 32-APSK. Minimizing the peak Eb=N0 produces DVB-S2 constellation parameters for 16- And 32-APSK that minimize the peak-to-average power ratio. The peak-to-average power ratio gains are less than 1 dB, but when used on coded systems with very steep decoded bit error probability vs. Eb=N0 curves, the gains can be significant. © 2018 IEEE.
569	a56680952700	Josephson C.	p808	True	Conference	343	On the design of a square-root nyquist pulse shaping filter for aeronautical telemetry	Bandwidth efficient linear modulations require a pulse shape with finite support in the time domain while simultaneously achieving good spectral containment in the frequency domain. The squareroot Nyquist pulse achieves zero intersymbol interference (ISI) at its matched-filter output but does so with infinite support in the time domain. This paper investigates three different methods for generating an FIR approximation of a square-root Nyquist pulse.
569	a56680952700	Josephson C.	p847	False	Conference	371	Optimizing coded 16-APSK for aeronautical mobile telemetry	This paper investigates the application of 16-APSK modulation to aeronautical mobile telemetry. The peak-to-average power ratio vs. code rate tradeoffis mapped to an optimization problem involving spectral efficiency and the constellation parameters. The optimization results produce a theoretically optimum solution that is 3.95 times more spectrally efficient as uncoded SOQPSKTG. When implementation losses and the available IRIG 106 LDPC code rates are factored in, the advantage drops to 3.20 times the spectral efficiency of SOQPSK-TG.
570	a7003498769	Perrins E.	p148	False	Conference	26	Space-Time Coded ARTM CPM for Aeronautical Telemetry	This paper shows that burst-based orthogonal spacetime block-coded ARTM CPM is capable of solving the two-antenna problem in aeronautical telemetry, but detection requires a prohibitively complex trellis detector. In single-input, single-output (SISO) applications, pulse truncation and state-space partitioning reduce the computational complexity of the trellis detector with only modest bit error rate (BER) performance penalties. In this paper it is shown that layering pulse truncation and state-space partition complexity-reducing techniques with a burst-based orthogonal space-time block-code does not introduce additional BER performance losses relative to the SISO case. © 2019 IEEE.
570	a7003498769	Perrins E.	p618	True	Conference	255	Unification of signal models for soqpsk	This paper begins by summarizing a recent advancement in the way that shaped offset quadrature phase shift keying (SOQPSK) waveforms can be viewed. This new viewpoint succeeds in eliminating the need for SOQPSK to be thought of as a “special” kind of correlated, ternary continuous phase modulation (CPM). Instead, SOQPSK can be viewed as an ordinary, binary CPM. We provide all of the details necessary to achieve a complete unification of SOQPSK models at the waveform level, at the bit sequence level, and in terms of waveform initialization. With this information, SOQPSK users can easily mix and match SOQPSK models at the transmitter and receiver in order to make use of the advantages of each model. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
570	a7003498769	Perrins E.	p847	False	Conference	371	Optimizing coded 16-APSK for aeronautical mobile telemetry	This paper investigates the application of 16-APSK modulation to aeronautical mobile telemetry. The peak-to-average power ratio vs. code rate tradeoffis mapped to an optimization problem involving spectral efficiency and the constellation parameters. The optimization results produce a theoretically optimum solution that is 3.95 times more spectrally efficient as uncoded SOQPSKTG. When implementation losses and the available IRIG 106 LDPC code rates are factored in, the advantage drops to 3.20 times the spectral efficiency of SOQPSK-TG.
570	a7003498769	Perrins E.	p886	False	Conference	398	A summary of data-aided equalizer experiments at edwards AFB	This paper summarizes the analysis of bit error rate data captured during flight tests designed to compare data-aided equalizers with SOQPSK-TG to unequalized and currently available blind, adaptive equalizers with SOQPSK-TG. The number of bit errors, on a second-by-second basis, are analyzed. The results are different for each test point. Given the uncertain behavior of the preamble detector for the data-aided equalizer and the differing channel conditions between the data-aided equalizer channel and the conventional serial streaming telemetry channel, we are unable to draw any firm comparative conclusions.
571	a55588035200	Ruoti S.	p150	True	Journal	105	Johnny's Journey Toward Usable Secure Email	Since the publication of "Why Johnny Can't Encrypt, "10 there has been interest in creating usable, secure email that is adoptable by the general public. In this article, we summarize research from the usable-security community on this topic, identify open problems, and call for more research on usable key management. © 2003-2012 IEEE.
571	a55588035200	Ruoti S.	p247	True	Journal	162	A usability study of four secure email tools using paired participants	Secure email is increasingly being touted as usable by novice users, with a push for adoption based on recent concerns about government surveillance. To determine whether secure email is ready for grassroots adoption, we employ a laboratory user study that recruits pairs of novice users to install and use several of the latest systems to exchange secure messages. We present both quantitative and qualitative results from 28 pairs of novices as they use Private WebMail (Pwm), Tutanota, and Virtru and 10 pairs of novices as they use Mailvelope. Participants report being more at ease with this type of study and better able to cope with mistakes since both participants are “on the same page.” We find that users prefer integrated solutions over depot-based solutions and that tutorials are important in helping first-time users. Finally, our results demonstrate that Pretty Good Privacy using manual key management is still unusable for novice users, with 9 of 10 participant pairs failing to complete the study. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
571	a55588035200	Ruoti S.	p348	True	Conference	120	A comparative usability study of key management in secure email	We conducted a user study that compares three secure email tools that share a common user interface and differ only by key management scheme: passwords, public key directory (PKD), and identity-based encryption (IBE). Our work is the first comparative (i.e., A/B) usability evaluation of three different key management schemes and utilizes a standard quantitative metric for cross-system comparisons. We also share qualitative feedback from participants that provides valuable insights into user attitudes regarding each key management approach and secure email generally. The study serves as a model for future secure email research with A/B studies, standard metrics, and the two-person study methodology. © 2018 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
571	a55588035200	Ruoti S.	p351	True	Conference	122	User attitudes toward the inspection of encrypted traffic	This paper reports the results of a survey of 1,976 individuals regarding their opinions on TLS inspection, a controversial technique that can be used for both benevolent and malicious purposes. Responses indicate that participants hold nuanced opinions on security and privacy trade-offs, with most recognizing legitimate uses for the practice, but also concerned about threats from hackers or government surveillance. There is strong support for notification and consent when a system is intercepting their encrypted traffic, although this support varies depending on the situation. A significant concern about malicious uses of TLS inspection is identity theft, and many would react negatively and some would change their behavior if they discovered inspection occurring without their knowledge. We also find that a small but significant number of participants are jaded by the current state of affairs and have lost any expectation of privacy. © 2016 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
571	a55588035200	Ruoti S.	p352	True	Conference	123	Weighing Context and Trade-offs: How suburban adults selected their online security posture	Understanding how people behave when faced with complex security situations is essential to designing usable security tools. To better understand users' perceptions of their digital lives and how they managed their online security posture, we conducted a series of 23 semi-structured interviews with mostly middle-aged parents from suburban Washington state. Using a grounded theory methodology, we analyzed the interview data and found that participants chose their security posture based on the immense value the Internet provides and their belief that no combination of technology could make them perfectly safe. Within this context, users have a four-stage process for determining which security measures to adopt: learning, evaluation of risks, estimation of impact, and weighing trade-offs to various coping strategies. Our results also revealed that a majority of participants understand the basic principles of symmetric encryption. We found that participants' misconceptions related to browser-based TLS indicators lead to insecure behavior, and it is the permanence of encrypted email that causes participants to doubt that it is secure. We conclude with a discussion of possible responses to this research and avenues for future research. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All rights reserved.
571	a55588035200	Ruoti S.	p471	False	Conference	173	A Tale of Two Studies: The Best and Worst of YubiKey Usability	Two-factor authentication (2FA) significantly improves the security of password-based authentication. Recently, there has been increased interest in Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) security keys-small hardware devices that require users to press a button on the security key to authenticate. To examine the usability of security keys in non-enterprise usage, we conducted two user studies of the YubiKey, a popular line of U2F security keys. The first study tasked 31 participants with configuring a Windows, Google, and Facebook account to authenticate using a YubiKey. This study revealed problems with setup instructions and workflow including users locking themselves out of their operating system or thinking they had successfully enabled 2FA when they had not. In contrast, the second study had 25 participants use a YubiKey in their daily lives over a period of four weeks, revealing that participants generally enjoyed the experience. Conducting both a laboratory and longitudinal study yielded insights into the usability of security keys that would not have been evident from either study in isolation. Based on our analysis, we recommend standardizing the setup process, enabling verification of success, allowing shared accounts, integrating with operating systems, and preventing lockouts. © 2018 IEEE.
571	a55588035200	Ruoti S.	p679	True	Conference	292	Layering Security at Global Control Points to Secure Unmodified Software	Developing secure software is inherently difficult, and is further hampered by a rush to market, the lack of cybersecurity-trained architects and developers, and the difficulty of identifying flaws and deploying mitigations. To address these problems, we advocate for an alternative paradigm-layering security onto applications from global control points, such as the browser, operating system, or network. This approach adds security to existing applications, relieving developers of this burden. The benefits of this paradigm are three-fold-(1) increased correctness in the implementation of security features, (2) coverage for all software, even non-maintained legacy software, and (3) more rapid and consistent deployment of threat mitigations and new security features. To demonstrate these benefits, we describe three concrete instantiations of this paradigm- MessageGuard, a system that layers end-to-end encryption in the browser; TrustBase, a system that layers authentication in the operating system; and software-defined perimeter, which layers access control at network middleboxes. © 2017 IEEE.
571	a55588035200	Ruoti S.	p793	False	Conference	330	TrustBase: An architecture to repair and strengthen certificate-based authentication	The current state of certificate-based authentication is messy, with broken authentication in applications and proxies, along with serious flaws in the CA system. To solve these problems, we design TrustBase, an architecture that provides certificate-based authentication as an operating system service, with system administrator control over authentication policy. TrustBase transparently enforces best practices for certificate validation on all applications, while also providing a variety of authentication services to strengthen the CA system. We describe a research prototype of TrustBase for Linux, which uses a loadable kernel module to intercept traffic in the socket layer, then consults a userspace policy engine to evaluate certificate validity using a variety of plugins. We evaluate the security of TrustBase, including a threat analysis, application coverage, and hardening of the Linux prototype. We also describe prototypes of TrustBase for Android and Windows, illustrating the generality of our approach. We show that TrustBase has negligible overhead and universal compatibility with applications. We demonstrate its utility by describing eight authentication services that extend CA hardening to all applications. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All Rights Reserved.
572	a6601908155	Seamons K.	p150	False	Journal	105	Johnny's Journey Toward Usable Secure Email	Since the publication of "Why Johnny Can't Encrypt, "10 there has been interest in creating usable, secure email that is adoptable by the general public. In this article, we summarize research from the usable-security community on this topic, identify open problems, and call for more research on usable key management. © 2003-2012 IEEE.
572	a6601908155	Seamons K.	p220	False	Conference	52	Don't Punish all of us: Measuring User Attitudes about Two-Factor Authentication	Two-factor authentication (2FA) defends against password compromise by a remote attacker. We surveyed 4,275 students, faculty, and staff at Brigham Young University to measure user sentiment about Duo 2FA one year after the university adopted it. The results were mixed. A majority of the participants felt more secure using Duo and felt it was easy to use. About half of all participants reported at least one instance of being locked out of their university account because of an inability to authenticate with Duo. We found that students and faculty generally had more negative perceptions of Duo than staff. The survey responses reveal some pain points for Duo users. In response, we offer recommendations that reduce the frequency of 2FA for users. We also suggest UI changes that draw more attention to 2FA methods that do not require WiFi, the 'Remember Me' setting, and the help utility. © 2019 IEEE.
572	a6601908155	Seamons K.	p247	False	Journal	162	A usability study of four secure email tools using paired participants	Secure email is increasingly being touted as usable by novice users, with a push for adoption based on recent concerns about government surveillance. To determine whether secure email is ready for grassroots adoption, we employ a laboratory user study that recruits pairs of novice users to install and use several of the latest systems to exchange secure messages. We present both quantitative and qualitative results from 28 pairs of novices as they use Private WebMail (Pwm), Tutanota, and Virtru and 10 pairs of novices as they use Mailvelope. Participants report being more at ease with this type of study and better able to cope with mistakes since both participants are “on the same page.” We find that users prefer integrated solutions over depot-based solutions and that tutorials are important in helping first-time users. Finally, our results demonstrate that Pretty Good Privacy using manual key management is still unusable for novice users, with 9 of 10 participant pairs failing to complete the study. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
572	a6601908155	Seamons K.	p300	False	Conference	82	A usability study of five two-factor authentication methods	Two-factor authentication (2FA) defends against account compromise. An account secured with 2FA typically requires an individual to authenticate using something they know-typically a password-as well as something they have, such as a cell phone or hardware token. Many 2FA methods in widespread use today have not been subjected to adequate usability testing. Furthermore, previous 2FA usability research is difficult to compare due to widely-varying contexts across different studies. We conducted a two-week, between-subjects usability study of five common 2FA methods with 72 participants, collecting both quantitative and qualitative data. Participants logged into a simulated banking website nearly every day using 2FA and completed an assigned task. Participants generally gave high marks to the methods studied, and many expressed an interest in using 2FA to provide more security for their sensitive online accounts. We also conducted a within-subjects laboratory study with 30 participants to assess the general usability of the setup procedure for the five methods. While a few participants experienced difficulty setting up a hardware token and a one-time password, in general, users found the methods easy to set up. © is held by the author/owner.
572	a6601908155	Seamons K.	p303	False	Conference	84	Is that you, Alice? A usability study of the authentication ceremony of secure messaging applications	The effective security provided by secure messaging applications depends heavily on users completing an authentication ceremony-a sequence of manual operations enabling users to verify they are indeed communicating with one another. Unfortunately, evidence to date suggests users are unable to do this. Accordingly, we study in detail how well users can locate and complete the authentication ceremony when they are aware of the need for authentication. We execute a two-phase study involving 36 pairs of participants, using three popular messaging applications with support for secure messaging functionality: WhatsApp, Viber, and Facebook Messenger. The first phase included instruction about potential threats, while the second phase also included instructions about the importance of the authentication ceremony. We find that, across the three apps, the average success rates of finding and completing the authentication ceremony increases from 14% to 79% from the first to second phase, with second-phase success rates as high as 96% for Viber. However, the time required to find and complete the ceremony is undesirably long from a usability standpoint, and our data is inconclusive on whether users make the connection between this ceremony and the security guarantees it brings. We discuss in detail the success rates, task timings, and user feedback for each application, as well as common mistakes and user grievances. We conclude by exploring user threat models, finding significant gaps in user awareness and understanding. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All rights reserved.
572	a6601908155	Seamons K.	p305	False	Conference	86	Action needed! Helping users find and complete the authentication ceremony in signal	The security guarantees of secure messaging applications are contingent upon users performing an authentication ceremony, which typically involves verifying the fingerprints of encryption keys. However, recent lab studies have shown that users are unable to do this without being told in advance about the ceremony and its importance. A recent study showed that even with this instruction, the time it takes users to find and complete the ceremony is excessively long-about 11 minutes. To remedy these problems, we modified Signal to include prompts for the ceremony and also simplified the ceremony itself. To gauge the effect of these changes, we conducted a between-subject user study involving 30 pairs of participants. Our study methodology includes no user training and only a small performance bonus to encourage the secure behavior. Our results show that users are able to both find and complete the ceremony more quickly in our new version of Signal. Despite these improvements, many users are still unsure or confused about the purpose of the authentication ceremony. We discuss the need for better risk communication and methods to promote trust. © 2018 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
572	a6601908155	Seamons K.	p344	False	Conference	117	“Something isn't secure, but I'm not sure how that translates into a problem”: Promoting autonomy by designing for understanding in Signal	Security designs that presume enacting secure behaviors to be beneficial in all circumstances discount the impact of response cost on users' lives and assume that all data is equally worth protecting. However, this has the effect of reducing user autonomy by diminishing the role personal values and priorities play in the decision-making process. In this study, we demonstrate an alternative approach that emphasizes users' comprehension over compliance, with the goal of helping users to make more informed decisions regarding their own security. To this end, we conducted a three-phase redesign of the warning notifications surrounding the authentication ceremony in Signal. Our results show how improved comprehension can be achieved while still promoting favorable privacy outcomes among users. Our experience reaffirms existing arguments that users should be empowered to make personal trade-offs between perceived risk and response cost. We also find that system trust is a major factor in users' interpretation of system determinations of risk, and that properly communicating risk requires an understanding of user perceptions of the larger security ecosystem in whole. © is held by the author/owner.
572	a6601908155	Seamons K.	p348	False	Conference	120	A comparative usability study of key management in secure email	We conducted a user study that compares three secure email tools that share a common user interface and differ only by key management scheme: passwords, public key directory (PKD), and identity-based encryption (IBE). Our work is the first comparative (i.e., A/B) usability evaluation of three different key management schemes and utilizes a standard quantitative metric for cross-system comparisons. We also share qualitative feedback from participants that provides valuable insights into user attitudes regarding each key management approach and secure email generally. The study serves as a model for future secure email research with A/B studies, standard metrics, and the two-person study methodology. © 2018 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
572	a6601908155	Seamons K.	p351	False	Conference	122	User attitudes toward the inspection of encrypted traffic	This paper reports the results of a survey of 1,976 individuals regarding their opinions on TLS inspection, a controversial technique that can be used for both benevolent and malicious purposes. Responses indicate that participants hold nuanced opinions on security and privacy trade-offs, with most recognizing legitimate uses for the practice, but also concerned about threats from hackers or government surveillance. There is strong support for notification and consent when a system is intercepting their encrypted traffic, although this support varies depending on the situation. A significant concern about malicious uses of TLS inspection is identity theft, and many would react negatively and some would change their behavior if they discovered inspection occurring without their knowledge. We also find that a small but significant number of participants are jaded by the current state of affairs and have lost any expectation of privacy. © 2016 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
572	a6601908155	Seamons K.	p352	False	Conference	123	Weighing Context and Trade-offs: How suburban adults selected their online security posture	Understanding how people behave when faced with complex security situations is essential to designing usable security tools. To better understand users' perceptions of their digital lives and how they managed their online security posture, we conducted a series of 23 semi-structured interviews with mostly middle-aged parents from suburban Washington state. Using a grounded theory methodology, we analyzed the interview data and found that participants chose their security posture based on the immense value the Internet provides and their belief that no combination of technology could make them perfectly safe. Within this context, users have a four-stage process for determining which security measures to adopt: learning, evaluation of risks, estimation of impact, and weighing trade-offs to various coping strategies. Our results also revealed that a majority of participants understand the basic principles of symmetric encryption. We found that participants' misconceptions related to browser-based TLS indicators lead to insecure behavior, and it is the permanence of encrypted email that causes participants to doubt that it is secure. We conclude with a discussion of possible responses to this research and avenues for future research. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All rights reserved.
572	a6601908155	Seamons K.	p471	False	Conference	173	A Tale of Two Studies: The Best and Worst of YubiKey Usability	Two-factor authentication (2FA) significantly improves the security of password-based authentication. Recently, there has been increased interest in Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) security keys-small hardware devices that require users to press a button on the security key to authenticate. To examine the usability of security keys in non-enterprise usage, we conducted two user studies of the YubiKey, a popular line of U2F security keys. The first study tasked 31 participants with configuring a Windows, Google, and Facebook account to authenticate using a YubiKey. This study revealed problems with setup instructions and workflow including users locking themselves out of their operating system or thinking they had successfully enabled 2FA when they had not. In contrast, the second study had 25 participants use a YubiKey in their daily lives over a period of four weeks, revealing that participants generally enjoyed the experience. Conducting both a laboratory and longitudinal study yielded insights into the usability of security keys that would not have been evident from either study in isolation. Based on our analysis, we recommend standardizing the setup process, enabling verification of success, allowing shared accounts, integrating with operating systems, and preventing lockouts. © 2018 IEEE.
572	a6601908155	Seamons K.	p557	False	Conference	206	The secure socket API: TLS as an operating system service	SSL/TLS libraries are notoriously hard for developers to use, leaving system administrators at the mercy of buggy and vulnerable applications. We explore the use of the standard POSIX socket API as a vehicle for a simplified TLS API, while also giving administrators the ability to control applications and tailor TLS configuration to their needs. We first assess OpenSSL and its uses in open source software, recommending how this functionality should be accommodated within the POSIX API. We then propose the Secure Socket API (SSA), a minimalist TLS API built using existing network functions and find that it can be employed by existing network applications by modifications requiring as little as one line of code. We next describe a prototype SSA implementation that leverages network system calls to provide privilege separation and support for other programming languages. We end with a discussion of the benefits and limitations of the SSA and our accompanying implementation, noting avenues for future work. © 2018 Proceedings of the 27th USENIX Security Symposium. All rights reserved.
572	a6601908155	Seamons K.	p679	False	Conference	292	Layering Security at Global Control Points to Secure Unmodified Software	Developing secure software is inherently difficult, and is further hampered by a rush to market, the lack of cybersecurity-trained architects and developers, and the difficulty of identifying flaws and deploying mitigations. To address these problems, we advocate for an alternative paradigm-layering security onto applications from global control points, such as the browser, operating system, or network. This approach adds security to existing applications, relieving developers of this burden. The benefits of this paradigm are three-fold-(1) increased correctness in the implementation of security features, (2) coverage for all software, even non-maintained legacy software, and (3) more rapid and consistent deployment of threat mitigations and new security features. To demonstrate these benefits, we describe three concrete instantiations of this paradigm- MessageGuard, a system that layers end-to-end encryption in the browser; TrustBase, a system that layers authentication in the operating system; and software-defined perimeter, which layers access control at network middleboxes. © 2017 IEEE.
572	a6601908155	Seamons K.	p793	False	Conference	330	TrustBase: An architecture to repair and strengthen certificate-based authentication	The current state of certificate-based authentication is messy, with broken authentication in applications and proxies, along with serious flaws in the CA system. To solve these problems, we design TrustBase, an architecture that provides certificate-based authentication as an operating system service, with system administrator control over authentication policy. TrustBase transparently enforces best practices for certificate validation on all applications, while also providing a variety of authentication services to strengthen the CA system. We describe a research prototype of TrustBase for Linux, which uses a loadable kernel module to intercept traffic in the socket layer, then consults a userspace policy engine to evaluate certificate validity using a variety of plugins. We evaluate the security of TrustBase, including a threat analysis, application coverage, and hardening of the Linux prototype. We also describe prototypes of TrustBase for Android and Windows, illustrating the generality of our approach. We show that TrustBase has negligible overhead and universal compatibility with applications. We demonstrate its utility by describing eight authentication services that extend CA hardening to all applications. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All Rights Reserved.
573	a56102505100	Paré P.E.	p151	True	Journal	106	Model Boundary Approximation Method as a Unifying Framework for Balanced Truncation and Singular Perturbation Approximation	We show that two widely accepted model reduction techniques, balanced truncation (BT) and balanced singular perturbation approximation (BSPA), can be derived as limiting approximations of a carefully constructed parameterization of linear time invariant systems by employing the model boundary approximation method (MBAM) [1]. We also show that MBAM provides a novel way to interpolate between BT and BSPA, by exploring the set of approximations on the boundary of the 'model manifold,' which is associated with the specific choice of model parameterization and initial condition and is embedded in a sample space of measured outputs, between the elements that correspond to the two model reduction techniques. This paper suggests similar types of approximations may be obtainable in topologically similar places (i.e., on certain boundaries) on the associated model manifold of nonlinear systems if analogous parameterizations can be achieved, therefore extending these widely accepted model reduction techniques to nonlinear systems.1 © 1963-2012 IEEE.
574	a57191620725	Grimsman D.	p151	False	Journal	106	Model Boundary Approximation Method as a Unifying Framework for Balanced Truncation and Singular Perturbation Approximation	We show that two widely accepted model reduction techniques, balanced truncation (BT) and balanced singular perturbation approximation (BSPA), can be derived as limiting approximations of a carefully constructed parameterization of linear time invariant systems by employing the model boundary approximation method (MBAM) [1]. We also show that MBAM provides a novel way to interpolate between BT and BSPA, by exploring the set of approximations on the boundary of the 'model manifold,' which is associated with the specific choice of model parameterization and initial condition and is embedded in a sample space of measured outputs, between the elements that correspond to the two model reduction techniques. This paper suggests similar types of approximations may be obtainable in topologically similar places (i.e., on certain boundaries) on the associated model manifold of nonlinear systems if analogous parameterizations can be achieved, therefore extending these widely accepted model reduction techniques to nonlinear systems.1 © 1963-2012 IEEE.
575	a56819566000	Wilson A.T.	p151	False	Journal	106	Model Boundary Approximation Method as a Unifying Framework for Balanced Truncation and Singular Perturbation Approximation	We show that two widely accepted model reduction techniques, balanced truncation (BT) and balanced singular perturbation approximation (BSPA), can be derived as limiting approximations of a carefully constructed parameterization of linear time invariant systems by employing the model boundary approximation method (MBAM) [1]. We also show that MBAM provides a novel way to interpolate between BT and BSPA, by exploring the set of approximations on the boundary of the 'model manifold,' which is associated with the specific choice of model parameterization and initial condition and is embedded in a sample space of measured outputs, between the elements that correspond to the two model reduction techniques. This paper suggests similar types of approximations may be obtainable in topologically similar places (i.e., on certain boundaries) on the associated model manifold of nonlinear systems if analogous parameterizations can be achieved, therefore extending these widely accepted model reduction techniques to nonlinear systems.1 © 1963-2012 IEEE.
576	a16178649400	Warnick S.	p151	False	Journal	106	Model Boundary Approximation Method as a Unifying Framework for Balanced Truncation and Singular Perturbation Approximation	We show that two widely accepted model reduction techniques, balanced truncation (BT) and balanced singular perturbation approximation (BSPA), can be derived as limiting approximations of a carefully constructed parameterization of linear time invariant systems by employing the model boundary approximation method (MBAM) [1]. We also show that MBAM provides a novel way to interpolate between BT and BSPA, by exploring the set of approximations on the boundary of the 'model manifold,' which is associated with the specific choice of model parameterization and initial condition and is embedded in a sample space of measured outputs, between the elements that correspond to the two model reduction techniques. This paper suggests similar types of approximations may be obtainable in topologically similar places (i.e., on certain boundaries) on the associated model manifold of nonlinear systems if analogous parameterizations can be achieved, therefore extending these widely accepted model reduction techniques to nonlinear systems.1 © 1963-2012 IEEE.
576	a16178649400	Warnick S.	p193	False	Conference	43	Abstractions and realizations of dynamic networks	This paper establishes the importance of abstractions and realizations of dynamic networks in characterizing the structure and dynamics of systems. Abstractions and realizations generate dynamically equivalent representations of systems with varying degrees of structural detail. We show that dynamic networks exist that contain the same level of detail as state space models, that other dynamic networks exist that contain the same level of detail as transfer functions, and that still other dynamic networks exist that are simultaneously abstractions of state space models and realizations of transfer functions; thus containing intermediate levels of structural detail. © 2019 American Automatic Control Council.
576	a16178649400	Warnick S.	p272	False	Journal	179	Target control and source estimation metrics for dynamical networks	This note examines metrics for target control and source estimation in dynamical networks. Specifically, the energy required to control a target node in a network from a remote input, and dually the fidelity with which a source state can be estimated from a noisy remote measurement, are studied. For both problems, spectral and graph-theoretic analyses are undertaken, and a comparison between the two metrics is also developed. The analyses highlight an essential asymmetry between target control and source estimation. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
576	a16178649400	Warnick S.	p279	False	Conference	65	Necessary and Sufficient Conditions on State Transformations That Preserve the Causal Structure of LTI Dynamical Networks	Linear time-invariant (LTI) dynamic networks are described by their dynamical structure function, and generally they have many possible state space realizations. This work characterizes the necessary and sufficient conditions on a state transformation that preserves the dynamical structure function, thereby generating the entire set of realizations of a given order for a specific dynamic network. © 2018 IEEE.
576	a16178649400	Warnick S.	p280	False	Conference	66	Dynamic Networks: Representations, Abstractions, and Well-Posedness	This paper introduces notions of abstraction and realization for dynamic networks. These processes generate dynamically equivalent representations of a system, but with varying degrees of structural detail. Nuanced definitions and associated conditions for maintaining well-posedness for these multi-resolution representations of a dynamic system are then detailed, ensuring that hierarchies of network representations are sensible as multi-resolution models of dynamic networks. Although the ideas are developed precisely here for LTI networks, many of the concepts remain fundamental in the nonlinear setting. © 2018 IEEE.
576	a16178649400	Warnick S.	p542	False	Conference	196	On the well-posedness of LTI networks	We consider networks of linear, time-invariant systems defined over matrices of rational functions in a complex variable where each element of the matrix represents a link in the network. When these rational functions are proper, but not necessarily strictly proper, we demonstrate the necessary and sufficient conditions under which such a network configuration is well-posed. We include multiple examples of network configurations and their respective well-posedness conditions, including cases where two or more ill-posed network configurations can be interconnected to form a well-posed network. © 2017 IEEE.
576	a16178649400	Warnick S.	p543	False	Conference	197	Necessary and sufficient conditions for identifiability of interconnected subsystems	Identifiability conditions refers to the information required, beyond input-output data, to identify the structure of the system. Since there are different ways to describe a system mathematically, there are different notions of structure associated with a single system. In this work we detail the identifiability conditions of interconnected subsystems, referred to as structured linear fractional transformations. The identifiability conditions of the structured linear fractional transformation are then compared to those of the dynamical structure function, another partial system representation, whose cost for identification was detailed in previous work [1]. Both representations appear to detail the same notions of structure of a system; however, this works demonstrates that the cost of identification of the structured linear fractional transformation is always higher than that of the dynamical structure function. © 2017 IEEE.
576	a16178649400	Warnick S.	p544	False	Conference	198	Local control and estimation performance in dynamical networks: Structural and graph-theoretic results	This work examines metrics for target reachability and source observability in dynamical networks, which are especially relevant in a network security context. Specifically, the energy required to control a target node in a network from a remote input is characterized, and dually the fidelity with which a source state can be estimated from a remote measurement is studied. The work highlights an essential asymmetry between the problems: We show that target reachability is often easy, while source observability is almost always impossible. Several spectral and graph-theoretic results are also presented, which give structural insight into how easy or hard target control and source estimation are. © 2017 IEEE.
576	a16178649400	Warnick S.	p635	False	Conference	270	A modeling framework for assessing cyber disruptions and attacks to the national airspace system	[No abstract available]
576	a16178649400	Warnick S.	p642	False	Conference	274	A graph-theoretic understanding of network-wide implications of local cyber protections for mission assurance	Modern Department of Defense mission systems are very complex and therefore arduous to defend, especially in the cyber domain. A major cause for this concern arises from the fact that implementation of security protections occur at a local scale, while the important operational security issues stem from a global perspective of the system, e.g., mission assurance. Being able to understand network-wide implications of local cyber protections has the potential to significantly impact the strategies we use to protect modern mission systems. In this work, we present a graph-theoretic perspective on this problem, which is based on a framework for modeling and assessing the integrated cyber-physical dynamics of complex systems. Under the framework, these dynamics (and their relationships) are modeled as a graph and then analyzed using processing techniques from graphtheory. We demonstrate the utility of this framework by conducting insider-attack threat analysis and show how the application of security protections at a local scale impact network-wide security properties from an insider perspective. As a test case, we study the problem of search and rescue (SAR) using unmanned aerial vehicle teams. Unmanned vehicle teams engaged in SAR are prototypical cyber-physical systems, in which local intrusions may cause global disruptions. Here, we describe how the insider modeling framework for cyber-physical dynamics applies to this problem and present results of a network-wide assessment of security properties of the system. We use this assessment to design a security protection for the system in which we use cryptographically secure computation techniques to limit the amount of information sharing required between system components without degrading the correct operation of the system. We show how the application of these techniques on a local scale impacts the security properties of the system on a global scale. © 2018 SPIE.
576	a16178649400	Warnick S.	p682	False	Conference	294	Applying a passive network reconstruction technique to Twitter data in order to identify trend setters	In this work we apply a systems-theoretic approach to identifying trend setters on Twitter. A network reconstruction algorithm was applied to Twitter data to determine causal relationships among topics discussed by popular Twitter users. Causal relationships in this context means that the topics tweeted by a single user influences the topics tweeted by another user, regardless of sentiment. A user that causally influences other users, without themselves being strongly influenced is identified as a trendsetter. This work seeks to identify potential trendsetters among popular Twitter users and demonstrating that causal influence does not always directly correlate with a user's popularity in terms of followers-demonstrating that popularity alone may not be sufficient for identifying trendsetters on Twitter. © 2017 IEEE.
576	a16178649400	Warnick S.	p729	False	Conference	310	Cooperation induction in two player bertand markets with linear demand	We present a two player gradient play differential game in a producer market with quadratic payoff as a model of behavior in a competitive environment and show that the Nash equilibrium is not efficient. An algorithm is then presented which uses side payments to induce cooperation between firms, and rules for side payment strategies are shown. The stability of the new system at a reasonable equilibrium is proved, and it is shown that all participants are at least as well off as they would be at the non-cooperative equilibrium. Numerical examples show the existence of a reasonable equilibrium and that the basin of attraction of that equilibrium appears to cover all reasonable initial conditions. © 2017 American Automatic Control Council (AACC).
576	a16178649400	Warnick S.	p880	False	Journal	408	Optimal Distributed Control for Platooning via Sparse Coprime Factorizations	We introduce a novel distributed control architecture for heterogeneous platoons of linear time-invariant autonomous vehicles. Our approach is based on a generalization of the concept of leader-follower controllers for which we provide a Youla-like parameterization, while the sparsity constraints are imposed on the controller's left coprime factors, outlining a new concept of structural constraints in distributed control. The proposed scheme is amenable to optimal controller design via norm based costs, it guarantees string stability and eliminates the accordion effect from the behavior of the platoon. We also introduce a synchronization mechanism for the exact compensation of the time delays induced by the wireless communications. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
576	a16178649400	Warnick S.	p888	False	Journal	413	A minimal realization technique for the dynamical structure function of a class of LTI systems	The dynamical structure function of a linear time invariant (LTI) system reveals causal dependencies among manifest variables without specifying any particular relationships among the unmeasured states of the system. As such, it is a useful representation for complex networks where a coarse description of global system structure is desired without detailing the intricacies of a full state realization. In this paper, we consider the problem of finding a minimal state realization for a given dynamical structure function. Interestingly, some dynamical structure functions require uncontrollable modes in their state realizations to deliver the desired input-output behavior while respecting a specified system structure. As a result, the minimal order necessary to realize a particular dynamical structure function may be greater than that necessary to realize its associated transfer function. Although finding a minimal realization for a given dynamical structure function is difficult in general, we present a straightforward procedure here that works for a simplified class of systems. © 2014 IEEE.
577	a35729129900	Miao X.	p152	True	Journal	107	Quality assessment of images with multiple distortions based on phase congruency and gradient magnitude	In image communication systems, images are often contaminated by multiple types of distortions. However, most existing image quality assessment (IQA) methods mainly focused on a single type of distortions. In this paper, we proposed a no-reference (NR) IQA method for images with multiple distortions. Image distortions not only destroy the intensity of low-level image features, but also alter their distribution, to both of which the human vision system (HVS) is sensitive. Based on these observations, low-level features are represented by phase congruency (PC) which is consistent with human perception. The distribution of low-level features is extracted using local binary pattern (LBP) in PC domain at multiple scales, which can effectively characterize the impact of multiple distortions on images. Given that PC is contrast invariant while the contrast does affect perceptual image quality of the HVS, image gradient magnitude (GM) is employed as a weighting factor for LBP histogram creation. Finally a support vector regression model is trained to map the gradient-weighted LBP histograms in PC domain at multi-scale to quality scores. Experimental results on two benchmark databases demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high consistency with subjective perception and performs better than other state-of-the-art full-reference (FF) and NR IQA methods. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
577	a35729129900	Miao X.	p170	True	Journal	117	Just-noticeable difference binary pattern for reduced reference image quality assessment	Just-noticeable difference (JND) is defined as the smallest intensity change in an image that can be noticed by the human vision system (HVS). Any perceptible distortion level must be greater than the JND. Based on this observation, a local binary pattern (LBP) is developed for image quality assessment. First, the JND map of the image is computed. The spatial and relative intensity relationships among pixels in a local neighborhood are employed to generate the proposed LBP based on the JND map. Then, image contrast is used as a weighting factor for the LBP histogram generation to characterize the structural and contrast information of the image. Finally, the contrast and structure changes due to image distortion are measured by calculating the similarity between contrast-weighted histograms of the reference and distorted images. Support vector regression is employed to pool the similarity to predict the quality. Experimental results on benchmark databases demonstrate that the proposed LBP can effectively and accurately measure image quality, which is consistent with the HVS. The proposed method achieves high consistency with subjective perception using 18 reference values and performs better than other state-of-The-Art reduced reference image quality assessment methods. © 2019 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
577	a35729129900	Miao X.	p179	True	Journal	121	Structure descriptor based on just noticeable difference for texture image classification	Local binary pattern (LBP) and its derivates have been widely used in texture classification. However, LBP-based methods are sensitive to noise, and some structure information represented by non-uniform patterns is lost due to the combination of these patterns. In this paper, a new local structure descriptor based on just noticeable difference (JND) for texture classification is proposed by exploring the spatial and relative intensity correlations among local neighborhood pixels. First, a JND map of the image is computed, and then we attempt to model the correlations among local neighborhood pixels by comparing the absolute differences in intensity between the central pixel and its neighbors with the corresponding JND threshold. A new visual pattern (JNDVP) is designed using modeled correlations to describe image structure. Next, considering that image contrast makes important contributions to structure description, contrast is employed as a weighting factor for JNDVP histogram creation to represent structural and contrast information in a single representation. Finally, the nearest neighborhood classifier is employed for texture classification. Results on two texture image databases demonstrate that the proposed structure descriptor is rotation invariant and more robust to noise than LBP. Moreover, texture classification based on JNDVP outperforms LBP-based methods. © 2019 Optical Society of America.
578	a53866006800	Chu H.	p152	False	Journal	107	Quality assessment of images with multiple distortions based on phase congruency and gradient magnitude	In image communication systems, images are often contaminated by multiple types of distortions. However, most existing image quality assessment (IQA) methods mainly focused on a single type of distortions. In this paper, we proposed a no-reference (NR) IQA method for images with multiple distortions. Image distortions not only destroy the intensity of low-level image features, but also alter their distribution, to both of which the human vision system (HVS) is sensitive. Based on these observations, low-level features are represented by phase congruency (PC) which is consistent with human perception. The distribution of low-level features is extracted using local binary pattern (LBP) in PC domain at multiple scales, which can effectively characterize the impact of multiple distortions on images. Given that PC is contrast invariant while the contrast does affect perceptual image quality of the HVS, image gradient magnitude (GM) is employed as a weighting factor for LBP histogram creation. Finally a support vector regression model is trained to map the gradient-weighted LBP histograms in PC domain at multi-scale to quality scores. Experimental results on two benchmark databases demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high consistency with subjective perception and performs better than other state-of-the-art full-reference (FF) and NR IQA methods. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
579	a56126031600	Liu H.	p152	False	Journal	107	Quality assessment of images with multiple distortions based on phase congruency and gradient magnitude	In image communication systems, images are often contaminated by multiple types of distortions. However, most existing image quality assessment (IQA) methods mainly focused on a single type of distortions. In this paper, we proposed a no-reference (NR) IQA method for images with multiple distortions. Image distortions not only destroy the intensity of low-level image features, but also alter their distribution, to both of which the human vision system (HVS) is sensitive. Based on these observations, low-level features are represented by phase congruency (PC) which is consistent with human perception. The distribution of low-level features is extracted using local binary pattern (LBP) in PC domain at multiple scales, which can effectively characterize the impact of multiple distortions on images. Given that PC is contrast invariant while the contrast does affect perceptual image quality of the HVS, image gradient magnitude (GM) is employed as a weighting factor for LBP histogram creation. Finally a support vector regression model is trained to map the gradient-weighted LBP histograms in PC domain at multi-scale to quality scores. Experimental results on two benchmark databases demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high consistency with subjective perception and performs better than other state-of-the-art full-reference (FF) and NR IQA methods. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
580	a36538565900	Yang Y.	p152	False	Journal	107	Quality assessment of images with multiple distortions based on phase congruency and gradient magnitude	In image communication systems, images are often contaminated by multiple types of distortions. However, most existing image quality assessment (IQA) methods mainly focused on a single type of distortions. In this paper, we proposed a no-reference (NR) IQA method for images with multiple distortions. Image distortions not only destroy the intensity of low-level image features, but also alter their distribution, to both of which the human vision system (HVS) is sensitive. Based on these observations, low-level features are represented by phase congruency (PC) which is consistent with human perception. The distribution of low-level features is extracted using local binary pattern (LBP) in PC domain at multiple scales, which can effectively characterize the impact of multiple distortions on images. Given that PC is contrast invariant while the contrast does affect perceptual image quality of the HVS, image gradient magnitude (GM) is employed as a weighting factor for LBP histogram creation. Finally a support vector regression model is trained to map the gradient-weighted LBP histograms in PC domain at multi-scale to quality scores. Experimental results on two benchmark databases demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high consistency with subjective perception and performs better than other state-of-the-art full-reference (FF) and NR IQA methods. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
581	a57210585829	Li X.	p152	False	Journal	107	Quality assessment of images with multiple distortions based on phase congruency and gradient magnitude	In image communication systems, images are often contaminated by multiple types of distortions. However, most existing image quality assessment (IQA) methods mainly focused on a single type of distortions. In this paper, we proposed a no-reference (NR) IQA method for images with multiple distortions. Image distortions not only destroy the intensity of low-level image features, but also alter their distribution, to both of which the human vision system (HVS) is sensitive. Based on these observations, low-level features are represented by phase congruency (PC) which is consistent with human perception. The distribution of low-level features is extracted using local binary pattern (LBP) in PC domain at multiple scales, which can effectively characterize the impact of multiple distortions on images. Given that PC is contrast invariant while the contrast does affect perceptual image quality of the HVS, image gradient magnitude (GM) is employed as a weighting factor for LBP histogram creation. Finally a support vector regression model is trained to map the gradient-weighted LBP histograms in PC domain at multi-scale to quality scores. Experimental results on two benchmark databases demonstrate that the proposed method achieves high consistency with subjective perception and performs better than other state-of-the-art full-reference (FF) and NR IQA methods. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
581	a57210585829	Li X.	p179	False	Journal	121	Structure descriptor based on just noticeable difference for texture image classification	Local binary pattern (LBP) and its derivates have been widely used in texture classification. However, LBP-based methods are sensitive to noise, and some structure information represented by non-uniform patterns is lost due to the combination of these patterns. In this paper, a new local structure descriptor based on just noticeable difference (JND) for texture classification is proposed by exploring the spatial and relative intensity correlations among local neighborhood pixels. First, a JND map of the image is computed, and then we attempt to model the correlations among local neighborhood pixels by comparing the absolute differences in intensity between the central pixel and its neighbors with the corresponding JND threshold. A new visual pattern (JNDVP) is designed using modeled correlations to describe image structure. Next, considering that image contrast makes important contributions to structure description, contrast is employed as a weighting factor for JNDVP histogram creation to represent structural and contrast information in a single representation. Finally, the nearest neighborhood classifier is employed for texture classification. Results on two texture image databases demonstrate that the proposed structure descriptor is rotation invariant and more robust to noise than LBP. Moreover, texture classification based on JNDVP outperforms LBP-based methods. © 2019 Optical Society of America.
582	a57203978933	Sargent B.	p153	True	Journal	108	Heat set creases in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets to enable origami-based applications	Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets show promise for application in origami-based engineering design. Origami-based engineering provides advantages that are not readily available in traditional engineering design methods. Several processing methods were examined to identify trends and determine the effect of processing of PET sheets on the crease properties of origami mechanisms in PET. Various annealing times, temperatures, and cooling rates were evaluated and data collected for over 1000 samples. It was determined that annealing temperature plays the largest role in crease response. An increase in the crystallinity of a PET sheet while in the folded state likely increases the force response of the crease in PET sheets. An annealing time of at least 60 min at 160 C-180 C with a quick cooling results in a high force response in the crease. The effectiveness of the processing methods was demonstrated in several origami patterns of various complexities. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
582	a57203978933	Sargent B.	p454	True	Conference	160	Zipper Tube Reinforcement to Mitigate Flexible Shaft Buckling	The Zipper Tube Reinforcement (ZTR) is a novel support system developed to mitigate buckling in thin flexible devices used in robotic surgery. The ZTR was inspired by a construction technique called a Buckling Restrained Braced Frame (BRBF) and deployable booms for space applications. It utilizes a zipper function to allow a rolled sheet to deploy into a variable-length tube and stow in a small volume spooled on a mandrel. The tube envelops the device and allows it to support a much higher compressive load before buckling failure through the insertion stroke. The ZTR also enables the possibility of smaller, more flexible devices due to its design for continuous support and could find application in other fields. © 2018 IEEE.
582	a57203978933	Sargent B.	p583	True	Conference	228	Retractable anti-buckling support systems for flexible medical devices	This work presents two novel support systems used to help mitigate flexible device buckling during insertion such as the insertion of medical device into the body. These systems are collapsible to accommodate the changing length of the flexible device as it is inserted. They use tension in wires or geometry to provide systems with lateral stiffness used to support the device. Through modeling, the performance of these systems can be predicted and they can be designed to a desired performance. This was validated in the geometry-based support system. They provide systems with small operating volumes and part counts. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
583	a57212415946	Brown N.	p153	False	Journal	108	Heat set creases in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets to enable origami-based applications	Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sheets show promise for application in origami-based engineering design. Origami-based engineering provides advantages that are not readily available in traditional engineering design methods. Several processing methods were examined to identify trends and determine the effect of processing of PET sheets on the crease properties of origami mechanisms in PET. Various annealing times, temperatures, and cooling rates were evaluated and data collected for over 1000 samples. It was determined that annealing temperature plays the largest role in crease response. An increase in the crystallinity of a PET sheet while in the folded state likely increases the force response of the crease in PET sheets. An annealing time of at least 60 min at 160 C-180 C with a quick cooling results in a high force response in the crease. The effectiveness of the processing methods was demonstrated in several origami patterns of various complexities. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
583	a57212415946	Brown N.	p381	False	Conference	139	Rigidly foldable thick origami using designed-offset linkages	We present new families of thick origami mechanisms that achieve rigid foldability and parallel stacking of panels in the flat-folded state using linkages for some or all of the hinges between panels. A degree-four vertex results in a multi-loop eight-bar spatial mechanism that can be analyzed as separate linkages. The individual linkages are designed so that they introduce offsets perpendicular to the panels that are mutually compatible around each vertex. This family of mechanisms offers the unique combination of a planar unfolded state, parallel-stacked panels in the flat folded state, and kinematic single-degree-of-freedom motion from the flat-unfolded to the flat-folded state. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
584	a57205129154	Pires dos Santos R.	p154	True	Journal	109	Identifying the relative importance of predictive variables in artificial neural networks based on data produced through a discrete event simulation of a manufacturing environment	This research used a discrete event simulation to create data on a shipment receiving process instead of using historical records on the process. The simulation was used to create records with different inputs and operating conditions and the resulting overall elapsed time for the overall process. The resulting records were used to create a set of predictive artificial neural network models that predicted elapsed time based on the process characteristics. Then, the connection weight approach was used to determine the relative importance of the input variables. The connection weight approach was applied in three different steps: (1) on all input variables to identify predictive and non-predictive inputs, (2) on all predictive inputs, and (3) after removal of a dominating predictive input. This produced a clearer picture of the relative importance of input variables on the outcome variable than applying the connection weight approach once. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
585	a7402370024	Dean D.L.	p154	False	Journal	109	Identifying the relative importance of predictive variables in artificial neural networks based on data produced through a discrete event simulation of a manufacturing environment	This research used a discrete event simulation to create data on a shipment receiving process instead of using historical records on the process. The simulation was used to create records with different inputs and operating conditions and the resulting overall elapsed time for the overall process. The resulting records were used to create a set of predictive artificial neural network models that predicted elapsed time based on the process characteristics. Then, the connection weight approach was used to determine the relative importance of the input variables. The connection weight approach was applied in three different steps: (1) on all input variables to identify predictive and non-predictive inputs, (2) on all predictive inputs, and (3) after removal of a dominating predictive input. This produced a clearer picture of the relative importance of input variables on the outcome variable than applying the connection weight approach once. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
586	a57203310052	Weaver J.M.	p154	False	Journal	109	Identifying the relative importance of predictive variables in artificial neural networks based on data produced through a discrete event simulation of a manufacturing environment	This research used a discrete event simulation to create data on a shipment receiving process instead of using historical records on the process. The simulation was used to create records with different inputs and operating conditions and the resulting overall elapsed time for the overall process. The resulting records were used to create a set of predictive artificial neural network models that predicted elapsed time based on the process characteristics. Then, the connection weight approach was used to determine the relative importance of the input variables. The connection weight approach was applied in three different steps: (1) on all input variables to identify predictive and non-predictive inputs, (2) on all predictive inputs, and (3) after removal of a dominating predictive input. This produced a clearer picture of the relative importance of input variables on the outcome variable than applying the connection weight approach once. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
586	a57203310052	Weaver J.M.	p257	True	Journal	168	Quantifying accuracy of a concept laser metal additive machine through the NIST test artifact	Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of a test artifact proposed by NIST to quantify the dimensional accuracy of a metal additive manufacturing process. Insights from this paper are given concerning both the performance of the machine, a concept laser Mlab cusing machine, and the applicability of the NIST test artifact in characterizing accuracy. Recommendations are given for improving the artifact and standardizing a process for evaluating dimensional accuracy across the additive manufacturing industry. Design/methodology/approach: Three builds of the NIST additive manufacturing test artifact were fabricated in 316 stainless steel on a concept laser Mlab cusing machine. The paper follows the procedure described by NIST for characterizing dimensional accuracy of the additive process. Features including pins, holes and staircase flats of various sizes were measured using an optical measurement system, a touch probe and a profilometer. Findings: This paper describes the accuracy of printed features’ size and position on the test artifact, as well as surface finish on flat and inclined surfaces. Trends in variation of these dimensions are identified, along with possible root causes and remedies. This paper also describes several strengths and weaknesses in the design of the test artifact and the proposed measurement strategy, with recommendations on how to improve and standardize the process. Originality/value: This paper reviews a previously proposed design and process for measuring the capabilities of additive manufacturing processes. It also suggests improvements that can be incorporated into future designs and standardized across the industry. © 2018, Emerald Publishing Limited.
586	a57203310052	Weaver J.M.	p486	True	Conference	178	Transitioning a manufacturing systems engineering course to student-centered learning	This evidence-based paper describes the transition of a senior-level manufacturing engineering course from a traditional lecture-focused curriculum to a more engaging curriculum based on the research in student-centered learning. Many college courses have a familiar format: students listen to lectures, read textbooks, complete assignments, and demonstrate their learning through exams. Often, the instructor will structure the course for convenience, perhaps creating highly structured PowerPoint presentations and using standardized multiple choice exams to easily grade performance. Students, on the other hand, then structure their learning practices to match - trying to determine exactly how much to come to class, read, and memorize, with the end goal of regurgitating information on the exam and getting a satisfactory grade in the course. These practices are not conducive to long-term retention and application by the students, nor to accurate assessment or facilitation of learning by the instructor. But unless both the instructor and the students in a course understand and are amenable to alternative techniques, the format is unlikely to change. There has been extensive research on techniques aimed to increase student engagement in the classroom, such as "flipping the classroom" and identifying and overcoming the "illusion of learning." This paper describes the efforts of the author over three semesters to incorporate these tools into a senior-level course on manufacturing system design and lean manufacturing to help facilitate better learning and assess proficiency more effectively. Several techniques are used, including suggestions from the recent book Make It Stick by Brown, Roediger, and McDaniel. Student feedback and instructor observations are discussed, and future recommendations for the course are given. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
587	a57193627694	Ashcraft C.C.	p155	True	Conference	27	Moderating operator influence in human-swarm systems	In human-swarm systems, human input to a robot swarm can both inhibit desirable swarm behaviors and allow the operator to properly guide the swarm to achieve mission goals. Indeed, the way that control is shared between the human operator and the inherent collective robot behaviors determines in large part the success of the human-swarm system. In this paper, we seek to understand how to design human-swarm systems that effectively moderate human influence over a robot swarm. To do this, we implement a simulated swarm system based on honeybees, and study how interacting with this swarm using various methods of moderating human influence impacts the success of the resulting human-swarm system. Our results demonstrate that moderating human influence is essential to achieving effective human-swarm systems, and highlight the need for future work in determining how to better moderate human influence in human-swarm systems. © 2019 IEEE.
588	a35175200200	Shaikh M.T.	p156	True	Conference	28	Intent-based robotic path-replanning: When to adapt new paths in dynamic environments	For goal-based robot navigation in a dynamic environment, human intent includes expectations about what performance objectives are satisfied by a planned path in terms of objectives to be met. If the planned path drifts from the human's intent as a result of environment changes, the path needs to be replanned. This paper presents a replanning framework with three elements: (a) the integration of fast online path-planning algorithms that generate trajectories conforming to the given intent; (b) a mathematical model that says when replanning must happen; and (c) an evaluation of events that trigger replanning. An interactive graphical user interface enables a human to accept or reject replanned paths when a trigger happens. A study of 50 MTurk participants is used to assess what replanning triggers best enable a human-robot collaboration to persistently satisfy intent? © 2019 IEEE.
588	a35175200200	Shaikh M.T.	p592	True	Conference	235	When does a human replan? Exploring intent-based replanning in multi-objective path planning	In goal-based tasks such as navigating a robot from location A to location B in a dynamic environment, human intent can mean to choose a specific trade-off between multiple competing objectives. For example, intent can mean to find a path that balances between "Go quickly" and "Go stealthily". Given human expectations about how a path balances such tradeoffs, the path should match the human's intent throughout the entire execution of the path even if the environment changes. If the path drifts from the human's intent because the environment changes, then a new robotic-path needs to be planned - referred to as path-replanning. We discuss here three system-initiated triggers (prompts) for path-replanning. The objective is to create an interactive replanning system that yields paths that consistently match human intent. The triggers are to replan (a) at regular time intervals, (b) when the current robotic path deviates from the user intent, and (c) when a better path can be obtained from a different homotopy class. Further, we consider one user-generated replanning trigger that allows the user to stop the robot anytime to put the robot onto a new route. These four trigger variants seek to answer two fundamental critical questions: When is a re-planned path acceptable to a human? and How should a planner involve a human in replanning? © 2018 SPIE.
588	a35175200200	Shaikh M.T.	p765	True	Conference	321	Design and Evaluation of Adverb Palette: A GUI for Selecting Tradeoffs in Multi-objective Optimization Problems	An important part of expressing human intent is identifying acceptable tradeoffs among competing performance objectives. We present and evaluate a set of graphical user interfaces (GUIs), that are designed to allow a human to express intent by expressing desirable tradeoffs. The GUIs require an algorithm that identifies the set of Pareto optimal solutions to the multi-objective decision problem, which means that all the solutions are equally good in the sense that there are no other solutions better for every objective. Given the Pareto set, the GUIs provide different ways for a human to express intent by exploring tradeoffs between objectives; once a tradeoff is selected, the solution is chosen. The GUI designs are applied to interactive human-robot path-selection for a robot in an urban environment, but they can be applied to other tradeoff problems. A user study evaluates GUI designs by requiring users to select a tradeoff that satisfies a specified mission intent. Results of the user study suggest that GUIs designed to support an artist's palette-metaphor can be used to express intent without incurring unacceptable levels of human workload. © 2017 ACM.
589	a6602198438	Ogles B.	p157	True	Conference	29	Proving data race freedom in task parallel programs using a weaker partial order	Task parallel programming models such as Habanero Java help developers write idiomatic parallel programs and avoid common errors. Data race freedom is a desirable property for task parallel programs but is difficult to prove because every possible execution of the program must be considered. A partial order over events of an observed program execution induces an equivalence class of executions that the program may also produce. The Does-not-Commute (DC) relation is an efficiently computable partial order used for data race detection. As a relatively weak partial order, the DC relation can represent relatively large equivalence classes of program executions. However, some of these executions may be infeasible, thus leading to false data race reports. The contribution of this paper is a mechanized proof that the DC relation is actually sound for commonly used task parallel programming models. Sound means that the first data race identified by the DC relation is guaranteed to be a real data race. A prototype analysis in the Java Pathfinder model checker shows that the DC relation can significantly reduce the number of explored states required to prove data race freedom in Habanero Java programs. In this application, the search for data race using the DC relation is both sound and complete. © 2019 FMCAD Inc.
590	a55948963100	Aldous P.	p157	False	Conference	29	Proving data race freedom in task parallel programs using a weaker partial order	Task parallel programming models such as Habanero Java help developers write idiomatic parallel programs and avoid common errors. Data race freedom is a desirable property for task parallel programs but is difficult to prove because every possible execution of the program must be considered. A partial order over events of an observed program execution induces an equivalence class of executions that the program may also produce. The Does-not-Commute (DC) relation is an efficiently computable partial order used for data race detection. As a relatively weak partial order, the DC relation can represent relatively large equivalence classes of program executions. However, some of these executions may be infeasible, thus leading to false data race reports. The contribution of this paper is a mechanized proof that the DC relation is actually sound for commonly used task parallel programming models. Sound means that the first data race identified by the DC relation is guaranteed to be a real data race. A prototype analysis in the Java Pathfinder model checker shows that the DC relation can significantly reduce the number of explored states required to prove data race freedom in Habanero Java programs. In this application, the search for data race using the DC relation is both sound and complete. © 2019 FMCAD Inc.
591	a7005411524	Mercer E.	p157	False	Conference	29	Proving data race freedom in task parallel programs using a weaker partial order	Task parallel programming models such as Habanero Java help developers write idiomatic parallel programs and avoid common errors. Data race freedom is a desirable property for task parallel programs but is difficult to prove because every possible execution of the program must be considered. A partial order over events of an observed program execution induces an equivalence class of executions that the program may also produce. The Does-not-Commute (DC) relation is an efficiently computable partial order used for data race detection. As a relatively weak partial order, the DC relation can represent relatively large equivalence classes of program executions. However, some of these executions may be infeasible, thus leading to false data race reports. The contribution of this paper is a mechanized proof that the DC relation is actually sound for commonly used task parallel programming models. Sound means that the first data race identified by the DC relation is guaranteed to be a real data race. A prototype analysis in the Java Pathfinder model checker shows that the DC relation can significantly reduce the number of explored states required to prove data race freedom in Habanero Java programs. In this application, the search for data race using the DC relation is both sound and complete. © 2019 FMCAD Inc.
591	a7005411524	Mercer E.	p567	False	Conference	216	GEESE: Grammatical evolution algorithm for evolution of swarm behaviors	[No abstract available]
592	a36459611200	Bingham E.	p158	True	Journal	110	Identifying Team Selection and Alignment Factors by Delivery Method for Transportation Projects	One critical antecedent to project success is team alignment. Industry professionals should focus on practices that can improve project team selection, team building, and identifying challenges to the team and project, hence improving alignment. This paper provides a summary of key findings of a national study of transportation projects, identifying current practices of industry professionals for the selection and alignment of project teams for transportation projects. Current team selection practices, the most beneficial team alignment practices, and the greatest challenges to team alignment are identified in the study. These practices are also analyzed and reported by project delivery method, and the results presented in this paper add to the body of knowledge by identifying current alignment practices, successful practices, and challenges specific to each delivery method. Among the findings are that overall project teams are selected primarily based on project experience and ability to meet schedule, regardless of the project delivery method chosen. Successful teams with good alignment were found to be characterized by having established expectations, team trust, honesty within the team, shared values, and good communication. No notable differences were found among delivery methods, demonstrating that the principles of team alignment are not dependent on the project delivery method. Challenges that cause adversarial relationships in the team include issues of constructability, schedule availability, and project complexity. The study also identified transportation-specific alignment challenges such as public involvement. The greatest challenges specific to each delivery method include team coordination for construction manager at risk (CMAR) projects, constructability procedures for design-bid-build projects, and environmental impacts for design-build projects. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
592	a36459611200	Bingham E.	p501	True	Journal	272	Measuring User Perceptions of Popular Transportation Project Delivery Methods Using Least Significant Difference Intervals and Multiple Range Tests	One of the most critical decisions made by transportation project stakeholders is the choice of a project delivery method for their project. Delivery methods have been shown to significantly impact project cost and schedule. As the use of alternative project delivery methods increases, the perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages to using a particular method have matured. This paper reports on a national study of over 80 transportation owners and designers to measure their perceptions of the three most widely used delivery methods: design bid build (DBB), construction manager at risk (CMAR), and design build (DB). The study develops a list of factors that influence the selection of a delivery method, and then tests the most significant factors that lead to the selection of each individual method. Analyses using Fisher's least significant difference intervals and multiple range tests allow for the identification of specific correlations between the delivery method and motivating factors or project goals. The analyses show that delivery method selection is motivated primarily by project urgency, cost, and risk allocation. For the three main delivery methods of DBB, CMAR, and DB, motivation for their selection is primarily based on cost, risk allocation, and project urgency, respectively. User perceptions align with findings from literature in terms of schedule performance, but do not align in terms of cost performance. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by reporting on the most current motivating factors for the selection and use of the most popular delivery methods. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
592	a36459611200	Bingham E.	p770	True	Journal	377	Infrastructure Project Scope Definition Using Project Definition Rating Index	Front-end planning (FEP) is a critical process for uncovering project unknowns while also developing adequate scope definition and a structured approach for the project execution process. For infrastructure projects, the FEP process assists in identifying and mitigating risks stemming from issues such as right-of-way concerns, utility adjustments, environmental hazards, logistic problems, and permitting requirements. The authors have developed a novel risk management tool, called the project definition rating index (PDRI) for infrastructure projects, which can be used to identify and address these issues systematically and in a structured manner. Input from 64 industry professionals representing over 30 organizations was used in the development of the tool. In addition to a usable definition for infrastructure in the context of the built environment, a finite and specific list of issues related to scope definition of infrastructure projects was developed with this industry input. Data from 26 completed or in-process projects are given. Results show that the PDRI assessment score is indicative of the current level of scope definition for sample projects and corresponds to project performance. Findings support the hypothesis that projects with improved early understanding of scope definition elements showed improved project outcomes; infrastructure projects with low PDRI scores (well defined) outperformed projects with high PDRI scores. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by specifically identifying those FEP elements that are critical to infrastructure projects. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
593	a7402074463	Edward Gibson G.	p158	False	Journal	110	Identifying Team Selection and Alignment Factors by Delivery Method for Transportation Projects	One critical antecedent to project success is team alignment. Industry professionals should focus on practices that can improve project team selection, team building, and identifying challenges to the team and project, hence improving alignment. This paper provides a summary of key findings of a national study of transportation projects, identifying current practices of industry professionals for the selection and alignment of project teams for transportation projects. Current team selection practices, the most beneficial team alignment practices, and the greatest challenges to team alignment are identified in the study. These practices are also analyzed and reported by project delivery method, and the results presented in this paper add to the body of knowledge by identifying current alignment practices, successful practices, and challenges specific to each delivery method. Among the findings are that overall project teams are selected primarily based on project experience and ability to meet schedule, regardless of the project delivery method chosen. Successful teams with good alignment were found to be characterized by having established expectations, team trust, honesty within the team, shared values, and good communication. No notable differences were found among delivery methods, demonstrating that the principles of team alignment are not dependent on the project delivery method. Challenges that cause adversarial relationships in the team include issues of constructability, schedule availability, and project complexity. The study also identified transportation-specific alignment challenges such as public involvement. The greatest challenges specific to each delivery method include team coordination for construction manager at risk (CMAR) projects, constructability procedures for design-bid-build projects, and environmental impacts for design-build projects. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
593	a7402074463	Edward Gibson G.	p501	False	Journal	272	Measuring User Perceptions of Popular Transportation Project Delivery Methods Using Least Significant Difference Intervals and Multiple Range Tests	One of the most critical decisions made by transportation project stakeholders is the choice of a project delivery method for their project. Delivery methods have been shown to significantly impact project cost and schedule. As the use of alternative project delivery methods increases, the perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages to using a particular method have matured. This paper reports on a national study of over 80 transportation owners and designers to measure their perceptions of the three most widely used delivery methods: design bid build (DBB), construction manager at risk (CMAR), and design build (DB). The study develops a list of factors that influence the selection of a delivery method, and then tests the most significant factors that lead to the selection of each individual method. Analyses using Fisher's least significant difference intervals and multiple range tests allow for the identification of specific correlations between the delivery method and motivating factors or project goals. The analyses show that delivery method selection is motivated primarily by project urgency, cost, and risk allocation. For the three main delivery methods of DBB, CMAR, and DB, motivation for their selection is primarily based on cost, risk allocation, and project urgency, respectively. User perceptions align with findings from literature in terms of schedule performance, but do not align in terms of cost performance. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by reporting on the most current motivating factors for the selection and use of the most popular delivery methods. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
593	a7402074463	Edward Gibson G.	p770	False	Journal	377	Infrastructure Project Scope Definition Using Project Definition Rating Index	Front-end planning (FEP) is a critical process for uncovering project unknowns while also developing adequate scope definition and a structured approach for the project execution process. For infrastructure projects, the FEP process assists in identifying and mitigating risks stemming from issues such as right-of-way concerns, utility adjustments, environmental hazards, logistic problems, and permitting requirements. The authors have developed a novel risk management tool, called the project definition rating index (PDRI) for infrastructure projects, which can be used to identify and address these issues systematically and in a structured manner. Input from 64 industry professionals representing over 30 organizations was used in the development of the tool. In addition to a usable definition for infrastructure in the context of the built environment, a finite and specific list of issues related to scope definition of infrastructure projects was developed with this industry input. Data from 26 completed or in-process projects are given. Results show that the PDRI assessment score is indicative of the current level of scope definition for sample projects and corresponds to project performance. Findings support the hypothesis that projects with improved early understanding of scope definition elements showed improved project outcomes; infrastructure projects with low PDRI scores (well defined) outperformed projects with high PDRI scores. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by specifically identifying those FEP elements that are critical to infrastructure projects. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
594	a34868168700	El Asmar M.	p158	False	Journal	110	Identifying Team Selection and Alignment Factors by Delivery Method for Transportation Projects	One critical antecedent to project success is team alignment. Industry professionals should focus on practices that can improve project team selection, team building, and identifying challenges to the team and project, hence improving alignment. This paper provides a summary of key findings of a national study of transportation projects, identifying current practices of industry professionals for the selection and alignment of project teams for transportation projects. Current team selection practices, the most beneficial team alignment practices, and the greatest challenges to team alignment are identified in the study. These practices are also analyzed and reported by project delivery method, and the results presented in this paper add to the body of knowledge by identifying current alignment practices, successful practices, and challenges specific to each delivery method. Among the findings are that overall project teams are selected primarily based on project experience and ability to meet schedule, regardless of the project delivery method chosen. Successful teams with good alignment were found to be characterized by having established expectations, team trust, honesty within the team, shared values, and good communication. No notable differences were found among delivery methods, demonstrating that the principles of team alignment are not dependent on the project delivery method. Challenges that cause adversarial relationships in the team include issues of constructability, schedule availability, and project complexity. The study also identified transportation-specific alignment challenges such as public involvement. The greatest challenges specific to each delivery method include team coordination for construction manager at risk (CMAR) projects, constructability procedures for design-bid-build projects, and environmental impacts for design-build projects. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
594	a34868168700	El Asmar M.	p501	False	Journal	272	Measuring User Perceptions of Popular Transportation Project Delivery Methods Using Least Significant Difference Intervals and Multiple Range Tests	One of the most critical decisions made by transportation project stakeholders is the choice of a project delivery method for their project. Delivery methods have been shown to significantly impact project cost and schedule. As the use of alternative project delivery methods increases, the perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages to using a particular method have matured. This paper reports on a national study of over 80 transportation owners and designers to measure their perceptions of the three most widely used delivery methods: design bid build (DBB), construction manager at risk (CMAR), and design build (DB). The study develops a list of factors that influence the selection of a delivery method, and then tests the most significant factors that lead to the selection of each individual method. Analyses using Fisher's least significant difference intervals and multiple range tests allow for the identification of specific correlations between the delivery method and motivating factors or project goals. The analyses show that delivery method selection is motivated primarily by project urgency, cost, and risk allocation. For the three main delivery methods of DBB, CMAR, and DB, motivation for their selection is primarily based on cost, risk allocation, and project urgency, respectively. User perceptions align with findings from literature in terms of schedule performance, but do not align in terms of cost performance. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by reporting on the most current motivating factors for the selection and use of the most popular delivery methods. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
595	a57126129700	Hogstrom C.	p159	False	Journal	111	On Sparse Channel Estimation in Aeronautical Telemetry	This paper examines the application of sparse estimation techniques for the estimation of a discrete-time equivalent multipath channel in the aeronautical telemetry context. The sensing matrix comprises samples of shaped offset QPSK-TG (a continuous phase modulation) based on the pilot bit sequence currently defined in the aeronautical telemetry standard. Representative algorithms from the three broad classes of sparse estimators were examined side by side using computer simulations to estimate the postequalizer bit error rate (BER). Ideal and nonideal frequency offset synchronization were assumed in the simulations. The results show that the performance of the matching pursuit (MP) algorithms seemed to be better suited to this application in the sense that no additional steps were required and the postequalizer BER of the best MP algorithm was slightly better than that of the other sparse estimation techniques. In the case of both ideal and nonideal frequency offset synchronization, the postequalizer BER achieved by the generalized orthogonal MP algorithm was approximately 1.5 dB better than that obtained using the nonsparse-constrained maximum likelihood channel estimate. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
595	a57126129700	Hogstrom C.	p807	False	Conference	342	On if-to-baseband translation and resampling in sampled-data receivers	This paper summarizes the design of a discrete-time quadrature downconversion and resampling processor that operates on samples of a 70 MHz IF signal. The unique properties of discrete-time processing-aliasing due to resampling bandpass signals and polyphase filter decompositions- are applied to create a low-complexity approach that does not require any arithmetic operations at the IF sample rate. The required tasks are performed in two stages: a downsample-by-2 operation followed by a more traditional resampler based on a polyphase filterbank.
595	a57126129700	Hogstrom C.	p886	False	Conference	398	A summary of data-aided equalizer experiments at edwards AFB	This paper summarizes the analysis of bit error rate data captured during flight tests designed to compare data-aided equalizers with SOQPSK-TG to unequalized and currently available blind, adaptive equalizers with SOQPSK-TG. The number of bit errors, on a second-by-second basis, are analyzed. The results are different for each test point. Given the uncertain behavior of the preamble detector for the data-aided equalizer and the differing channel conditions between the data-aided equalizer channel and the conventional serial streaming telemetry channel, we are unable to draw any firm comparative conclusions.
596	a57218886153	Stankovic A.M.	p160	False	Conference	30	Probabilistic Network Observability of a Hybrid Power System with Communication Irregularities	This paper explores power system network observability while taking into account realistic communication network behavior. The overall information is obtained by combining SCADA-and phasor measurement unit-derived data, where time stamping (based on Global Positioning System or an equivalent local clock) for all measurements is assumed. Based on simulations performed in communication Network Simulator 2, empirical cumulative distribution functions can be associated with transfer times of measurement packets, which will reflect communication parameters and irregularities. This is further used to form an algorithm which maximizes the number of successful network observability checks, and thus the number of possible state estimations, in a certain time period. Application is demonstrated on the IEEE 14-bus test power system example. © 2019 IEEE.
596	a57218886153	Stankovic A.M.	p284	False	Conference	68	Geometrically Motivated Reparameterization for Identifiability Analysis in Power Systems Models	This paper describes a geometric approach to parameter identifiability analysis in models of power systems dynamics. When a model of a power system is to be compared with measurements taken at discrete times, it can be interpreted as a mapping from parameter space into a data or prediction space. Generically, model mappings can be interpreted as manifolds with dimensionality equal to the number of structurally identifiable parameters. Empirically it is observed that model mappings often correspond to bounded manifolds. We propose a new definition of practical identifiability based the topological definition of a manifold with boundary. In many ways, our proposed definition extends the properties of structural identifiability. We construct numerical approximations to geodesics on the model manifold and use the results, combined with insights derived from the mathematical form of the equations, to identify combinations of practically identifiable and unidentifiable parameters. We give several examples of application to dynamic power systems models. © 2018 IEEE.
596	a57218886153	Stankovic A.M.	p406	False	Conference	152	Influence of Communication Irregularities and Co-simulation on Hybrid Power System State Estimation	The paper explores the effects of sensor behavior and communication system (CS) irregularities on power system state estimation (SE). CS are modeled in Network Simulator 2 (NS-2), allowing the quantification of irregularities, including delays and dropped packets. The overall information is obtained combining SCADA measurements with phasor measurement unit (PMU) derived data, where time stamping (based on GPS or an equivalent local clock) for all measurements is assumed. To fully analyze the effects of irregularities, a detailed analysis of sensitivities to different communication system parameters is provided as well. Using the co-simulation environment PiccSIM, a SE with these irregularities is quantified for CS parameter variation, with detailed models of power and communication flows. © 2018 IEEE.
597	a57205617484	Francis B.L.	p161	True	Conference	31	Network Reduction in Transient Stability Models using Partial Response Matching	We describe a method for simultaneously identifying and reducing dynamic power systems models in the form of differential-algebraic equations. Often, these models are large and complex, containing more parameters than can be identified from the available system measurements. We demonstrate our method on transient stability models, using the IEEE 14-bus test system. Our approach uses techniques of information geometry to remove unidentifiable parameters from the model. We examine the case of a networked system with 58 parameters using full observations throughout the network. We show that greater reduction can be achieved when only partial observations are available, Including reduction of the network itself. © 2019 IEEE.
597	a57205617484	Francis B.L.	p284	False	Conference	68	Geometrically Motivated Reparameterization for Identifiability Analysis in Power Systems Models	This paper describes a geometric approach to parameter identifiability analysis in models of power systems dynamics. When a model of a power system is to be compared with measurements taken at discrete times, it can be interpreted as a mapping from parameter space into a data or prediction space. Generically, model mappings can be interpreted as manifolds with dimensionality equal to the number of structurally identifiable parameters. Empirically it is observed that model mappings often correspond to bounded manifolds. We propose a new definition of practical identifiability based the topological definition of a manifold with boundary. In many ways, our proposed definition extends the properties of structural identifiability. We construct numerical approximations to geodesics on the model manifold and use the results, combined with insights derived from the mathematical form of the equations, to identify combinations of practically identifiable and unidentifiable parameters. We give several examples of application to dynamic power systems models. © 2018 IEEE.
597	a57205617484	Francis B.L.	p310	True	Conference	90	Analysis of inertial measurement data from a model rocket payload	As part of a student-educational experience in telemetry, beginning undergraduates build, program, and test small payloads flown in model rockets. These payloads, nicknamed 'femtosats,' collect and transmit real time telemetry on the rocket's performance. The femtosats measure the inertial motions of the model rocket, providing info to extract the flight path. The individually student-designed femtosat circuit board includes a simple inertial measurement sensor that collects acceleration data in the form of x, y, z acceleration vectors which are transmitted in real-time to a radio ground station. The focus of this paper is the collection and analysis of the data from the telemetered inertial measurement sensor and how it can be interpreted and applied in simple model rocket motion analysis. © 2019 International Foundation for Telemetering. All rights reserved.
597	a57205617484	Francis B.L.	p403	False	Conference	149	Simultaneous Global Identification of Dynamic and Network Parameters in Transient Stability Studies	The paper describes a global identification procedure for dynamic power system models in the form of differential and algebraic equations. Power system models have a number of features that makes their improvement challenging - they are multi-level, multi-user and multi-physics. Not surprisingly, they are nonlinear and time varying, both in terms of states (memory variables) and parameters, and discrete structures, such as graphs, are strongly blended with continuous dynamics, resulting in network dynamics. The transient stability models are used as a prototypical example. Our method is based on information geometry, and uses advances in computational differential geometry to characterize high-dimensional manifolds in the space of measurements. In the case of network parameters, a comparison is presented with circuit-theoretic techniques. The results are illustrated on the case of IEEE 14-bus test system with 58 parameters in our realization. © 2018 IEEE.
598	a57215432728	Nuttall J.R.	p161	False	Conference	31	Network Reduction in Transient Stability Models using Partial Response Matching	We describe a method for simultaneously identifying and reducing dynamic power systems models in the form of differential-algebraic equations. Often, these models are large and complex, containing more parameters than can be identified from the available system measurements. We demonstrate our method on transient stability models, using the IEEE 14-bus test system. Our approach uses techniques of information geometry to remove unidentifiable parameters from the model. We examine the case of a networked system with 58 parameters using full observations throughout the network. We show that greater reduction can be achieved when only partial observations are available, Including reduction of the network itself. © 2019 IEEE.
599	a56677251600	Nelson T.G.	p162	True	Journal	112	Origami-inspired sacrificial joints for folding compliant mechanisms	Folding is a manufacturing method which can create complex 3D geometries from flat materials and can be particularly useful in cost-sensitive or planar-limited fabrication applications. This paper introduces compliant mechanisms that employ folding techniques from origami to evolve from a flat material to deployed state. We present origami-inspired sacrificial joints, joints which have mobility during assembly of the mechanism but are rigid in their final position, to create regions of high and low stiffness and the proper alignment of compliant flexures in folded mechanisms. To demonstrate the method we fold steel sheet to create some well-known and complex compliant mechanisms. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
599	a56677251600	Nelson T.G.	p201	False	Journal	135	Normalized Coordinate Equations and an Energy Method for Predicting Natural Curved-Fold Configurations	Of the many valid configurations that a curved fold may assume, it is of particular interest to identify natural - or lowest energy - configurations that physical models will preferentially assume. We present normalized coordinate equations - equations that relate fold surface properties to their edge of regression - to simplify curved-fold relationships. An energy method based on these normalized coordinate equations is developed to identify natural configurations of general curved folds. While it has been noted that natural configurations have nearly planar creases for curved folds, we show that nonplanar behavior near the crease ends substantially reduces the energy of a fold. © 2019 ASME.
599	a56677251600	Nelson T.G.	p383	True	Journal	209	Developable mechanisms on developable surfaces	The trend toward smaller mechanism footprints and volumes, while maintaining the ability to perform complex tasks, presents the opportunity for exploration of hypercompact mechanical systems integrated with curved surfaces. Developable surfaces are shapes that a flat sheet can take without tearing or stretching, and they represent a wide range of manufactured surfaces. This work introduces “developable mechanisms” as devices that emerge from or conform to developable surfaces. They are made possible by aligning hinge axes with developable surface ruling lines to enable mobility. Because rigid-link motion depends on the relative orientation of hinge axes and not link geometry, links can take the shape of the corresponding developable surface. Mechanisms are classified by their associated surface type, and these relationships are defined and demonstrated by example. Developable mechanisms show promise for meeting unfilled needs using systems not previously envisioned. © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved.
599	a56677251600	Nelson T.G.	p457	True	Conference	163	Implementation of Rolling Contacts for SORCE Joints	The Synchronized-offset-rolling-contact element (SORCE) technique for thickness accommodation in origami-inspired mechanisms combines selected strengths of several thickness-accomadation techniques but with the tradeoff of manufacturing complexity of rolling joints. This work presents principles to facilitate the construction of rolling joints suitable for applications like the SORCE technique. These include leveraging fold-angle multipliers of origami vertices, variations of flexure assembly, sunken flexures, and form-closed rolling joints. Prototypes of origami-mechanisms using the SORCE technique are constructed demonstrating these principles. © 2018 IEEE.
599	a56677251600	Nelson T.G.	p468	True	Journal	258	Developable compliant-aided rolling-contact mechanisms	Rolling-contact mechanisms can provide low-friction motion with unique kinematic paths. We show that developable surfaces can be used as a design tool for rolling-contact mechanisms joined with compliant bands. These mechanisms can exhibit 3D motion paths, couple rotational and translational motions into a single degree of freedom, and can be designed to exhibit various tailored kinetic responses. We set forth developable surface parametrizations well suited to the creation of rolling contacts. We highlight how the geodesic and principal curvatures of the non-ruling principal curves of a developable surface are meaningful design quantities for rolling contacts. We provide kinematic and kinetic analyses and demonstrate several developable compliant-aided rolling-contact mechanisms in physical prototypes. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
599	a56677251600	Nelson T.G.	p495	False	Conference	186	Crystallographic Reconstruction of Parent Austenite Twin Boundaries in a Lath Martensitic Steel	The study of post-transformation microstructures and their properties can be greatly enhanced by studying their dependence on the grain boundary content of parent microstructures. Recent work has extended the crystallographic reconstruction of parent austenite in steels to include the reconstruction of special boundaries, such as annealing twins. These reconstructions present unique challenges, as twinned austenite grains share a subset of possible daughter variant orientations. This gives rise to regions of ambiguity in a reconstruction. A technique for the reconstruction of twin boundaries is presented here that is capable of reconstructing 60° <1 1 1> twins, even in the case where twin regions are comprised entirely of variants that are common between the twin and the parent. This technique is demonstrated in the reconstruction of lath martensitic steels. The reconstruction method utilizes a delayed decision-making approach, where a chosen orientation relationship is used to define all possible groupings of daughter grains into possible parents before divisive decisions are made. These overlapping, inclusive groupings (called clusters) are compared to each other individually using their calculated parent austenite orientations and the topographical nature of the overlapping region. These comparisons are used to uncover possible locations of twin boundaries present in the parent austenite. This technique can be applied to future studies on the dependence of post-transformation microstructures on the special grain boundary content of parent microstructures. © 2018 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.
599	a56677251600	Nelson T.G.	p762	False	Journal	371	Thick rigidly foldable origami mechanisms based on synchronized offset rolling contact elements	We present a general technique for achieving kinematic single degree of freedom (1DOF) origami-based mechanisms with thick rigid panels using synchronized offset rolling contact elements (SORCEs). We present general design analysis for planar and 3D relative motions between panels and show physically realized examples. The technique overcomes many of the limitations of previous approaches for thick rigidly foldable mechanisms. © 2017 by ASME.
599	a56677251600	Nelson T.G.	p854	False	Conference	378	Kinematics and discretization of curved-fold mechanisms	We present several new properties of curved-fold mechanisms, those with smoothly curved surfaces joined by sharp curved folds. After describing curved folds and various relationships among their geometric properties, we show that there is an important class, uniform folds, that is particularly well suited to low-degree-of-freedom mechanisms. There is a natural discretization algorithm for uniform curved folds; we present this algorithm and show discretized example mechanisms. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
600	a57208598187	Avila A.	p162	False	Journal	112	Origami-inspired sacrificial joints for folding compliant mechanisms	Folding is a manufacturing method which can create complex 3D geometries from flat materials and can be particularly useful in cost-sensitive or planar-limited fabrication applications. This paper introduces compliant mechanisms that employ folding techniques from origami to evolve from a flat material to deployed state. We present origami-inspired sacrificial joints, joints which have mobility during assembly of the mechanism but are rigid in their final position, to create regions of high and low stiffness and the proper alignment of compliant flexures in folded mechanisms. To demonstrate the method we fold steel sheet to create some well-known and complex compliant mechanisms. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
600	a57208598187	Avila A.	p283	True	Journal	185	Origami fold states: Concept and design tool	The ability of origami to alter its properties and behaviors with its shape makes it an elegant source of inspiration for many engineering designs challenges. Fold states specify the shape of the origami - its facets, creases, and fold angles. Origami research recognizes several acknowledged fold states: The unfolded, fully folded, and flat-folded states. However, these fold states are not comprehensive, excluding some of the most predominant fold states in origami-based devices. In this paper we propose a comprehensive list of fold states based on fold angles. We support the method of categorizing fold states by evaluating the functions and fold states of a large sample of origami-based devices. These correlations provide insight for selecting fold states for origami-based design. We discuss properties and behaviors of the fold states individually and provide a process for fold-state selection. © Author(s) 2019.
600	a57208598187	Avila A.	p318	True	Conference	98	Conceptualizing stable states in origami-based devices using an energy visualization approach	In many origami-based applications a device needs to be maintained in one or more fold states. The origami stability integration method (OSIM) presented in this paper provides an approach for graphically combining various techniques to achieve stability. Techniques are divided into four groups based on whether they are intrinsic or extrinsic to the origami pattern and whether they exhibit differentiable or non-differentiable energy storage behaviors. These categorizations can help designers select appropriate techniques for their application. The paper also contains design considerations and resources for several intrinsic techniques. Finally, two case studies are presented which use the OSIM and the technique guidelines to conceptualize stability in origami-based devices. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
600	a57208598187	Avila A.	p321	False	Conference	101	Kirigami-based deployable transcrease hard stop models usable in origami patterns	Stopping origami in arbitrary fold states can present a challenge for origami-based design. In this paper two categories of kirigami-based models are presented for stopping the fold motion of individual creases using deployable hard stops. These models are transcrease (across a crease) and deploy from a flat sheet. The first category is planar and has behavior similar to a four-bar linkage. The second category is spherical and behaves like a degree-4 origami vertex. These models are based on the zero-thickness assumption of paper and can be applied to origami patterns made from thin materials, limiting the motion of the base origami pattern through self-interference within the original facets. Model parameters are based on a desired fold or dihedral angle, as well as facet dimensions. Examples show model benefits and limitations. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
601	a7004307869	Herder J.L.	p162	False	Journal	112	Origami-inspired sacrificial joints for folding compliant mechanisms	Folding is a manufacturing method which can create complex 3D geometries from flat materials and can be particularly useful in cost-sensitive or planar-limited fabrication applications. This paper introduces compliant mechanisms that employ folding techniques from origami to evolve from a flat material to deployed state. We present origami-inspired sacrificial joints, joints which have mobility during assembly of the mechanism but are rigid in their final position, to create regions of high and low stiffness and the proper alignment of compliant flexures in folded mechanisms. To demonstrate the method we fold steel sheet to create some well-known and complex compliant mechanisms. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
601	a7004307869	Herder J.L.	p468	False	Journal	258	Developable compliant-aided rolling-contact mechanisms	Rolling-contact mechanisms can provide low-friction motion with unique kinematic paths. We show that developable surfaces can be used as a design tool for rolling-contact mechanisms joined with compliant bands. These mechanisms can exhibit 3D motion paths, couple rotational and translational motions into a single degree of freedom, and can be designed to exhibit various tailored kinetic responses. We set forth developable surface parametrizations well suited to the creation of rolling contacts. We highlight how the geodesic and principal curvatures of the non-ruling principal curves of a developable surface are meaningful design quantities for rolling contacts. We provide kinematic and kinetic analyses and demonstrate several developable compliant-aided rolling-contact mechanisms in physical prototypes. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
602	a57205257595	Machekposhti D.F.	p162	False	Journal	112	Origami-inspired sacrificial joints for folding compliant mechanisms	Folding is a manufacturing method which can create complex 3D geometries from flat materials and can be particularly useful in cost-sensitive or planar-limited fabrication applications. This paper introduces compliant mechanisms that employ folding techniques from origami to evolve from a flat material to deployed state. We present origami-inspired sacrificial joints, joints which have mobility during assembly of the mechanism but are rigid in their final position, to create regions of high and low stiffness and the proper alignment of compliant flexures in folded mechanisms. To demonstrate the method we fold steel sheet to create some well-known and complex compliant mechanisms. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
603	a36503632200	Candia G.	p163	False	Journal	113	Observed building damage patterns and foundation performance in Mexico City following the 2017 M7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake	The September 19th, 2017 M7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake introduced strong ground motions into the Mexico City basin, which contains very soft lacustrine soils, dense urban infrastructure, and millions of inhabitants. As a result, 38 mid-rise structures collapsed and several hundred more were damaged. This paper reports the observations related to building performance, damage patterns, and foundation performance made by the two UNAM-GEER engineering reconnaissance teams sent to investigate the geotechnical aspects of the earthquake. The methodology used to perform building damage mapping following the 2017 event is described. Comparisons are made between the observed building damage patterns following the September 19th, 1985 and the 2017 earthquake, and the distinct differences in the damage pattern distribution between the two earthquakes are summarized. Overall, building and foundation performance were observed to be quite good during the 2017 event, especially when compared to the 1985 event. Structures that were observed to be heavily damaged or collapsed were all built prior to 1985, and incorporated poor structural design and/or construction which resonated with the soil column on which they were constructed, and/or were built upon very soft soils that contributed to significant foundation deformations. Detailed building damage pattern maps of specific neighborhoods that were investigated are provided, and lessons learned from this event are summarized. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
604	a16481299700	Mayoral J.M.	p163	False	Journal	113	Observed building damage patterns and foundation performance in Mexico City following the 2017 M7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake	The September 19th, 2017 M7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake introduced strong ground motions into the Mexico City basin, which contains very soft lacustrine soils, dense urban infrastructure, and millions of inhabitants. As a result, 38 mid-rise structures collapsed and several hundred more were damaged. This paper reports the observations related to building performance, damage patterns, and foundation performance made by the two UNAM-GEER engineering reconnaissance teams sent to investigate the geotechnical aspects of the earthquake. The methodology used to perform building damage mapping following the 2017 event is described. Comparisons are made between the observed building damage patterns following the September 19th, 1985 and the 2017 earthquake, and the distinct differences in the damage pattern distribution between the two earthquakes are summarized. Overall, building and foundation performance were observed to be quite good during the 2017 event, especially when compared to the 1985 event. Structures that were observed to be heavily damaged or collapsed were all built prior to 1985, and incorporated poor structural design and/or construction which resonated with the soil column on which they were constructed, and/or were built upon very soft soils that contributed to significant foundation deformations. Detailed building damage pattern maps of specific neighborhoods that were investigated are provided, and lessons learned from this event are summarized. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
604	a16481299700	Mayoral J.M.	p185	True	Journal	126	The September 19, 2017 Mw 7.1 Puebla-Mexico city earthquake: Important findings from the field – Overview of Special Edition	The September 19th, 2017 Mw 7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake lead to strong ground shaking in the densely populated Mexico City basin, and surrounding country areas in central Mexico. As a result, 38 mid-rise buildings collapsed and several hundred more were damaged in Mexico City, and extensive damage was observed in the states of Puebla and Morelos. This special edition synthesizes observations related to structural and foundation performance, and the corresponding damage patterns, carried out by two UNAM-GEER engineering reconnaissance teams sent to investigate the geotechnical earthquake engineering aspects of this event. Articles were solicited of researchers that were in the field that investigated: the characteristics of the event, the demand and damage distribution across Mexico City and surrounding regions, the seismic performance of buildings, lifelines, and other critical infrastructure, considering the site response and soil-structure interaction effects in the observed damage distribution. Special attention was paid to the impact of regional ground subsidence, in the seismic-soil structure interaction exhibited by the affected building. Advanced non-intrusive survey methods were used to map damage patterns in a regional level. Comparisons were made between the observed building damage patterns following the September 19th, 1985 Michoacan earthquake, and the 2017 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake, and the distinct differences in the damage distribution between the two earthquakes were revised. Overall, building and foundation performance were observed to be quite good during the 2017 event, especially when compared to the 1985 event. Structures that were observed to be heavily damaged or collapsed were all built prior to 1985, and incorporated poor structural design and/or construction, which resonated with the soil column on which they were constructed, and/or were built upon very soft soils that contributed to significant foundation deformations. Detailed building damage pattern maps of specific neighborhoods that were investigated are provided, and lessons learned from this event are summarized in each research paper include in this special issue. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
604	a16481299700	Mayoral J.M.	p228	True	Journal	150	Site effects in Mexico City basin: Past and present	Due to the unique subsoil conditions prevailing in the Mexico City basin, seismic risk has been strongly correlated to site effects. Thus, during the Mw 8.1 09/19/1985 subduction fault earthquake, and its strong aftershock Mw 7.5 09/21/1985, extensive damage was observed in the area, along with the loss of thousands of lives, despite these events had an epicentral distance of around 430 km from Mexico City. The observed damage was mostly due to site affects originated by the high plastiCity clay deposits found in the basin, which lead to large amplifications, and duration elongation of the ground motions coming from the epicenter. In addition, a frequency content modification occurs, which in turn, leads to a double resonance effect between the incoming ground motions, soil deposits, and the damaged buildings. Exactly 32 years after this devastating event, the Mw 7.1 09/19/2017 normal fault earthquake, reminded us of the importance of accounting for site effects, and most importantly the need to carry out a proper characterization of basin geometry, soil profile configuration, hydraulic conditions, and maintenance-structure periodic assessments of the building stock in Mexico City. This is required to reduce uncertainties of seismic vulnerability studies for extreme-event seismic hazard scenarios. In this paper, the role of site response and seismic soil-structure interaction as key factors responsible of the observed damage in the City is revisited, through series of 3D finite difference models of typical structure-foundation-soil typologies found at the areas where most of the damage was observed, highlighting its clear impact in the final damage distribution observed around the City. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
605	a56331558100	Wood C.M.	p163	False	Journal	113	Observed building damage patterns and foundation performance in Mexico City following the 2017 M7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake	The September 19th, 2017 M7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake introduced strong ground motions into the Mexico City basin, which contains very soft lacustrine soils, dense urban infrastructure, and millions of inhabitants. As a result, 38 mid-rise structures collapsed and several hundred more were damaged. This paper reports the observations related to building performance, damage patterns, and foundation performance made by the two UNAM-GEER engineering reconnaissance teams sent to investigate the geotechnical aspects of the earthquake. The methodology used to perform building damage mapping following the 2017 event is described. Comparisons are made between the observed building damage patterns following the September 19th, 1985 and the 2017 earthquake, and the distinct differences in the damage pattern distribution between the two earthquakes are summarized. Overall, building and foundation performance were observed to be quite good during the 2017 event, especially when compared to the 1985 event. Structures that were observed to be heavily damaged or collapsed were all built prior to 1985, and incorporated poor structural design and/or construction which resonated with the soil column on which they were constructed, and/or were built upon very soft soils that contributed to significant foundation deformations. Detailed building damage pattern maps of specific neighborhoods that were investigated are provided, and lessons learned from this event are summarized. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
605	a56331558100	Wood C.M.	p228	False	Journal	150	Site effects in Mexico City basin: Past and present	Due to the unique subsoil conditions prevailing in the Mexico City basin, seismic risk has been strongly correlated to site effects. Thus, during the Mw 8.1 09/19/1985 subduction fault earthquake, and its strong aftershock Mw 7.5 09/21/1985, extensive damage was observed in the area, along with the loss of thousands of lives, despite these events had an epicentral distance of around 430 km from Mexico City. The observed damage was mostly due to site affects originated by the high plastiCity clay deposits found in the basin, which lead to large amplifications, and duration elongation of the ground motions coming from the epicenter. In addition, a frequency content modification occurs, which in turn, leads to a double resonance effect between the incoming ground motions, soil deposits, and the damaged buildings. Exactly 32 years after this devastating event, the Mw 7.1 09/19/2017 normal fault earthquake, reminded us of the importance of accounting for site effects, and most importantly the need to carry out a proper characterization of basin geometry, soil profile configuration, hydraulic conditions, and maintenance-structure periodic assessments of the building stock in Mexico City. This is required to reduce uncertainties of seismic vulnerability studies for extreme-event seismic hazard scenarios. In this paper, the role of site response and seismic soil-structure interaction as key factors responsible of the observed damage in the City is revisited, through series of 3D finite difference models of typical structure-foundation-soil typologies found at the areas where most of the damage was observed, highlighting its clear impact in the final damage distribution observed around the City. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
606	a47962305800	Montgomery J.	p163	False	Journal	113	Observed building damage patterns and foundation performance in Mexico City following the 2017 M7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake	The September 19th, 2017 M7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake introduced strong ground motions into the Mexico City basin, which contains very soft lacustrine soils, dense urban infrastructure, and millions of inhabitants. As a result, 38 mid-rise structures collapsed and several hundred more were damaged. This paper reports the observations related to building performance, damage patterns, and foundation performance made by the two UNAM-GEER engineering reconnaissance teams sent to investigate the geotechnical aspects of the earthquake. The methodology used to perform building damage mapping following the 2017 event is described. Comparisons are made between the observed building damage patterns following the September 19th, 1985 and the 2017 earthquake, and the distinct differences in the damage pattern distribution between the two earthquakes are summarized. Overall, building and foundation performance were observed to be quite good during the 2017 event, especially when compared to the 1985 event. Structures that were observed to be heavily damaged or collapsed were all built prior to 1985, and incorporated poor structural design and/or construction which resonated with the soil column on which they were constructed, and/or were built upon very soft soils that contributed to significant foundation deformations. Detailed building damage pattern maps of specific neighborhoods that were investigated are provided, and lessons learned from this event are summarized. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
607	a7101640734	Hutchinson T.	p163	False	Journal	113	Observed building damage patterns and foundation performance in Mexico City following the 2017 M7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake	The September 19th, 2017 M7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake introduced strong ground motions into the Mexico City basin, which contains very soft lacustrine soils, dense urban infrastructure, and millions of inhabitants. As a result, 38 mid-rise structures collapsed and several hundred more were damaged. This paper reports the observations related to building performance, damage patterns, and foundation performance made by the two UNAM-GEER engineering reconnaissance teams sent to investigate the geotechnical aspects of the earthquake. The methodology used to perform building damage mapping following the 2017 event is described. Comparisons are made between the observed building damage patterns following the September 19th, 1985 and the 2017 earthquake, and the distinct differences in the damage pattern distribution between the two earthquakes are summarized. Overall, building and foundation performance were observed to be quite good during the 2017 event, especially when compared to the 1985 event. Structures that were observed to be heavily damaged or collapsed were all built prior to 1985, and incorporated poor structural design and/or construction which resonated with the soil column on which they were constructed, and/or were built upon very soft soils that contributed to significant foundation deformations. Detailed building damage pattern maps of specific neighborhoods that were investigated are provided, and lessons learned from this event are summarized. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
607	a7101640734	Hutchinson T.	p185	False	Journal	126	The September 19, 2017 Mw 7.1 Puebla-Mexico city earthquake: Important findings from the field – Overview of Special Edition	The September 19th, 2017 Mw 7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake lead to strong ground shaking in the densely populated Mexico City basin, and surrounding country areas in central Mexico. As a result, 38 mid-rise buildings collapsed and several hundred more were damaged in Mexico City, and extensive damage was observed in the states of Puebla and Morelos. This special edition synthesizes observations related to structural and foundation performance, and the corresponding damage patterns, carried out by two UNAM-GEER engineering reconnaissance teams sent to investigate the geotechnical earthquake engineering aspects of this event. Articles were solicited of researchers that were in the field that investigated: the characteristics of the event, the demand and damage distribution across Mexico City and surrounding regions, the seismic performance of buildings, lifelines, and other critical infrastructure, considering the site response and soil-structure interaction effects in the observed damage distribution. Special attention was paid to the impact of regional ground subsidence, in the seismic-soil structure interaction exhibited by the affected building. Advanced non-intrusive survey methods were used to map damage patterns in a regional level. Comparisons were made between the observed building damage patterns following the September 19th, 1985 Michoacan earthquake, and the 2017 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake, and the distinct differences in the damage distribution between the two earthquakes were revised. Overall, building and foundation performance were observed to be quite good during the 2017 event, especially when compared to the 1985 event. Structures that were observed to be heavily damaged or collapsed were all built prior to 1985, and incorporated poor structural design and/or construction, which resonated with the soil column on which they were constructed, and/or were built upon very soft soils that contributed to significant foundation deformations. Detailed building damage pattern maps of specific neighborhoods that were investigated are provided, and lessons learned from this event are summarized in each research paper include in this special issue. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
607	a7101640734	Hutchinson T.	p228	False	Journal	150	Site effects in Mexico City basin: Past and present	Due to the unique subsoil conditions prevailing in the Mexico City basin, seismic risk has been strongly correlated to site effects. Thus, during the Mw 8.1 09/19/1985 subduction fault earthquake, and its strong aftershock Mw 7.5 09/21/1985, extensive damage was observed in the area, along with the loss of thousands of lives, despite these events had an epicentral distance of around 430 km from Mexico City. The observed damage was mostly due to site affects originated by the high plastiCity clay deposits found in the basin, which lead to large amplifications, and duration elongation of the ground motions coming from the epicenter. In addition, a frequency content modification occurs, which in turn, leads to a double resonance effect between the incoming ground motions, soil deposits, and the damaged buildings. Exactly 32 years after this devastating event, the Mw 7.1 09/19/2017 normal fault earthquake, reminded us of the importance of accounting for site effects, and most importantly the need to carry out a proper characterization of basin geometry, soil profile configuration, hydraulic conditions, and maintenance-structure periodic assessments of the building stock in Mexico City. This is required to reduce uncertainties of seismic vulnerability studies for extreme-event seismic hazard scenarios. In this paper, the role of site response and seismic soil-structure interaction as key factors responsible of the observed damage in the City is revisited, through series of 3D finite difference models of typical structure-foundation-soil typologies found at the areas where most of the damage was observed, highlighting its clear impact in the final damage distribution observed around the City. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
607	a7101640734	Hutchinson T.	p394	False	Conference	143	Mexico City Basin Effects: Past, Present, and Future	Seismic hazard in Mexico City governed by site effects. The M8.1 1985 subduction zone earthquake, which caused significant damage and loss of thousands of lives at 350 km epicentral distance, has become the quintessential example of the role that site effects can play in modifying the amplitude, frequency, and duration of ground shaking; and in aggravating the catastrophic consequences of earthquakes. We here present observations and analyses of the M7.1 September 19, 2017, event that -while triggered by an intraplate rupture at approximately half the epicentral distance of the 1985 event relative to Mexico City -caused severe structural damage to a few tens of buildings located in a relatively narrow zone between the hill and lake zones of the basin, known as the transition zone. We show that the M 7.1 mainshock exposed the vulnerabilities of the pre-1985 building code in the transition zone; but more importantly highlighted the improvement of the 1987 building code revision in terms of the performance of modern high-rise buildings that suffered catastrophic consequences during the 1985 Michoácan earthquake sequence. We next analyze several records collected at stations in the basin over the past 20 years. We highlight the importance of three-dimensional heterogeneity of the basin sediments, the coupling between hydrological setting and site response and their evolution with time, and the energy interaction between the deep basin edge and the shallow clay layers. Results presented are the collective effort of the GEER teams that were deployed to perform post-earthquake reconnaissance in the affected regions of the epicentral area and in Mexico City after the M 7.1 September 19, 2017, earthquake sequence. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
608	a55916448500	Morales-Velez A.C.	p163	False	Journal	113	Observed building damage patterns and foundation performance in Mexico City following the 2017 M7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake	The September 19th, 2017 M7.1 Puebla-Mexico City earthquake introduced strong ground motions into the Mexico City basin, which contains very soft lacustrine soils, dense urban infrastructure, and millions of inhabitants. As a result, 38 mid-rise structures collapsed and several hundred more were damaged. This paper reports the observations related to building performance, damage patterns, and foundation performance made by the two UNAM-GEER engineering reconnaissance teams sent to investigate the geotechnical aspects of the earthquake. The methodology used to perform building damage mapping following the 2017 event is described. Comparisons are made between the observed building damage patterns following the September 19th, 1985 and the 2017 earthquake, and the distinct differences in the damage pattern distribution between the two earthquakes are summarized. Overall, building and foundation performance were observed to be quite good during the 2017 event, especially when compared to the 1985 event. Structures that were observed to be heavily damaged or collapsed were all built prior to 1985, and incorporated poor structural design and/or construction which resonated with the soil column on which they were constructed, and/or were built upon very soft soils that contributed to significant foundation deformations. Detailed building damage pattern maps of specific neighborhoods that were investigated are provided, and lessons learned from this event are summarized. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
609	a57200363612	Fagergren F.	p164	True	Journal	114	Using non-destructive testing to predict bending modulus of carbon infiltrated-carbon nanotubes	Carbon infiltrated carbon nanotubes (CI-CNT) are an important emerging material in several micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) because of their unique mechanical and chemical properties. While CI-CNTs are only roughly conductive they work well in micro springs, levers, and meshes. However, fabrication of CI-CNTs can result in large mechanical property variation, and methods to characterize properties usually involve destructive testing. Destructive testing also assumes the tested specimens are representative of the entire batch which is not always true in the case of CI-CNT production. Finding a non-destructive way to test for stiffness of this material reduces the number of parts that have to be made and increases confidence in the integrity of device being used. It also simplifies testing of complex parts. The stiffness of CI-CNT beams is related to the molecular structure of the carbon material infiltrated between the carbon nanotubes (CNTs), how it interacts with the CNTs, and how much of it there is. The amount of material can be approximated with the density of the beam, and both the type of material and its interaction with the CNTs can be approximated through analysis of the Raman spectra taken at the surface. A combination of these two observations can be related to the effective material stiffness. The relationship can be fitted with a power function, with a variance of 1.41 GPa, which is about 11% of the maximum stiffness of the samples tested. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
609	a57200363612	Fagergren F.	p545	False	Journal	230	A comparative analysis of computer-aided design team performance with collaboration software	For the past several years, the BYU CAD Lab has been developing collaborative computer-aided design (CAD) software. As this software is being developed, industry seeks to better understand the differences in performance between teams using multi-user CAD and single-user CAD to make informed decisions about implementing this new software into their engineering processes. In order to better understand the differences in performance between teams, an experimental study was conducted in which four multi-user teams and four single-user teams competed to create the best model of a hand drill. Key findings of this study were that multi-user CAD increases awareness of teammates’ activities as well as communication between team members. Performance, with respect to the metrics of quality and time for completion, could be improved with increased familiarity with the multi-user CAD software. Future research directions are suggested and discussed. © 2018 CAD Solutions, LLC.
610	a57212151348	Sypherd S.	p164	False	Journal	114	Using non-destructive testing to predict bending modulus of carbon infiltrated-carbon nanotubes	Carbon infiltrated carbon nanotubes (CI-CNT) are an important emerging material in several micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) because of their unique mechanical and chemical properties. While CI-CNTs are only roughly conductive they work well in micro springs, levers, and meshes. However, fabrication of CI-CNTs can result in large mechanical property variation, and methods to characterize properties usually involve destructive testing. Destructive testing also assumes the tested specimens are representative of the entire batch which is not always true in the case of CI-CNT production. Finding a non-destructive way to test for stiffness of this material reduces the number of parts that have to be made and increases confidence in the integrity of device being used. It also simplifies testing of complex parts. The stiffness of CI-CNT beams is related to the molecular structure of the carbon material infiltrated between the carbon nanotubes (CNTs), how it interacts with the CNTs, and how much of it there is. The amount of material can be approximated with the density of the beam, and both the type of material and its interaction with the CNTs can be approximated through analysis of the Raman spectra taken at the surface. A combination of these two observations can be related to the effective material stiffness. The relationship can be fitted with a power function, with a variance of 1.41 GPa, which is about 11% of the maximum stiffness of the samples tested. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
611	a57212147414	Snow D.	p164	False	Journal	114	Using non-destructive testing to predict bending modulus of carbon infiltrated-carbon nanotubes	Carbon infiltrated carbon nanotubes (CI-CNT) are an important emerging material in several micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) because of their unique mechanical and chemical properties. While CI-CNTs are only roughly conductive they work well in micro springs, levers, and meshes. However, fabrication of CI-CNTs can result in large mechanical property variation, and methods to characterize properties usually involve destructive testing. Destructive testing also assumes the tested specimens are representative of the entire batch which is not always true in the case of CI-CNT production. Finding a non-destructive way to test for stiffness of this material reduces the number of parts that have to be made and increases confidence in the integrity of device being used. It also simplifies testing of complex parts. The stiffness of CI-CNT beams is related to the molecular structure of the carbon material infiltrated between the carbon nanotubes (CNTs), how it interacts with the CNTs, and how much of it there is. The amount of material can be approximated with the density of the beam, and both the type of material and its interaction with the CNTs can be approximated through analysis of the Raman spectra taken at the surface. A combination of these two observations can be related to the effective material stiffness. The relationship can be fitted with a power function, with a variance of 1.41 GPa, which is about 11% of the maximum stiffness of the samples tested. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
612	a57212136375	Cunningham A.	p164	False	Journal	114	Using non-destructive testing to predict bending modulus of carbon infiltrated-carbon nanotubes	Carbon infiltrated carbon nanotubes (CI-CNT) are an important emerging material in several micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) because of their unique mechanical and chemical properties. While CI-CNTs are only roughly conductive they work well in micro springs, levers, and meshes. However, fabrication of CI-CNTs can result in large mechanical property variation, and methods to characterize properties usually involve destructive testing. Destructive testing also assumes the tested specimens are representative of the entire batch which is not always true in the case of CI-CNT production. Finding a non-destructive way to test for stiffness of this material reduces the number of parts that have to be made and increases confidence in the integrity of device being used. It also simplifies testing of complex parts. The stiffness of CI-CNT beams is related to the molecular structure of the carbon material infiltrated between the carbon nanotubes (CNTs), how it interacts with the CNTs, and how much of it there is. The amount of material can be approximated with the density of the beam, and both the type of material and its interaction with the CNTs can be approximated through analysis of the Raman spectra taken at the surface. A combination of these two observations can be related to the effective material stiffness. The relationship can be fitted with a power function, with a variance of 1.41 GPa, which is about 11% of the maximum stiffness of the samples tested. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
612	a57212136375	Cunningham A.	p324	True	Conference	104	Simulation of a micro-electro-mechanical system for generating electrical power from pressurized gas	This paper presents a novel approach to energy scavenging for a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) device to convert the energy stored in pressurized gas into electrical power. The proposed design uses input pressure to move a piston and magnet through a set of coils while pulling on another mass through non-linear springs to open and close the input air valve. The model demonstrates that the design is capable of staying in motion with continual input pressure (up to at least a time stamp of 1 second), and that an average power output of 9.47 µW over 5 ms can be achieved. We suggest that further research be done to optimize the design parameters and that the optimized design be used to the test the system. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
613	a57200529047	Neff C.	p165	True	Journal	115	Mechanical and temperature resilience of multi-material systems for printed electronics packaging	In this work, two AM technologies were utilized to compare the effectiveness of fabricating a simple electronic device with a conductive trace and hollow cylinder representative of 'printed packaging' that would survive harsh environmental conditions. The printed packaging cylinder delineates printed potting for electronics packaging. An nScrypt direct write (DW) system was the primary manufacturing system but a developing technology - coined large area projection sintering (LAPS) - manufactured a subset of samples for comparison. The tests follow Military Standard (MIL STD) 883 K and include resiliency evaluation for die shear strength, temperature cycling, thermal shock, and high G loading by mechanical shock. Results indicate DW Master Bond epoxy devices show resilience to extreme temperatures, thermal shock, and mechanical shocks while also surpassing the die shear strength failure criteria specified by the MIL STD. LAPS sintered Nylon devices also show mechanical resilience to thermal shock and surpass the die shear strength failure criteria. However, there were some open circuits, increases in resistance, and delamination when LAPS Nylon devices were subjected to extreme temperatures and 20 000 G shock loading normal to the substrate. The thermal effects are likely due to the thermal expansion mismatch between Nylon and the conductive paste while the mechanical shock effects may be attributed to the geometry differences of the LAPS Nylon printed packaging. Further studies are required to understand these failure modes in some of the LAPS Nylon samples and refine the process to address them. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
613	a57200529047	Neff C.	p229	True	Journal	151	Thermal and Vapor Smoothing of Thermoplastic for Reduced Surface Roughness of Additive Manufactured RF Electronics	Additive manufacturing (AM) of electronics provides a route for creating customized systems with novel geometries that are not feasible with traditional methods. Standard AM processes such as extrusion can produce substrates on which electrical traces can be deposited. However, the surface roughness of plastic extrusion reduces the effective electrical conductivity and can introduce anisotropy, especially in radio frequency (RF) devices. The roughness can be reduced using vapor smoothing (VS), but solvent absorption changes the surface composition slightly, can be environmentally hazardous, and is not feasible with all thermoplastics. A new method introduced here - coined thermal smoothing (TS) - utilizes a heat source to locally reflow the material, thus minimizing the roughness of the undulating surfaces without the drawbacks of VS. This research work compares the surface roughness impacts of both smoothing processes with profilometry and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Both smoothing processes significantly reduce the surface roughness of extruded components by 80% and 90% for TS and VS, respectively. This paper also examines the influence of surface smoothing on high-frequency conductivity of microdispensed conductors (CB028 paste) deposited on the substrates. The measured loss on coplanar waveguides shows an improvement of up to 40% at 7 GHz. © 2011-2012 IEEE.
613	a57200529047	Neff C.	p387	True	Journal	211	Adhesion testing of printed inks while varying the surface treatment of polymer substrates	Additive manufacturing with conductive materials enables new approaches to printed electronics that are unachievable by standard electronics manufacturing processes. In particular, electronics can be embedded directly into structural components in nearly arbitrary 3D space. While these methods incorporate many of the same materials, the new processing methods require standard test methods to compare materials, processing conditions, and determine design limits. This work demonstrates a test method to quantitatively measure the adhesion failure of printed inks deposited on a substrate without changing the ink printing conditions. The proposed method is an adaption of single lap shear testing in which the lap joint is created by bonding the second substrate to the ink after curing. It was found that the interfacial shear strengths are independent of the adhesives used to attach cured conductive ink to the second substrate. In addition, chemical surface treatments of flame and plasma and mechanical sand-blasting increase the interfacial shear strengths by ~25% and 80%, respectively, while altering the adhesive failure mode to cohesive failure for most cases. This work also shows extruded substrates with undulated features increase adhesion strength; therefore, in addition to surface treatments, the geometric freedom of additive manufacturing (AM) could be leveraged to design surface features for enhanced adhesion. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
614	a56112492400	Nussbaum J.	p165	False	Journal	115	Mechanical and temperature resilience of multi-material systems for printed electronics packaging	In this work, two AM technologies were utilized to compare the effectiveness of fabricating a simple electronic device with a conductive trace and hollow cylinder representative of 'printed packaging' that would survive harsh environmental conditions. The printed packaging cylinder delineates printed potting for electronics packaging. An nScrypt direct write (DW) system was the primary manufacturing system but a developing technology - coined large area projection sintering (LAPS) - manufactured a subset of samples for comparison. The tests follow Military Standard (MIL STD) 883 K and include resiliency evaluation for die shear strength, temperature cycling, thermal shock, and high G loading by mechanical shock. Results indicate DW Master Bond epoxy devices show resilience to extreme temperatures, thermal shock, and mechanical shocks while also surpassing the die shear strength failure criteria specified by the MIL STD. LAPS sintered Nylon devices also show mechanical resilience to thermal shock and surpass the die shear strength failure criteria. However, there were some open circuits, increases in resistance, and delamination when LAPS Nylon devices were subjected to extreme temperatures and 20 000 G shock loading normal to the substrate. The thermal effects are likely due to the thermal expansion mismatch between Nylon and the conductive paste while the mechanical shock effects may be attributed to the geometry differences of the LAPS Nylon printed packaging. Further studies are required to understand these failure modes in some of the LAPS Nylon samples and refine the process to address them. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
614	a56112492400	Nussbaum J.	p229	False	Journal	151	Thermal and Vapor Smoothing of Thermoplastic for Reduced Surface Roughness of Additive Manufactured RF Electronics	Additive manufacturing (AM) of electronics provides a route for creating customized systems with novel geometries that are not feasible with traditional methods. Standard AM processes such as extrusion can produce substrates on which electrical traces can be deposited. However, the surface roughness of plastic extrusion reduces the effective electrical conductivity and can introduce anisotropy, especially in radio frequency (RF) devices. The roughness can be reduced using vapor smoothing (VS), but solvent absorption changes the surface composition slightly, can be environmentally hazardous, and is not feasible with all thermoplastics. A new method introduced here - coined thermal smoothing (TS) - utilizes a heat source to locally reflow the material, thus minimizing the roughness of the undulating surfaces without the drawbacks of VS. This research work compares the surface roughness impacts of both smoothing processes with profilometry and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Both smoothing processes significantly reduce the surface roughness of extruded components by 80% and 90% for TS and VS, respectively. This paper also examines the influence of surface smoothing on high-frequency conductivity of microdispensed conductors (CB028 paste) deposited on the substrates. The measured loss on coplanar waveguides shows an improvement of up to 40% at 7 GHz. © 2011-2012 IEEE.
615	a57215653879	Gardiner C.	p165	False	Journal	115	Mechanical and temperature resilience of multi-material systems for printed electronics packaging	In this work, two AM technologies were utilized to compare the effectiveness of fabricating a simple electronic device with a conductive trace and hollow cylinder representative of 'printed packaging' that would survive harsh environmental conditions. The printed packaging cylinder delineates printed potting for electronics packaging. An nScrypt direct write (DW) system was the primary manufacturing system but a developing technology - coined large area projection sintering (LAPS) - manufactured a subset of samples for comparison. The tests follow Military Standard (MIL STD) 883 K and include resiliency evaluation for die shear strength, temperature cycling, thermal shock, and high G loading by mechanical shock. Results indicate DW Master Bond epoxy devices show resilience to extreme temperatures, thermal shock, and mechanical shocks while also surpassing the die shear strength failure criteria specified by the MIL STD. LAPS sintered Nylon devices also show mechanical resilience to thermal shock and surpass the die shear strength failure criteria. However, there were some open circuits, increases in resistance, and delamination when LAPS Nylon devices were subjected to extreme temperatures and 20 000 G shock loading normal to the substrate. The thermal effects are likely due to the thermal expansion mismatch between Nylon and the conductive paste while the mechanical shock effects may be attributed to the geometry differences of the LAPS Nylon printed packaging. Further studies are required to understand these failure modes in some of the LAPS Nylon samples and refine the process to address them. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
616	a18937960700	Zunino J.L.	p165	False	Journal	115	Mechanical and temperature resilience of multi-material systems for printed electronics packaging	In this work, two AM technologies were utilized to compare the effectiveness of fabricating a simple electronic device with a conductive trace and hollow cylinder representative of 'printed packaging' that would survive harsh environmental conditions. The printed packaging cylinder delineates printed potting for electronics packaging. An nScrypt direct write (DW) system was the primary manufacturing system but a developing technology - coined large area projection sintering (LAPS) - manufactured a subset of samples for comparison. The tests follow Military Standard (MIL STD) 883 K and include resiliency evaluation for die shear strength, temperature cycling, thermal shock, and high G loading by mechanical shock. Results indicate DW Master Bond epoxy devices show resilience to extreme temperatures, thermal shock, and mechanical shocks while also surpassing the die shear strength failure criteria specified by the MIL STD. LAPS sintered Nylon devices also show mechanical resilience to thermal shock and surpass the die shear strength failure criteria. However, there were some open circuits, increases in resistance, and delamination when LAPS Nylon devices were subjected to extreme temperatures and 20 000 G shock loading normal to the substrate. The thermal effects are likely due to the thermal expansion mismatch between Nylon and the conductive paste while the mechanical shock effects may be attributed to the geometry differences of the LAPS Nylon printed packaging. Further studies are required to understand these failure modes in some of the LAPS Nylon samples and refine the process to address them. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
617	a57216187696	Newton M.	p165	False	Journal	115	Mechanical and temperature resilience of multi-material systems for printed electronics packaging	In this work, two AM technologies were utilized to compare the effectiveness of fabricating a simple electronic device with a conductive trace and hollow cylinder representative of 'printed packaging' that would survive harsh environmental conditions. The printed packaging cylinder delineates printed potting for electronics packaging. An nScrypt direct write (DW) system was the primary manufacturing system but a developing technology - coined large area projection sintering (LAPS) - manufactured a subset of samples for comparison. The tests follow Military Standard (MIL STD) 883 K and include resiliency evaluation for die shear strength, temperature cycling, thermal shock, and high G loading by mechanical shock. Results indicate DW Master Bond epoxy devices show resilience to extreme temperatures, thermal shock, and mechanical shocks while also surpassing the die shear strength failure criteria specified by the MIL STD. LAPS sintered Nylon devices also show mechanical resilience to thermal shock and surpass the die shear strength failure criteria. However, there were some open circuits, increases in resistance, and delamination when LAPS Nylon devices were subjected to extreme temperatures and 20 000 G shock loading normal to the substrate. The thermal effects are likely due to the thermal expansion mismatch between Nylon and the conductive paste while the mechanical shock effects may be attributed to the geometry differences of the LAPS Nylon printed packaging. Further studies are required to understand these failure modes in some of the LAPS Nylon samples and refine the process to address them. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
618	a25627506700	Craddock T.J.A.	p166	False	Conference	32	Feedback regulation of immune response to maximum exercise in Gulf war illness	Gulf War Illness is a disease that affects about a third of the veterans that served in the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War. The symptoms are varied, the cause is unknown, and there is no known treatment. In this paper we compare the dynamic characteristics of cytokines feedback response to exercise in n=12 veterans diagnosed with Gulf War Illness (GWI) and n=12 healthy veterans deployed to the same theatre of operations. A third-order transfer function is used to model the process dynamics of 18 cytokines projected onto principal components with a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller enforcing the homeostatic regulation of these co-expression patterns. Transfer functions were fit to each subject for each principal component and the dynamic response parameters compared between the veteran control and GWI subject groups. Results of this analysis indicate that while much of the regulatory response dynamics are shared by both groups, there is a significant difference in the damping of the Th1:Th2 cytokine response to exercise in Gulf War Illness. © 2019 Association of Computing Machinery.
619	a57210477807	Fletcher M.	p166	False	Conference	32	Feedback regulation of immune response to maximum exercise in Gulf war illness	Gulf War Illness is a disease that affects about a third of the veterans that served in the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War. The symptoms are varied, the cause is unknown, and there is no known treatment. In this paper we compare the dynamic characteristics of cytokines feedback response to exercise in n=12 veterans diagnosed with Gulf War Illness (GWI) and n=12 healthy veterans deployed to the same theatre of operations. A third-order transfer function is used to model the process dynamics of 18 cytokines projected onto principal components with a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller enforcing the homeostatic regulation of these co-expression patterns. Transfer functions were fit to each subject for each principal component and the dynamic response parameters compared between the veteran control and GWI subject groups. Results of this analysis indicate that while much of the regulatory response dynamics are shared by both groups, there is a significant difference in the damping of the Th1:Th2 cytokine response to exercise in Gulf War Illness. © 2019 Association of Computing Machinery.
620	a7005345401	Klimas N.G.	p166	False	Conference	32	Feedback regulation of immune response to maximum exercise in Gulf war illness	Gulf War Illness is a disease that affects about a third of the veterans that served in the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War. The symptoms are varied, the cause is unknown, and there is no known treatment. In this paper we compare the dynamic characteristics of cytokines feedback response to exercise in n=12 veterans diagnosed with Gulf War Illness (GWI) and n=12 healthy veterans deployed to the same theatre of operations. A third-order transfer function is used to model the process dynamics of 18 cytokines projected onto principal components with a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller enforcing the homeostatic regulation of these co-expression patterns. Transfer functions were fit to each subject for each principal component and the dynamic response parameters compared between the veteran control and GWI subject groups. Results of this analysis indicate that while much of the regulatory response dynamics are shared by both groups, there is a significant difference in the damping of the Th1:Th2 cytokine response to exercise in Gulf War Illness. © 2019 Association of Computing Machinery.
621	a7005976828	Broderick G.	p166	False	Conference	32	Feedback regulation of immune response to maximum exercise in Gulf war illness	Gulf War Illness is a disease that affects about a third of the veterans that served in the 1990-91 Persian Gulf War. The symptoms are varied, the cause is unknown, and there is no known treatment. In this paper we compare the dynamic characteristics of cytokines feedback response to exercise in n=12 veterans diagnosed with Gulf War Illness (GWI) and n=12 healthy veterans deployed to the same theatre of operations. A third-order transfer function is used to model the process dynamics of 18 cytokines projected onto principal components with a Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller enforcing the homeostatic regulation of these co-expression patterns. Transfer functions were fit to each subject for each principal component and the dynamic response parameters compared between the veteran control and GWI subject groups. Results of this analysis indicate that while much of the regulatory response dynamics are shared by both groups, there is a significant difference in the damping of the Th1:Th2 cytokine response to exercise in Gulf War Illness. © 2019 Association of Computing Machinery.
622	a57192067288	Johnson C.L.	p167	False	Conference	33	Examining Nonlinear Terahertz Photonic and Phononic Excitation with Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy	We use high-field, broadband terahertz (THz) pulses to nonlinearly excite a set of Raman active modes in centrosymmetric crystals. Using two-dimensional (2D) THz spectroscopy we can investigate photonic and phononic excitation and isolate the dominant and secondary nonlinear excitation pathways. We present a general framework for 2D THz vibrational spectroscopy in solid systems that provides important clarification for the growing new field of nonlinear phononics. © 2019 IEEE.
623	a57202855772	Moss C.D.	p167	False	Conference	33	Examining Nonlinear Terahertz Photonic and Phononic Excitation with Two-Dimensional Spectroscopy	We use high-field, broadband terahertz (THz) pulses to nonlinearly excite a set of Raman active modes in centrosymmetric crystals. Using two-dimensional (2D) THz spectroscopy we can investigate photonic and phononic excitation and isolate the dominant and secondary nonlinear excitation pathways. We present a general framework for 2D THz vibrational spectroscopy in solid systems that provides important clarification for the growing new field of nonlinear phononics. © 2019 IEEE.
624	a57212089454	Amin M.N.	p171	True	Conference	35	Free Space Excitation in Optofluidic Devices for Single Particle Detection	Free space top-down illumination of liquid-core waveguides in an optofluidic chip is implemented by milling slits into a metal layer covering the waveguide channel. Detection of single microbeads with excellent signal-to-noise ratio is demonstrated for different milling depths. © 2019 IEEE.
625	a57202116348	Hamblin M.	p171	False	Conference	35	Free Space Excitation in Optofluidic Devices for Single Particle Detection	Free space top-down illumination of liquid-core waveguides in an optofluidic chip is implemented by milling slits into a metal layer covering the waveguide channel. Detection of single microbeads with excellent signal-to-noise ratio is demonstrated for different milling depths. © 2019 IEEE.
625	a57202116348	Hamblin M.	p359	True	Journal	200	Broadband antireflective light-blocking layer using nanoparticle suspension in photoresist with high-resolution patterning	Background: Many MEMS and optical sensor devices can benefit from layers that block transmission and suppress reflection of light across the visible spectrum. Because these devices can include complicated topography, many existing methods for depositing antireflective layers are difficult, impractical, or unusable. Aim: To create a light-blocking antireflective layer that works well with complicated MEMS and sensor devices, a layer should be made that is cheap, simple, and can be deposited and patterned with high resolution at low temperatures. Approach: Light blocking is achieved using an aluminum layer. Suppressing reflection is achieved by mixing aluminum oxide nanoparticles in photoresist to create a layer that partially absorbs and partially scatters light. Results: The combination of a layer of metal and a layer of nanoparticles and photoresist completely blocks transmission of light and significantly reduces reflections across the visible spectrum, particularly for shorter wavelengths. The layer is also patternable to sizes as small as a few microns with high resolution. Conclusion: By combining a metal layer and a layer of nanoparticles in photoresist, a simple, cheap, and effective light-blocking antireflective layer can be created that is compatible with planar devices with complex topography. © 2019 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
625	a57202116348	Hamblin M.	p522	True	Journal	262	Antireflective light-blocking layers using a liquid top matte coating	Methods exist for the creation of antireflective thin film layers; however, many of these methods depend on the use of high temperatures, harsh chemical etches, or are made with difficult pattern materials, rendering them unusable for many applications. In addition, most methods of light blocking are specifically designed to increase light coupling and absorption in the substrate, making them incompatible with some applications that also require blocking transmission of light. A method of forming a simple, patternable light-blocking layer that drastically reduces both transmission and reflection of light without dependence on processes that could damage underlying structures using a light scattering matte coating over a partially antireflective thin film light-blocking layer is presented. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
626	a56709476900	Meena G.G.	p171	False	Conference	35	Free Space Excitation in Optofluidic Devices for Single Particle Detection	Free space top-down illumination of liquid-core waveguides in an optofluidic chip is implemented by milling slits into a metal layer covering the waveguide channel. Detection of single microbeads with excellent signal-to-noise ratio is demonstrated for different milling depths. © 2019 IEEE.
626	a56709476900	Meena G.G.	p172	True	Conference	36	Multiplexed Detection of Single Antibiotic Drug-Resistant Plasmids using Multimode Interference Waveguide Based Optofluidic Chip	A single multimode interference waveguide is used to create distinct spectral spot patterns on two liquid-core waveguides on an optofluidic chip. This device is used for multiplexed detection of antibiotic-resistant plasmids with single nucleic acid sensitivity. © 2019 IEEE.
626	a56709476900	Meena G.G.	p235	False	Conference	56	Single Particle Detection Enhancement with Wavelet-based Signal Processing Technique	Chip-based single molecule detection requires ultra-sensitive devices and robust signal processing methods. A new wavelet-based signal processing method is introduced that improves detection and error rates on an optofluidic platform by 2x and 3x, respectively. © 2019 The Author(s) 2019 OSA.
626	a56709476900	Meena G.G.	p239	False	Conference	57	Optofluidic Platform with Integrated Optical Waveguides and Sample Preparation for Digitized Detection of Nucleic Acid Targets	An architecture of sensitive solid-core and liquid-core optical waveguides are integrated with a pneumatic valve array on a single optofluidic platform to enable specific capture, labeling and detection of single nucleic acid strands using barcode fluorescence reporters. © 2019 The Author(s) 2019 OSA.
626	a56709476900	Meena G.G.	p347	False	Conference	119	Single particle detection enhancement with wavelet-based signal processing technique	Chip-based single molecule detection requires ultra-sensitive devices and robust signal processing methods. A new wavelet-based signal processing method is introduced that improves detection and error rates on an optofluidic platform by 2x and 3x, respectively. © 2019 The Author(s)
626	a56709476900	Meena G.G.	p378	False	Conference	137	Optofluidic platform with integrated optical waveguides and sample preparation for digitized detection of nucleic acid targets	An architecture of sensitive solid-core and liquid-core optical waveguides are integrated with a pneumatic valve array on a single optofluidic platform to enable specific capture, labeling and detection of single nucleic acid strands using barcode fluorescence reporters. © 2019 The Author(s)
626	a56709476900	Meena G.G.	p407	True	Journal	217	Integration of sample preparation and analysis into an optofluidic chip for multi-target disease detection	Detection of molecular biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity from biological samples requires both sophisticated sample preparation and subsequent analysis. These tasks are often carried out on separate platforms which increases required sample volumes and the risk of errors, sample loss, and contamination. Here, we present an optofluidic platform which combines an optical detection section with single nucleic acid strand sensitivity, and a sample processing unit capable of on-chip, specific extraction and labeling of nucleic acid and protein targets in complex biological matrices. First, on-chip labeling and detection of individual lambda DNA molecules down to concentrations of 8 fM is demonstrated. Subsequently, we demonstrate the simultaneous capture, fluorescence tagging and detection of both Zika specific nucleic acid and NS-1 protein targets in both buffer and human serum. We show that the dual DNA and protein assay allows for successful differentiation and diagnosis of Zika against cross-reacting species like dengue. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018.
626	a56709476900	Meena G.G.	p459	False	Journal	256	Buried Rib SiO2 Multimode Interference Waveguides for Optofluidic Multiplexing	Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides can be used to create wavelength-dependent spot patterns which enables simultaneous analyte detection on a single optofluidic chip, useful for disease diagnostics. The fidelity of such multi-spot patterns is important for high sensitivity and accurate target identification. Buried rib structures have been incorporated into these SiO2-based waveguides to improve environmental stability. Through experiments and simulation, this letter explores design parameters for a buried MMI rib waveguide based on anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides in order to produce high-fidelity spot patterns. Optimal rib heights and widths are reported in the context of available microfabrication etch technology and performance for an optimized biosensor is shown. © 1989-2012 IEEE.
626	a56709476900	Meena G.G.	p706	False	Journal	347	Optofluidic lab-on-a-chip fluorescence sensor using integrated buried ARROW (bARROW) waveguides	Optofluidic, lab-on-a-chip fluorescence sensors were fabricated using buried anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (bARROWs). The bARROWs are impervious to the negative water absorption effects that typically occur in waveguides made using hygroscopic, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) oxides. These sensors were used to detect fluorescent microbeads and had an average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that was 81.3% higher than that of single-oxide ARROW fluorescence sensors. While the single-oxide ARROW sensors were annealed at 300 ◦ C to drive moisture out of the waveguides, the bARROW sensors required no annealing process to obtain a high SNR. © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
626	a56709476900	Meena G.G.	p786	True	Conference	323	MMI waveguide based multispectral detection of nucleic acids for analysis of drug-resistant bacteria	A multi-mode interference waveguide is used for creating distinct temporal fluorescence patterns at multiple excitation wavelengths. This allows for identification of bacterial nucleic acids labeled with molecular beacons in two colors. © 2016 IEEE.
627	a57205025235	Brown O.	p172	False	Conference	36	Multiplexed Detection of Single Antibiotic Drug-Resistant Plasmids using Multimode Interference Waveguide Based Optofluidic Chip	A single multimode interference waveguide is used to create distinct spectral spot patterns on two liquid-core waveguides on an optofluidic chip. This device is used for multiplexed detection of antibiotic-resistant plasmids with single nucleic acid sensitivity. © 2019 IEEE.
628	a57202256915	Hanson R.	p172	False	Conference	36	Multiplexed Detection of Single Antibiotic Drug-Resistant Plasmids using Multimode Interference Waveguide Based Optofluidic Chip	A single multimode interference waveguide is used to create distinct spectral spot patterns on two liquid-core waveguides on an optofluidic chip. This device is used for multiplexed detection of antibiotic-resistant plasmids with single nucleic acid sensitivity. © 2019 IEEE.
629	a57193755486	Wood R.L.	p172	False	Conference	36	Multiplexed Detection of Single Antibiotic Drug-Resistant Plasmids using Multimode Interference Waveguide Based Optofluidic Chip	A single multimode interference waveguide is used to create distinct spectral spot patterns on two liquid-core waveguides on an optofluidic chip. This device is used for multiplexed detection of antibiotic-resistant plasmids with single nucleic acid sensitivity. © 2019 IEEE.
630	a57002749600	Robison R.	p172	False	Conference	36	Multiplexed Detection of Single Antibiotic Drug-Resistant Plasmids using Multimode Interference Waveguide Based Optofluidic Chip	A single multimode interference waveguide is used to create distinct spectral spot patterns on two liquid-core waveguides on an optofluidic chip. This device is used for multiplexed detection of antibiotic-resistant plasmids with single nucleic acid sensitivity. © 2019 IEEE.
630	a57002749600	Robison R.	p786	False	Conference	323	MMI waveguide based multispectral detection of nucleic acids for analysis of drug-resistant bacteria	A multi-mode interference waveguide is used for creating distinct temporal fluorescence patterns at multiple excitation wavelengths. This allows for identification of bacterial nucleic acids labeled with molecular beacons in two colors. © 2016 IEEE.
631	a57208584595	Roundtree K.A.	p174	True	Journal	118	Transparency: Transitioning From Human–Machine Systems to Human-Swarm Systems	Swarm robotic systems are gaining in interest with the prospect of their use for various applications, including monitoring, tracking, infrastructure support, and protection. Prior human-swarm system research investigated transparency for these systems, but assumed perfect communication scenarios. Real-world human-swarm systems will not have perfect communication due to human processing limitations caused by a large number of individual entities, emergent behavior due to varying environments, and bandwidth issues. Factors that affect transparency or are influenced by transparency were identified from various human–machine system domains; however, understanding the relationship between factors can help designers identify what criteria can be implemented to achieve transparency for swarms. Challenges that may arise based on transparency criteria from human–machine systems are examined to identify improvements for spatial swarm systems. © 2019, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
632	a35546747200	Adams J.A.	p174	False	Journal	118	Transparency: Transitioning From Human–Machine Systems to Human-Swarm Systems	Swarm robotic systems are gaining in interest with the prospect of their use for various applications, including monitoring, tracking, infrastructure support, and protection. Prior human-swarm system research investigated transparency for these systems, but assumed perfect communication scenarios. Real-world human-swarm systems will not have perfect communication due to human processing limitations caused by a large number of individual entities, emergent behavior due to varying environments, and bandwidth issues. Factors that affect transparency or are influenced by transparency were identified from various human–machine system domains; however, understanding the relationship between factors can help designers identify what criteria can be implemented to achieve transparency for swarms. Challenges that may arise based on transparency criteria from human–machine systems are examined to identify improvements for spatial swarm systems. © 2019, Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
632	a35546747200	Adams J.A.	p534	True	Conference	193	Swarm Transparency	A key element of system transparency is allowing humans to calibrate their trust in a system, given the implicit inherent uncertainty, emergent behaviors, etc. As robotic swarms progress towards real-world missions, such transparency becomes increasingly necessary in order to reduce the disuse, misuse and errors humans make when influencing and directing the swarm. However,achieving this objective requires addressing the complex challenges associated with providing transparency. Two swarm transparency challenge categories, with exemplar challenges, are provided. © 2018 Authors.
633	a57003496300	Swindlehurst E.	p175	True	Journal	119	An 8-bit 10-GHz 21-mW Time-Interleaved SAR ADC with Grouped DAC Capacitors and Dual-Path Bootstrapped Switch	An 8-bit 10-GHz 8× time-interleaved SAR ADC in 28-nm CMOS incorporates an aggressively scaled DAC with grouped capacitors in a symmetrical comb structure to afford a threefold reduction in the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance. A dual-path bootstrapped switch decouples critical signal from nonlinear capacitance to boost the sampling SFDR by more than 5 dB. The ADC demonstrates an SNDR of 36.9 dB at Nyquist while consuming 21 mW, yielding an FoM of 37 fJ/conv.-step, the lowest among the reported ADCs with similar speeds and resolutions and more than 2× improvement from the state-of-the-art. © 2018 IEEE.
633	a57003496300	Swindlehurst E.	p177	True	Conference	39	An 8-bit 10-GHz 21-mW Time-Interleaved SAR ADC with Grouped DAC Capacitors and Dual-Path Bootstrapped Switch	An 8-bit 10-GHz 8× time-interleaved SAR ADC in 28-nm CMOS incorporates an aggressively scaled DAC with grouped capacitors in a symmetrical comb structure to afford a threefold reduction in the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance. A dual-path bootstrapped switch decouples critical signal from nonlinear capacitance to boost the sampling SFDR by more than 5 dB. The ADC demonstrates an SNDR of 36.9 dB at Nyquist while consuming 21 mW,yielding an FoM of 37 fJ/conv.-step,the lowest among the reported ADCs with similar speeds and resolutions and more than 2× improvement from the state-of-the-art. © 2019 IEEE.
633	a57003496300	Swindlehurst E.	p277	False	Journal	182	A 9-Bit 10-MHz 28-μW SAR ADC Using Tapered Bit Periods and a Partially Interdigitated DAC	A successive-approximation-register (SAR) analogto- digital converter (ADC) incorporates "tapered bit periods" to reduce power consumption by minimizing the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) timing overhead. Utilizing a variable delay line and the standard SAR logic, the proposed technique reduces power by downsizing the DAC drivers and digital logic without decreasing the sampling rate. A detailed analysis derives, for the first time, a closed-form solution of the capacitive DAC settling time accounting for parasitics, and determines the time savings of the proposed design. In addition, this brief proposes a "partially interdigitated" DAC layout to reduce the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance to minimize the DAC power. A 9-bit prototype fabricated in 180-nm technology achieves a signal-to-noise-distortion ratio (SNDR) of 55.5 dB at a 10-MHz sampling rate while consuming 28 μW, yielding a figure-of-merit of 5.7 fJ/conversionstep, the lowest among published ADCs at similar speeds and resolutions. © 2004-2012 IEEE.
633	a57003496300	Swindlehurst E.	p676	False	Journal	327	High-Precision, Mixed-Signal Mismatch Measurement of Metal-Oxide-Metal Capacitors	This brief presents a high-precision, mixed-signal mismatch measurement technique for metal-oxide-metal capacitors. The proposed technique incorporates a switched-capacitor op amp within the measurement circuit to significantly improve the measurement precision while relaxing the resolution requirement on the backend analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The proposed technique is also robust against multiple types of errors. A detailed analysis is presented to quantify the sensitivity improvement of the proposed technique over the conventional one. In addition, this brief proposes a multiplexing technique to measure a large number of capacitors in a single chip and a new layout to improve matching. A prototype fabricated in 180 nm technology demonstrates the ability to sense capacitor mismatch standard deviation as low as 0.045% with excellent repeatability, all without the need of a high-resolution ADC. © 2004-2012 IEEE.
634	a57212110613	Jensen H.	p175	False	Journal	119	An 8-bit 10-GHz 21-mW Time-Interleaved SAR ADC with Grouped DAC Capacitors and Dual-Path Bootstrapped Switch	An 8-bit 10-GHz 8× time-interleaved SAR ADC in 28-nm CMOS incorporates an aggressively scaled DAC with grouped capacitors in a symmetrical comb structure to afford a threefold reduction in the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance. A dual-path bootstrapped switch decouples critical signal from nonlinear capacitance to boost the sampling SFDR by more than 5 dB. The ADC demonstrates an SNDR of 36.9 dB at Nyquist while consuming 21 mW, yielding an FoM of 37 fJ/conv.-step, the lowest among the reported ADCs with similar speeds and resolutions and more than 2× improvement from the state-of-the-art. © 2018 IEEE.
634	a57212110613	Jensen H.	p177	False	Conference	39	An 8-bit 10-GHz 21-mW Time-Interleaved SAR ADC with Grouped DAC Capacitors and Dual-Path Bootstrapped Switch	An 8-bit 10-GHz 8× time-interleaved SAR ADC in 28-nm CMOS incorporates an aggressively scaled DAC with grouped capacitors in a symmetrical comb structure to afford a threefold reduction in the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance. A dual-path bootstrapped switch decouples critical signal from nonlinear capacitance to boost the sampling SFDR by more than 5 dB. The ADC demonstrates an SNDR of 36.9 dB at Nyquist while consuming 21 mW,yielding an FoM of 37 fJ/conv.-step,the lowest among the reported ADCs with similar speeds and resolutions and more than 2× improvement from the state-of-the-art. © 2019 IEEE.
635	a57216244800	Chang M.-C.F.	p175	False	Journal	119	An 8-bit 10-GHz 21-mW Time-Interleaved SAR ADC with Grouped DAC Capacitors and Dual-Path Bootstrapped Switch	An 8-bit 10-GHz 8× time-interleaved SAR ADC in 28-nm CMOS incorporates an aggressively scaled DAC with grouped capacitors in a symmetrical comb structure to afford a threefold reduction in the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance. A dual-path bootstrapped switch decouples critical signal from nonlinear capacitance to boost the sampling SFDR by more than 5 dB. The ADC demonstrates an SNDR of 36.9 dB at Nyquist while consuming 21 mW, yielding an FoM of 37 fJ/conv.-step, the lowest among the reported ADCs with similar speeds and resolutions and more than 2× improvement from the state-of-the-art. © 2018 IEEE.
636	a7409253428	Wu J.-T.	p175	False	Journal	119	An 8-bit 10-GHz 21-mW Time-Interleaved SAR ADC with Grouped DAC Capacitors and Dual-Path Bootstrapped Switch	An 8-bit 10-GHz 8× time-interleaved SAR ADC in 28-nm CMOS incorporates an aggressively scaled DAC with grouped capacitors in a symmetrical comb structure to afford a threefold reduction in the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance. A dual-path bootstrapped switch decouples critical signal from nonlinear capacitance to boost the sampling SFDR by more than 5 dB. The ADC demonstrates an SNDR of 36.9 dB at Nyquist while consuming 21 mW, yielding an FoM of 37 fJ/conv.-step, the lowest among the reported ADCs with similar speeds and resolutions and more than 2× improvement from the state-of-the-art. © 2018 IEEE.
636	a7409253428	Wu J.-T.	p177	False	Conference	39	An 8-bit 10-GHz 21-mW Time-Interleaved SAR ADC with Grouped DAC Capacitors and Dual-Path Bootstrapped Switch	An 8-bit 10-GHz 8× time-interleaved SAR ADC in 28-nm CMOS incorporates an aggressively scaled DAC with grouped capacitors in a symmetrical comb structure to afford a threefold reduction in the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance. A dual-path bootstrapped switch decouples critical signal from nonlinear capacitance to boost the sampling SFDR by more than 5 dB. The ADC demonstrates an SNDR of 36.9 dB at Nyquist while consuming 21 mW,yielding an FoM of 37 fJ/conv.-step,the lowest among the reported ADCs with similar speeds and resolutions and more than 2× improvement from the state-of-the-art. © 2019 IEEE.
637	a7404504014	Chang M.-C.F.	p177	False	Conference	39	An 8-bit 10-GHz 21-mW Time-Interleaved SAR ADC with Grouped DAC Capacitors and Dual-Path Bootstrapped Switch	An 8-bit 10-GHz 8× time-interleaved SAR ADC in 28-nm CMOS incorporates an aggressively scaled DAC with grouped capacitors in a symmetrical comb structure to afford a threefold reduction in the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance. A dual-path bootstrapped switch decouples critical signal from nonlinear capacitance to boost the sampling SFDR by more than 5 dB. The ADC demonstrates an SNDR of 36.9 dB at Nyquist while consuming 21 mW,yielding an FoM of 37 fJ/conv.-step,the lowest among the reported ADCs with similar speeds and resolutions and more than 2× improvement from the state-of-the-art. © 2019 IEEE.
638	a57144864700	Chen Y.-F.	p178	True	Journal	120	Design of a Clinical Decision Support System for Predicting Erectile Dysfunction in Men Using NHIRD Dataset	Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects millions of men worldwide. Men with ED generally complain failure to attain or maintain an adequate erection during sexual activity. The prevalence of ED is strongly correlated with age, affecting about 40% of men at age 40 and nearly 70% at age 70. A variety of chronic diseases, including diabetes, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, hypertension, depression, chronic renal failure, obstructive sleep apnea, prostate disease, gout, and sleep disorder, were reported to be associated with ED. In this study, data retrieved from a subset of the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan were used for designing the clinical decision support system (CDSS) for predicting ED incidences in men. The positive cases were male patients aged 20-65 who were diagnosed with ED between January 2000 and December 2010 confirmed by at least three outpatient visits or at least one inpatient visit, while the negative cases were randomly selected from the database without a history of ED and were frequency (1:1), age, and index year matched with the ED patients. Data of a total of 2832 ED patients and 2832 non-ED patients, each consisting of 41 features including index age, 10 comorbidities, and 30 other comorbidity-related variables, were retrieved for designing the predictive models. Integrated genetic algorithm and support vector machine was adopted to design the CDSSs with two experiments of independent training and testing (ITT) conducted to verify their effectiveness. In the 1st ITT experiment, data extracted from January 2000 till December 2005 (61.51%, 1742 positive cases and 1742 negative cases) were used for training and validating and the data retrieved from January 2006 till December 2010 were used for testing (38.49%), whereas in the 2nd ITT experiment, data in the training set (77.78%) were extracted from January 2000 till Deceber 2007 and those in the testing set (22.22%) were retrieved afterward. Tenfold cross validation and three different objective functions were adopted for obtaining the optimal models with best predictive performance in the training phase. The testing results show that the CDSSs achieved a predictive performance with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, g-mean, and area under ROC curve of 74.72%-76.65%, 72.33%-83.76%, 69.54%-77.10%, 0.7468-0.7632, and 0.766-0.817, respectively. In conclusion, the CDSSs designed based on cost-sensitive objective functions as well as salient comorbidity-related features achieve satisfactory predictive performance for predicting ED incidences. © 2013 IEEE.
639	a57194205673	Lin C.-S.	p178	False	Journal	120	Design of a Clinical Decision Support System for Predicting Erectile Dysfunction in Men Using NHIRD Dataset	Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects millions of men worldwide. Men with ED generally complain failure to attain or maintain an adequate erection during sexual activity. The prevalence of ED is strongly correlated with age, affecting about 40% of men at age 40 and nearly 70% at age 70. A variety of chronic diseases, including diabetes, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, hypertension, depression, chronic renal failure, obstructive sleep apnea, prostate disease, gout, and sleep disorder, were reported to be associated with ED. In this study, data retrieved from a subset of the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan were used for designing the clinical decision support system (CDSS) for predicting ED incidences in men. The positive cases were male patients aged 20-65 who were diagnosed with ED between January 2000 and December 2010 confirmed by at least three outpatient visits or at least one inpatient visit, while the negative cases were randomly selected from the database without a history of ED and were frequency (1:1), age, and index year matched with the ED patients. Data of a total of 2832 ED patients and 2832 non-ED patients, each consisting of 41 features including index age, 10 comorbidities, and 30 other comorbidity-related variables, were retrieved for designing the predictive models. Integrated genetic algorithm and support vector machine was adopted to design the CDSSs with two experiments of independent training and testing (ITT) conducted to verify their effectiveness. In the 1st ITT experiment, data extracted from January 2000 till December 2005 (61.51%, 1742 positive cases and 1742 negative cases) were used for training and validating and the data retrieved from January 2006 till December 2010 were used for testing (38.49%), whereas in the 2nd ITT experiment, data in the training set (77.78%) were extracted from January 2000 till Deceber 2007 and those in the testing set (22.22%) were retrieved afterward. Tenfold cross validation and three different objective functions were adopted for obtaining the optimal models with best predictive performance in the training phase. The testing results show that the CDSSs achieved a predictive performance with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, g-mean, and area under ROC curve of 74.72%-76.65%, 72.33%-83.76%, 69.54%-77.10%, 0.7468-0.7632, and 0.766-0.817, respectively. In conclusion, the CDSSs designed based on cost-sensitive objective functions as well as salient comorbidity-related features achieve satisfactory predictive performance for predicting ED incidences. © 2013 IEEE.
639	a57194205673	Lin C.-S.	p657	False	Journal	316	Design of a clinical decision support system for fracture prediction using imbalanced dataset	More than 1 billion people suffer from chronic respiratory diseases worldwide, accounting for more than 4 million deaths annually. Inhaled corticosteroid is a popular medication for treating chronic respiratory diseases. Its side effects include decreased bone mineral density and osteoporosis. The aims of this study are to investigate the association of inhaled corticosteroids and fracture and to design a clinical support system for fracture prediction. The data of patients aged 20 years and older, who had visited healthcare centers and been prescribed with inhaled corticosteroids within 2002-2010, were retrieved from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). After excluding patients diagnosed with hip fracture or vertebrate fractures before using inhaled corticosteroid, a total of 11645 patients receiving inhaled corticosteroid therapy were included for this study. Among them, 1134 (9.7%) were diagnosed with hip fracture or vertebrate fracture. The statistical results showed that demographic information, chronic respiratory diseases and comorbidities, and corticosteroid-related variables (cumulative dose, mean exposed daily dose, follow-up duration, and exposed duration) were significantly different between fracture and nonfracture patients. The clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) were designed with integrated genetic algorithm (GA) and support vector machine (SVM) by training and validating the models with balanced training sets obtained by random and cluster-based undersampling methods and testing with the imbalanced NHIRD dataset. Two different objective functions were adopted for obtaining optimal models with best predictive performance. The predictive performance of the CDSSs exhibits a sensitivity of 69.84-77.00% and an AUC of 0.7495-0.7590. It was concluded that long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids may induce osteoporosis and exhibit higher incidence of hip or vertebrate fractures. The accumulated dose of ICS and OCS therapies should be continuously monitored, especially for patients with older age and women after menopause, to prevent from exceeding the maximum dosage. © 2018 Yung-Fu Chen et al.
640	a35078644900	Hong C.-F.	p178	False	Journal	120	Design of a Clinical Decision Support System for Predicting Erectile Dysfunction in Men Using NHIRD Dataset	Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects millions of men worldwide. Men with ED generally complain failure to attain or maintain an adequate erection during sexual activity. The prevalence of ED is strongly correlated with age, affecting about 40% of men at age 40 and nearly 70% at age 70. A variety of chronic diseases, including diabetes, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, hypertension, depression, chronic renal failure, obstructive sleep apnea, prostate disease, gout, and sleep disorder, were reported to be associated with ED. In this study, data retrieved from a subset of the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan were used for designing the clinical decision support system (CDSS) for predicting ED incidences in men. The positive cases were male patients aged 20-65 who were diagnosed with ED between January 2000 and December 2010 confirmed by at least three outpatient visits or at least one inpatient visit, while the negative cases were randomly selected from the database without a history of ED and were frequency (1:1), age, and index year matched with the ED patients. Data of a total of 2832 ED patients and 2832 non-ED patients, each consisting of 41 features including index age, 10 comorbidities, and 30 other comorbidity-related variables, were retrieved for designing the predictive models. Integrated genetic algorithm and support vector machine was adopted to design the CDSSs with two experiments of independent training and testing (ITT) conducted to verify their effectiveness. In the 1st ITT experiment, data extracted from January 2000 till December 2005 (61.51%, 1742 positive cases and 1742 negative cases) were used for training and validating and the data retrieved from January 2006 till December 2010 were used for testing (38.49%), whereas in the 2nd ITT experiment, data in the training set (77.78%) were extracted from January 2000 till Deceber 2007 and those in the testing set (22.22%) were retrieved afterward. Tenfold cross validation and three different objective functions were adopted for obtaining the optimal models with best predictive performance in the training phase. The testing results show that the CDSSs achieved a predictive performance with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, g-mean, and area under ROC curve of 74.72%-76.65%, 72.33%-83.76%, 69.54%-77.10%, 0.7468-0.7632, and 0.766-0.817, respectively. In conclusion, the CDSSs designed based on cost-sensitive objective functions as well as salient comorbidity-related features achieve satisfactory predictive performance for predicting ED incidences. © 2013 IEEE.
641	a57204475222	Sun C.	p178	False	Journal	120	Design of a Clinical Decision Support System for Predicting Erectile Dysfunction in Men Using NHIRD Dataset	Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects millions of men worldwide. Men with ED generally complain failure to attain or maintain an adequate erection during sexual activity. The prevalence of ED is strongly correlated with age, affecting about 40% of men at age 40 and nearly 70% at age 70. A variety of chronic diseases, including diabetes, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, hypertension, depression, chronic renal failure, obstructive sleep apnea, prostate disease, gout, and sleep disorder, were reported to be associated with ED. In this study, data retrieved from a subset of the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan were used for designing the clinical decision support system (CDSS) for predicting ED incidences in men. The positive cases were male patients aged 20-65 who were diagnosed with ED between January 2000 and December 2010 confirmed by at least three outpatient visits or at least one inpatient visit, while the negative cases were randomly selected from the database without a history of ED and were frequency (1:1), age, and index year matched with the ED patients. Data of a total of 2832 ED patients and 2832 non-ED patients, each consisting of 41 features including index age, 10 comorbidities, and 30 other comorbidity-related variables, were retrieved for designing the predictive models. Integrated genetic algorithm and support vector machine was adopted to design the CDSSs with two experiments of independent training and testing (ITT) conducted to verify their effectiveness. In the 1st ITT experiment, data extracted from January 2000 till December 2005 (61.51%, 1742 positive cases and 1742 negative cases) were used for training and validating and the data retrieved from January 2006 till December 2010 were used for testing (38.49%), whereas in the 2nd ITT experiment, data in the training set (77.78%) were extracted from January 2000 till Deceber 2007 and those in the testing set (22.22%) were retrieved afterward. Tenfold cross validation and three different objective functions were adopted for obtaining the optimal models with best predictive performance in the training phase. The testing results show that the CDSSs achieved a predictive performance with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, g-mean, and area under ROC curve of 74.72%-76.65%, 72.33%-83.76%, 69.54%-77.10%, 0.7468-0.7632, and 0.766-0.817, respectively. In conclusion, the CDSSs designed based on cost-sensitive objective functions as well as salient comorbidity-related features achieve satisfactory predictive performance for predicting ED incidences. © 2013 IEEE.
642	a8208317300	Lin H.-H.	p178	False	Journal	120	Design of a Clinical Decision Support System for Predicting Erectile Dysfunction in Men Using NHIRD Dataset	Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects millions of men worldwide. Men with ED generally complain failure to attain or maintain an adequate erection during sexual activity. The prevalence of ED is strongly correlated with age, affecting about 40% of men at age 40 and nearly 70% at age 70. A variety of chronic diseases, including diabetes, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, hypertension, depression, chronic renal failure, obstructive sleep apnea, prostate disease, gout, and sleep disorder, were reported to be associated with ED. In this study, data retrieved from a subset of the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan were used for designing the clinical decision support system (CDSS) for predicting ED incidences in men. The positive cases were male patients aged 20-65 who were diagnosed with ED between January 2000 and December 2010 confirmed by at least three outpatient visits or at least one inpatient visit, while the negative cases were randomly selected from the database without a history of ED and were frequency (1:1), age, and index year matched with the ED patients. Data of a total of 2832 ED patients and 2832 non-ED patients, each consisting of 41 features including index age, 10 comorbidities, and 30 other comorbidity-related variables, were retrieved for designing the predictive models. Integrated genetic algorithm and support vector machine was adopted to design the CDSSs with two experiments of independent training and testing (ITT) conducted to verify their effectiveness. In the 1st ITT experiment, data extracted from January 2000 till December 2005 (61.51%, 1742 positive cases and 1742 negative cases) were used for training and validating and the data retrieved from January 2006 till December 2010 were used for testing (38.49%), whereas in the 2nd ITT experiment, data in the training set (77.78%) were extracted from January 2000 till Deceber 2007 and those in the testing set (22.22%) were retrieved afterward. Tenfold cross validation and three different objective functions were adopted for obtaining the optimal models with best predictive performance in the training phase. The testing results show that the CDSSs achieved a predictive performance with accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, g-mean, and area under ROC curve of 74.72%-76.65%, 72.33%-83.76%, 69.54%-77.10%, 0.7468-0.7632, and 0.766-0.817, respectively. In conclusion, the CDSSs designed based on cost-sensitive objective functions as well as salient comorbidity-related features achieve satisfactory predictive performance for predicting ED incidences. © 2013 IEEE.
642	a8208317300	Lin H.-H.	p657	False	Journal	316	Design of a clinical decision support system for fracture prediction using imbalanced dataset	More than 1 billion people suffer from chronic respiratory diseases worldwide, accounting for more than 4 million deaths annually. Inhaled corticosteroid is a popular medication for treating chronic respiratory diseases. Its side effects include decreased bone mineral density and osteoporosis. The aims of this study are to investigate the association of inhaled corticosteroids and fracture and to design a clinical support system for fracture prediction. The data of patients aged 20 years and older, who had visited healthcare centers and been prescribed with inhaled corticosteroids within 2002-2010, were retrieved from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). After excluding patients diagnosed with hip fracture or vertebrate fractures before using inhaled corticosteroid, a total of 11645 patients receiving inhaled corticosteroid therapy were included for this study. Among them, 1134 (9.7%) were diagnosed with hip fracture or vertebrate fracture. The statistical results showed that demographic information, chronic respiratory diseases and comorbidities, and corticosteroid-related variables (cumulative dose, mean exposed daily dose, follow-up duration, and exposed duration) were significantly different between fracture and nonfracture patients. The clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) were designed with integrated genetic algorithm (GA) and support vector machine (SVM) by training and validating the models with balanced training sets obtained by random and cluster-based undersampling methods and testing with the imbalanced NHIRD dataset. Two different objective functions were adopted for obtaining optimal models with best predictive performance. The predictive performance of the CDSSs exhibits a sensitivity of 69.84-77.00% and an AUC of 0.7495-0.7590. It was concluded that long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids may induce osteoporosis and exhibit higher incidence of hip or vertebrate fractures. The accumulated dose of ICS and OCS therapies should be continuously monitored, especially for patients with older age and women after menopause, to prevent from exceeding the maximum dosage. © 2018 Yung-Fu Chen et al.
643	a55797091700	Zhao W.	p179	False	Journal	121	Structure descriptor based on just noticeable difference for texture image classification	Local binary pattern (LBP) and its derivates have been widely used in texture classification. However, LBP-based methods are sensitive to noise, and some structure information represented by non-uniform patterns is lost due to the combination of these patterns. In this paper, a new local structure descriptor based on just noticeable difference (JND) for texture classification is proposed by exploring the spatial and relative intensity correlations among local neighborhood pixels. First, a JND map of the image is computed, and then we attempt to model the correlations among local neighborhood pixels by comparing the absolute differences in intensity between the central pixel and its neighbors with the corresponding JND threshold. A new visual pattern (JNDVP) is designed using modeled correlations to describe image structure. Next, considering that image contrast makes important contributions to structure description, contrast is employed as a weighting factor for JNDVP histogram creation to represent structural and contrast information in a single representation. Finally, the nearest neighborhood classifier is employed for texture classification. Results on two texture image databases demonstrate that the proposed structure descriptor is rotation invariant and more robust to noise than LBP. Moreover, texture classification based on JNDVP outperforms LBP-based methods. © 2019 Optical Society of America.
644	a57204783601	Yang X.	p179	False	Journal	121	Structure descriptor based on just noticeable difference for texture image classification	Local binary pattern (LBP) and its derivates have been widely used in texture classification. However, LBP-based methods are sensitive to noise, and some structure information represented by non-uniform patterns is lost due to the combination of these patterns. In this paper, a new local structure descriptor based on just noticeable difference (JND) for texture classification is proposed by exploring the spatial and relative intensity correlations among local neighborhood pixels. First, a JND map of the image is computed, and then we attempt to model the correlations among local neighborhood pixels by comparing the absolute differences in intensity between the central pixel and its neighbors with the corresponding JND threshold. A new visual pattern (JNDVP) is designed using modeled correlations to describe image structure. Next, considering that image contrast makes important contributions to structure description, contrast is employed as a weighting factor for JNDVP histogram creation to represent structural and contrast information in a single representation. Finally, the nearest neighborhood classifier is employed for texture classification. Results on two texture image databases demonstrate that the proposed structure descriptor is rotation invariant and more robust to noise than LBP. Moreover, texture classification based on JNDVP outperforms LBP-based methods. © 2019 Optical Society of America.
645	a57192945685	Hu R.	p180	True	Journal	122	3D hydrodynamic flow focusing-based micromixer enables high-resolution imaging for studying the early folding kinetics of G-quadruplex	Hydrodynamic flow focusing-based micromixers (laminar micromixers) have been widely applied to the investigation of the folding kinetics of biomacromolecules, due to their capability to resolve the folding events in a microsecond time scale. Although most existing laminar micromixers attempted to reduce mixing time, our work focused on developing a system that can generate high-resolution images under a more stable flow, which results in more accurate kinetic analysis. Specifically, we developed a simple three-dimensional (3D) laminar micromixer, which distributes the sample stream to a 3D profile to address flow-instability issues caused by Dean vortices in a two-dimensional mixer. In the 3D mixer, the sample stream was successfully focused to a one-pixel width at the resolution of ˜200 nm/pixel, which approached the resolving power of an optical microscope and represented the highest imaging resolution ever achieved using a 3D mixer. Furthermore, we used the device to investigate the early folding kinetics of G-quadruplex under various sodium cation concentrations. Interestingly, a lag phase was found before the exponential phase during the folding process. Moreover, we obtained the G-quadruplex's observed kinetics of (1.51 ± 0.02) ×104 s−1, (1.68 ± 0.04) ×104 s−1 and (2.01 ± 0.02) ×104 s−1 at 50-, 100- and 200 mM NaCl, respectively. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
646	a56939117000	Liu C.	p180	False	Journal	122	3D hydrodynamic flow focusing-based micromixer enables high-resolution imaging for studying the early folding kinetics of G-quadruplex	Hydrodynamic flow focusing-based micromixers (laminar micromixers) have been widely applied to the investigation of the folding kinetics of biomacromolecules, due to their capability to resolve the folding events in a microsecond time scale. Although most existing laminar micromixers attempted to reduce mixing time, our work focused on developing a system that can generate high-resolution images under a more stable flow, which results in more accurate kinetic analysis. Specifically, we developed a simple three-dimensional (3D) laminar micromixer, which distributes the sample stream to a 3D profile to address flow-instability issues caused by Dean vortices in a two-dimensional mixer. In the 3D mixer, the sample stream was successfully focused to a one-pixel width at the resolution of ˜200 nm/pixel, which approached the resolving power of an optical microscope and represented the highest imaging resolution ever achieved using a 3D mixer. Furthermore, we used the device to investigate the early folding kinetics of G-quadruplex under various sodium cation concentrations. Interestingly, a lag phase was found before the exponential phase during the folding process. Moreover, we obtained the G-quadruplex's observed kinetics of (1.51 ± 0.02) ×104 s−1, (1.68 ± 0.04) ×104 s−1 and (2.01 ± 0.02) ×104 s−1 at 50-, 100- and 200 mM NaCl, respectively. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
647	a56585491000	Xuan J.	p180	False	Journal	122	3D hydrodynamic flow focusing-based micromixer enables high-resolution imaging for studying the early folding kinetics of G-quadruplex	Hydrodynamic flow focusing-based micromixers (laminar micromixers) have been widely applied to the investigation of the folding kinetics of biomacromolecules, due to their capability to resolve the folding events in a microsecond time scale. Although most existing laminar micromixers attempted to reduce mixing time, our work focused on developing a system that can generate high-resolution images under a more stable flow, which results in more accurate kinetic analysis. Specifically, we developed a simple three-dimensional (3D) laminar micromixer, which distributes the sample stream to a 3D profile to address flow-instability issues caused by Dean vortices in a two-dimensional mixer. In the 3D mixer, the sample stream was successfully focused to a one-pixel width at the resolution of ˜200 nm/pixel, which approached the resolving power of an optical microscope and represented the highest imaging resolution ever achieved using a 3D mixer. Furthermore, we used the device to investigate the early folding kinetics of G-quadruplex under various sodium cation concentrations. Interestingly, a lag phase was found before the exponential phase during the folding process. Moreover, we obtained the G-quadruplex's observed kinetics of (1.51 ± 0.02) ×104 s−1, (1.68 ± 0.04) ×104 s−1 and (2.01 ± 0.02) ×104 s−1 at 50-, 100- and 200 mM NaCl, respectively. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
648	a16308483700	Xu Y.	p180	False	Journal	122	3D hydrodynamic flow focusing-based micromixer enables high-resolution imaging for studying the early folding kinetics of G-quadruplex	Hydrodynamic flow focusing-based micromixers (laminar micromixers) have been widely applied to the investigation of the folding kinetics of biomacromolecules, due to their capability to resolve the folding events in a microsecond time scale. Although most existing laminar micromixers attempted to reduce mixing time, our work focused on developing a system that can generate high-resolution images under a more stable flow, which results in more accurate kinetic analysis. Specifically, we developed a simple three-dimensional (3D) laminar micromixer, which distributes the sample stream to a 3D profile to address flow-instability issues caused by Dean vortices in a two-dimensional mixer. In the 3D mixer, the sample stream was successfully focused to a one-pixel width at the resolution of ˜200 nm/pixel, which approached the resolving power of an optical microscope and represented the highest imaging resolution ever achieved using a 3D mixer. Furthermore, we used the device to investigate the early folding kinetics of G-quadruplex under various sodium cation concentrations. Interestingly, a lag phase was found before the exponential phase during the folding process. Moreover, we obtained the G-quadruplex's observed kinetics of (1.51 ± 0.02) ×104 s−1, (1.68 ± 0.04) ×104 s−1 and (2.01 ± 0.02) ×104 s−1 at 50-, 100- and 200 mM NaCl, respectively. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
649	a57200214703	Li T.	p180	False	Journal	122	3D hydrodynamic flow focusing-based micromixer enables high-resolution imaging for studying the early folding kinetics of G-quadruplex	Hydrodynamic flow focusing-based micromixers (laminar micromixers) have been widely applied to the investigation of the folding kinetics of biomacromolecules, due to their capability to resolve the folding events in a microsecond time scale. Although most existing laminar micromixers attempted to reduce mixing time, our work focused on developing a system that can generate high-resolution images under a more stable flow, which results in more accurate kinetic analysis. Specifically, we developed a simple three-dimensional (3D) laminar micromixer, which distributes the sample stream to a 3D profile to address flow-instability issues caused by Dean vortices in a two-dimensional mixer. In the 3D mixer, the sample stream was successfully focused to a one-pixel width at the resolution of ˜200 nm/pixel, which approached the resolving power of an optical microscope and represented the highest imaging resolution ever achieved using a 3D mixer. Furthermore, we used the device to investigate the early folding kinetics of G-quadruplex under various sodium cation concentrations. Interestingly, a lag phase was found before the exponential phase during the folding process. Moreover, we obtained the G-quadruplex's observed kinetics of (1.51 ± 0.02) ×104 s−1, (1.68 ± 0.04) ×104 s−1 and (2.01 ± 0.02) ×104 s−1 at 50-, 100- and 200 mM NaCl, respectively. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
650	a35311157900	Liu B.-F.	p180	False	Journal	122	3D hydrodynamic flow focusing-based micromixer enables high-resolution imaging for studying the early folding kinetics of G-quadruplex	Hydrodynamic flow focusing-based micromixers (laminar micromixers) have been widely applied to the investigation of the folding kinetics of biomacromolecules, due to their capability to resolve the folding events in a microsecond time scale. Although most existing laminar micromixers attempted to reduce mixing time, our work focused on developing a system that can generate high-resolution images under a more stable flow, which results in more accurate kinetic analysis. Specifically, we developed a simple three-dimensional (3D) laminar micromixer, which distributes the sample stream to a 3D profile to address flow-instability issues caused by Dean vortices in a two-dimensional mixer. In the 3D mixer, the sample stream was successfully focused to a one-pixel width at the resolution of ˜200 nm/pixel, which approached the resolving power of an optical microscope and represented the highest imaging resolution ever achieved using a 3D mixer. Furthermore, we used the device to investigate the early folding kinetics of G-quadruplex under various sodium cation concentrations. Interestingly, a lag phase was found before the exponential phase during the folding process. Moreover, we obtained the G-quadruplex's observed kinetics of (1.51 ± 0.02) ×104 s−1, (1.68 ± 0.04) ×104 s−1 and (2.01 ± 0.02) ×104 s−1 at 50-, 100- and 200 mM NaCl, respectively. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
651	a55972769000	Li Y.	p180	False	Journal	122	3D hydrodynamic flow focusing-based micromixer enables high-resolution imaging for studying the early folding kinetics of G-quadruplex	Hydrodynamic flow focusing-based micromixers (laminar micromixers) have been widely applied to the investigation of the folding kinetics of biomacromolecules, due to their capability to resolve the folding events in a microsecond time scale. Although most existing laminar micromixers attempted to reduce mixing time, our work focused on developing a system that can generate high-resolution images under a more stable flow, which results in more accurate kinetic analysis. Specifically, we developed a simple three-dimensional (3D) laminar micromixer, which distributes the sample stream to a 3D profile to address flow-instability issues caused by Dean vortices in a two-dimensional mixer. In the 3D mixer, the sample stream was successfully focused to a one-pixel width at the resolution of ˜200 nm/pixel, which approached the resolving power of an optical microscope and represented the highest imaging resolution ever achieved using a 3D mixer. Furthermore, we used the device to investigate the early folding kinetics of G-quadruplex under various sodium cation concentrations. Interestingly, a lag phase was found before the exponential phase during the folding process. Moreover, we obtained the G-quadruplex's observed kinetics of (1.51 ± 0.02) ×104 s−1, (1.68 ± 0.04) ×104 s−1 and (2.01 ± 0.02) ×104 s−1 at 50-, 100- and 200 mM NaCl, respectively. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
652	a36483856300	Yang Y.	p180	False	Journal	122	3D hydrodynamic flow focusing-based micromixer enables high-resolution imaging for studying the early folding kinetics of G-quadruplex	Hydrodynamic flow focusing-based micromixers (laminar micromixers) have been widely applied to the investigation of the folding kinetics of biomacromolecules, due to their capability to resolve the folding events in a microsecond time scale. Although most existing laminar micromixers attempted to reduce mixing time, our work focused on developing a system that can generate high-resolution images under a more stable flow, which results in more accurate kinetic analysis. Specifically, we developed a simple three-dimensional (3D) laminar micromixer, which distributes the sample stream to a 3D profile to address flow-instability issues caused by Dean vortices in a two-dimensional mixer. In the 3D mixer, the sample stream was successfully focused to a one-pixel width at the resolution of ˜200 nm/pixel, which approached the resolving power of an optical microscope and represented the highest imaging resolution ever achieved using a 3D mixer. Furthermore, we used the device to investigate the early folding kinetics of G-quadruplex under various sodium cation concentrations. Interestingly, a lag phase was found before the exponential phase during the folding process. Moreover, we obtained the G-quadruplex's observed kinetics of (1.51 ± 0.02) ×104 s−1, (1.68 ± 0.04) ×104 s−1 and (2.01 ± 0.02) ×104 s−1 at 50-, 100- and 200 mM NaCl, respectively. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
653	a57194027885	Zhang Y.	p181	True	Journal	123	Thermal and hydrothermal stability of pure and silica-doped mesoporous aluminas	Thermal and hydrothermal stabilities of solvent deficient derived pure alumina (PA) as well as silica-doped aluminas (SDA) with three different dopant concentrations (5, 15, 27% by weight) have been investigated for changes in phase and pore structure after calcination at high temperatures under air and steam/air atmospheres. For all aluminas, heat treatment results in decreased surface area and increased pore diameter. Starting at 700 °C, metastable to stable phase transformation occurs, causing a substantial change in the pore structure of all aluminas. By 1100 (PA), 1200 (15 SDA) and 1200 °C (27 SDA), the transition to α-Al2O3 was complete, respectively. No α-Al2O3 is observed for 5 wt % silica doped alumina (5SDA) under thermal calcination. Calcination in steam and air, instead of in air only, results in enlarged pore size and depressed temperature of alpha phase transformation for all aluminas. Results show that the silica dopant modifies the pores of the alumina, stabilizes the oxygen lattice of γ-Al2O3, and retards α-Al2O3 formation. This study of the thermal and hydrothermal stability not only suggests the applicability of 5SDA for catalytic reactions occurring at high temperature in the presence of steam, but also contributes to a better understanding of the structural features responsible for the improved thermal stability of these aluminas. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
654	a55345299700	Huang B.	p181	False	Journal	123	Thermal and hydrothermal stability of pure and silica-doped mesoporous aluminas	Thermal and hydrothermal stabilities of solvent deficient derived pure alumina (PA) as well as silica-doped aluminas (SDA) with three different dopant concentrations (5, 15, 27% by weight) have been investigated for changes in phase and pore structure after calcination at high temperatures under air and steam/air atmospheres. For all aluminas, heat treatment results in decreased surface area and increased pore diameter. Starting at 700 °C, metastable to stable phase transformation occurs, causing a substantial change in the pore structure of all aluminas. By 1100 (PA), 1200 (15 SDA) and 1200 °C (27 SDA), the transition to α-Al2O3 was complete, respectively. No α-Al2O3 is observed for 5 wt % silica doped alumina (5SDA) under thermal calcination. Calcination in steam and air, instead of in air only, results in enlarged pore size and depressed temperature of alpha phase transformation for all aluminas. Results show that the silica dopant modifies the pores of the alumina, stabilizes the oxygen lattice of γ-Al2O3, and retards α-Al2O3 formation. This study of the thermal and hydrothermal stability not only suggests the applicability of 5SDA for catalytic reactions occurring at high temperature in the presence of steam, but also contributes to a better understanding of the structural features responsible for the improved thermal stability of these aluminas. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
655	a56110251000	Mardkhe M.K.	p181	False	Journal	123	Thermal and hydrothermal stability of pure and silica-doped mesoporous aluminas	Thermal and hydrothermal stabilities of solvent deficient derived pure alumina (PA) as well as silica-doped aluminas (SDA) with three different dopant concentrations (5, 15, 27% by weight) have been investigated for changes in phase and pore structure after calcination at high temperatures under air and steam/air atmospheres. For all aluminas, heat treatment results in decreased surface area and increased pore diameter. Starting at 700 °C, metastable to stable phase transformation occurs, causing a substantial change in the pore structure of all aluminas. By 1100 (PA), 1200 (15 SDA) and 1200 °C (27 SDA), the transition to α-Al2O3 was complete, respectively. No α-Al2O3 is observed for 5 wt % silica doped alumina (5SDA) under thermal calcination. Calcination in steam and air, instead of in air only, results in enlarged pore size and depressed temperature of alpha phase transformation for all aluminas. Results show that the silica dopant modifies the pores of the alumina, stabilizes the oxygen lattice of γ-Al2O3, and retards α-Al2O3 formation. This study of the thermal and hydrothermal stability not only suggests the applicability of 5SDA for catalytic reactions occurring at high temperature in the presence of steam, but also contributes to a better understanding of the structural features responsible for the improved thermal stability of these aluminas. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
656	a57208682307	Corie T.H.	p183	True	Journal	125	Simulated Tremor Propagation in the Upper Limb: From Muscle Activity to Joint Displacement	Although tremor is the most common movement disorder, there are few noninvasive treatment options. Creating effective tremor suppression devices requires a knowledge of where tremor originates mechanically (which muscles) and how it propagates through the limb (to which degrees-of-freedom (DOF)). To simulate tremor propagation, we created a simple model of the upper limb, with tremorogenic activity in the 15 major superficial muscles as inputs and tremulous joint displacement in the seven major DOF as outputs. The model approximated the muscle excitation-contraction dynamics, musculoskeletal geometry, and mechanical impedance of the limb. From our simulations, we determined fundamental principles for tremor propagation: (1) The distribution of tremor depends strongly on musculoskeletal dynamics. (2) The spreading of tremor is due to inertial coupling (primarily) and musculoskeletal geometry (secondarily). (3) Tremorogenic activity in a given muscle causes significant tremor in only a small subset of DOF, though these affected DOF may be distant from the muscle. (4) Assuming uniform distribution of tremorogenic activity among muscles, tremor increases proximal-distally, and the contribution from muscles increases proximal-distally. (5) Although adding inertia (e.g., with weighted utensils) is often used to suppress tremor, it is possible to increase tremor by adding inertia to the wrong DOF. (6) Similarly, adding viscoelasticity to the wrong DOF can increase tremor. Based solely on the musculoskeletal system, these principles indicate that tremor treatments targeting muscles should focus first on the distal muscles, and devices targeting DOF should focus first on the distal DOF. © 2019 by ASME.
657	a57201589125	Raven L.A.	p184	False	Journal	104	Hardware friendly robust synthetic basis feature descriptor	Finding corresponding image features between two images is often the first step for many computer vision algorithms. This paper introduces an improved synthetic basis feature descriptor algorithm that describes and compares image features in an efficient and discrete manner with rotation and scale invariance. It works by performing a number of similarity tests between the feature region surrounding the feature point and a predetermined number of synthetic basis images to generate a feature descriptor that uniquely describes the feature region. Features in two images are matched by comparing their descriptors. By only storing the similarity of the feature region to each synthetic basis image, the overall storage size is greatly reduced. In short, this new binary feature descriptor is designed to provide high feature matching accuracy with computational simplicity, relatively low resource usage, and a hardware friendly design for real-time vision applications. Experimental results show that our algorithm produces higher precision rates and larger number of correct matches than the original version and other mainstream algorithms and is a good alternative for common computer vision applications. Two applications that often have to cope with scaling and rotation variations are included in this work to demonstrate its performance. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
658	a24779209500	Fernandes T.	p186	False	Journal	127	Generating a Binary Symmetric Channel for Wiretap Codes	In this paper, we fill a void between information theoretic security and practical coding over the Gaussian wiretap channel using a three-stage encoder/decoder technique. Security is measured using Kullback-Leibler divergence and resolvability techniques along with a limited number of practical assumptions regarding the eavesdropper's decoder. The results specify a general coding recipe for obtaining both secure and reliable communications over the Gaussian wiretap channel, and one specific set of concatenated codes is presented as a test case for the sake of providing simulation-based evaluation of security and reliability over the network. It is shown that there exists a threshold in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) over a Gaussian channel, such that receivers experiencing SNR below the threshold have no practical hope of receiving information about the message when the three-stage coding technique is applied. Results further indicate that the two innermost encoding stages successfully approximate a binary symmetric channel, allowing the outermost encoding stage (e.g., a wiretap code) to focus solely on secrecy coding over this approximated channel. © 2005-2012 IEEE.
659	a56012631600	Wang T.	p187	True	Journal	128	Evaluation of intermetallic compound layer at aluminum/steel interface joined by friction stir scribe technology	Heat input and high strain rate deformation during friction stir welding of aluminum and steel resulted in the diffusion-based formation of a Fe x Al y intermetallic compound (IMC) layer. Compared with conventional friction stir welding tools, a friction stir scribe tool can reduce heat input significantly limiting the IMC layer thickness (~100–750 nm). Friction stir scribe joined lap joints fractured either through the welded interface or within the base aluminum alloy on the loading side, depending on IMC layer thickness during tensile lap shear testing. In addition, a modified effective heat of formation model predicted that Al 13 Fe 4 formed first at aluminum/steel interface and, during welding process, was substituted by Al 5 Fe 2 with local silicon enrichment, which was verified via microstructural characterization. © 2019 The Authors
660	a56487893500	Sidhar H.	p187	False	Journal	128	Evaluation of intermetallic compound layer at aluminum/steel interface joined by friction stir scribe technology	Heat input and high strain rate deformation during friction stir welding of aluminum and steel resulted in the diffusion-based formation of a Fe x Al y intermetallic compound (IMC) layer. Compared with conventional friction stir welding tools, a friction stir scribe tool can reduce heat input significantly limiting the IMC layer thickness (~100–750 nm). Friction stir scribe joined lap joints fractured either through the welded interface or within the base aluminum alloy on the loading side, depending on IMC layer thickness during tensile lap shear testing. In addition, a modified effective heat of formation model predicted that Al 13 Fe 4 formed first at aluminum/steel interface and, during welding process, was substituted by Al 5 Fe 2 with local silicon enrichment, which was verified via microstructural characterization. © 2019 The Authors
661	a7402648240	Mishra R.S.	p187	False	Journal	128	Evaluation of intermetallic compound layer at aluminum/steel interface joined by friction stir scribe technology	Heat input and high strain rate deformation during friction stir welding of aluminum and steel resulted in the diffusion-based formation of a Fe x Al y intermetallic compound (IMC) layer. Compared with conventional friction stir welding tools, a friction stir scribe tool can reduce heat input significantly limiting the IMC layer thickness (~100–750 nm). Friction stir scribe joined lap joints fractured either through the welded interface or within the base aluminum alloy on the loading side, depending on IMC layer thickness during tensile lap shear testing. In addition, a modified effective heat of formation model predicted that Al 13 Fe 4 formed first at aluminum/steel interface and, during welding process, was substituted by Al 5 Fe 2 with local silicon enrichment, which was verified via microstructural characterization. © 2019 The Authors
661	a7402648240	Mishra R.S.	p396	False	Journal	214	Preface	[No abstract available]
661	a7402648240	Mishra R.S.	p885	False	Journal	411	Preface	[No abstract available]
662	a57200884469	Upadhyay P.	p187	False	Journal	128	Evaluation of intermetallic compound layer at aluminum/steel interface joined by friction stir scribe technology	Heat input and high strain rate deformation during friction stir welding of aluminum and steel resulted in the diffusion-based formation of a Fe x Al y intermetallic compound (IMC) layer. Compared with conventional friction stir welding tools, a friction stir scribe tool can reduce heat input significantly limiting the IMC layer thickness (~100–750 nm). Friction stir scribe joined lap joints fractured either through the welded interface or within the base aluminum alloy on the loading side, depending on IMC layer thickness during tensile lap shear testing. In addition, a modified effective heat of formation model predicted that Al 13 Fe 4 formed first at aluminum/steel interface and, during welding process, was substituted by Al 5 Fe 2 with local silicon enrichment, which was verified via microstructural characterization. © 2019 The Authors
662	a57200884469	Upadhyay P.	p396	False	Journal	214	Preface	[No abstract available]
662	a57200884469	Upadhyay P.	p637	False	Conference	271	Local texture evolution and mechanical performance of ultra-high-speed friction stir weld of AA 6111-T4 sheets	Friction stir welding has gained wide interest in industry and drawn large research attention due to its high level of automation and superior joint performance. In this study we further expand the welding parameters to be of magnitudes higher than those previously reported to lower the cost and enable high volume joint production. Sound butt-joints were produced with aluminum alloy 6111-T4 blanks with welding speeds up to 6000, mm/min. Tensile tests of the joint pieces show >97% joint efficiency in terms of ultimate tensile strength. The T4 natural aging and grain refinement is found to contribute to the superior joint properties. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis is used to qualitatively study the local shear texture inside the nugget zones of the welds. The shear texture result is a good indicator of the material flow directions in the nugget zones. The flow directions behind the rotation tool are found to be flattened towards the top surface of the workpiece when the welding speed is increased, suggesting intense material mixing and transportation along the longitudinal welding direction (WD). © The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2018.
662	a57200884469	Upadhyay P.	p638	False	Journal	227	High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of AA7075-T6 Sheet: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Micro-texture, and Thermal History	Friction stir welding (FSW) is a cost-effective and high-quality joining process for aluminum alloys (especially heat-treatable alloys) that is historically operated at lower joining speeds (up to hundreds of millimeters per minute). In this study, we present a microstructural analysis of friction stir welded AA7075-T6 blanks with high welding speeds up to 3 M/min. Textures, microstructures, mechanical properties, and weld quality are analyzed using TEM, EBSD, metallographic imaging, and Vickers hardness. The higher welding speed results in narrower, stronger heat-affected zones (HAZs) and also higher hardness in the nugget zones. The material flow direction in the nugget zone is found to be leaning towards the welding direction as the welding speed increases. Results are coupled with welding parameters and thermal history to aid in the understanding of the complex material flow and texture gradients within the welds in an effort to optimize welding parameters for high-speed processing. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.
662	a57200884469	Upadhyay P.	p746	False	Journal	361	Enabling Dissimilar Material Joining Using Friction Stir Scribe Technology	One challenge in adapting welding processes to dissimilar material joining is the diversity of melting temperatures of the different materials. Although the use of mechanical fasteners and adhesives have mostly paved the way for near-term implementation of dissimilar material systems, these processes only accentuate the need for low-cost welding processes capable of impartially joining dissimilar material components regardless of alloy, properties, or melting temperature. Friction stir scribe technology was developed to overcome the challenges of joining dissimilar material components where melting temperatures vary greatly, and properties and/or chemistry are not compatible with more traditional welding processes. Although the friction stir scribe process is capable of joining dissimilar metals and metal/polymer systems, a more detailed evaluation of several aluminum/steel joints is presented herein to demonstrate the ability to both chemically and mechanically join dissimilar materials. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
662	a57200884469	Upadhyay P.	p872	False	Journal	404	Predicting Lap Shear Strength for Friction Stir Scribe Joining of Dissimilar Materials	Friction stir scribe technology has been developed to join materials with vastly different properties, most importantly different melting regimes. Specifically lighter, lower temperature materials such as aluminum or magnesium can be joined to higher temperature materials such as steel and titanium. The scribe portion of the modified friction stir welding pin tool creates in situ mechanical interlocks at the material interface. This mechanical interlocking, or hook-like interface morphology, has shown promising joint strength. However, this morphology can vary along a weld length and is sensitive to joining and tooling parameters. The current work seeks to determine the sensitivity of joint strength to the morphology of the hook interface and predict joint strength based on key morphology parameters. Key morphology features of the hooks extracted from joined samples are varied to quantify their impact on simulated lap shear strength. Predictable joint strength is key to wide spread use of this technique. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
662	a57200884469	Upadhyay P.	p873	False	Journal	405	High-Speed FSW Aluminum Alloy 7075 Microstructure and Corrosion Properties	High-speed friction stir welding provides an opportunity to enable high-volume aluminum joining, thus lowering the expense of the process. To better understand this important industrial process the properties of the welds must be fully characterized. In this study we examined the microstructures of AA7075 butt welds with welding speeds of 1, 2 and 3 m/min. The welds were also tested for their corrosion resistance in a diluted EXCO solution at room temperature. The welds with higher speeds had a smaller corrosion sensitive area along with smaller HAZs, but the nugget zone became more corrosion susceptible. Their microstructure features were used to explain the non-uniform corrosion behavior across the weld. Both constituent particles and precipitate distribution were altered by the friction stir process and resulted in an overall sensitized weld affected region compared to the base material. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
662	a57200884469	Upadhyay P.	p885	False	Journal	411	Preface	[No abstract available]
662	a57200884469	Upadhyay P.	p887	True	Journal	412	Joining Dissimilar Material Using Friction Stir Scribe Technique	The ability to effectively join materials with vastly different melting points, like aluminum to steel, and polymer composites to metals, has been one of the roadblocks to realizing multi-material components for lightweighting efforts. The friction stir scribe (FSS) technique is a promising method that produces continuous overlap joints between materials with vastly different melting regimes and high-temperature flow characteristics. FSS uses an offset cutting tool at the tip of the friction stir welding pin to create an in situ mechanical interlock between material interfaces. With investments from the U.S. Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office and several automotive manufacturers and suppliers, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is developing the FSS process and has demonstrated the viability of joining several material combinations. Details of welding trials, unique challenges, and mitigation strategies in different material combinations will be discussed. Joint characterization, including mechanical tests and joint performance, will also be presented. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
663	a57203221999	Carlson B.	p187	False	Journal	128	Evaluation of intermetallic compound layer at aluminum/steel interface joined by friction stir scribe technology	Heat input and high strain rate deformation during friction stir welding of aluminum and steel resulted in the diffusion-based formation of a Fe x Al y intermetallic compound (IMC) layer. Compared with conventional friction stir welding tools, a friction stir scribe tool can reduce heat input significantly limiting the IMC layer thickness (~100–750 nm). Friction stir scribe joined lap joints fractured either through the welded interface or within the base aluminum alloy on the loading side, depending on IMC layer thickness during tensile lap shear testing. In addition, a modified effective heat of formation model predicted that Al 13 Fe 4 formed first at aluminum/steel interface and, during welding process, was substituted by Al 5 Fe 2 with local silicon enrichment, which was verified via microstructural characterization. © 2019 The Authors
663	a57203221999	Carlson B.	p615	False	Conference	253	Initial Comparisons of Friction Stir Spot Welding and Self Piercing Riveting of Ultra-Thin Steel Sheet	Due to the limitations on resistance spot welding of ultra-thin steel sheet (thicknesses below 0.5 mm) in high-volume automotive manufacturing, a comparison of friction stir spot welding and self-piercing riveting was performed to determine which process may be more amenable to enabling assembly of ultra-thin steel sheet. Statistical comparisons between mechanical properties of lap-shear tensile and T-peel were made in sheet thickness below 0.5 mm and for dissimilar thickness combinations. An evaluation of energy to fracture, fracture mechanisms, and joint consistency is presented. © 2018 SAE International; Ford Motor Company; General Motors LLC.
663	a57203221999	Carlson B.	p746	False	Journal	361	Enabling Dissimilar Material Joining Using Friction Stir Scribe Technology	One challenge in adapting welding processes to dissimilar material joining is the diversity of melting temperatures of the different materials. Although the use of mechanical fasteners and adhesives have mostly paved the way for near-term implementation of dissimilar material systems, these processes only accentuate the need for low-cost welding processes capable of impartially joining dissimilar material components regardless of alloy, properties, or melting temperature. Friction stir scribe technology was developed to overcome the challenges of joining dissimilar material components where melting temperatures vary greatly, and properties and/or chemistry are not compatible with more traditional welding processes. Although the friction stir scribe process is capable of joining dissimilar metals and metal/polymer systems, a more detailed evaluation of several aluminum/steel joints is presented herein to demonstrate the ability to both chemically and mechanically join dissimilar materials. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
663	a57203221999	Carlson B.	p887	False	Journal	412	Joining Dissimilar Material Using Friction Stir Scribe Technique	The ability to effectively join materials with vastly different melting points, like aluminum to steel, and polymer composites to metals, has been one of the roadblocks to realizing multi-material components for lightweighting efforts. The friction stir scribe (FSS) technique is a promising method that produces continuous overlap joints between materials with vastly different melting regimes and high-temperature flow characteristics. FSS uses an offset cutting tool at the tip of the friction stir welding pin to create an in situ mechanical interlock between material interfaces. With investments from the U.S. Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office and several automotive manufacturers and suppliers, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is developing the FSS process and has demonstrated the viability of joining several material combinations. Details of welding trials, unique challenges, and mitigation strategies in different material combinations will be discussed. Joint characterization, including mechanical tests and joint performance, will also be presented. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
664	a6603570606	Shoemaker G.	p188	False	Journal	129	Soft body armor time-dependent back face deformation (BFD) with ballistics gel backing	This paper presents a method for obtaining time dependent back face deformation (BFD) data for body armor during ballistic impact using a clear ballistics gelatin backing and high-speed cameras to capture the deformation profile. Using this method, baseline fabric characterization data was obtained for samples comprised of varying layers of 467 g/m 2 Kevlar K29 fabric impacted with 8.24 g steel ball projectile and backed with NATO standard 20% clear ballistics gelatin. For these tests, deformation depths were seen to increase with increasing impact energy and decreasing total areal density. A limited study of the various test parameters was performed by testing one additional fabric, projectile, and ballistics gelatin. From these comparisons, it was observed that 122 g/m 2 Kevlar KM2+ fabric performs better per weight than 467 g/m 2 Kevlar K29 fabric in terms of BFD, 9 mm FMJ projectiles produce deeper BFDs than 12.7 mm steel ball projectiles, and backing a sample with FBI standard 10% ballistics gel increases the BFD considerably over NATO standard 20% ballistics gel. © 2019
664	a6603570606	Shoemaker G.	p645	False	Conference	277	In-situ measurements of strain in soft body armor with FBG sensors during ballistic impacts	The strain on a single FBG sensor, integrated into a single layer of Kevlar mounted behind a Kevlar soft body armor coupon, is measured throughout a ballistic impact event. The strain is collected through high-speed, full-spectral interrogation of the FBG during the event. The use of the wavelength shift and spectral distortion of the FBG provides a description of the strain profile and interaction between the optical fiber and Kevlar fabric. The measurements are correlated to high-speed camera images taken from the rear and side of the armor coupon. In future testing, this information can be applied to identify the sequence of energy dissipation mechanisms enacted within the armor to resist the ballistic impact. © OSA 2018 © 2018 The Author(s)
665	a57203028829	Schultz S.	p188	False	Journal	129	Soft body armor time-dependent back face deformation (BFD) with ballistics gel backing	This paper presents a method for obtaining time dependent back face deformation (BFD) data for body armor during ballistic impact using a clear ballistics gelatin backing and high-speed cameras to capture the deformation profile. Using this method, baseline fabric characterization data was obtained for samples comprised of varying layers of 467 g/m 2 Kevlar K29 fabric impacted with 8.24 g steel ball projectile and backed with NATO standard 20% clear ballistics gelatin. For these tests, deformation depths were seen to increase with increasing impact energy and decreasing total areal density. A limited study of the various test parameters was performed by testing one additional fabric, projectile, and ballistics gelatin. From these comparisons, it was observed that 122 g/m 2 Kevlar KM2+ fabric performs better per weight than 467 g/m 2 Kevlar K29 fabric in terms of BFD, 9 mm FMJ projectiles produce deeper BFDs than 12.7 mm steel ball projectiles, and backing a sample with FBI standard 10% ballistics gel increases the BFD considerably over NATO standard 20% ballistics gel. © 2019
665	a57203028829	Schultz S.	p511	False	Journal	280	Noise reduction techniques in fiber optic sensors	Test and evaluation needs are becoming more and more demanding on the sensors being used. Fiber optic sensors are known for their ability to survive in harsh environments such as high pressure and temperature like those within oil/gas wells, or high vibration like those with electromagnetic railguns. As these sensors become commercially available, one challenge is overcoming multiple noise sources simultaneously in the sensor and its network imposed from the harsh environment. Optical amplifiers are typically used in fiber optic sensors to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This method is suitable for boosting the signal above the floor caused by electrical noise. However, certain noise sources in fiber optic sensors directly modulate the optical signal. This can be due to other measurands being induced on the system. For example, while a slab coupled optical sensor (SCOS) is sensitive to electric field, it is also inherently sensitive to strain; therefore, any strain noise imposed on the sensor would overwhelm the electric field measurement and be considered noise. In this chapter, optical phase induced interference noise (PIIN) in a sensor network is reduced by using optical phase modulation in both a SCOS and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG). Strain induced noise on the optical fiber sensor is reduced using a differential sensor setup called a push-pull SCOS. Phase modulation and differentiation are then combined to allow for simultaneous noise reduction from different noise sources and allow for optical sensing of electric fields in harsh environments. These principles are applicable to other types of fiber optic sensors and sensors in general. © 2018 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
665	a57203028829	Schultz S.	p645	False	Conference	277	In-situ measurements of strain in soft body armor with FBG sensors during ballistic impacts	The strain on a single FBG sensor, integrated into a single layer of Kevlar mounted behind a Kevlar soft body armor coupon, is measured throughout a ballistic impact event. The strain is collected through high-speed, full-spectral interrogation of the FBG during the event. The use of the wavelength shift and spectral distortion of the FBG provides a description of the strain profile and interaction between the optical fiber and Kevlar fabric. The measurements are correlated to high-speed camera images taken from the rear and side of the armor coupon. In future testing, this information can be applied to identify the sequence of energy dissipation mechanisms enacted within the armor to resist the ballistic impact. © OSA 2018 © 2018 The Author(s)
665	a57203028829	Schultz S.	p678	False	Conference	291	High-Speed Interrogation of Multiplexed Fiber Bragg Gratings with Spectral Distortion	Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors can be multiplexed in large numbers to monitor the performance of large structures. This paper addresses the collection of FBG reflection spectra from wavelength division multiplexed sensors at fast acquisition rates. The spectral and temporal resolution is first derived as a function of the tunable filter and measurement system properties. The method is applied to impact loading investigations of a stiffened composite skin panel. The reflected spectrum of each FBG in an array, embedded in the panel, is collected at 100 kHz during the impact events with a spectral resolution down to 40 pm. Visualization of the FBG responses to these impact events, including the presence of spectral distortion in some FBG spectra, is presented. Future analyses based on the full-spectral data sets can enable the assessment of the localized progression of internal damage in such structures. © 2001-2012 IEEE.
665	a57203028829	Schultz S.	p705	False	Journal	346	Non-perturbing voltage measurement in a coaxial cable with slab-coupled optical sensors	Voltage in a coaxial cable is measured by an electric-field optical fiber sensor exploiting the proportionality of voltage and electric field in a fixed structure. The sensor is inserted in a hole drilled through the dielectric of the RG-218 coaxial cable and sealed with epoxy to displace all air and prevent the adverse effects of charge buildup during high-voltage measurements. It is shown that the presence of the sensor in the coaxial cable does not significantly increase electrical reflections in the cable. A slab-coupled optical fiber sensor (SCOS) is used for its compact size and dielectric make. The dynamic range of 50 dB is shown experimentally with detection of signals as low as 1 V and up to 157 kV. A low corner of 0.3 Hz is demonstrated and the SCOS is shown to be able to measure 90 ns rise time. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
665	a57203028829	Schultz S.	p736	False	Conference	317	Project-based learning curriculum for the junior year based on building a laser tag system	[No abstract available]
665	a57203028829	Schultz S.	p740	False	Journal	346	Optical electric field sensor sensitivity direction rerouting and enhancement using a passive integrated dipole antenna	This work introduces a passive dipole antenna integrated into the packaging of a slab-coupled optical sensor to enhance the directional sensitivity of electro-optic electric field measurements parallel to the fiber axis. Using the passive integrated dipole antenna described in this work, a sensor that can typically only sense fields transverse to the fiber direction is able to sense a 1.25 kV/m field along the fiber direction with a gain of 17.5. This is verified through simulation and experiment. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
666	a56824897200	Nielsen J.	p190	True	Conference	40	Relative moving target tracking and circumnavigation	This paper develops observers and controllers for relative estimation and circumnavigation of a moving ground target using bearing-only measurements or range with bearing measurements. A bearing-only observer, range with bearing observer, a general circumnavigation velocity command for an arbitrary aircraft, and nonlinear velocity-based multirotor controller are developed. The observers are designed in the body-fixed reference frame, while the velocity command and multirotor controller are developed in the body-level frame, independent of aircraft heading. This enables target circumnavigation in GPS-denied environments when only a camera-IMU estimator is used for state estimation and ensures observable conditions for the estimator. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the observers, velocity command, and multirotor controller under various target motions. © 2019 American Automatic Control Council.
666	a56824897200	Nielsen J.	p215	False	Conference	50	Error-state LQR control of a multirotor UAV	We propose an implementation of an LQR controller for the full-state tracking of a time-dependent trajectory with a multirotor UAV. The proposed LQR formulation is based in Lie theory and linearized at each time step according to the multirotor's current state. We show experiments in both simulation and hardware that demonstrate the proposed control scheme's ability to accurately reach and track a given trajectory. The implementation is shown to run onboard at the full rate of a UAV's estimated state. © 2019 IEEE.
666	a56824897200	Nielsen J.	p794	True	Conference	331	Relative target estimation using a cascade of extended Kalman filters	This paper presents a method of tracking multiple ground targets from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in a 3D reference frame. The tracking method uses a monocular camera and makes no assumptions on the shape of the terrain or the target motion. The UAV runs two cascaded estimators. The first is an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), which is responsible for tracking the UAV's state, such as position and velocity relative to a fixed frame. The second estimator is an EKF that is responsible for estimating a fixed number of landmarks within the camera's field of view. Landmarks are parameterized by a quaternion associated with bearing from the camera's optical axis and an inverse distance parameter. The bearing quaternion allows for a minimal representation of each landmark's direction and distance, a filter with no singularities, and a fast update rate due to few trigonometric functions. Three methods for estimating the ground target positions are demonstrated: the first uses the landmark estimator directly on the targets, the second computes the target depth with a weighted average of converged landmark depths, and the third extends the target's measured bearing vector to intersect a ground plane approximated from the landmark estimates. Simulation results show that the third target estimation method yields the most accurate results. © 2017, Institute of Navigation.
667	a57210916608	Wynn J.S.	p191	True	Conference	41	Visual servoing with feed-forward for precision shipboard landing of an autonomous multirotor	In this paper the problem of performing a precision landing of an autonomous multirotor on a small barge at sea is studied. An image-based visual servoing approach, which was initially developed for landing on stationary targets, is extended to suit the shipboard landing case. The approach includes visual servoing for aligning the multirotor with a target on the vessel, and a velocity feed-forward term which is estimated online by fusing vision and GPS velocity measurements. Special considerations are made to account for the presence of wind, and the approach is validated through full-scale outdoor hardware flight tests. The hardware system is composed entirely from off-the-shelf components that are commonly used in industry. © 2019 American Automatic Control Council.
667	a57210916608	Wynn J.S.	p216	True	Conference	51	Visual servoing for multirotor precision landing in daylight and after-dark conditions	The problem of precision landing for autonomous multirotor UAVs operating during the day and at night is studied. A vision-based approach is proposed and consists of varying-degree-of-freedom image-based visual servoing (VDOF IBVS), and a specialized landing marker. The proposed approach is validated through extensive flight testing outdoors in both daylight and after-dark conditions, and is done using a standard off-the-shelf autopilot system. © 2019 IEEE.
668	a57210911049	Bidstrup C.C.	p192	True	Conference	42	Tracking multiple vehicles constrained to a road network from a uav with sparse visual measurements	Many multiple target tracking algorithms operate in the local frame of the sensor and have difficulty with track reallocation when targets move in and out of the sensor field of view. This poses a problem when an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is tracking multiple ground targets on a road network larger than its field of view. We propose a Rao-Blackwellized Particle Filter (RBPF) to maintain individual target tracks and to perform probabilistic data association when the targets are constrained to a road network. This is particularly useful when a target leaves then re-enters the UAV's field of view. The RBPF is structured as a particle filter of particle filters. The top level filter handles data association and each of its particles maintains a bank of particle filters to handle target tracking. The tracking particle filters incorporate both positive and negative information when a measurement is received. We then implement a receding horizon controller to improve the filter certainty of multiple target locations. The controller prioritizes searching for targets based on the entropy of each target's estimate. © 2019 American Automatic Control Council.
668	a57210911049	Bidstrup C.C.	p215	False	Conference	50	Error-state LQR control of a multirotor UAV	We propose an implementation of an LQR controller for the full-state tracking of a time-dependent trajectory with a multirotor UAV. The proposed LQR formulation is based in Lie theory and linearized at each time step according to the multirotor's current state. We show experiments in both simulation and hardware that demonstrate the proposed control scheme's ability to accurately reach and track a given trajectory. The implementation is shown to run onboard at the full rate of a UAV's estimated state. © 2019 IEEE.
669	a57207008616	Moore J.J.	p192	False	Conference	42	Tracking multiple vehicles constrained to a road network from a uav with sparse visual measurements	Many multiple target tracking algorithms operate in the local frame of the sensor and have difficulty with track reallocation when targets move in and out of the sensor field of view. This poses a problem when an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is tracking multiple ground targets on a road network larger than its field of view. We propose a Rao-Blackwellized Particle Filter (RBPF) to maintain individual target tracks and to perform probabilistic data association when the targets are constrained to a road network. This is particularly useful when a target leaves then re-enters the UAV's field of view. The RBPF is structured as a particle filter of particle filters. The top level filter handles data association and each of its particles maintains a bank of particle filters to handle target tracking. The tracking particle filters incorporate both positive and negative information when a measurement is received. We then implement a receding horizon controller to improve the filter certainty of multiple target locations. The controller prioritizes searching for targets based on the entropy of each target's estimate. © 2019 American Automatic Control Council.
670	a56315330500	Woodbury N.	p193	True	Conference	43	Abstractions and realizations of dynamic networks	This paper establishes the importance of abstractions and realizations of dynamic networks in characterizing the structure and dynamics of systems. Abstractions and realizations generate dynamically equivalent representations of systems with varying degrees of structural detail. We show that dynamic networks exist that contain the same level of detail as state space models, that other dynamic networks exist that contain the same level of detail as transfer functions, and that still other dynamic networks exist that are simultaneously abstractions of state space models and realizations of transfer functions; thus containing intermediate levels of structural detail. © 2019 American Automatic Control Council.
670	a56315330500	Woodbury N.	p280	True	Conference	66	Dynamic Networks: Representations, Abstractions, and Well-Posedness	This paper introduces notions of abstraction and realization for dynamic networks. These processes generate dynamically equivalent representations of a system, but with varying degrees of structural detail. Nuanced definitions and associated conditions for maintaining well-posedness for these multi-resolution representations of a dynamic system are then detailed, ensuring that hierarchies of network representations are sensible as multi-resolution models of dynamic networks. Although the ideas are developed precisely here for LTI networks, many of the concepts remain fundamental in the nonlinear setting. © 2018 IEEE.
670	a56315330500	Woodbury N.	p542	True	Conference	196	On the well-posedness of LTI networks	We consider networks of linear, time-invariant systems defined over matrices of rational functions in a complex variable where each element of the matrix represents a link in the network. When these rational functions are proper, but not necessarily strictly proper, we demonstrate the necessary and sufficient conditions under which such a network configuration is well-posed. We include multiple examples of network configurations and their respective well-posedness conditions, including cases where two or more ill-posed network configurations can be interconnected to form a well-posed network. © 2017 IEEE.
670	a56315330500	Woodbury N.	p682	False	Conference	294	Applying a passive network reconstruction technique to Twitter data in order to identify trend setters	In this work we apply a systems-theoretic approach to identifying trend setters on Twitter. A network reconstruction algorithm was applied to Twitter data to determine causal relationships among topics discussed by popular Twitter users. Causal relationships in this context means that the topics tweeted by a single user influences the topics tweeted by another user, regardless of sentiment. A user that causally influences other users, without themselves being strongly influenced is identified as a trendsetter. This work seeks to identify potential trendsetters among popular Twitter users and demonstrating that causal influence does not always directly correlate with a user's popularity in terms of followers-demonstrating that popularity alone may not be sufficient for identifying trendsetters on Twitter. © 2017 IEEE.
671	a55858031100	Wood A.E.	p194	True	Journal	131	Quantifying the effects of various factors on the utility of design ethnography in the developing world	Ethnography, a tool traditionally used by social scientists, has been adopted by product design engineers as a tool to build empathy, understand customers and their contexts, and learn about needs for a product. This tool is particularly valuable for designers from the developed world working on products for customers in developing communities as differences in culture, language, and life experience make the designer’s intuition less reliable in these communities. This paper reports the use of design ethnography under a variety of conditions in the developing world. The data analyzed here come from field studies completed in four different developing communities on four different continents. Researchers had varying degrees of cultural familiarity, language fluency, and community partner participation in each location. Other factors were also included in the study such as the effects of gender and age of the respondents, the ethnographic activity used, and others. Some of the results are intuitive and some are surprising, but all are quantified through rigorous statistical analysis. The results of this study can help design teams of all types including NGOs, student teams, industrial teams, and any other team with an interest in product design in developing communities. These results can help teams plan their own ethnographic activities to increase the likelihood of collecting information that is useful for making product design decisions based on the conditions of their particular project. © 2019, Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.
671	a55858031100	Wood A.E.	p743	False	Journal	358	Village Drill: A Case Study in Engineering for Global Development with Five Years of Data Post Market-Introduction	This paper presents a case study in engineering for global development. It introduces the Village Drill, which is an engineered product that has - 5 years after its introduction to the market - enabled hundreds of thousands of people across 15 countries and three continents to have access to clean water. The Village Drill creates a 15 cm (6 in) borehole as deep as 76 m (250 ft) to reach groundwater suitable for drinking. The case study presents facts for the actual development and sustaining and are unaltered for the purpose of publication. This approach provides the reader with a realistic view of the development time, testing conditions, fundraising, and the work needed to sustain the drill through 5 years of sales and distribution. The purpose of the case study is to provide sufficient and frank data about a real project so as to promote discussion, critique, and other evaluations that will lead to new developments that inspire and inform successful engineering for global development. As part of the case, the paper describes six fundamental items: the product, the customer, the impact, the manufacturing, the delivery, and the revenue model of the drill. Copyright © 2017 by ASME.
672	a57211493546	Wilson A.E.	p196	True	Conference	45	Neutron radiation testing of fault tolerant risc-v soft processor on xilinx SRAM-based FPGAs	Many space applications are considering the use of commercial SRAM-based FPGAs over radiation hardened devices. When using SRAM-based FPGAs, soft processors may be required to fulfill application requirements, but the FPGA designs must overcome radiation-induced soft errors to provide a reliable system. TMR is one solution in designing a fault tolerant soft processor to mitigate the failures caused by SEUs. This paper compares the neutron soft-error reliability of an unmitigated and TMR version of a Taiga RISC-V soft processor on a Xilinx SRAM-based FPGA. The TMR RISC-V processor showed a 33× reduction in the neutron cross section and a 27% decrease in operational frequency, resulting in a 24× improvement of the mean work to failure with a cost of around 5.6× resource utilization. © 2019 IEEE.
673	a57205881788	Baker M.J.	p197	True	Conference	46	Extended Abstract: Comparison of Peer and Instructor Qualitative Feedback on Presentations	New presentation-feedback technologies enable peers and instructors to provide real-time qualitative feedback on oral presentations. Previous research suggests that summative quantitative ratings of peers and instructors tend to be moderately reliable, but no research exists on how substantive qualitative ratings compare. Analyzing the substantive qualitative feedback from 10 students and 10 instructors on two professional presentations, this study analyzes differences in the message- and messenger-related comments of peers and instructors. Findings suggest that instructors provide proportionally more messenger-related feedback. © 2019 IEEE.
673	a57205881788	Baker M.J.	p222	False	Journal	145	Using case-method pedagogy to facilitate audience awareness	Introduction: Technical and professional communication (TPC) instructors value audience awareness, using peer-and client-based projects to facilitate it. We explore how students' audience awareness is facilitated by the case method, which presents students with a professional communication task within a workplace scenario. Situating the case: Case-method research suggests including a detailed audience and situation, multiple genres, and multimedia. Few studies have explored how case materials facilitate students' audience awareness. About the case: A 12-week case that was consistent with case-method research asked students to respond to an engineering firm's internal problem with a proposal and report. How the case was studied: Students from two sections of a genre-based course completed reflections about their audience awareness after the proposal and report. We qualitatively analyzed 51 reflections. Results/discussion: Students stated they could understand the facts about their primary audience but couldn't identify secondary and tertiary audiences. Students stated they could identify audience needs, but they disagreed about the amount of detail to understand those needs. Also, students stated they could respond to the audience using appropriate evidence and writing style. Conclusions: When using the case method, instructors should know that students may need varying levels of detail to interpret their audience's needs. Also, including data and conflicting needs gives students opportunities to make strategic decisions about content. © 1988-2012 IEEE.
674	a57214032187	Baker W.H.	p197	False	Conference	46	Extended Abstract: Comparison of Peer and Instructor Qualitative Feedback on Presentations	New presentation-feedback technologies enable peers and instructors to provide real-time qualitative feedback on oral presentations. Previous research suggests that summative quantitative ratings of peers and instructors tend to be moderately reliable, but no research exists on how substantive qualitative ratings compare. Analyzing the substantive qualitative feedback from 10 students and 10 instructors on two professional presentations, this study analyzes differences in the message- and messenger-related comments of peers and instructors. Findings suggest that instructors provide proportionally more messenger-related feedback. © 2019 IEEE.
675	a57208524360	Hanks K.N.	p198	True	Journal	132	Experimental Performance of Block-Out Connections at the Base of Steel Moment Frames	In a block-out connection, a steel column is connected to a footing through an opening (block-out) in a slab-on-grade that is later filled with unreinforced concrete. In design, engineers generally neglect any beneficial effects of the block-out concrete. The objective of this study is to experimentally quantify the effect of block-out concrete on the lower-bound flexural strength and stiffness of block-out connections at the base of steel moment frames. Eight specimens were tested with varying column shape, block-out depth, and baseplate/anchor rod designs. The block-out concrete increased the connection flexural strengths by 69%-91% for block-out depths that were 1.2-1.5 times the column depth. A strength model proposed in previous work was found to reasonably predict the flexural strength, accounting for the effects of block-out concrete. With regard to stiffness, specimens with block-out concrete depths at least 1.15 times the column depth could be accurately modeled as fixed at the top-of-footing elevation. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
676	a26634229600	Richards P.W.	p198	False	Journal	132	Experimental Performance of Block-Out Connections at the Base of Steel Moment Frames	In a block-out connection, a steel column is connected to a footing through an opening (block-out) in a slab-on-grade that is later filled with unreinforced concrete. In design, engineers generally neglect any beneficial effects of the block-out concrete. The objective of this study is to experimentally quantify the effect of block-out concrete on the lower-bound flexural strength and stiffness of block-out connections at the base of steel moment frames. Eight specimens were tested with varying column shape, block-out depth, and baseplate/anchor rod designs. The block-out concrete increased the connection flexural strengths by 69%-91% for block-out depths that were 1.2-1.5 times the column depth. A strength model proposed in previous work was found to reasonably predict the flexural strength, accounting for the effects of block-out concrete. With regard to stiffness, specimens with block-out concrete depths at least 1.15 times the column depth could be accurately modeled as fixed at the top-of-footing elevation. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
676	a26634229600	Richards P.W.	p425	False	Journal	235	Column axial load effects on the performance of skewed SMF RBS connections	The selection of an appropriate seismic steel system (braced frame, moment frame, shear wall, etc.) is often influenced by architectural considerations. Moment frame configurations offer the most architectural flexibility, but are somewhat limited by a lack of guidance in the AISC seismic provisions regarding the use of non-orthogonal (skewed) beam-column connections. A recent study investigating laterally skewed moment frame connections indicates adequate seismic performance; however, it was observed that skewed connections increase the potential for column twist and column flange yielding. It is unclear how larger column axial loads present in medium-to-high-rise structures will affect the performance of skewed special moment frame connections. This study investigates the effects of column axial loads on skewed special moment frame connections containing reduced beam sections (RBSs). Detailed finite element analyses are used for all investigations, and several beam-column connection configurations are considered, representing: 3 beam-column geometries (shallow, medium and deep columns); 4 levels of skew at the beam-to-column connection; and 4 levels of applied column axial load. Results indicate that for axial loads less than 50% of the column axial capacity, there is little effect on connection rotation capacity. Beam-skew angle is the main contributor to resulting column twist. With the exception of the deep column geometries that experienced local flange buckling at 50% ΦPn axial load, increased column axial loads have little effect on resulting column flange yielding in skewed RBS moment connections. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
676	a26634229600	Richards P.W.	p432	True	Journal	240	Flexural strength and stiffness of block-out connections for steel columns	In many steel buildings, the columns are attached to the foundation through a block-out in the slab-on-grade that is later filled with unreinforced concrete. Engineers typically neglect the block-out concrete in design, effectively treating block-out connections as exposed connections with pinned behavior. Quantifying the flexural strength and stiffness of block-out connections is helpful for determining moment demands on foundations and may lead to more economical connections at the base of steel moment frames. Eight experimental specimens (two-thirds scale) were subjected to lateral loads to investigate the effects of column size, block-out thickness, and load orientation on connection flexural strength and stiffness. The observed flexural strengths were 1.4–2.7 times greater than those calculated neglecting the block-out concrete, because the block-out concrete effectively thickened and expanded the column base plate. A simple method was developed that predicted the flexural strength of the block-out connections to within 10 percent. The effective flexural stiffness at the base of the columns that were tested could be reasonably estimated using a model that combines the theory of beams on elastic foundations with a base rotational spring. © 2018
677	a7005934389	Randall G.C.	p199	True	Journal	133	Lower-bound dislocation density mapping in microcoined tantalum using high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction	High-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) is used to map the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density in the cross-sections of annealed, rolled, and microcoined tantalum foils that are typical targets used in modern laser-induced compression materials science studies. The microcoined samples are characteristic of microforming, where the deformation length scale is on the order of the grain size (~50 μm). In particular, inhomogeneities in dislocation density maps across 0.1–1 mm regions of interest are compared with expectations from slip line field approximations. The average HR-EBSD GND dislocation density measurements in various annealed and cold worked tantalum samples are compared with corresponding dislocation density approximations from microhardness measurements. GND densities in the range 1013 − 1015 m−2 are typical. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
678	a57208823236	Hansen K.R.	p199	False	Journal	133	Lower-bound dislocation density mapping in microcoined tantalum using high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction	High-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) is used to map the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density in the cross-sections of annealed, rolled, and microcoined tantalum foils that are typical targets used in modern laser-induced compression materials science studies. The microcoined samples are characteristic of microforming, where the deformation length scale is on the order of the grain size (~50 μm). In particular, inhomogeneities in dislocation density maps across 0.1–1 mm regions of interest are compared with expectations from slip line field approximations. The average HR-EBSD GND dislocation density measurements in various annealed and cold worked tantalum samples are compared with corresponding dislocation density approximations from microhardness measurements. GND densities in the range 1013 − 1015 m−2 are typical. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
678	a57208823236	Hansen K.R.	p442	True	Journal	247	Lead sulfide quantum dots inside ferritin: synthesis and application to photovoltaics	We present a new water phase synthesis method for lead sulfide colloidal quantum dots, and test their applicability for use in photovoltaics. The quantum dots are synthesized inside ferritin protein shells (PbS-FTN). Our synthesis method is simpler than what has previously been reported for PbS-FTN quantum dots, namely we demonstrate that the synthesizing reaction can be run in an aerobic environment and with a Pb:S ratio of 1:1. Protection from photocorrosion is demonstrated by comparing the time evolution of photoluminescence from PbS-FTN with that of non-ferritin PbS quantum dots. In the photovoltaic testing, we use a dye-sensitized solar cell scheme with PbS-FTN as the dye and test several methods to adsorb PbS-FTN to the mesoporous TiO2 layer which is coated on the solar cell anodes. The highest performing cell shows an efficiency of 0.29% using the drop casting method. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
678	a57208823236	Hansen K.R.	p757	False	Journal	369	Tuning Ferritin's band gap through mixed metal oxide nanoparticle formation	This study uses the formation of a mixed metal oxide inside ferritin to tune the band gap energy of the ferritin mineral. The mixed metal oxide is composed of both Co and Mn, and is formed by reacting aqueous Co2+ with MnO4in the presence of apoferritin. Altering the ratio between the two reactants allowed for controlled tuning of the band gap energies. All minerals formed were indirect band gap materials, with indirect band gap energies ranging from 0.52 to 1.30 eV. The direct transitions were also measured, with energy values ranging from 2.71 to 3.11 eV. Tuning the band gap energies of these samples changes the wavelengths absorbed by each mineral, increasing ferritin's potential in solar-energy harvesting. Additionally, the success of using MnO4 in ferritin mineral formation opens the possibility for new mixed metal oxide cores inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
678	a57208823236	Hansen K.R.	p758	False	Journal	369	Permanganate-based synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles in ferritin	This paper investigates the comproportionation reaction of MnII with as a route for manganese oxide nanoparticle synthesis in the protein ferritin. We report that serves as the electron acceptor and reacts with MnII in the presence of apoferritin to form manganese oxide cores inside the protein shell. Manganese loading into ferritin was studied under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions and the ratios of MnII and permanganate were varied at each pH. The manganese-containing ferritin samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV/Vis absorption, and by measuring the band gap energies for each sample. Manganese cores were deposited inside ferritin under both the acidic and basic conditions. All resulting manganese ferritin samples were found to be indirect band gap materials with band gap energies ranging from 1.01 to 1.34 eV. An increased UV/Vis absorption around 370 nm was observed for samples formed under acidic conditions, suggestive of MnO2 formation inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
679	a57190605478	Jackson B.	p199	False	Journal	133	Lower-bound dislocation density mapping in microcoined tantalum using high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction	High-resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR-EBSD) is used to map the geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) density in the cross-sections of annealed, rolled, and microcoined tantalum foils that are typical targets used in modern laser-induced compression materials science studies. The microcoined samples are characteristic of microforming, where the deformation length scale is on the order of the grain size (~50 μm). In particular, inhomogeneities in dislocation density maps across 0.1–1 mm regions of interest are compared with expectations from slip line field approximations. The average HR-EBSD GND dislocation density measurements in various annealed and cold worked tantalum samples are compared with corresponding dislocation density approximations from microhardness measurements. GND densities in the range 1013 − 1015 m−2 are typical. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
680	a35508257500	Long D.G.	p200	True	Journal	134	Enhanced-Resolution SMAP Brightness Temperature Image Products	The NASA-sponsored Calibrated Passive Micro- wave Daily Equal-Area Scalable Earth Grid 2.0 Brightness Temperature (CETB) Earth System Data Record Project team has generated a multisensor, multidecadal time series of high-resolution radiometer products designed to support climate studies. This project uses image reconstruction techniques to generate conventional and enhanced-resolution daily brightness temperature images on a standard set of map projections. Sensors included in CETB are the Aqua Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer, and all Special Sensor Microwave/Imager and Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder radiometers. These span frequencies between 6 and 89 GHz. This paper considers the issues of adding the L-band (1.6 GHz) Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) radiometer measurements to the CETB climate record, with emphasis on optimizing the reconstruction to provide the highest possible spatial resolution at the lowest noise level. SMAP radiometer reconstruction on SMAP-standard grids is also considered. Simulation is used to optimize the reconstruction, and the results confirmed using actual data. A comparison of the performance of the Backus-Gilbert approach and the radiometer form of the Scatterometer Image Reconstruction algorithm is provided. These are compared to the conventional drop-in-the-bucket gridded imaging. © 1980-2012 IEEE.
680	a35508257500	Long D.G.	p218	False	Journal	134	Improved Ultrahigh-Resolution Wind Retrieval for RapidScat	This paper introduces RapidScat 2.5-km ultrahigh-resolution (UHR) wind estimation and validates it in near-coastal regions. RapidScat UHR wind estimation provides finer resolution ocean wind vector fields than conventional 12.5-km level 2B (L2B) wind products at a cost of higher noise. In addition, this paper applies direction interval retrieval techniques and develops other wind processing improvements to enhance the performance of RapidScat UHR wind estimation. The new algorithm is validated with L2B wind estimates, numerical weather prediction wind products, and buoy measurements. The wind processing improvements produce more spatially consistent UHR winds that compare well with the wind products mentioned above. © 2018 IEEE.
680	a35508257500	Long D.G.	p219	True	Journal	134	Scatterometer Backscatter Imaging Using Backus-Gilbert Inversion	Wind scatterometer measurements are collected over an irregular grid, and processing is required to generate backscatter images on an Earth-centered grid. The most common algorithms used for this are "drop in the bucket" (DIB) and variations of the scatterometer image reconstruction (SIR) algorithm. These algorithms are also used for radiometer brightness temperature imaging. The Backus-Gilbert (BG) algorithm has been used for radiometer imaging but has not been applied to scatterometer backscatter imaging. In this paper, the application of BG to scatterometer backscatter imaging is explored and its performance is compared to DIB and SIR. Like SIR, optimally tuned BG is capable of producing higher resolution images than DIB, though its noise performance is slightly inferior to SIR's. While BG and SIR produce similar results for radiometer data, the higher relative noise level of scatterometer data increases the differences between the SIR and BG algorithm performance, and limits the performance of BG relative to SIR in scatterometer imaging. Comparison of the SIR and BG algorithms in scatterometer imaging offers important insights into the inversion/reconstruction problem. © 2018 IEEE.
680	a35508257500	Long D.G.	p397	False	Journal	215	The winds and currents mission concept	The Winds and Currents Mission (WaCM) is a proposed approach to meet the need identified by the NRC Decadal Survey for the simultaneous measurements of ocean vector winds and currents. WaCM features a Ka-band pencil-beam Doppler scatterometer able to map ocean winds and currents globally. We review the principles behind the WaCM measurement and the requirements driving the mission. We then present an overview of the WaCM observatory and tie its capabilities to other OceanObs reviews and measurement approaches. © 2019 Rodríguez, Bourassa, Chelton, Farrar, Long, Perkovic-Martin and Samelson.
680	a35508257500	Long D.G.	p576	False	Conference	221	Femtosats: Elegant flight telemetry payloads for model rockets	An elegant telemetry payload, which transmits IMU, atmospheric, or light data during flight and deployment from a small model rocket, is presented. Data is received by a custom, mobile, hand-pointed ground station. The payload is patterned after a thumb-sized satellite, called a femtosat. Its design is optimized for ease of implementation. The femtosat system resulted from a grassroots, student peer-mentoring program developed at Brigham Young University. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
680	a35508257500	Long D.G.	p590	False	Conference	233	Architectures for Earth-observing CubeSat scatterometers	Earth-observing satellite scatterometers are important instruments capable of measuring a variety of geophysical properties. Historically, the scatterometer design space has revolved around two main architectures: the fan beam and the scanning pencil beam. Since the implementation of these architectures, developments in satellite- relevant technology, spacecraft standards, and engineering practice have expanded the potential design space for Earth-observing scatterometer systems. This expanded design space is investigated and example designs are presented that utilize the expanded design space to improve performance and reduce cost. © 2018 SPIE.
680	a35508257500	Long D.G.	p628	False	Journal	311	Guest Editorial Special Issue on Marine and Maritime Radar Remote Sensing	[No abstract available]
680	a35508257500	Long D.G.	p767	False	Journal	374	Ground-based 3D radar imaging of trees using a 2D synthetic aperture	Motivated by the desire to gain insight into the details of conventional airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging of trees, a ground-based SAR system designed for short-range three-dimensional (3D) radar imaging is developed using a two-dimensional (2D) synthetic aperture. The heart of the system is a compact linear frequency modulation-continuous wave (LFM-CW) radar, a custom two-dimensional scan mechanism, and a three-dimensional time-domain backprojection algorithm that generates three-dimensional backscatter images at an over-sampled resolution of 10 cm by 10 cm by 10 cm. The backprojection algorithm is formulated directly in spatial coordinates. A new method for estimating and compensating for signal attenuation within the canopy is used that exploits the backprojection image formation approach. Several three-dimensional C-band backscatter images of different individual trees of multiple species are generated from data collected for trees both in isolation and near buildings. The trees imaged in this study are about 10 m in height. The transformation of the three-dimensional images to airborne SAR images is described and a sample result provided. © 2017 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
680	a35508257500	Long D.G.	p800	False	Journal	390	Extension of the QuikSCAT Sea Ice Extent Data Set with OSCAT Data	The Ku-band Oceansat-2 Scatterometer (OSCAT) is very similar to the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT), which operated from 1999 to 2009. OSCAT continues the Ku-band scatterometer data record through 2014 with an overlap of 19 days with QuikSCAT's mission in 2009. This letter discusses a particular climate application of the time series for sea ice extent observation. In this letter, a QuikSCAT sea ice extent algorithm is modified for OSCAT. Gaps in OSCAT data are accounted for and filled in to support sea ice extent mapping. The OSCAT sea ice extent data are validated with QuikSCAT and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager sea ice extent data. © 2004-2012 IEEE.
681	a8321530600	Brodzik M.J.	p200	False	Journal	134	Enhanced-Resolution SMAP Brightness Temperature Image Products	The NASA-sponsored Calibrated Passive Micro- wave Daily Equal-Area Scalable Earth Grid 2.0 Brightness Temperature (CETB) Earth System Data Record Project team has generated a multisensor, multidecadal time series of high-resolution radiometer products designed to support climate studies. This project uses image reconstruction techniques to generate conventional and enhanced-resolution daily brightness temperature images on a standard set of map projections. Sensors included in CETB are the Aqua Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer, and all Special Sensor Microwave/Imager and Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder radiometers. These span frequencies between 6 and 89 GHz. This paper considers the issues of adding the L-band (1.6 GHz) Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) radiometer measurements to the CETB climate record, with emphasis on optimizing the reconstruction to provide the highest possible spatial resolution at the lowest noise level. SMAP radiometer reconstruction on SMAP-standard grids is also considered. Simulation is used to optimize the reconstruction, and the results confirmed using actual data. A comparison of the performance of the Backus-Gilbert approach and the radiometer form of the Scatterometer Image Reconstruction algorithm is provided. These are compared to the conventional drop-in-the-bucket gridded imaging. © 1980-2012 IEEE.
682	a7005709969	Hardman M.A.	p200	False	Journal	134	Enhanced-Resolution SMAP Brightness Temperature Image Products	The NASA-sponsored Calibrated Passive Micro- wave Daily Equal-Area Scalable Earth Grid 2.0 Brightness Temperature (CETB) Earth System Data Record Project team has generated a multisensor, multidecadal time series of high-resolution radiometer products designed to support climate studies. This project uses image reconstruction techniques to generate conventional and enhanced-resolution daily brightness temperature images on a standard set of map projections. Sensors included in CETB are the Aqua Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer, and all Special Sensor Microwave/Imager and Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder radiometers. These span frequencies between 6 and 89 GHz. This paper considers the issues of adding the L-band (1.6 GHz) Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) radiometer measurements to the CETB climate record, with emphasis on optimizing the reconstruction to provide the highest possible spatial resolution at the lowest noise level. SMAP radiometer reconstruction on SMAP-standard grids is also considered. Simulation is used to optimize the reconstruction, and the results confirmed using actual data. A comparison of the performance of the Backus-Gilbert approach and the radiometer form of the Scatterometer Image Reconstruction algorithm is provided. These are compared to the conventional drop-in-the-bucket gridded imaging. © 1980-2012 IEEE.
683	a57208255032	Badger J.C.	p201	True	Journal	135	Normalized Coordinate Equations and an Energy Method for Predicting Natural Curved-Fold Configurations	Of the many valid configurations that a curved fold may assume, it is of particular interest to identify natural - or lowest energy - configurations that physical models will preferentially assume. We present normalized coordinate equations - equations that relate fold surface properties to their edge of regression - to simplify curved-fold relationships. An energy method based on these normalized coordinate equations is developed to identify natural configurations of general curved folds. While it has been noted that natural configurations have nearly planar creases for curved folds, we show that nonplanar behavior near the crease ends substantially reduces the energy of a fold. © 2019 ASME.
684	a15848771600	Lang R.J.	p201	False	Journal	135	Normalized Coordinate Equations and an Energy Method for Predicting Natural Curved-Fold Configurations	Of the many valid configurations that a curved fold may assume, it is of particular interest to identify natural - or lowest energy - configurations that physical models will preferentially assume. We present normalized coordinate equations - equations that relate fold surface properties to their edge of regression - to simplify curved-fold relationships. An energy method based on these normalized coordinate equations is developed to identify natural configurations of general curved folds. While it has been noted that natural configurations have nearly planar creases for curved folds, we show that nonplanar behavior near the crease ends substantially reduces the energy of a fold. © 2019 ASME.
684	a15848771600	Lang R.J.	p283	False	Journal	185	Origami fold states: Concept and design tool	The ability of origami to alter its properties and behaviors with its shape makes it an elegant source of inspiration for many engineering designs challenges. Fold states specify the shape of the origami - its facets, creases, and fold angles. Origami research recognizes several acknowledged fold states: The unfolded, fully folded, and flat-folded states. However, these fold states are not comprehensive, excluding some of the most predominant fold states in origami-based devices. In this paper we propose a comprehensive list of fold states based on fold angles. We support the method of categorizing fold states by evaluating the functions and fold states of a large sample of origami-based devices. These correlations provide insight for selecting fold states for origami-based design. We discuss properties and behaviors of the fold states individually and provide a process for fold-state selection. © Author(s) 2019.
684	a15848771600	Lang R.J.	p381	True	Conference	139	Rigidly foldable thick origami using designed-offset linkages	We present new families of thick origami mechanisms that achieve rigid foldability and parallel stacking of panels in the flat-folded state using linkages for some or all of the hinges between panels. A degree-four vertex results in a multi-loop eight-bar spatial mechanism that can be analyzed as separate linkages. The individual linkages are designed so that they introduce offsets perpendicular to the panels that are mutually compatible around each vertex. This family of mechanisms offers the unique combination of a planar unfolded state, parallel-stacked panels in the flat folded state, and kinematic single-degree-of-freedom motion from the flat-unfolded to the flat-folded state. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
684	a15848771600	Lang R.J.	p383	False	Journal	209	Developable mechanisms on developable surfaces	The trend toward smaller mechanism footprints and volumes, while maintaining the ability to perform complex tasks, presents the opportunity for exploration of hypercompact mechanical systems integrated with curved surfaces. Developable surfaces are shapes that a flat sheet can take without tearing or stretching, and they represent a wide range of manufactured surfaces. This work introduces “developable mechanisms” as devices that emerge from or conform to developable surfaces. They are made possible by aligning hinge axes with developable surface ruling lines to enable mobility. Because rigid-link motion depends on the relative orientation of hinge axes and not link geometry, links can take the shape of the corresponding developable surface. Mechanisms are classified by their associated surface type, and these relationships are defined and demonstrated by example. Developable mechanisms show promise for meeting unfilled needs using systems not previously envisioned. © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved.
684	a15848771600	Lang R.J.	p412	False	Journal	222	A model for multi-input mechanical advantage in origami-based mechanisms	Mechanical advantage is traditionally defined for single-input and single-output rigidbody mechanisms. A generalized approach for identifying single-output mechanical advantage for a multiple-input compliant mechanism, such as many origami-based mechanisms, would prove useful in predicting complex mechanism behavior. While origamibased mechanisms are capable of offering unique solutions to engineering problems, the design process of such mechanisms is complicated by the interaction of motion and forces. This paper presents a model of the mechanical advantage for multi-input compliant mechanisms and explores how modifying the parameters of a model affects their behavior. The model is used to predict the force-deflection behavior of an origami-based mechanism (Oriceps) and is verified with experimental data from magnetic actuation of the mechanism. © 2018 by ASME.
684	a15848771600	Lang R.J.	p457	False	Conference	163	Implementation of Rolling Contacts for SORCE Joints	The Synchronized-offset-rolling-contact element (SORCE) technique for thickness accommodation in origami-inspired mechanisms combines selected strengths of several thickness-accomadation techniques but with the tradeoff of manufacturing complexity of rolling joints. This work presents principles to facilitate the construction of rolling joints suitable for applications like the SORCE technique. These include leveraging fold-angle multipliers of origami vertices, variations of flexure assembly, sunken flexures, and form-closed rolling joints. Prototypes of origami-mechanisms using the SORCE technique are constructed demonstrating these principles. © 2018 IEEE.
684	a15848771600	Lang R.J.	p524	True	Journal	222	Rigidly foldable quadrilateral meshes from angle arrays	We present a design technique for generating rigidly foldable quadrilateral meshes (RFQMs), taking as input four arrays of direction angles and fold angles for horizontal and vertical folds. By starting with angles, rather than vertex coordinates, and enforcing the fold-angle multiplier condition at each vertex, it is possible to achieve arbitrarily large and complex panel arrays that flex from unfolded to flatly folded with a single degree-of-freedom (DOF). Furthermore, the design technique is computationally simple, reducing for some cases to a simple linear-programming problem. The resulting mechanisms have applications in architectural facades, furniture design, and more. © 2018 by ASME.
684	a15848771600	Lang R.J.	p598	True	Journal	306	A Review of Thickness-Accommodation Techniques in Origami-Inspired Engineering	Origami has served as the inspiration for a number of engineered systems. In most cases, they require nonpaper materials where material thickness is non-negligible. Foldable mechanisms based on origami-like forms present special challenges for preserving kinematics and assuring non-self-intersection when the thickness of the panels must be accommodated. Several design approaches for constructing thick origami mechanisms by beginning with a zero-thickness origami pattern and transforming it into a rigidly foldable mechanism with thick panels are reviewed. The review includes existing approaches and introduces new hybrid approaches. The approaches are compared and contrasted and their manufacturability analyzed. © 2018 by ASME.
684	a15848771600	Lang R.J.	p599	True	Journal	306	Closure to "discussion of 'a review of thickness-accommodation techniques in origami-inspired engineering'" (Lang, R. J., Tolman, K. A., Crampton, E. B., Magleby, S. P., and Howell, L. L., 2018, ASME Appl. Mech. Rev., 70(1), p. 010805)	[No abstract available]
684	a15848771600	Lang R.J.	p762	True	Journal	371	Thick rigidly foldable origami mechanisms based on synchronized offset rolling contact elements	We present a general technique for achieving kinematic single degree of freedom (1DOF) origami-based mechanisms with thick rigid panels using synchronized offset rolling contact elements (SORCEs). We present general design analysis for planar and 3D relative motions between panels and show physically realized examples. The technique overcomes many of the limitations of previous approaches for thick rigidly foldable mechanisms. © 2017 by ASME.
684	a15848771600	Lang R.J.	p854	True	Conference	378	Kinematics and discretization of curved-fold mechanisms	We present several new properties of curved-fold mechanisms, those with smoothly curved surfaces joined by sharp curved folds. After describing curved folds and various relationships among their geometric properties, we show that there is an important class, uniform folds, that is particularly well suited to low-degree-of-freedom mechanisms. There is a natural discretization algorithm for uniform curved folds; we present this algorithm and show discretized example mechanisms. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
684	a15848771600	Lang R.J.	p855	False	Conference	379	Split-vertex technique for thickness-accommodation in origami-based mechanisms	A novel thickness-accommodation technique for origami based mechanisms is introduced. This technique modifies a zerothickness pattern by splitting each vertex along the minor folds into a system of two vertices. The modified fold pattern then has thickness applied to it and the resulting mechanism is kinematically equivalent to the modified fold pattern. Origami patterns that are rigid-foldable and only have two panels that stack between folds are utilized in the technique. The technique produces thick origami mechanisms where all panels lie in a plane in the unfolded state without any holes or protrusions and maintain a single degree of freedom. Steps for synthesizing split-vertex mechanisms are presented and examples of split-vertex mechanisms are shown. Advantages and potential applications of the technique are discussed. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
684	a15848771600	Lang R.J.	p856	True	Conference	380	Rigidly foldable quadrilateral meshes from angle arrays	We present a design technique for generating rigidly fold-able quadrilateral meshes, taking as input four arrays of direction angles and fold angles for horizontal and vertical folds. By starting with angles, rather than vertex coordinates, and enforcing the fold-angle-multiplier condition at each vertex, it is possible to achieve arbitrarily large and complex panel arrays that flex from unfolded to flatly folded with a single degree of freedom. Furthermore, the design technique is computationally simple, reducing for some cases to a simple linear programming problem. The resulting mechanisms have applications in architectural facades, furniture design, and more. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
685	a57199980412	Guo C.	p202	True	Journal	136	Heat transfer to bouncing droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces	This study experimentally and theoretically investigates the dynamics and heat transfer to impinging water droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces heated below the boiling temperature. Different from impingement on hydrophilic substrates, the droplets rebound from the surface after the spreading and retraction stages. Experiments are performed using simultaneous high speed video and infrared (IR) imaging to capture droplet dynamics and temperature variation during the transient event. Thermal images allow estimation of bulk droplet temperature change during contact such that the cooling effectiveness for an individual droplet can be estimated. A similarity solution is utilized to yield a model for the transient heat flux at the droplet-wall interface, where convection inside the droplet is accounted for. The experimental and theoretical results for the cooling effectiveness show good agreement. It is revealed that the cooling effectiveness increases with Weber number but decreases with droplet diameter and surface cavity fraction (the ratio of cavity area to total surface area). © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
686	a55475654800	Zhao D.	p202	False	Journal	136	Heat transfer to bouncing droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces	This study experimentally and theoretically investigates the dynamics and heat transfer to impinging water droplets on superhydrophobic surfaces heated below the boiling temperature. Different from impingement on hydrophilic substrates, the droplets rebound from the surface after the spreading and retraction stages. Experiments are performed using simultaneous high speed video and infrared (IR) imaging to capture droplet dynamics and temperature variation during the transient event. Thermal images allow estimation of bulk droplet temperature change during contact such that the cooling effectiveness for an individual droplet can be estimated. A similarity solution is utilized to yield a model for the transient heat flux at the droplet-wall interface, where convection inside the droplet is accounted for. The experimental and theoretical results for the cooling effectiveness show good agreement. It is revealed that the cooling effectiveness increases with Weber number but decreases with droplet diameter and surface cavity fraction (the ratio of cavity area to total surface area). © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
687	a43961414900	Ridge S.T.	p203	True	Journal	137	Relationships between footwear, foot structure, and foot muscle strength	[No abstract available]
688	a9041055700	Remund K.	p204	False	Journal	137	Running shoe optimal stiffness and speed	[No abstract available]
689	a57191156976	Hammond A.M.	p205	True	Journal	138	Accelerating silicon photonic parameter extraction using artificial neural networks	We present a novel silicon photonic parameter extraction tool that uses artificial neural networks. While other parameter extraction methods are restricted to relatively simple devices whose responses are easily modeled by analytic transfer functions, this method is capable of extracting parameters for any device with a discrete number of design parameters. To validate the method, we design and fabricate integrated chirped Bragg gratings. We then estimate the actual device parameters by iteratively fitting the simultaneously measured group delay and reflection profiles to the artificial neural network output. The method is fast, accurate, and capable of modeling the complicated chirping and index contrast. © 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement.
689	a57191156976	Hammond A.M.	p424	True	Journal	234	Error correction in structured optical receivers	Quantum green machines using integrated optics may enable better communication in photon-starved environments, but fabrication inconsistencies induce unpredictable internal phase errors, making them difficult to construct. We describe and experimentally demonstrate a new method to compensate for arbitrary phase errors by deriving a convex error space and implementing an algorithm to learn a unique codebook of codewords corresponding to each matrix. © 1995-2012 IEEE.
689	a57191156976	Hammond A.M.	p561	True	Conference	210	Open source computational photonics toolbox	We present an open source and collaborative integrated photonics simulation environment capable of accurately modeling individual components using traditional vectorial methods and large circuits using linear system theory and deep learning. © 2018 The Author(s).
689	a57191156976	Hammond A.M.	p740	False	Journal	346	Optical electric field sensor sensitivity direction rerouting and enhancement using a passive integrated dipole antenna	This work introduces a passive dipole antenna integrated into the packaging of a slab-coupled optical sensor to enhance the directional sensitivity of electro-optic electric field measurements parallel to the fiber axis. Using the passive integrated dipole antenna described in this work, a sensor that can typically only sense fields transverse to the fiber direction is able to sense a 1.25 kV/m field along the fiber direction with a gain of 17.5. This is verified through simulation and experiment. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
690	a57209978209	Potokar E.	p205	False	Journal	138	Accelerating silicon photonic parameter extraction using artificial neural networks	We present a novel silicon photonic parameter extraction tool that uses artificial neural networks. While other parameter extraction methods are restricted to relatively simple devices whose responses are easily modeled by analytic transfer functions, this method is capable of extracting parameters for any device with a discrete number of design parameters. To validate the method, we design and fabricate integrated chirped Bragg gratings. We then estimate the actual device parameters by iteratively fitting the simultaneously measured group delay and reflection profiles to the artificial neural network output. The method is fast, accurate, and capable of modeling the complicated chirping and index contrast. © 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement.
691	a57118455800	Liu F.C.	p206	True	Journal	139	Effect of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Metal Weld Used in Power Plants	High base metal dilution (50 pct) dissimilar metal weld between A508 low-alloy steel and 309L clad layer was fabricated to investigate the effect of extended post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on microstructure and mechanical properties. Extended PWHT at 607 °C caused significant carbon migration and microstructural change across the fusion boundary. Following PWHT at 607 °C for 20 hours, the carbon-enriched zone exhibited little to no reduction in hardness although 20 pct hardness reduction occurred in the remainder of the first butter layer. This is because tempering of the martensite in the carbon-enriched zone was entirely offset by the formation of a high density of chromium carbides. In contrast, following PWHT at 607 °C for 20 hours the average hardness of the carbon-depleted zone decreased from 241 HV to 169 HV due to the elimination of martensite, ferrite grain coarsening and carbon depletion. In addition, the extended PWHT significantly enhanced the mismatch in mechanical properties between the carbon-enriched zone (351 HV) and the adjacent carbon-depleted zone (169 HV). The formation of chromium carbides (less than 200 nm in size) in the carbon-enriched zone reduced the carbon concentration in the matrix, generating a continued driving force for carbon migration from A508 steel to the weld metal during PWHT. © 2019, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.
691	a57118455800	Liu F.C.	p252	False	Journal	165	Predicting recrystallized grain size in friction stir processed 304L stainless steel	A major dilemma faced in the nuclear industry is repair of stainless steel reactor components that have been exposed to neutron irradiation. When conventional fusion welding is used for repair, intergranular cracks develop in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Friction stir processing (FSP), which operates at much lower peak temperatures than fusion welding, was studied as a crack repair method for irradiated 304L stainless steel. A numerical simulation of the FSP process in 304L was developed to predict temperatures and recrystallized grain size in the stir zone. The model employed an Eulerian finite element approach, where flow stresses for a large range of strain rates and temperatures inherent in FSP were used as input. Temperature predictions in three locations near the stir zone were accurate to within 4%, while prediction of welding power was accurate to within 5% of experimental measurements. The predicted recrystallized grain sizes ranged from 7.6 to 10.6 μm, while the experimentally measured grains sizes in the same locations ranged from 6.0 to 7.6 μm. The maximum error in predicted recrystallized grain size was about 39%, but the associated stir zone hardness from the predicted grain sizes was only different from the experiment by about 10%. © 2019
691	a57118455800	Liu F.C.	p499	True	Journal	270	Twining and dynamic recrystallization in austenitic Alloy 718 during friction welding	Quantitative boundary misorientation analysis verified that discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) was the primary grain refinement mechanism in friction welding of Alloy 718. Two models were developed to explain the formation mechanism of intragranular twins and intergranular twins, respectively. Intragranular twins were caused by grain boundary growth incidents. After twin initiation, the twin boundary migrated toward the plastic-deformed grain interior to reduce the stored energy. Additionally, intergranular twin boundaries were ascribed to boundary growth stagnation. When boundary growth stagnation occurred, twin boundaries could form and altered the orientation of the boundary migration front, so that boundary migration could progress, leaving a single twin boundary behind. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.
691	a57118455800	Liu F.C.	p547	True	Journal	301	Grain structure evolution, grain boundary sliding and material flow resistance in friction welding of Alloy 718	Alloy 718 tubes were subjected to rotary friction welding to understand to the process fundamental and grain structure evolution during welding. The distribution of grain size, low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs), and twin boundaries throughout the joints were quantitatively analyzed. The weld power, axial load, and weld temperature were monitored. The grain structure evolution during friction welding was clarified. The grain structure in the recrystallization zone (RXZ) of the weld was a result of competition between dynamic recrystallization and grain boundary sliding (GBS), which is controlled by the local deformation condition. The axial force during welding decreased with reducing the rotation rate from 1000 rpm to 500 rpm. This anomalistic phenomenon can be ascribed that a decrease in rotation rate resulted in finer grain size in the RXZ of the weld, which required lower applied force to enable GBS. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
691	a57118455800	Liu F.C.	p572	True	Journal	303	A review of friction stir welding of steels: Tool, material flow, microstructure, and properties	Considerable progress has been achieved in friction stir welding (FSW) of steels in every aspect of tool fabrication, microstructure control and properties evaluation in the past two decades. With the development of reliable welding tools and precise control systems, FSW of steels has reached a new level of technical maturity. High-quality, long welds can be produced in many engineering steels. Compared to traditional fusion welding, FSW exhibits unique advantages producing joints with better properties. As a result of active control of the welding temperature and/or cooling rate, FSW has the capability of fabricating steel joints with excellent toughness and strength. For example, unfavorable phase transformations that usually occur during traditional welding can be avoided and favorable phase fractions in advanced steels can be maintained in the weld zone thus avoiding the typical property degradations associated with fusion welding. If phase transformations do occur during FSW of thick steels, optimization of microstructure and properties can be attained by controlling the heat input and post-weld cooling rate. © 2017
691	a57118455800	Liu F.C.	p573	False	Journal	303	Solid state crack repair by friction stir processing in 304L stainless steel	Friction stir processing (FSP) was investigated as a method of repairing cracks in 12 mm thick 304L stainless steel plate. Healing feasibility was demonstrated by processing a tapered crack using a PCBN/W-Re tool with a 25 mm diameter shoulder and a pin length of 6.4 mm. The experiment showed that it was possible to heal a crack that begins narrow and then progressively grows up to a width of 2 mm. Bead on plate experiments were used to find the best parameters for creating a consolidated stir zone with the least amount of hardness difference compared to the base metal. Grain refinement in some specimens resulted in much higher stir zone hardness, compared to base metal. A plot of grain size versus microhardness showed a very strong inverse correlation between grain size and hardness, as expected from the Hall-Petch relationship. Corrosion testing was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of FSP on potential sensitization of the stir zone. After 1000 h of intermittent immersion in 3.5% saline solution at room temperature it was found that no corrosion products formed on the base material controls or on any of the friction stir processed specimens. © 2017
691	a57118455800	Liu F.C.	p778	True	Journal	385	In-situ grain structure and texture evolution during friction stir welding of austenite stainless steel	The in-situ grain structure and texture evolution during the whole process of friction stir welding (FSW) are clarified. As the base material approached the probe, grains were compressed, forming compression zone (CPZ). The grains evolved to fine equiaxed grains mainly through discontinue dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) and twining as it approached the tool. As material in MFZ rotated around the probe, the fraction of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) was reduced, the ratio of twin boundaries increased, and the grain size distribution became wider, while the average grain size was fairly constant despite the increase in strain. After the material was deposited behind the probe, the grains began to grow. Deformation caused by tool shoulder disrupted the twin boundaries and generated some segments of LAGBs. In the post-weld zone, some LAGBs disappeared and new twin boundaries developed as a result of elevated temperatures. The B component {112} 〈110〉 was developed and was sustained in the MFZ with its shear direction being consisted with the local probe rotation. The shear plan of B component maintained approximately 30 deg. away from the probe surface. In the weld zone behind the probe, the B component was weakened and evolved to a C component {001}〈110〉. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
692	a7401431037	Nelson T.W.	p206	False	Journal	139	Effect of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Metal Weld Used in Power Plants	High base metal dilution (50 pct) dissimilar metal weld between A508 low-alloy steel and 309L clad layer was fabricated to investigate the effect of extended post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on microstructure and mechanical properties. Extended PWHT at 607 °C caused significant carbon migration and microstructural change across the fusion boundary. Following PWHT at 607 °C for 20 hours, the carbon-enriched zone exhibited little to no reduction in hardness although 20 pct hardness reduction occurred in the remainder of the first butter layer. This is because tempering of the martensite in the carbon-enriched zone was entirely offset by the formation of a high density of chromium carbides. In contrast, following PWHT at 607 °C for 20 hours the average hardness of the carbon-depleted zone decreased from 241 HV to 169 HV due to the elimination of martensite, ferrite grain coarsening and carbon depletion. In addition, the extended PWHT significantly enhanced the mismatch in mechanical properties between the carbon-enriched zone (351 HV) and the adjacent carbon-depleted zone (169 HV). The formation of chromium carbides (less than 200 nm in size) in the carbon-enriched zone reduced the carbon concentration in the matrix, generating a continued driving force for carbon migration from A508 steel to the weld metal during PWHT. © 2019, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.
692	a7401431037	Nelson T.W.	p252	False	Journal	165	Predicting recrystallized grain size in friction stir processed 304L stainless steel	A major dilemma faced in the nuclear industry is repair of stainless steel reactor components that have been exposed to neutron irradiation. When conventional fusion welding is used for repair, intergranular cracks develop in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Friction stir processing (FSP), which operates at much lower peak temperatures than fusion welding, was studied as a crack repair method for irradiated 304L stainless steel. A numerical simulation of the FSP process in 304L was developed to predict temperatures and recrystallized grain size in the stir zone. The model employed an Eulerian finite element approach, where flow stresses for a large range of strain rates and temperatures inherent in FSP were used as input. Temperature predictions in three locations near the stir zone were accurate to within 4%, while prediction of welding power was accurate to within 5% of experimental measurements. The predicted recrystallized grain sizes ranged from 7.6 to 10.6 μm, while the experimentally measured grains sizes in the same locations ranged from 6.0 to 7.6 μm. The maximum error in predicted recrystallized grain size was about 39%, but the associated stir zone hardness from the predicted grain sizes was only different from the experiment by about 10%. © 2019
692	a7401431037	Nelson T.W.	p261	False	Journal	171	Microstructural evaluation of hydrogen embrittlement and successive recovery in advanced high strength steel	Advanced high strength steels (AHSS) have high susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement, and are often exposed to hydrogen environments in processing. In order to study the embrittlement and recovery of steel, tensile tests were conducted on two different types of AHSS over time after hydrogen charging. Concentration measurements and hydrogen microprinting were carried out at the same time steps to visualize the hydrogen behavior during recovery. The diffusible hydrogen concentration was found to decay exponentially, and empirical relations were found for both types of steel. Hydrogen concentration decay rates were determined to be -0.355 /hr in TBF-980, and -0.225 /hr in DP-980. Hydrogen concentration thresholds for embrittlement were found to be 1.04 mL/100 g for TBF, and 0.87 mL/100 g for DP steel. TBF steel is predicted to recover from embrittlement within 4.2 h, compared to 7.2 h in DP steel. A two-factor method of evaluating recovery from embrittlement, requiring hydrogen concentration threshold and decay rate, is explained for use in predicting recovery after exposure to hydrogen. Anisotropic hydrogen diffusion rates were also observed on the surface of both steels for a short time after charging, as hydrogen left the surface through <001> and <101> grains faster than grains with <111> orientations. This could be explained by differences in surface energies between the different orientations. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
692	a7401431037	Nelson T.W.	p499	False	Journal	270	Twining and dynamic recrystallization in austenitic Alloy 718 during friction welding	Quantitative boundary misorientation analysis verified that discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) was the primary grain refinement mechanism in friction welding of Alloy 718. Two models were developed to explain the formation mechanism of intragranular twins and intergranular twins, respectively. Intragranular twins were caused by grain boundary growth incidents. After twin initiation, the twin boundary migrated toward the plastic-deformed grain interior to reduce the stored energy. Additionally, intergranular twin boundaries were ascribed to boundary growth stagnation. When boundary growth stagnation occurred, twin boundaries could form and altered the orientation of the boundary migration front, so that boundary migration could progress, leaving a single twin boundary behind. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.
692	a7401431037	Nelson T.W.	p514	False	Journal	283	Non-dimensional modeling of the effects of weld parameters on peak temperature and cooling rate in friction stir welding	Experimental data from friction stir welded Al 7075 and HSLA-65 were used to create dimensionless, empirical models relating critical weld parameters to the peak temperature rise and cooling rate of the weld heat-affected zone. Five different backing plate materials and a wide range of travel speeds and weld powers were used in the experimental design to ensure the models are relevant to a broad range of welding parameters. The resulting models have R-squared values of 0.997 and 0.995 for the dimensionless peak temperature rise and cooling rate correlations, respectively. Demonstrations of the models’ practical applications are provided. Herein is shown how the models can identify welding parameter (i.e. travel speed or power) levels needed to produce a desired weld peak temperature rise or cooling rate. Also demonstrated is how the models can be used to explore the relative effects of travel speed and backing plate thermal diffusivity on weld peak temperature rise and cooling rate. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
692	a7401431037	Nelson T.W.	p547	False	Journal	301	Grain structure evolution, grain boundary sliding and material flow resistance in friction welding of Alloy 718	Alloy 718 tubes were subjected to rotary friction welding to understand to the process fundamental and grain structure evolution during welding. The distribution of grain size, low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs), and twin boundaries throughout the joints were quantitatively analyzed. The weld power, axial load, and weld temperature were monitored. The grain structure evolution during friction welding was clarified. The grain structure in the recrystallization zone (RXZ) of the weld was a result of competition between dynamic recrystallization and grain boundary sliding (GBS), which is controlled by the local deformation condition. The axial force during welding decreased with reducing the rotation rate from 1000 rpm to 500 rpm. This anomalistic phenomenon can be ascribed that a decrease in rotation rate resulted in finer grain size in the RXZ of the weld, which required lower applied force to enable GBS. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
692	a7401431037	Nelson T.W.	p572	False	Journal	303	A review of friction stir welding of steels: Tool, material flow, microstructure, and properties	Considerable progress has been achieved in friction stir welding (FSW) of steels in every aspect of tool fabrication, microstructure control and properties evaluation in the past two decades. With the development of reliable welding tools and precise control systems, FSW of steels has reached a new level of technical maturity. High-quality, long welds can be produced in many engineering steels. Compared to traditional fusion welding, FSW exhibits unique advantages producing joints with better properties. As a result of active control of the welding temperature and/or cooling rate, FSW has the capability of fabricating steel joints with excellent toughness and strength. For example, unfavorable phase transformations that usually occur during traditional welding can be avoided and favorable phase fractions in advanced steels can be maintained in the weld zone thus avoiding the typical property degradations associated with fusion welding. If phase transformations do occur during FSW of thick steels, optimization of microstructure and properties can be attained by controlling the heat input and post-weld cooling rate. © 2017
692	a7401431037	Nelson T.W.	p573	False	Journal	303	Solid state crack repair by friction stir processing in 304L stainless steel	Friction stir processing (FSP) was investigated as a method of repairing cracks in 12 mm thick 304L stainless steel plate. Healing feasibility was demonstrated by processing a tapered crack using a PCBN/W-Re tool with a 25 mm diameter shoulder and a pin length of 6.4 mm. The experiment showed that it was possible to heal a crack that begins narrow and then progressively grows up to a width of 2 mm. Bead on plate experiments were used to find the best parameters for creating a consolidated stir zone with the least amount of hardness difference compared to the base metal. Grain refinement in some specimens resulted in much higher stir zone hardness, compared to base metal. A plot of grain size versus microhardness showed a very strong inverse correlation between grain size and hardness, as expected from the Hall-Petch relationship. Corrosion testing was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of FSP on potential sensitization of the stir zone. After 1000 h of intermittent immersion in 3.5% saline solution at room temperature it was found that no corrosion products formed on the base material controls or on any of the friction stir processed specimens. © 2017
692	a7401431037	Nelson T.W.	p778	False	Journal	385	In-situ grain structure and texture evolution during friction stir welding of austenite stainless steel	The in-situ grain structure and texture evolution during the whole process of friction stir welding (FSW) are clarified. As the base material approached the probe, grains were compressed, forming compression zone (CPZ). The grains evolved to fine equiaxed grains mainly through discontinue dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) and twining as it approached the tool. As material in MFZ rotated around the probe, the fraction of low-angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) was reduced, the ratio of twin boundaries increased, and the grain size distribution became wider, while the average grain size was fairly constant despite the increase in strain. After the material was deposited behind the probe, the grains began to grow. Deformation caused by tool shoulder disrupted the twin boundaries and generated some segments of LAGBs. In the post-weld zone, some LAGBs disappeared and new twin boundaries developed as a result of elevated temperatures. The B component {112} 〈110〉 was developed and was sustained in the MFZ with its shear direction being consisted with the local probe rotation. The shear plan of B component maintained approximately 30 deg. away from the probe surface. In the weld zone behind the probe, the B component was weakened and evolved to a C component {001}〈110〉. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
693	a24401574900	McCracken S.L.	p206	False	Journal	139	Effect of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Metal Weld Used in Power Plants	High base metal dilution (50 pct) dissimilar metal weld between A508 low-alloy steel and 309L clad layer was fabricated to investigate the effect of extended post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) on microstructure and mechanical properties. Extended PWHT at 607 °C caused significant carbon migration and microstructural change across the fusion boundary. Following PWHT at 607 °C for 20 hours, the carbon-enriched zone exhibited little to no reduction in hardness although 20 pct hardness reduction occurred in the remainder of the first butter layer. This is because tempering of the martensite in the carbon-enriched zone was entirely offset by the formation of a high density of chromium carbides. In contrast, following PWHT at 607 °C for 20 hours the average hardness of the carbon-depleted zone decreased from 241 HV to 169 HV due to the elimination of martensite, ferrite grain coarsening and carbon depletion. In addition, the extended PWHT significantly enhanced the mismatch in mechanical properties between the carbon-enriched zone (351 HV) and the adjacent carbon-depleted zone (169 HV). The formation of chromium carbides (less than 200 nm in size) in the carbon-enriched zone reduced the carbon concentration in the matrix, generating a continued driving force for carbon migration from A508 steel to the weld metal during PWHT. © 2019, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.
694	a57201432287	Li X.	p207	True	Journal	140	S-splines: A simple surface solution for IGA and CAD	This paper introduces S-spline curves and surfaces. Local refinement of S-spline surfaces is much simpler to understand and to implement than T-spline refinement. Furthermore, no unwanted control points arise in S-spline refinement, unlike T-spline refinement. The refinement algorithm assures linear independence of blending functions. Thus, for isogeometric analysis, S-spline surfaces provide optimal degrees of freedom during adaptive local refinement. S-splines are compatible with NURBS and T-splines, and can easily be added to existing T-spline implementations. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
695	a7003498548	Sederberg T.W.	p207	False	Journal	140	S-splines: A simple surface solution for IGA and CAD	This paper introduces S-spline curves and surfaces. Local refinement of S-spline surfaces is much simpler to understand and to implement than T-spline refinement. Furthermore, no unwanted control points arise in S-spline refinement, unlike T-spline refinement. The refinement algorithm assures linear independence of blending functions. Thus, for isogeometric analysis, S-spline surfaces provide optimal degrees of freedom during adaptive local refinement. S-splines are compatible with NURBS and T-splines, and can easily be added to existing T-spline implementations. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
696	a57207334294	Adams D.W.	p208	True	Journal	141	Atomistic survey of grain boundary-dislocation interactions in FCC nickel	It is well known that grain boundaries (GBs) have a strong influence on mechanical properties of polycrystalline materials. Not as well-known is how different GBs interact with dislocations to influence dislocation movement. This work presents a molecular dynamics study of 33 different FCC Ni bicrystals, each subjected to four different loading conditions to induce incident dislocation-GB interactions in 132 unique configurations. The resulting simulations produce 189 dislocation-GB interactions. Each interaction is analyzed to determine properties that affect the likelihood of transmission, reflection, or absorption of the dislocation at the GB of interest. The results confirm the ability to predict the slip system of a transmitted dislocation using common geometric criteria. Furthermore, machine learning reveals that geometric properties, such as the minimum residual Burgers vector (RBV) and the disorientation angle between the two grains, are strong indicators of whether or not a dislocation will transmit through a GB. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
696	a57207334294	Adams D.W.	p227	False	Journal	149	Modeling of trans-grain twin transmission in AZ31 via a neighborhood-based viscoplastic self-consistent model	The impact of twin transmission between neighboring grains as a contributor to overall twin activity is considered via a neighborhood viscoplastic self-consistent (NVPSC) model. The NVPSC model is an extension of a stochastic model for twin nucleation developed by Niezgoda et al. and a dislocation density based hardening law model developed by Knezevic et al. Beyond the baseline combined framework, the new model tracks sets of neighboring grains and allows twin transmission between them under certain conditions. The influence of grain boundary (GB) character is included in the stochastic models of twin nucleation and transmission. The starting texture from a rolled magnesium alloy AZ31B sheet was obtained using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) for initial input into the NVPSC. The sample was further deformed by uniaxial compression to encourage twin formation and the corresponding texture information was collected using EBSD. The accuracy of simulated twin activity was determined by comparing it with the twin activity seen in the deformed sample. The total number of predicted twins and the number of transmission twins is found to agree favorably with those observed via the EBSD scans. This validation demonstrates the significance of incorporating twin transmission as a twin formation mode in predictive models for this material. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd.
697	a26641352100	Saftner D.A.	p209	True	Conference	47	Lowman's model goes back to the movies	Lowman's Two Dimensional Model of Effective College Teaching identifies traits of successful teachers and presents these traits in a functional framework useful as a tool for improvement. While the model is effective at outlining a mechanism to move towards status as a “Complete Exemplar,” the categories of the model are broad, subjective, and can be difficult to precisely identify. Through development of a rubric, this paper seeks to improve educators' understanding of Lowman's model by sharing a series of examples. Teachers in contemporary movies and television are identified to represent several of the nine cells within the two-dimensional model. A previous paper provided an initial assessment of several famous actors portraying teachers. However, the examples in this previous paper are becoming dated and an updated paper with more contemporary examples may be useful for faculty attempting to better understand and apply Lowman's model. The contents of this paper first introduces the reader to the Lowman Teaching Model and provides support of the model through discussion of related literature. Development of the rubric is explained and the plot thickens as a series of characters are assessed with the rubric. As the curtain falls, a summary of the assessment and recommendations for use of the rubric are shared. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2019
697	a26641352100	Saftner D.A.	p492	False	Conference	184	Lowman's model goes back to the movies	Lowman's Two Dimensional Model of Effective College Teaching identifies traits of successful teachers and presents these traits in a functional framework useful as a tool for improvement. While the model is effective at outlining a mechanism to move towards status as a "Complete Exemplar," the categories of the model are broad, subjective, and can be difficult to precisely identify. Through development of a rubric, this paper seeks to improve educators' understanding of Lowman's model by sharing a series of examples. Teachers in contemporary movies and television are identified to represent several of the nine cells within the two-dimensional model. A previous paper provided an initial assessment of several famous actors portraying teachers. However, the examples in this previous paper are becoming dated and an updated paper with more contemporary examples may be useful for faculty attempting to better understand and apply Lowman's model. The contents of this paper first introduces the reader to the Lowman Teaching Model and provides support of the model through discussion of related literature. Development of the rubric is explained and the plot thickens as a series of characters are assessed with the rubric. As the curtain falls, a summary of the assessment and recommendations for use of the rubric are shared. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
698	a23569552400	Farnsworth C.B.	p209	False	Conference	47	Lowman's model goes back to the movies	Lowman's Two Dimensional Model of Effective College Teaching identifies traits of successful teachers and presents these traits in a functional framework useful as a tool for improvement. While the model is effective at outlining a mechanism to move towards status as a “Complete Exemplar,” the categories of the model are broad, subjective, and can be difficult to precisely identify. Through development of a rubric, this paper seeks to improve educators' understanding of Lowman's model by sharing a series of examples. Teachers in contemporary movies and television are identified to represent several of the nine cells within the two-dimensional model. A previous paper provided an initial assessment of several famous actors portraying teachers. However, the examples in this previous paper are becoming dated and an updated paper with more contemporary examples may be useful for faculty attempting to better understand and apply Lowman's model. The contents of this paper first introduces the reader to the Lowman Teaching Model and provides support of the model through discussion of related literature. Development of the rubric is explained and the plot thickens as a series of characters are assessed with the rubric. As the curtain falls, a summary of the assessment and recommendations for use of the rubric are shared. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2019
698	a23569552400	Farnsworth C.B.	p492	True	Conference	184	Lowman's model goes back to the movies	Lowman's Two Dimensional Model of Effective College Teaching identifies traits of successful teachers and presents these traits in a functional framework useful as a tool for improvement. While the model is effective at outlining a mechanism to move towards status as a "Complete Exemplar," the categories of the model are broad, subjective, and can be difficult to precisely identify. Through development of a rubric, this paper seeks to improve educators' understanding of Lowman's model by sharing a series of examples. Teachers in contemporary movies and television are identified to represent several of the nine cells within the two-dimensional model. A previous paper provided an initial assessment of several famous actors portraying teachers. However, the examples in this previous paper are becoming dated and an updated paper with more contemporary examples may be useful for faculty attempting to better understand and apply Lowman's model. The contents of this paper first introduces the reader to the Lowman Teaching Model and provides support of the model through discussion of related literature. Development of the rubric is explained and the plot thickens as a series of characters are assessed with the rubric. As the curtain falls, a summary of the assessment and recommendations for use of the rubric are shared. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
698	a23569552400	Farnsworth C.B.	p552	True	Conference	202	Evaluation of curve fitting techniques for estimating time of surcharge release in embankment construction over soft soils	Constructing embankments over soft soils can be problematic due to the magnitude and time associated with subsurface compression. Determining the end of primary consolidation is greatly exacerbated for layered soils that compress at varying rates. This paper discusses the use of magnet extensometer instrumentation to isolate compression within specific subsurface layers and associated techniques for estimating the time of construction induced settlement. Field data is used during construction to estimate the end of construction induced subsurface compression, which greatly affects the project schedule. This case study briefly summarizes instrumentation installation, data gathering, and the challenges associated with projecting the time of construction settlement. Two different curve fitting techniques were evaluated in this research: using standard primary consolidation equations and finite difference equations for estimating the end of primary consolidation settlement. For the site investigated, the curve fitting techniques proved to be somewhat problematic because the soil layers had small magnitudes of settlement and the transition between primary and secondary settlement was not readily apparent during the evaluation of real time field data. Using the finite difference equations also proved somewhat problematic trying to fit the full record of field data based on all of the different stages of loading. Additional lessons learned include the need for effective project communication between contractors, designers, and owners and a corresponding open discussion regarding practical settlement risk. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). All rights reserved.
698	a23569552400	Farnsworth C.B.	p684	False	Journal	330	Use of Personality Profile Assessments in the U.S. Commercial Construction Industry	Employee turnover is a continuing challenge in the construction industry with negative effects on construction companies. Other industries have begun using personality profile assessments as a tool for reducing employee turnover, and more specifically in their hiring, promoting, team building, and leadership development processes. However, it was unknown if this trend was effecting the construction industry. The purpose of this research was to determine if and how U.S. commercial construction companies utilize personality profiles in their employee retention processes. A survey was randomly sent to 235 of the top 400 commercial construction companies in the United States to determine if these companies were using assessments, and if it had any effect on the turnover within these companies. Interviews were conducted over the phone with human resources representatives from these companies, and responses were sorted into similar themes and ideas using qualitative pattern coding techniques. Of the 78 responding companies, one-third were using employee personality profiles within their business practices. This article reports the experiences and general attitudes for both the companies that do and do not utilize personality profiles. The results of this research provides strong evidence that using personality profile assessments can help construction companies reduce employee turnover. © 2017 Associated Schools of Construction.
698	a23569552400	Farnsworth C.B.	p726	False	Journal	355	Strategies employed and lessons learned by commercial construction companies during economic recession and recovery	The purpose of this research was to identify strategies used and lessons learned by western U.S. commercial construction companies during the great recession (2007-2009). The experience gained by companies who weather an economic downturn must be absorbed into the corporate structure in a meaningful way if that knowledge is to be accessible for future recessions. This study focused on identifying and better understanding the specific approaches that commercial construction companies employed to weather the great recession and the corresponding lessons learned. A stratified purposeful sampling survey was conducted across 15 different commercial construction companies and included 57 participants in various management roles. This paper provides a comprehensive list of 124 different strategies or lessons learned across six principal categories: (1) contracting, (2) risk management, (3) cost-control, (4) human resources, (5) financial, and (6) investment related responses. This paper also provides recommendations for commercial construction companies to consider during various economic cycles on the basis of the lessons learned during this recession and recovery. © 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
698	a23569552400	Farnsworth C.B.	p732	False	Conference	313	Experiential learning: Using small-scale projects to teach project complexities and relationship roles in construction	Experiential learning opportunities give students the ability to understand the implications of principles and theories learned in the classroom through lived experiences. This article examines the use of a construction project simulation activity to teach project management principles in an undergraduate construction management course. After a description of the experiential learning theory and relevant literature examining experiential learning simulations in education, it provides an overview of the methods used to create the experience of small-scale design-bidbuild project simulation in a project management course. Around 240 undergraduates students at the junior or senior level participated as designated contractual players in the project and went through the project from inception to completion over the course of 5 weeks. Finally, it offers a brief discussion of the implications of the findings for construction management and engineering education. Specifically, it discusses that simulated projects possess the potential to provide unique learning opportunities particularly, designed experiences triggering different emotions within the structures of the traditional classroom. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2017.
698	a23569552400	Farnsworth C.B.	p737	True	Conference	318	A model workshop for helping new faculty engage students in the STEM Classroom	In May 2016 a workshop entitled "Engaging Students in the STEM Classroom" was presented to faculty at Southern Utah University. Although not exclusive to new faculty, the target audience and predominant attendees, were new faculty from the science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines on campus. The three-day workshop focused on basic principles of effective learning and teaching, aligning learning outcomes to assessments and teaching activities, methods for active learning, and strategies for effective classroom presentation. The workshop curriculum was centered around the following goals: 1) promoting broader awareness of alternative teaching strategies for STEM classrooms, 2) increasing faculty comfort level in using alternative teaching strategies, 3) increasing adoption of active learning and other evidence-based pedagogies, 4) building a campus community dedicated to improving teaching, and 5) increasing multi-disciplinary collaborations amongst faculty attendees. The purpose of this paper is to provide an example of a model workshop designed to help new faculty engage students in STEM disciplines, and includes the planning, implementation, and assessment of this workshop. The paper begins by introducing the development of the workshop, including the logic model and assessment plan, the curriculum outline, and preparation processes. The paper also explores the implementation lessons learned. Finally, this paper includes the assessment results of the effectiveness of the workshop in meeting the workshop goals. This includes a preand post-workshop comparison of the participant's attitudes regarding evidence based pedagogies and their perceived competency in using them. This paper is useful for engineering educators in developing teaching expertise, researchers interested in faculty attitudes and perceived competency in using alternate teaching strategies, and faculty and administrators planning to create professional development opportunities to help faculty of all levels become more proficient in evidence-based pedagogies. This paper also serves as an example of a model workshop to develop interdisciplinary communities of educational practice, as well as strengthen the abilities of a new faculty in establishing an engaging and effective classroom. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2017.
699	a36769181100	Retherford J.	p209	False	Conference	47	Lowman's model goes back to the movies	Lowman's Two Dimensional Model of Effective College Teaching identifies traits of successful teachers and presents these traits in a functional framework useful as a tool for improvement. While the model is effective at outlining a mechanism to move towards status as a “Complete Exemplar,” the categories of the model are broad, subjective, and can be difficult to precisely identify. Through development of a rubric, this paper seeks to improve educators' understanding of Lowman's model by sharing a series of examples. Teachers in contemporary movies and television are identified to represent several of the nine cells within the two-dimensional model. A previous paper provided an initial assessment of several famous actors portraying teachers. However, the examples in this previous paper are becoming dated and an updated paper with more contemporary examples may be useful for faculty attempting to better understand and apply Lowman's model. The contents of this paper first introduces the reader to the Lowman Teaching Model and provides support of the model through discussion of related literature. Development of the rubric is explained and the plot thickens as a series of characters are assessed with the rubric. As the curtain falls, a summary of the assessment and recommendations for use of the rubric are shared. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2019
699	a36769181100	Retherford J.	p492	False	Conference	184	Lowman's model goes back to the movies	Lowman's Two Dimensional Model of Effective College Teaching identifies traits of successful teachers and presents these traits in a functional framework useful as a tool for improvement. While the model is effective at outlining a mechanism to move towards status as a "Complete Exemplar," the categories of the model are broad, subjective, and can be difficult to precisely identify. Through development of a rubric, this paper seeks to improve educators' understanding of Lowman's model by sharing a series of examples. Teachers in contemporary movies and television are identified to represent several of the nine cells within the two-dimensional model. A previous paper provided an initial assessment of several famous actors portraying teachers. However, the examples in this previous paper are becoming dated and an updated paper with more contemporary examples may be useful for faculty attempting to better understand and apply Lowman's model. The contents of this paper first introduces the reader to the Lowman Teaching Model and provides support of the model through discussion of related literature. Development of the rubric is explained and the plot thickens as a series of characters are assessed with the rubric. As the curtain falls, a summary of the assessment and recommendations for use of the rubric are shared. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
700	a56976354400	Okeson T.J.	p210	True	Journal	142	Achieving tiered model quality in 3D structure from motion models using a multi-scale view-planning algorithm for automated targeted inspection	This study presents a novel multi-scale view-planning algorithm for automated targeted inspection using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). In industrial inspection, it is important to collect the most relevant data to keep processing demands, both human and computational, to a minimum. This study investigates the viability of automated targeted multi-scale image acquisition for Structure from Motion (SfM)-based infrastructure modeling. A traditional view-planning approach for SfM is extended to a multi-scale approach, planning for targeted regions of high, medium, and low priority. The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can traverse the entire aerial space and facilitates collection of an optimized set of views, both close to and far away from areas of interest. The test case for field validation is the Tibble Fork Dam in Utah. Using the targeted multi-scale flight planning, a UAV automatically flies a tiered inspection using less than 25% of the number of photos needed to model the entire dam at high-priority level. This results in approximately 75% reduced flight time and model processing load, while still maintaining high model accuracy where needed. Models display stepped improvement in visual clarity and SfM reconstruction integrity by priority level, with the higher priority regions more accurately modeling smaller and finer features. A resolution map of the final tiered model is included. While this study focuses on multi-scale view planning for optical sensors, the methods potentially extend to other remote sensors, such as aerial LiDAR. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
701	a57209659294	Barrett B.J.	p210	False	Journal	142	Achieving tiered model quality in 3D structure from motion models using a multi-scale view-planning algorithm for automated targeted inspection	This study presents a novel multi-scale view-planning algorithm for automated targeted inspection using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). In industrial inspection, it is important to collect the most relevant data to keep processing demands, both human and computational, to a minimum. This study investigates the viability of automated targeted multi-scale image acquisition for Structure from Motion (SfM)-based infrastructure modeling. A traditional view-planning approach for SfM is extended to a multi-scale approach, planning for targeted regions of high, medium, and low priority. The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can traverse the entire aerial space and facilitates collection of an optimized set of views, both close to and far away from areas of interest. The test case for field validation is the Tibble Fork Dam in Utah. Using the targeted multi-scale flight planning, a UAV automatically flies a tiered inspection using less than 25% of the number of photos needed to model the entire dam at high-priority level. This results in approximately 75% reduced flight time and model processing load, while still maintaining high model accuracy where needed. Models display stepped improvement in visual clarity and SfM reconstruction integrity by priority level, with the higher priority regions more accurately modeling smaller and finer features. A resolution map of the final tiered model is included. While this study focuses on multi-scale view planning for optical sensors, the methods potentially extend to other remote sensors, such as aerial LiDAR. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
702	a57209655847	Arce S.	p210	False	Journal	142	Achieving tiered model quality in 3D structure from motion models using a multi-scale view-planning algorithm for automated targeted inspection	This study presents a novel multi-scale view-planning algorithm for automated targeted inspection using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). In industrial inspection, it is important to collect the most relevant data to keep processing demands, both human and computational, to a minimum. This study investigates the viability of automated targeted multi-scale image acquisition for Structure from Motion (SfM)-based infrastructure modeling. A traditional view-planning approach for SfM is extended to a multi-scale approach, planning for targeted regions of high, medium, and low priority. The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can traverse the entire aerial space and facilitates collection of an optimized set of views, both close to and far away from areas of interest. The test case for field validation is the Tibble Fork Dam in Utah. Using the targeted multi-scale flight planning, a UAV automatically flies a tiered inspection using less than 25% of the number of photos needed to model the entire dam at high-priority level. This results in approximately 75% reduced flight time and model processing load, while still maintaining high model accuracy where needed. Models display stepped improvement in visual clarity and SfM reconstruction integrity by priority level, with the higher priority regions more accurately modeling smaller and finer features. A resolution map of the final tiered model is included. While this study focuses on multi-scale view planning for optical sensors, the methods potentially extend to other remote sensors, such as aerial LiDAR. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
703	a57204570329	Vernon C.A.	p210	False	Journal	142	Achieving tiered model quality in 3D structure from motion models using a multi-scale view-planning algorithm for automated targeted inspection	This study presents a novel multi-scale view-planning algorithm for automated targeted inspection using unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). In industrial inspection, it is important to collect the most relevant data to keep processing demands, both human and computational, to a minimum. This study investigates the viability of automated targeted multi-scale image acquisition for Structure from Motion (SfM)-based infrastructure modeling. A traditional view-planning approach for SfM is extended to a multi-scale approach, planning for targeted regions of high, medium, and low priority. The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can traverse the entire aerial space and facilitates collection of an optimized set of views, both close to and far away from areas of interest. The test case for field validation is the Tibble Fork Dam in Utah. Using the targeted multi-scale flight planning, a UAV automatically flies a tiered inspection using less than 25% of the number of photos needed to model the entire dam at high-priority level. This results in approximately 75% reduced flight time and model processing load, while still maintaining high model accuracy where needed. Models display stepped improvement in visual clarity and SfM reconstruction integrity by priority level, with the higher priority regions more accurately modeling smaller and finer features. A resolution map of the final tiered model is included. While this study focuses on multi-scale view planning for optical sensors, the methods potentially extend to other remote sensors, such as aerial LiDAR. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
704	a57210191104	Derricott J.	p211	False	Journal	143	Disaster reconnaissance using multiple small unmanned aerial vehicles"	[No abstract available]
705	a57214009254	Peterson C.	p211	False	Journal	143	Disaster reconnaissance using multiple small unmanned aerial vehicles"	[No abstract available]
706	a57217482839	Allen B.C.	p212	True	Journal	144	EFFECT OF GYROSCOPE PARAMETERS ON GYROSCOPIC TREMOR SUPPRESSION IN A SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM	Although tremor is one of the most common movement disorders, there are few effective tremor-suppressing options available to patients. Gyrostabilization is a potential option, but we do not currently know how to optimize gyrostabilization for tremor suppression. To address this gap, we present a systematic investigation of how gyrostabilizer parameters affect tremor suppression in a single degree of freedom (DOF). A simple model with a single DOF at the wrist and a gyroscope mounted on the back of the hand was used to focus on the most basic effects. We simulated the frequency response of the system (hand + gyroscope) to a tremorogenic input torque at the wrist. Varying system parameters one at a time, we determined the effect of individual parameters on the system's frequency response. To minimize the bandwidth without adding significant inertia, the inertia and spin speed of the flywheel should be as high as design constraints allow, whereas the distance from the wrist joint axis to the gyroscope and the precession stiffness and damping should be kept as low as possible. The results demonstrate the potential of gyroscopic tremor suppression and can serve as foundation for further investigations of gyroscopic tremor suppression in the upper limb. © 2019 World Scientific Publishing Company.
706	a57217482839	Allen B.C.	p707	False	Conference	299	Toward quantitative characterization of essential tremor for future tremor suppression	Tremor is the most common movement deficit and manifests in a variety of disorders, including Essential Tremor, Parkinson's Disease, Dystonia, and Cerebellar Ataxia. Although medication and surgical interventions have significantly reduced patient suffering, they are only partially effective and can carry undesired side effects, leaving many patients without satisfactory treatment options. Wearable tremor-suppressing devices could provide an alternative to medication and surgery. Multiple research groups have developed orthotic prototypes to low-pass filter tremor, but these devices have not yet been optimized for in-vivo use. Optimizing non-invasive tremor suppression requires an understanding of where the tremor originates mechanically (which muscles) and how it propagates to the hand (where it matters most). Here we present on the beginnings of our multi-pronged work to determine the origin, propagation, and distribution of Essential Tremor, and we provide preliminary results. © 2017 IEEE.
707	a57209640119	Ellingson J.	p213	True	Conference	48	Deep RC: Enabling remote control through deep learning	Human remote-control (RC) pilots have the ability to perceive the position and orientation of an aircraft using only third-person-perspective visual sensing. While novice pilots often struggle when learning to control RC aircraft, they can sense the orientation of the aircraft with relative ease. In this paper, we hypothesize and demonstrate that deep learning methods can be used to mimic the human ability to perceive the orientation of an aircraft from monocular imagery. This work uses a neural network to directly sense the aircraft attitude. The network is combined with more conventional image processing methods for visual tracking of the aircraft. The aircraft track and attitude measurements from the convolutional neural network (CNN) are combined in a particle filter that provides a complete state estimate of the aircraft. The network topology, training, and testing results are presented as well as filter development and results. The proposed method was tested in simulation and hardware flight demonstrations. © 2019 IEEE.
707	a57209640119	Ellingson J.	p291	False	Conference	73	Identifying mode shapes of turbo-machinery blades using principal component analysis and support vector machines	Manually identifying mode shapes generated from finite element solvers images is an expensive task. This paper proposes an automated process to identify mode shapes from gray-scale images of compressor blades within a jetengine. This work introduces mode shape identification using principal component analysis (PCA), similar to approaches in facial and other recognition tasks in computer vision. This technique calculates the projected values of potentially linearly correlated values onto P-linearly orthogonal axes, where P is the number of principal axes that define a subset space. Classification was done using support vector machines (SVM). Using the PCA and SVM algorithm, approximately 5300 training images representative of 16 different modes were used to create a classifier. The classifier achieved on average 98% accuracy when tested using a test set of approximately 2000 images given P D 70. The results suggest that using digital images to perform mode shape identification can be achieved with high accuracy. Potential generalization of this method could be applied to other engineering design and analysis applications. © The Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc. 2019.
708	a57210919648	Jain P.	p214	True	Conference	49	Encirclement of moving targets using relative range and bearing measurements	This paper presents a controller that uses relative range and bearing measurements to steer unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to circular trajectories around a constant velocity target. Estimates of the range rate and angular rate to the target are used to improve the error in the range and bearing. For moving targets, their velocity is also estimated and used in the control law. Theoretical proofs using Lyapunov theory for stationary targets and feedback linearization for moving targets are provided. Numerical simulations show vehicles converging to circular formations around both stationary and moving targets. © 2019 IEEE.
709	a57210912098	Farrell M.	p215	True	Conference	50	Error-state LQR control of a multirotor UAV	We propose an implementation of an LQR controller for the full-state tracking of a time-dependent trajectory with a multirotor UAV. The proposed LQR formulation is based in Lie theory and linearized at each time step according to the multirotor's current state. We show experiments in both simulation and hardware that demonstrate the proposed control scheme's ability to accurately reach and track a given trajectory. The implementation is shown to run onboard at the full rate of a UAV's estimated state. © 2019 IEEE.
710	a57206968876	Jackson J.	p215	False	Conference	50	Error-state LQR control of a multirotor UAV	We propose an implementation of an LQR controller for the full-state tracking of a time-dependent trajectory with a multirotor UAV. The proposed LQR formulation is based in Lie theory and linearized at each time step according to the multirotor's current state. We show experiments in both simulation and hardware that demonstrate the proposed control scheme's ability to accurately reach and track a given trajectory. The implementation is shown to run onboard at the full rate of a UAV's estimated state. © 2019 IEEE.
710	a57206968876	Jackson J.	p254	True	Journal	166	Direct Relative Edge Optimization, A Robust Alternative for Pose Graph Optimization	Pose graph optimization is a common problem in robotics and associated fields. Most commonly, pose graph optimization is performed by finding the set of pose estimates which are the most likely for a given set of measurements. In some situations, arbitrarily large errors in pose graph initialization are unavoidable and can cause these pose-based methods to diverge or fail especially in cases where global inputs become available after some time after initialization. This letter details the parameterization of the classic pose graph problem in a relative context, optimizing directly over relative edge constraints between vertices in the pose graph and not on the poses themselves. Unlike previous literature on relative optimization, this letter details relative optimization over an entire pose graph, instead of a subset of edges, resulting in greater robustness to arbitrarily large errors than the classic pose-based or prior relative edge-based methods. Several small-scale simulation comparison studies, along with single and multi-agent hardware experiments, are presented. Results point to relative edge optimization as a strong candidate for solving real-world pose graph optimization problems that contain large heading propagation or initialization errors. © 2016 IEEE.
710	a57206968876	Jackson J.	p466	False	Journal	257	Relative Navigation: A Keyframe-Based Approach for Observable GPS-Degraded Navigation	As relevant technologies become smaller and less expensive, micro air vehicles (MAVs) are transitioning from predominantly military and hobbyist applications to mainstream use. Exciting new applications include the delivery of medical supplies to remote areas, infrastructure inspection, environmental change detection, precision agriculture, survelliance of visible satellites. These issues are particularly prevalent when flying near the ground, where safety and reliability are especially important. © 1991-2012 IEEE.
711	a57205198823	Hutchings N.	p218	True	Journal	134	Improved Ultrahigh-Resolution Wind Retrieval for RapidScat	This paper introduces RapidScat 2.5-km ultrahigh-resolution (UHR) wind estimation and validates it in near-coastal regions. RapidScat UHR wind estimation provides finer resolution ocean wind vector fields than conventional 12.5-km level 2B (L2B) wind products at a cost of higher noise. In addition, this paper applies direction interval retrieval techniques and develops other wind processing improvements to enhance the performance of RapidScat UHR wind estimation. The new algorithm is validated with L2B wind estimates, numerical weather prediction wind products, and buoy measurements. The wind processing improvements produce more spatially consistent UHR winds that compare well with the wind products mentioned above. © 2018 IEEE.
712	a57210927548	Dutson J.	p220	True	Conference	52	Don't Punish all of us: Measuring User Attitudes about Two-Factor Authentication	Two-factor authentication (2FA) defends against password compromise by a remote attacker. We surveyed 4,275 students, faculty, and staff at Brigham Young University to measure user sentiment about Duo 2FA one year after the university adopted it. The results were mixed. A majority of the participants felt more secure using Duo and felt it was easy to use. About half of all participants reported at least one instance of being locked out of their university account because of an inability to authenticate with Duo. We found that students and faculty generally had more negative perceptions of Duo than staff. The survey responses reveal some pain points for Duo users. In response, we offer recommendations that reduce the frequency of 2FA for users. We also suggest UI changes that draw more attention to 2FA methods that do not require WiFi, the 'Remember Me' setting, and the help utility. © 2019 IEEE.
712	a57210927548	Dutson J.	p300	False	Conference	82	A usability study of five two-factor authentication methods	Two-factor authentication (2FA) defends against account compromise. An account secured with 2FA typically requires an individual to authenticate using something they know-typically a password-as well as something they have, such as a cell phone or hardware token. Many 2FA methods in widespread use today have not been subjected to adequate usability testing. Furthermore, previous 2FA usability research is difficult to compare due to widely-varying contexts across different studies. We conducted a two-week, between-subjects usability study of five common 2FA methods with 72 participants, collecting both quantitative and qualitative data. Participants logged into a simulated banking website nearly every day using 2FA and completed an assigned task. Participants generally gave high marks to the methods studied, and many expressed an interest in using 2FA to provide more security for their sensitive online accounts. We also conducted a within-subjects laboratory study with 30 participants to assess the general usability of the setup procedure for the five methods. While a few participants experienced difficulty setting up a hardware token and a one-time password, in general, users found the methods easy to set up. © is held by the author/owner.
713	a57210928665	Allen D.	p220	False	Conference	52	Don't Punish all of us: Measuring User Attitudes about Two-Factor Authentication	Two-factor authentication (2FA) defends against password compromise by a remote attacker. We surveyed 4,275 students, faculty, and staff at Brigham Young University to measure user sentiment about Duo 2FA one year after the university adopted it. The results were mixed. A majority of the participants felt more secure using Duo and felt it was easy to use. About half of all participants reported at least one instance of being locked out of their university account because of an inability to authenticate with Duo. We found that students and faculty generally had more negative perceptions of Duo than staff. The survey responses reveal some pain points for Duo users. In response, we offer recommendations that reduce the frequency of 2FA for users. We also suggest UI changes that draw more attention to 2FA methods that do not require WiFi, the 'Remember Me' setting, and the help utility. © 2019 IEEE.
714	a6602572190	Eggett D.	p220	False	Conference	52	Don't Punish all of us: Measuring User Attitudes about Two-Factor Authentication	Two-factor authentication (2FA) defends against password compromise by a remote attacker. We surveyed 4,275 students, faculty, and staff at Brigham Young University to measure user sentiment about Duo 2FA one year after the university adopted it. The results were mixed. A majority of the participants felt more secure using Duo and felt it was easy to use. About half of all participants reported at least one instance of being locked out of their university account because of an inability to authenticate with Duo. We found that students and faculty generally had more negative perceptions of Duo than staff. The survey responses reveal some pain points for Duo users. In response, we offer recommendations that reduce the frequency of 2FA for users. We also suggest UI changes that draw more attention to 2FA methods that do not require WiFi, the 'Remember Me' setting, and the help utility. © 2019 IEEE.
714	a6602572190	Eggett D.	p245	False	Journal	160	Informatics analysis of capillary electropherograms of autologously doped and undoped blood	An ‘Autologous Blood Transfusion' (ABT) is the reinjection of blood previously taken from an athlete to increase its oxygen transport capabilities. Despite the World Anti-Doping Agency's ban on such practices, ABT abuse continues. Autologous blood doping (ABD) is challenging to detect because of the similarities between an individual's doped and undoped blood. Recently, Harrison et al. reported that high-speed capillary electrophoresis may identify ABD. In their work, first order derivatives of the electropherograms were used to identify doping. However, this method suffered from false negatives due to the subjective nature of the analysis. Here, we provide an informatics analysis of the data from this study, contrasting the results of traditional statistical methods and less traditional mathematical techniques. First, three well-known multivariate statistical tools: cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares (PLS) are applied to develop calibrations and/or group electropherograms of undoped (0%) and doped (5% and 10%) blood samples. (These doping levels were chosen due to the low physiological effect of doping below 5%, with 10% corresponding to the approximate ‘gain' derived from the transfusion of a single unit of blood into an adult.) Different preprocessing and variable selection methods were considered. Due to variation in the electropherograms and the limited sample size, these methods were inadequate. We next considered four less commonly used mathematical/informatics tools: pattern recognition entropy (PRE), the Euclidean distance between vectors, a peak fitting/integration method, and the second moment (SM). Each of these techniques showed some ability to differentiate between the 0, 5, and 10% doped samples. We then evaluated the prediction capabilities of inverse least squares (ILS) models based on these summary statistics. An ILS calibration based on PRE, the Euclidean distance, and peak fitting/integration proved more successful than the PLS model at predicting levels of blood doping from the corresponding electropherograms; the ILS model distinguished between doped (5% and 10%) and undoped (0%) blood. This methodology may be applicable to other challenging informatics problems like determining risk factors for genetically linked diseases, robust pattern finding in peak-like data such as ChIP-seq, or other genomic sequencing for understanding the 3D genome. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.
714	a6602572190	Eggett D.	p408	False	Journal	218	Evaluating Safety Impacts of Access Management Alternatives with the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model	In a traditional safety impact analysis, it is necessary to have crash data on existing roadway conditions and a few years must pass before accumulating additional crash data to evaluate the safety impact of an improvement. This is a time-consuming approach and there remains uncertainty in the crash data integrity. The surrogate safety assessment model (SSAM) was developed for resolving these issues. With SSAM, a conflict analysis is performed in a simulated environment. A planned improvement alternative is modeled and no physical installation of the alternative is needed. This study evaluated if SSAM can be used to assess the safety of a highway segment in terms of the number and type of conflicts and to compare the safety effects of multiple access management alternatives. An evaluation of the effect of converting a two-way left-turn lane (TWLTL) into a raised median on a section of an urban street was performed using SSAM working on VISSIM simulation’s trajectory files. The analysis showed that a raised median would be much safer than a TWLTL median for the same level of traffic volume, with approximately 32 to 50 percent reduction in the number of crossing conflicts. The analysis showed that about 34,000 to 38,000 veh/day would be the demand level where the median conversion is recommended for the four-lane study section. The study concluded that the combination of a simulation software program with SSAM could be a viable surrogate analysis approach for evaluating and comparing the safety effects of multiple access management alternatives. © National Academy of Sciences: Transportation Research Board 2018.
714	a6602572190	Eggett D.	p687	False	Journal	333	Use of Hi-resolution data for evaluating accuracy of traffic volume counts collected by microwave sensors	Over the past few years, the Utah Department of Transportation has developed the signal performance metrics (SPMs) system to evaluate the performance of signalized intersections dynamically. This system currently provides data summaries for several performance measures, one of them being turning movement counts collected by microwave sensors. As this system became public, there was a need to evaluate the accuracy of the data placed on the SPMs. A large-scale data collection was carried out to meet this need. Vehicles in the Hi-resolution data from microwave sensors were matched with the vehicles by ground-truth volume count data. Matching vehicles from the microwave sensor data and the ground-truth data manually collected required significant effort. A spreadsheet-based data analysis procedure was developed to carry out the task. A mixed model analysis of variance was used to analyze the effects of the factors considered on turning volume count accuracy. The analysis found that approach volume level and number of approach lanes would have significant effect on the accuracy of turning volume counts but the location of the sensors did not significantly affect the accuracy of turning volume counts. In addition, it was found that the location of lanes in relation to the sensor did not significantly affect the accuracy of lane-by-lane volume counts. This indicated that accuracy analysis could be performed by using total approach volumes without comparing specific turning counts, that is, left-turn, through and right-turn movements. In general, the accuracy of approach volume counts collected by microwave sensors were within the margin of error that traffic engineers could accept. The procedure taken to perform the analysis and a summary of accuracy of volume counts for the factor combinations considered are presented in this paper. © 2017 The Authors
715	a57210914089	Akagi J.	p221	True	Conference	53	Gesture commands for controlling high-level UAV behavior	In this paper, an accelerometer and gyroscope are used to sense gesture commands, which are then classified using a logistic regression model. Seven gestures were chosen and mapped to specific behaviors that a fixed wing unmanned air vehicle could accomplish. These behaviors specified various searching, following, and tracking patterns that could be used in a dynamic environment. The system was trained to recognize the seven gestures and then tested in a hardware-in-the-loop simulation. The system was able to identify all gestures with an overall accuracy of 90% and with five of the seven gestures being accurately identified at least 94% of the time. Each of the behaviors associated with the gestures was tested in simulation and the ability to dynamically switch between behaviors was proven. The results show that the system can be used as a natural interface to assist an operator in directing an unmanned air vehicle's behaviors. © 2019 IEEE.
716	a57203981655	Moon B.	p221	False	Conference	53	Gesture commands for controlling high-level UAV behavior	In this paper, an accelerometer and gyroscope are used to sense gesture commands, which are then classified using a logistic regression model. Seven gestures were chosen and mapped to specific behaviors that a fixed wing unmanned air vehicle could accomplish. These behaviors specified various searching, following, and tracking patterns that could be used in a dynamic environment. The system was trained to recognize the seven gestures and then tested in a hardware-in-the-loop simulation. The system was able to identify all gestures with an overall accuracy of 90% and with five of the seven gestures being accurately identified at least 94% of the time. Each of the behaviors associated with the gestures was tested in simulation and the ability to dynamically switch between behaviors was proven. The results show that the system can be used as a natural interface to assist an operator in directing an unmanned air vehicle's behaviors. © 2019 IEEE.
716	a57203981655	Moon B.	p453	True	Conference	159	Learned Search Parameters for Cooperating Vehicles using Gaussian Process Regressions	Unmanned vehicles are capable of working as teams to accomplish a wide variety of mission objectives, such as searching for and tracking targets. In this paper, vehicle search paths are dictated by a joint cost function which maximizes the reward earned from partitioned sections across the search area. In previous work, these rewards were assigned based on the elapsed time since the section had last been searched. This approach is effective in rewarding vehicles to search out areas which haven't been visited in a long time, yet it lacks the ability to weight grid cells differently based on the probability that targets will be in that section. This paper proposes a method of using accumulated knowledge of the average density of targets within an area, along with a Gaussian process regression to assign rewards. Vehicles then choose paths that are more likely to find targets rather than seeking areas which have not been searched recently. Through numerical simulations we show that this method increases the number of targets seen by cooperating UAVs and provides an accurate estimate of target density within a search area. © 2018 IEEE.
717	a57210920448	Chen X.	p221	False	Conference	53	Gesture commands for controlling high-level UAV behavior	In this paper, an accelerometer and gyroscope are used to sense gesture commands, which are then classified using a logistic regression model. Seven gestures were chosen and mapped to specific behaviors that a fixed wing unmanned air vehicle could accomplish. These behaviors specified various searching, following, and tracking patterns that could be used in a dynamic environment. The system was trained to recognize the seven gestures and then tested in a hardware-in-the-loop simulation. The system was able to identify all gestures with an overall accuracy of 90% and with five of the seven gestures being accurately identified at least 94% of the time. Each of the behaviors associated with the gestures was tested in simulation and the ability to dynamically switch between behaviors was proven. The results show that the system can be used as a natural interface to assist an operator in directing an unmanned air vehicle's behaviors. © 2019 IEEE.
718	a57202433366	Robles V.D.	p222	True	Journal	145	Using case-method pedagogy to facilitate audience awareness	Introduction: Technical and professional communication (TPC) instructors value audience awareness, using peer-and client-based projects to facilitate it. We explore how students' audience awareness is facilitated by the case method, which presents students with a professional communication task within a workplace scenario. Situating the case: Case-method research suggests including a detailed audience and situation, multiple genres, and multimedia. Few studies have explored how case materials facilitate students' audience awareness. About the case: A 12-week case that was consistent with case-method research asked students to respond to an engineering firm's internal problem with a proposal and report. How the case was studied: Students from two sections of a genre-based course completed reflections about their audience awareness after the proposal and report. We qualitatively analyzed 51 reflections. Results/discussion: Students stated they could understand the facts about their primary audience but couldn't identify secondary and tertiary audiences. Students stated they could identify audience needs, but they disagreed about the amount of detail to understand those needs. Also, students stated they could respond to the audience using appropriate evidence and writing style. Conclusions: When using the case method, instructors should know that students may need varying levels of detail to interpret their audience's needs. Also, including data and conflicting needs gives students opportunities to make strategic decisions about content. © 1988-2012 IEEE.
719	a56724258600	Khajah T.	p223	True	Journal	146	Highly accurate acoustic scattering: Isogeometric Analysis coupled with local high order Farfield Expansion ABC	This work is concerned with a unique combination of high order local absorbing boundary conditions (ABC) with a general curvilinear Finite Element Method (FEM) and its implementation in Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) for time-harmonic acoustic waves. The ABC employed were recently devised by Villamizar et al. (2017). They are derived from exact Farfield Expansions representations of the outgoing waves in the exterior of the regions enclosed by the artificial boundary. As a consequence, the error due to the ABC on the artificial boundary can be reduced conveniently such that the dominant error comes from the volume discretization method used in the interior of the computational domain. Reciprocally, the error in the interior can be made as small as the error at the artificial boundary by appropriate implementation of p- and h-refinement. We apply this novel method to cylindrical, spherical and arbitrary shape scatterers including a prototype submarine. Our numerical results exhibit spectral-like approximation and high order convergence rate. Additionally, they show that the proposed method can reduce both the pollution and artificial boundary errors to negligible levels even in very low- and high-frequency regimes with rather coarse discretization densities in the IGA. As a result, we have developed a highly accurate computational platform to numerically solve time-harmonic acoustic wave scattering in two- and three-dimensions. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
720	a7801676127	Villamizar V.	p223	False	Journal	146	Highly accurate acoustic scattering: Isogeometric Analysis coupled with local high order Farfield Expansion ABC	This work is concerned with a unique combination of high order local absorbing boundary conditions (ABC) with a general curvilinear Finite Element Method (FEM) and its implementation in Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) for time-harmonic acoustic waves. The ABC employed were recently devised by Villamizar et al. (2017). They are derived from exact Farfield Expansions representations of the outgoing waves in the exterior of the regions enclosed by the artificial boundary. As a consequence, the error due to the ABC on the artificial boundary can be reduced conveniently such that the dominant error comes from the volume discretization method used in the interior of the computational domain. Reciprocally, the error in the interior can be made as small as the error at the artificial boundary by appropriate implementation of p- and h-refinement. We apply this novel method to cylindrical, spherical and arbitrary shape scatterers including a prototype submarine. Our numerical results exhibit spectral-like approximation and high order convergence rate. Additionally, they show that the proposed method can reduce both the pollution and artificial boundary errors to negligible levels even in very low- and high-frequency regimes with rather coarse discretization densities in the IGA. As a result, we have developed a highly accurate computational platform to numerically solve time-harmonic acoustic wave scattering in two- and three-dimensions. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.
721	a57194391871	Blackburn L.	p224	True	Journal	147	Dynamic optimization of a district energy system with storage using a novel mixed-integer quadratic programming algorithm	As more renewable energy is integrated into the power grid, it is increasingly important to exploit variable electricity pricing structures to minimize commercial utility costs and enable more intermittent renewables on the grid through proactive management of energy storage. Using data from a large campus district energy system, equipped with centralized chilled water plants and a thermal energy storage tank, a novel technique is proposed to optimize this system in real-time, formulated as a mixed-integer quadratic programming problem. This method, titled Quadratic Programming Hybrid with Augmented Constraints, is sufficiently fast to be computed in real-time for a district chiller system. This method is compared to both Branch and Bound and a simple logical decision algorithm in both speed and optimality. The proposed method for solving this mixed-integer quadratic programming problem proves very successful at achieving a near-optimal solution when compared to a standard Branch and Bound (BnB) algorithm. Although suboptimal, the proposed algorithm takes 99.96–99.99% less computational time than the standard BnB and computes an answer to within 29.9% of the BnB objective function. When compared to a simple logical decision algorithm, which represents an operator manually controlling the plant, the proposed method is estimated to yield 8.10–33.7% in savings on chiller energy costs. The Quadratic Programming Hybrid with Augmented Constraints algorithm shows potential for use in a real-time optimization application to exploit variable electricity pricing and significantly reduce the costs of running a chiller plant with thermal energy storage. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
722	a57189491950	Young A.	p224	False	Journal	147	Dynamic optimization of a district energy system with storage using a novel mixed-integer quadratic programming algorithm	As more renewable energy is integrated into the power grid, it is increasingly important to exploit variable electricity pricing structures to minimize commercial utility costs and enable more intermittent renewables on the grid through proactive management of energy storage. Using data from a large campus district energy system, equipped with centralized chilled water plants and a thermal energy storage tank, a novel technique is proposed to optimize this system in real-time, formulated as a mixed-integer quadratic programming problem. This method, titled Quadratic Programming Hybrid with Augmented Constraints, is sufficiently fast to be computed in real-time for a district chiller system. This method is compared to both Branch and Bound and a simple logical decision algorithm in both speed and optimality. The proposed method for solving this mixed-integer quadratic programming problem proves very successful at achieving a near-optimal solution when compared to a standard Branch and Bound (BnB) algorithm. Although suboptimal, the proposed algorithm takes 99.96–99.99% less computational time than the standard BnB and computes an answer to within 29.9% of the BnB objective function. When compared to a simple logical decision algorithm, which represents an operator manually controlling the plant, the proposed method is estimated to yield 8.10–33.7% in savings on chiller energy costs. The Quadratic Programming Hybrid with Augmented Constraints algorithm shows potential for use in a real-time optimization application to exploit variable electricity pricing and significantly reduce the costs of running a chiller plant with thermal energy storage. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
723	a57205348362	Rogers P.	p224	False	Journal	147	Dynamic optimization of a district energy system with storage using a novel mixed-integer quadratic programming algorithm	As more renewable energy is integrated into the power grid, it is increasingly important to exploit variable electricity pricing structures to minimize commercial utility costs and enable more intermittent renewables on the grid through proactive management of energy storage. Using data from a large campus district energy system, equipped with centralized chilled water plants and a thermal energy storage tank, a novel technique is proposed to optimize this system in real-time, formulated as a mixed-integer quadratic programming problem. This method, titled Quadratic Programming Hybrid with Augmented Constraints, is sufficiently fast to be computed in real-time for a district chiller system. This method is compared to both Branch and Bound and a simple logical decision algorithm in both speed and optimality. The proposed method for solving this mixed-integer quadratic programming problem proves very successful at achieving a near-optimal solution when compared to a standard Branch and Bound (BnB) algorithm. Although suboptimal, the proposed algorithm takes 99.96–99.99% less computational time than the standard BnB and computes an answer to within 29.9% of the BnB objective function. When compared to a simple logical decision algorithm, which represents an operator manually controlling the plant, the proposed method is estimated to yield 8.10–33.7% in savings on chiller energy costs. The Quadratic Programming Hybrid with Augmented Constraints algorithm shows potential for use in a real-time optimization application to exploit variable electricity pricing and significantly reduce the costs of running a chiller plant with thermal energy storage. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
724	a51461952600	Powell K.	p224	False	Journal	147	Dynamic optimization of a district energy system with storage using a novel mixed-integer quadratic programming algorithm	As more renewable energy is integrated into the power grid, it is increasingly important to exploit variable electricity pricing structures to minimize commercial utility costs and enable more intermittent renewables on the grid through proactive management of energy storage. Using data from a large campus district energy system, equipped with centralized chilled water plants and a thermal energy storage tank, a novel technique is proposed to optimize this system in real-time, formulated as a mixed-integer quadratic programming problem. This method, titled Quadratic Programming Hybrid with Augmented Constraints, is sufficiently fast to be computed in real-time for a district chiller system. This method is compared to both Branch and Bound and a simple logical decision algorithm in both speed and optimality. The proposed method for solving this mixed-integer quadratic programming problem proves very successful at achieving a near-optimal solution when compared to a standard Branch and Bound (BnB) algorithm. Although suboptimal, the proposed algorithm takes 99.96–99.99% less computational time than the standard BnB and computes an answer to within 29.9% of the BnB objective function. When compared to a simple logical decision algorithm, which represents an operator manually controlling the plant, the proposed method is estimated to yield 8.10–33.7% in savings on chiller energy costs. The Quadratic Programming Hybrid with Augmented Constraints algorithm shows potential for use in a real-time optimization application to exploit variable electricity pricing and significantly reduce the costs of running a chiller plant with thermal energy storage. © 2019, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
724	a51461952600	Powell K.	p431	False	Journal	239	Performance comparison of low temperature and chemical absorption carbon capture processes in response to dynamic electricity demand and price profiles	Current projections to the year 2050 reveal that fossil fuels will remain the main source of energy generation. To achieve the target limits of carbon dioxide emission, set by national and international policies, carbon capture will play a key role. Modeling and optimization of various carbon capture technologies such as pre-combustion, oxy-fuel, and post-combustion, when integrated with coal-fired power plants, have been researched extensively in literature. Research on the integration of power generation with capture technologies regarding comparisons between the different schemes in response to dynamic inputs is lacking. This work provides a comparison between a low temperature carbon capture and a chemical absorption process in response to a dynamic electricity demand and price profile and in the presence of an intermittent wind power supply. The objective in this work is to meet the overall electricity demand of residential users and the carbon capture process while the total operating cost associated with the integrated system of power generation and carbon capture is minimized. This comparison includes scenarios with and without energy storage associated with each capture technology. It is observed that in both integrated systems, with and without energy storage, the overall electricity demanded by the capture process and residential users is supplied by a combination of coal and wind power. For the case without energy storage, the total operating cost and energy demand of the low temperature carbon capture, based on a similar amount of captured carbon dioxide, are 4.3% and 20.5% less than that of chemical absorption, respectively. For the scenario with energy storage, the low temperature carbon capture requires 32.34% less energy to capture similar amounts of carbon dioxide while incurring 9.09% less overall operational cost. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
724	a51461952600	Powell K.	p844	False	Journal	398	Optimal combined long-term facility design and short-term operational strategy for CHP capacity investments	This work presents a detailed case study for the optimization of the expansion of a district energy system evaluating the investment decision timing, type of capacity expansion, and fine-scale operational modes. The study develops an optimization framework to find the investment schedule over 30 years with options of investing in traditional heating sources (boilers) or a next-generation combined heat and power (CHP) plant that provides heat and electricity. In district energy systems, the selected capacity and type of system is dependent on demand-side requirements, energy prices, and environmental costs. This work formulates capacity planning over a time horizon as a dynamic optimal control problem considering both operational modes and capital investment decisions. The initial plant is modified by the dynamic optimization throughout the 30 years to maximize profitability. The combined optimal controller and capital investment planner solves a large scale mixed integer nonlinear programming problem to provide the timing and size of the capacity investment (30 year outlook) and also guidance on the mode of operation (1 h time intervals). The optimizer meets optimal economic, environmental, and regulatory constraints with the suggested design and operational guidance with daily cyclical load following of heat and electricity demand. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
725	a57216491948	Hershman R.	p226	False	Journal	148	Fabrication of demineralized bone matrix/polycaprolactone composites using large area projection sintering (LAPS)	Cadaveric decellularized bone tissue is utilized as an allograft in many musculoskeletal surgical procedures. Typically, the allograft acts as a scaffold to guide tissue regeneration with superior biocompatibility relative to synthetic scaffolds. Traditionally these scaffolds are machined into the required dimensions and shapes. However, the geometrical simplicity and, in some cases, limited dimensions of the donated tissue restrict the use of allograft scaffolds. This could be overcome by additive manufacturing using granulated bone that is both decellularized and demineralized. In this study, the large area projection sintering (LAPS) method is evaluated as a fabrication method to build porous structures composed of granulated cortical bone bound by polycaprolactone (PCL). This additive manufacturing method utilizes visible light to selectively cure the deposited material layer-by-layer to create 3D geometry. First, the spreading behavior of the composite mixtures is evaluated and the conditions to attain improved powder bed density to fabricate the test specimens are determined. The tensile strength of the LAPS fabricated samples in both dry and hydrated states are determined and compared to the demineralized cancellous bone allograft and the heat treated demineralized-bone/PCL mixture in mold. The results indicated that the projection sintered composites of 45–55 wt %. Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) particulates produced strength comparable to processed and demineralized cancellous bone. © 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
726	a57191587072	Chelladurai I.	p227	True	Journal	149	Modeling of trans-grain twin transmission in AZ31 via a neighborhood-based viscoplastic self-consistent model	The impact of twin transmission between neighboring grains as a contributor to overall twin activity is considered via a neighborhood viscoplastic self-consistent (NVPSC) model. The NVPSC model is an extension of a stochastic model for twin nucleation developed by Niezgoda et al. and a dislocation density based hardening law model developed by Knezevic et al. Beyond the baseline combined framework, the new model tracks sets of neighboring grains and allows twin transmission between them under certain conditions. The influence of grain boundary (GB) character is included in the stochastic models of twin nucleation and transmission. The starting texture from a rolled magnesium alloy AZ31B sheet was obtained using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) for initial input into the NVPSC. The sample was further deformed by uniaxial compression to encourage twin formation and the corresponding texture information was collected using EBSD. The accuracy of simulated twin activity was determined by comparing it with the twin activity seen in the deformed sample. The total number of predicted twins and the number of transmission twins is found to agree favorably with those observed via the EBSD scans. This validation demonstrates the significance of incorporating twin transmission as a twin formation mode in predictive models for this material. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd.
726	a57191587072	Chelladurai I.	p756	True	Journal	361	Microstructure Correlation with Formability for Biaxial Stretching of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B at Mildly Elevated Temperatures	Magnesium AZ31B sheets of 2 mm thickness were stretch formed with a 101.6-mm-diameter punch at temperatures from 25°C to 150°C, in 25°C increments. Surface strains were measured with a digital image correlation method. The punch height versus load curve was found to be the same for temperatures of 25°C and for 50°C, whereas at 75°C and above, the load for a given punch height started to decrease, indicating a potential change in deformation mechanism. Electron backscatter diffraction was used to quantify features of the microstructure in the tested specimens. In particular, the gradual decrease in twinning activity as a result of easier thermally activated slip with increasing temperatures is quantified across this range. Moreover, twin activity was found to predominantly involve the formation of {10 1 ¯ 1 } compression twins that rapidly transform to create secondary twins for easier strain accommodation. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
726	a57191587072	Chelladurai I.	p884	True	Conference	397	Formability of magnesium alloy AZ31B from room temperature to 125, °C under biaxial tension	Magnesium AZ31B sheets of 2, mm thickness were stretch formed using a 101.6, mm diameter punch at room temperature and subsequent increments from 25 to 125, °C. Surface strains were measured using a digital image correlation method in order to ensure that biaxial stretching was achieved. The punch height versus load curve was found to be the same for temperatures of 25 and for 50, °C, while at 75, °C the load for a given punch height was less. This difference seems to indicate a change in deformation mechanism between 50 and 75, °C. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) was used to quantify features of the microstructure in the as-received and the strained specimens. Rather than a sudden transition from twinning to slip at low temperatures, it appears that twinning gradually decreases and slip activity increases as temperatures rise across the range from 25 to 125, °C. This confirms recent predictions found in the literature. The twin activity predominantly involves the formation of compression twins which rapidly transform further to create secondary twins for easier strain accommodation. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
727	a24295291100	Miles M.P.	p227	False	Journal	149	Modeling of trans-grain twin transmission in AZ31 via a neighborhood-based viscoplastic self-consistent model	The impact of twin transmission between neighboring grains as a contributor to overall twin activity is considered via a neighborhood viscoplastic self-consistent (NVPSC) model. The NVPSC model is an extension of a stochastic model for twin nucleation developed by Niezgoda et al. and a dislocation density based hardening law model developed by Knezevic et al. Beyond the baseline combined framework, the new model tracks sets of neighboring grains and allows twin transmission between them under certain conditions. The influence of grain boundary (GB) character is included in the stochastic models of twin nucleation and transmission. The starting texture from a rolled magnesium alloy AZ31B sheet was obtained using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) for initial input into the NVPSC. The sample was further deformed by uniaxial compression to encourage twin formation and the corresponding texture information was collected using EBSD. The accuracy of simulated twin activity was determined by comparing it with the twin activity seen in the deformed sample. The total number of predicted twins and the number of transmission twins is found to agree favorably with those observed via the EBSD scans. This validation demonstrates the significance of incorporating twin transmission as a twin formation mode in predictive models for this material. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd.
727	a24295291100	Miles M.P.	p252	True	Journal	165	Predicting recrystallized grain size in friction stir processed 304L stainless steel	A major dilemma faced in the nuclear industry is repair of stainless steel reactor components that have been exposed to neutron irradiation. When conventional fusion welding is used for repair, intergranular cracks develop in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Friction stir processing (FSP), which operates at much lower peak temperatures than fusion welding, was studied as a crack repair method for irradiated 304L stainless steel. A numerical simulation of the FSP process in 304L was developed to predict temperatures and recrystallized grain size in the stir zone. The model employed an Eulerian finite element approach, where flow stresses for a large range of strain rates and temperatures inherent in FSP were used as input. Temperature predictions in three locations near the stir zone were accurate to within 4%, while prediction of welding power was accurate to within 5% of experimental measurements. The predicted recrystallized grain sizes ranged from 7.6 to 10.6 μm, while the experimentally measured grains sizes in the same locations ranged from 6.0 to 7.6 μm. The maximum error in predicted recrystallized grain size was about 39%, but the associated stir zone hardness from the predicted grain sizes was only different from the experiment by about 10%. © 2019
727	a24295291100	Miles M.P.	p257	False	Journal	168	Quantifying accuracy of a concept laser metal additive machine through the NIST test artifact	Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of a test artifact proposed by NIST to quantify the dimensional accuracy of a metal additive manufacturing process. Insights from this paper are given concerning both the performance of the machine, a concept laser Mlab cusing machine, and the applicability of the NIST test artifact in characterizing accuracy. Recommendations are given for improving the artifact and standardizing a process for evaluating dimensional accuracy across the additive manufacturing industry. Design/methodology/approach: Three builds of the NIST additive manufacturing test artifact were fabricated in 316 stainless steel on a concept laser Mlab cusing machine. The paper follows the procedure described by NIST for characterizing dimensional accuracy of the additive process. Features including pins, holes and staircase flats of various sizes were measured using an optical measurement system, a touch probe and a profilometer. Findings: This paper describes the accuracy of printed features’ size and position on the test artifact, as well as surface finish on flat and inclined surfaces. Trends in variation of these dimensions are identified, along with possible root causes and remedies. This paper also describes several strengths and weaknesses in the design of the test artifact and the proposed measurement strategy, with recommendations on how to improve and standardize the process. Originality/value: This paper reviews a previously proposed design and process for measuring the capabilities of additive manufacturing processes. It also suggests improvements that can be incorporated into future designs and standardized across the industry. © 2018, Emerald Publishing Limited.
727	a24295291100	Miles M.P.	p445	False	Journal	249	Effect of strain path on forming limits and retained austenite transformation in Q&P 1180 steel	Forming limits and retained austenite (RA) transformation in Q&P 1180 steel are quantified as a function of plastic strain levels for three different strain paths. In-plane uniaxial tension testing was performed in a standard test frame, while limiting dome height tooling was employed for out-of-plane biaxial and plane strain tension experiments. Sheet specimens were tested incrementally for each strain path, and the RA content at each level of strain was measured using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The biaxial tension strain path resulted in the greatest effective strain prior to necking at 0.355, compared to 0.123 for plane strain and 0.142 for uniaxial tension. EBSD measurements for various levels of plastic strain reveal a clear dependence of RA rate of transformation on strain path for the three linear strain paths that were employed in this work. Thinning strains appear to provide a slightly better correlation to RA transformation than effective strain levels, where biaxial tension achieved the greatest level just prior to necking, followed by plane-strain tension, and then uniaxial tension. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
727	a24295291100	Miles M.P.	p572	False	Journal	303	A review of friction stir welding of steels: Tool, material flow, microstructure, and properties	Considerable progress has been achieved in friction stir welding (FSW) of steels in every aspect of tool fabrication, microstructure control and properties evaluation in the past two decades. With the development of reliable welding tools and precise control systems, FSW of steels has reached a new level of technical maturity. High-quality, long welds can be produced in many engineering steels. Compared to traditional fusion welding, FSW exhibits unique advantages producing joints with better properties. As a result of active control of the welding temperature and/or cooling rate, FSW has the capability of fabricating steel joints with excellent toughness and strength. For example, unfavorable phase transformations that usually occur during traditional welding can be avoided and favorable phase fractions in advanced steels can be maintained in the weld zone thus avoiding the typical property degradations associated with fusion welding. If phase transformations do occur during FSW of thick steels, optimization of microstructure and properties can be attained by controlling the heat input and post-weld cooling rate. © 2017
727	a24295291100	Miles M.P.	p573	False	Journal	303	Solid state crack repair by friction stir processing in 304L stainless steel	Friction stir processing (FSP) was investigated as a method of repairing cracks in 12 mm thick 304L stainless steel plate. Healing feasibility was demonstrated by processing a tapered crack using a PCBN/W-Re tool with a 25 mm diameter shoulder and a pin length of 6.4 mm. The experiment showed that it was possible to heal a crack that begins narrow and then progressively grows up to a width of 2 mm. Bead on plate experiments were used to find the best parameters for creating a consolidated stir zone with the least amount of hardness difference compared to the base metal. Grain refinement in some specimens resulted in much higher stir zone hardness, compared to base metal. A plot of grain size versus microhardness showed a very strong inverse correlation between grain size and hardness, as expected from the Hall-Petch relationship. Corrosion testing was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of FSP on potential sensitization of the stir zone. After 1000 h of intermittent immersion in 3.5% saline solution at room temperature it was found that no corrosion products formed on the base material controls or on any of the friction stir processed specimens. © 2017
727	a24295291100	Miles M.P.	p713	False	Journal	351	Process responses and resultant joint properties of friction stir welding of dissimilar 5083 and 6061aluminum alloys	The effects of combinations of dissimilar aluminum alloys during Friction stir welding (FSW) on the process response and resultant joint properties are experimentally investigated using two dissimilar automotive structural aluminum alloys. Depending on the materials on the advancing and retreating sides of the tool travel direction during FSW, four different material combinations are considered. FSW joints without macroscopic defects are successfully fabricated for the four different material combinations. The optical microscopy results show that the macroscopic material mixing behaviors of the two dissimilar material combinations during FSW are somewhat different from each other, even though the process responses during joining are not much different. The results of the quasi-static tensile tests and EBSD analysis demonstrate that the mechanical behaviors and orientation changes of the joint during tensile deformation are affected by the material locations with respect to the tool travel direction during FSW. © 2017, The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
727	a24295291100	Miles M.P.	p756	False	Journal	361	Microstructure Correlation with Formability for Biaxial Stretching of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B at Mildly Elevated Temperatures	Magnesium AZ31B sheets of 2 mm thickness were stretch formed with a 101.6-mm-diameter punch at temperatures from 25°C to 150°C, in 25°C increments. Surface strains were measured with a digital image correlation method. The punch height versus load curve was found to be the same for temperatures of 25°C and for 50°C, whereas at 75°C and above, the load for a given punch height started to decrease, indicating a potential change in deformation mechanism. Electron backscatter diffraction was used to quantify features of the microstructure in the tested specimens. In particular, the gradual decrease in twinning activity as a result of easier thermally activated slip with increasing temperatures is quantified across this range. Moreover, twin activity was found to predominantly involve the formation of {10 1 ¯ 1 } compression twins that rapidly transform to create secondary twins for easier strain accommodation. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
727	a24295291100	Miles M.P.	p772	False	Journal	379	Effect of tool geometry and process parameters on mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded dissimilar aluminum alloys	The effects of tool geometry and process parameters on the mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded (FSSW) dissimilar aluminum alloys are experimentally investigated. Two tools with different shoulder profiles, concave and convex, were considered. Two typical automotive aluminum alloys were selected for FSSW, thus resulting in two different material combinations for each shoulder profile. The experimental results showed that the two shoulder profiles caused significant differences in the axial force, the mixing of materials, and the mechanical properties of the joint. The sensitivity of joint strength to the variation of the tool rotation speed and the plunge speed was also quite dependent on the shoulder profile. The experimental result shows that the change of joint strength can be quite significant. © 2017, Korean Society for Precision Engineering and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
727	a24295291100	Miles M.P.	p884	False	Conference	397	Formability of magnesium alloy AZ31B from room temperature to 125, °C under biaxial tension	Magnesium AZ31B sheets of 2, mm thickness were stretch formed using a 101.6, mm diameter punch at room temperature and subsequent increments from 25 to 125, °C. Surface strains were measured using a digital image correlation method in order to ensure that biaxial stretching was achieved. The punch height versus load curve was found to be the same for temperatures of 25 and for 50, °C, while at 75, °C the load for a given punch height was less. This difference seems to indicate a change in deformation mechanism between 50 and 75, °C. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) was used to quantify features of the microstructure in the as-received and the strained specimens. Rather than a sudden transition from twinning to slip at low temperatures, it appears that twinning gradually decreases and slip activity increases as temperatures rise across the range from 25 to 125, °C. This confirms recent predictions found in the literature. The twin activity predominantly involves the formation of compression twins which rapidly transform further to create secondary twins for easier strain accommodation. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
728	a23052031200	Niezgoda S.	p227	False	Journal	149	Modeling of trans-grain twin transmission in AZ31 via a neighborhood-based viscoplastic self-consistent model	The impact of twin transmission between neighboring grains as a contributor to overall twin activity is considered via a neighborhood viscoplastic self-consistent (NVPSC) model. The NVPSC model is an extension of a stochastic model for twin nucleation developed by Niezgoda et al. and a dislocation density based hardening law model developed by Knezevic et al. Beyond the baseline combined framework, the new model tracks sets of neighboring grains and allows twin transmission between them under certain conditions. The influence of grain boundary (GB) character is included in the stochastic models of twin nucleation and transmission. The starting texture from a rolled magnesium alloy AZ31B sheet was obtained using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) for initial input into the NVPSC. The sample was further deformed by uniaxial compression to encourage twin formation and the corresponding texture information was collected using EBSD. The accuracy of simulated twin activity was determined by comparing it with the twin activity seen in the deformed sample. The total number of predicted twins and the number of transmission twins is found to agree favorably with those observed via the EBSD scans. This validation demonstrates the significance of incorporating twin transmission as a twin formation mode in predictive models for this material. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd.
729	a7004495126	Beyerlein I.J.	p227	False	Journal	149	Modeling of trans-grain twin transmission in AZ31 via a neighborhood-based viscoplastic self-consistent model	The impact of twin transmission between neighboring grains as a contributor to overall twin activity is considered via a neighborhood viscoplastic self-consistent (NVPSC) model. The NVPSC model is an extension of a stochastic model for twin nucleation developed by Niezgoda et al. and a dislocation density based hardening law model developed by Knezevic et al. Beyond the baseline combined framework, the new model tracks sets of neighboring grains and allows twin transmission between them under certain conditions. The influence of grain boundary (GB) character is included in the stochastic models of twin nucleation and transmission. The starting texture from a rolled magnesium alloy AZ31B sheet was obtained using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) for initial input into the NVPSC. The sample was further deformed by uniaxial compression to encourage twin formation and the corresponding texture information was collected using EBSD. The accuracy of simulated twin activity was determined by comparing it with the twin activity seen in the deformed sample. The total number of predicted twins and the number of transmission twins is found to agree favorably with those observed via the EBSD scans. This validation demonstrates the significance of incorporating twin transmission as a twin formation mode in predictive models for this material. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd.
729	a7004495126	Beyerlein I.J.	p756	False	Journal	361	Microstructure Correlation with Formability for Biaxial Stretching of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B at Mildly Elevated Temperatures	Magnesium AZ31B sheets of 2 mm thickness were stretch formed with a 101.6-mm-diameter punch at temperatures from 25°C to 150°C, in 25°C increments. Surface strains were measured with a digital image correlation method. The punch height versus load curve was found to be the same for temperatures of 25°C and for 50°C, whereas at 75°C and above, the load for a given punch height started to decrease, indicating a potential change in deformation mechanism. Electron backscatter diffraction was used to quantify features of the microstructure in the tested specimens. In particular, the gradual decrease in twinning activity as a result of easier thermally activated slip with increasing temperatures is quantified across this range. Moreover, twin activity was found to predominantly involve the formation of {10 1 ¯ 1 } compression twins that rapidly transform to create secondary twins for easier strain accommodation. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
729	a7004495126	Beyerlein I.J.	p884	False	Conference	397	Formability of magnesium alloy AZ31B from room temperature to 125, °C under biaxial tension	Magnesium AZ31B sheets of 2, mm thickness were stretch formed using a 101.6, mm diameter punch at room temperature and subsequent increments from 25 to 125, °C. Surface strains were measured using a digital image correlation method in order to ensure that biaxial stretching was achieved. The punch height versus load curve was found to be the same for temperatures of 25 and for 50, °C, while at 75, °C the load for a given punch height was less. This difference seems to indicate a change in deformation mechanism between 50 and 75, °C. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) was used to quantify features of the microstructure in the as-received and the strained specimens. Rather than a sudden transition from twinning to slip at low temperatures, it appears that twinning gradually decreases and slip activity increases as temperatures rise across the range from 25 to 125, °C. This confirms recent predictions found in the literature. The twin activity predominantly involves the formation of compression twins which rapidly transform further to create secondary twins for easier strain accommodation. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
730	a12778890800	Knezevic M.	p227	False	Journal	149	Modeling of trans-grain twin transmission in AZ31 via a neighborhood-based viscoplastic self-consistent model	The impact of twin transmission between neighboring grains as a contributor to overall twin activity is considered via a neighborhood viscoplastic self-consistent (NVPSC) model. The NVPSC model is an extension of a stochastic model for twin nucleation developed by Niezgoda et al. and a dislocation density based hardening law model developed by Knezevic et al. Beyond the baseline combined framework, the new model tracks sets of neighboring grains and allows twin transmission between them under certain conditions. The influence of grain boundary (GB) character is included in the stochastic models of twin nucleation and transmission. The starting texture from a rolled magnesium alloy AZ31B sheet was obtained using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) for initial input into the NVPSC. The sample was further deformed by uniaxial compression to encourage twin formation and the corresponding texture information was collected using EBSD. The accuracy of simulated twin activity was determined by comparing it with the twin activity seen in the deformed sample. The total number of predicted twins and the number of transmission twins is found to agree favorably with those observed via the EBSD scans. This validation demonstrates the significance of incorporating twin transmission as a twin formation mode in predictive models for this material. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd.
730	a12778890800	Knezevic M.	p756	False	Journal	361	Microstructure Correlation with Formability for Biaxial Stretching of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B at Mildly Elevated Temperatures	Magnesium AZ31B sheets of 2 mm thickness were stretch formed with a 101.6-mm-diameter punch at temperatures from 25°C to 150°C, in 25°C increments. Surface strains were measured with a digital image correlation method. The punch height versus load curve was found to be the same for temperatures of 25°C and for 50°C, whereas at 75°C and above, the load for a given punch height started to decrease, indicating a potential change in deformation mechanism. Electron backscatter diffraction was used to quantify features of the microstructure in the tested specimens. In particular, the gradual decrease in twinning activity as a result of easier thermally activated slip with increasing temperatures is quantified across this range. Moreover, twin activity was found to predominantly involve the formation of {10 1 ¯ 1 } compression twins that rapidly transform to create secondary twins for easier strain accommodation. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
730	a12778890800	Knezevic M.	p884	False	Conference	397	Formability of magnesium alloy AZ31B from room temperature to 125, °C under biaxial tension	Magnesium AZ31B sheets of 2, mm thickness were stretch formed using a 101.6, mm diameter punch at room temperature and subsequent increments from 25 to 125, °C. Surface strains were measured using a digital image correlation method in order to ensure that biaxial stretching was achieved. The punch height versus load curve was found to be the same for temperatures of 25 and for 50, °C, while at 75, °C the load for a given punch height was less. This difference seems to indicate a change in deformation mechanism between 50 and 75, °C. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) was used to quantify features of the microstructure in the as-received and the strained specimens. Rather than a sudden transition from twinning to slip at low temperatures, it appears that twinning gradually decreases and slip activity increases as temperatures rise across the range from 25 to 125, °C. This confirms recent predictions found in the literature. The twin activity predominantly involves the formation of compression twins which rapidly transform further to create secondary twins for easier strain accommodation. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
731	a57194703295	Asimaki D.	p228	False	Journal	150	Site effects in Mexico City basin: Past and present	Due to the unique subsoil conditions prevailing in the Mexico City basin, seismic risk has been strongly correlated to site effects. Thus, during the Mw 8.1 09/19/1985 subduction fault earthquake, and its strong aftershock Mw 7.5 09/21/1985, extensive damage was observed in the area, along with the loss of thousands of lives, despite these events had an epicentral distance of around 430 km from Mexico City. The observed damage was mostly due to site affects originated by the high plastiCity clay deposits found in the basin, which lead to large amplifications, and duration elongation of the ground motions coming from the epicenter. In addition, a frequency content modification occurs, which in turn, leads to a double resonance effect between the incoming ground motions, soil deposits, and the damaged buildings. Exactly 32 years after this devastating event, the Mw 7.1 09/19/2017 normal fault earthquake, reminded us of the importance of accounting for site effects, and most importantly the need to carry out a proper characterization of basin geometry, soil profile configuration, hydraulic conditions, and maintenance-structure periodic assessments of the building stock in Mexico City. This is required to reduce uncertainties of seismic vulnerability studies for extreme-event seismic hazard scenarios. In this paper, the role of site response and seismic soil-structure interaction as key factors responsible of the observed damage in the City is revisited, through series of 3D finite difference models of typical structure-foundation-soil typologies found at the areas where most of the damage was observed, highlighting its clear impact in the final damage distribution observed around the City. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
731	a57194703295	Asimaki D.	p394	True	Conference	143	Mexico City Basin Effects: Past, Present, and Future	Seismic hazard in Mexico City governed by site effects. The M8.1 1985 subduction zone earthquake, which caused significant damage and loss of thousands of lives at 350 km epicentral distance, has become the quintessential example of the role that site effects can play in modifying the amplitude, frequency, and duration of ground shaking; and in aggravating the catastrophic consequences of earthquakes. We here present observations and analyses of the M7.1 September 19, 2017, event that -while triggered by an intraplate rupture at approximately half the epicentral distance of the 1985 event relative to Mexico City -caused severe structural damage to a few tens of buildings located in a relatively narrow zone between the hill and lake zones of the basin, known as the transition zone. We show that the M 7.1 mainshock exposed the vulnerabilities of the pre-1985 building code in the transition zone; but more importantly highlighted the improvement of the 1987 building code revision in terms of the performance of modern high-rise buildings that suffered catastrophic consequences during the 1985 Michoácan earthquake sequence. We next analyze several records collected at stations in the basin over the past 20 years. We highlight the importance of three-dimensional heterogeneity of the basin sediments, the coupling between hydrological setting and site response and their evolution with time, and the energy interaction between the deep basin edge and the shallow clay layers. Results presented are the collective effort of the GEER teams that were deployed to perform post-earthquake reconnaissance in the affected regions of the epicentral area and in Mexico City after the M 7.1 September 19, 2017, earthquake sequence. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
732	a57144565100	Tepalcapa S.	p228	False	Journal	150	Site effects in Mexico City basin: Past and present	Due to the unique subsoil conditions prevailing in the Mexico City basin, seismic risk has been strongly correlated to site effects. Thus, during the Mw 8.1 09/19/1985 subduction fault earthquake, and its strong aftershock Mw 7.5 09/21/1985, extensive damage was observed in the area, along with the loss of thousands of lives, despite these events had an epicentral distance of around 430 km from Mexico City. The observed damage was mostly due to site affects originated by the high plastiCity clay deposits found in the basin, which lead to large amplifications, and duration elongation of the ground motions coming from the epicenter. In addition, a frequency content modification occurs, which in turn, leads to a double resonance effect between the incoming ground motions, soil deposits, and the damaged buildings. Exactly 32 years after this devastating event, the Mw 7.1 09/19/2017 normal fault earthquake, reminded us of the importance of accounting for site effects, and most importantly the need to carry out a proper characterization of basin geometry, soil profile configuration, hydraulic conditions, and maintenance-structure periodic assessments of the building stock in Mexico City. This is required to reduce uncertainties of seismic vulnerability studies for extreme-event seismic hazard scenarios. In this paper, the role of site response and seismic soil-structure interaction as key factors responsible of the observed damage in the City is revisited, through series of 3D finite difference models of typical structure-foundation-soil typologies found at the areas where most of the damage was observed, highlighting its clear impact in the final damage distribution observed around the City. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
733	a57189458176	Roman-de la Sancha A.	p228	False	Journal	150	Site effects in Mexico City basin: Past and present	Due to the unique subsoil conditions prevailing in the Mexico City basin, seismic risk has been strongly correlated to site effects. Thus, during the Mw 8.1 09/19/1985 subduction fault earthquake, and its strong aftershock Mw 7.5 09/21/1985, extensive damage was observed in the area, along with the loss of thousands of lives, despite these events had an epicentral distance of around 430 km from Mexico City. The observed damage was mostly due to site affects originated by the high plastiCity clay deposits found in the basin, which lead to large amplifications, and duration elongation of the ground motions coming from the epicenter. In addition, a frequency content modification occurs, which in turn, leads to a double resonance effect between the incoming ground motions, soil deposits, and the damaged buildings. Exactly 32 years after this devastating event, the Mw 7.1 09/19/2017 normal fault earthquake, reminded us of the importance of accounting for site effects, and most importantly the need to carry out a proper characterization of basin geometry, soil profile configuration, hydraulic conditions, and maintenance-structure periodic assessments of the building stock in Mexico City. This is required to reduce uncertainties of seismic vulnerability studies for extreme-event seismic hazard scenarios. In this paper, the role of site response and seismic soil-structure interaction as key factors responsible of the observed damage in the City is revisited, through series of 3D finite difference models of typical structure-foundation-soil typologies found at the areas where most of the damage was observed, highlighting its clear impact in the final damage distribution observed around the City. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
734	a24080990600	Montalva G.	p228	False	Journal	150	Site effects in Mexico City basin: Past and present	Due to the unique subsoil conditions prevailing in the Mexico City basin, seismic risk has been strongly correlated to site effects. Thus, during the Mw 8.1 09/19/1985 subduction fault earthquake, and its strong aftershock Mw 7.5 09/21/1985, extensive damage was observed in the area, along with the loss of thousands of lives, despite these events had an epicentral distance of around 430 km from Mexico City. The observed damage was mostly due to site affects originated by the high plastiCity clay deposits found in the basin, which lead to large amplifications, and duration elongation of the ground motions coming from the epicenter. In addition, a frequency content modification occurs, which in turn, leads to a double resonance effect between the incoming ground motions, soil deposits, and the damaged buildings. Exactly 32 years after this devastating event, the Mw 7.1 09/19/2017 normal fault earthquake, reminded us of the importance of accounting for site effects, and most importantly the need to carry out a proper characterization of basin geometry, soil profile configuration, hydraulic conditions, and maintenance-structure periodic assessments of the building stock in Mexico City. This is required to reduce uncertainties of seismic vulnerability studies for extreme-event seismic hazard scenarios. In this paper, the role of site response and seismic soil-structure interaction as key factors responsible of the observed damage in the City is revisited, through series of 3D finite difference models of typical structure-foundation-soil typologies found at the areas where most of the damage was observed, highlighting its clear impact in the final damage distribution observed around the City. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
735	a56323465700	Rojas-Nastrucci E.A.	p229	False	Journal	151	Thermal and Vapor Smoothing of Thermoplastic for Reduced Surface Roughness of Additive Manufactured RF Electronics	Additive manufacturing (AM) of electronics provides a route for creating customized systems with novel geometries that are not feasible with traditional methods. Standard AM processes such as extrusion can produce substrates on which electrical traces can be deposited. However, the surface roughness of plastic extrusion reduces the effective electrical conductivity and can introduce anisotropy, especially in radio frequency (RF) devices. The roughness can be reduced using vapor smoothing (VS), but solvent absorption changes the surface composition slightly, can be environmentally hazardous, and is not feasible with all thermoplastics. A new method introduced here - coined thermal smoothing (TS) - utilizes a heat source to locally reflow the material, thus minimizing the roughness of the undulating surfaces without the drawbacks of VS. This research work compares the surface roughness impacts of both smoothing processes with profilometry and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Both smoothing processes significantly reduce the surface roughness of extruded components by 80% and 90% for TS and VS, respectively. This paper also examines the influence of surface smoothing on high-frequency conductivity of microdispensed conductors (CB028 paste) deposited on the substrates. The measured loss on coplanar waveguides shows an improvement of up to 40% at 7 GHz. © 2011-2012 IEEE.
736	a57209274795	Griffin D.	p229	False	Journal	151	Thermal and Vapor Smoothing of Thermoplastic for Reduced Surface Roughness of Additive Manufactured RF Electronics	Additive manufacturing (AM) of electronics provides a route for creating customized systems with novel geometries that are not feasible with traditional methods. Standard AM processes such as extrusion can produce substrates on which electrical traces can be deposited. However, the surface roughness of plastic extrusion reduces the effective electrical conductivity and can introduce anisotropy, especially in radio frequency (RF) devices. The roughness can be reduced using vapor smoothing (VS), but solvent absorption changes the surface composition slightly, can be environmentally hazardous, and is not feasible with all thermoplastics. A new method introduced here - coined thermal smoothing (TS) - utilizes a heat source to locally reflow the material, thus minimizing the roughness of the undulating surfaces without the drawbacks of VS. This research work compares the surface roughness impacts of both smoothing processes with profilometry and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Both smoothing processes significantly reduce the surface roughness of extruded components by 80% and 90% for TS and VS, respectively. This paper also examines the influence of surface smoothing on high-frequency conductivity of microdispensed conductors (CB028 paste) deposited on the substrates. The measured loss on coplanar waveguides shows an improvement of up to 40% at 7 GHz. © 2011-2012 IEEE.
737	a7102483892	Weller T.M.	p229	False	Journal	151	Thermal and Vapor Smoothing of Thermoplastic for Reduced Surface Roughness of Additive Manufactured RF Electronics	Additive manufacturing (AM) of electronics provides a route for creating customized systems with novel geometries that are not feasible with traditional methods. Standard AM processes such as extrusion can produce substrates on which electrical traces can be deposited. However, the surface roughness of plastic extrusion reduces the effective electrical conductivity and can introduce anisotropy, especially in radio frequency (RF) devices. The roughness can be reduced using vapor smoothing (VS), but solvent absorption changes the surface composition slightly, can be environmentally hazardous, and is not feasible with all thermoplastics. A new method introduced here - coined thermal smoothing (TS) - utilizes a heat source to locally reflow the material, thus minimizing the roughness of the undulating surfaces without the drawbacks of VS. This research work compares the surface roughness impacts of both smoothing processes with profilometry and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Both smoothing processes significantly reduce the surface roughness of extruded components by 80% and 90% for TS and VS, respectively. This paper also examines the influence of surface smoothing on high-frequency conductivity of microdispensed conductors (CB028 paste) deposited on the substrates. The measured loss on coplanar waveguides shows an improvement of up to 40% at 7 GHz. © 2011-2012 IEEE.
738	a57200208018	May D.	p230	True	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
739	a36701008900	Aktas A.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
740	a7201687754	Advani S.G.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
741	a7202401225	Berg D.C.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
742	a12805837100	Endruweit A.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
743	a56257805000	Fauster E.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
744	a7005067917	Lomov S.V.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
745	a7202417224	Long A.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
746	a55927295500	Mitschang P.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
747	a6508257901	Abaimov S.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
748	a55931847400	Abliz D.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
749	a7004092560	Akhatov I.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
750	a56955794500	Ali M.A.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
751	a55778257800	Allen T.D.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
752	a6701664914	Bickerton S.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
753	a24504209800	Bodaghi M.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
754	a55247112800	Caglar B.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
755	a57207841000	Caglar H.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
756	a12780700500	Chiminelli A.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
757	a7006236094	Correia N.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
758	a16303239800	Cosson B.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
759	a55315191100	Danzi M.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
760	a57194063754	Dittmann J.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
761	a6701501207	Ermanni P.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
762	a24072733200	Francucci G.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
763	a57192140261	Grishaev V.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
764	a57207843958	Hancioglu M.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
765	a57207841443	Kabachi M.A.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
766	a57207846799	Kind K.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
767	a56473665600	Deléglise-Lagardère M.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
768	a23977815400	Laspalas M.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
769	a56308354900	Lebedev O.V.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
770	a36859700200	Lizaranzu M.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
771	a26221155700	Liotier P.-J.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
772	a24385613600	Middendorf P.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
773	a15081415200	Morán J.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
774	a7408416878	Park C.-H.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
775	a11042527300	Pipes R.B.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
776	a56185388600	Pucci M.F.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
777	a57207844500	Raynal J.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
778	a57189577432	Rodriguez E.S.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
779	a6602943081	Schledjewski R.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
780	a57207842677	Schubnel R.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
781	a39062078800	Sharp N.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
782	a7101608513	Sims G.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
783	a6602499334	Sozer E.M.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
784	a57202152216	Sousa P.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
785	a57213372150	Thomas J.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
786	a8555191500	Umer R.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
787	a57195579636	Wijaya W.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
788	a57207842193	Willenbacher B.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
789	a57203836326	Yong A.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
790	a55639502500	Zaremba S.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
791	a6602168494	Ziegmann G.	p230	False	Journal	152	In-plane permeability characterization of engineering textiles based on radial flow experiments: A benchmark exercise	Although good progress was made by two international benchmark exercises on in-plane permeability, existing methods have not yet been standardized. This paper presents the results of a third benchmark exercise using in-plane permeability measurement, based on systems applying the radial unsaturated injection method. 19 participants using 20 systems characterized a non-crimp and a woven fabric at three different fiber volume contents, using a commercially available silicone oil as impregnating fluid. They followed a detailed characterization procedure and also completed a questionnaire on their set-up and analysis methods. Excluding outliers (2 of 20), the average coefficient of variation (c v ) between the participant's results was 32% and 44% (non-crimp and woven fabric), while the average c v for individual participants was 8% and 12%, respectively. This indicates statistically significant variations between the measurement systems. Cavity deformation was identified as a major influence, besides fluid pressure/viscosity measurement, textile variations, and data analysis. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
792	a57209284973	Saleh A.M.	p231	True	Journal	153	Non-canonical amino acid labeling in proteomics and biotechnology	Metabolic labeling of proteins with non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) provides unique bioorthogonal chemical groups during de novo synthesis by taking advantage of both endogenous and heterologous protein synthesis machineries. Labeled proteins can then be selectively conjugated to fluorophores, affinity reagents, peptides, polymers, nanoparticles or surfaces for a wide variety of downstream applications in proteomics and biotechnology. In this review, we focus on techniques in which proteins are residue- and site-specifically labeled with ncAAs containing bioorthogonal handles. These ncAA-labeled proteins are: readily enriched from cells and tissues for identification via mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis; selectively purified for downstream biotechnology applications; or labeled with fluorophores for in situ analysis. To facilitate the wider use of these techniques, we provide decision trees to help guide the design of future experiments. It is expected that the use of ncAA labeling will continue to expand into new application areas where spatial and temporal analysis of proteome dynamics and engineering new chemistries and new function into proteins are desired. © 2019 The Author(s).
793	a56221901100	Wilding K.M.	p231	False	Journal	153	Non-canonical amino acid labeling in proteomics and biotechnology	Metabolic labeling of proteins with non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) provides unique bioorthogonal chemical groups during de novo synthesis by taking advantage of both endogenous and heterologous protein synthesis machineries. Labeled proteins can then be selectively conjugated to fluorophores, affinity reagents, peptides, polymers, nanoparticles or surfaces for a wide variety of downstream applications in proteomics and biotechnology. In this review, we focus on techniques in which proteins are residue- and site-specifically labeled with ncAAs containing bioorthogonal handles. These ncAA-labeled proteins are: readily enriched from cells and tissues for identification via mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis; selectively purified for downstream biotechnology applications; or labeled with fluorophores for in situ analysis. To facilitate the wider use of these techniques, we provide decision trees to help guide the design of future experiments. It is expected that the use of ncAA labeling will continue to expand into new application areas where spatial and temporal analysis of proteome dynamics and engineering new chemistries and new function into proteins are desired. © 2019 The Author(s).
793	a56221901100	Wilding K.M.	p439	True	Journal	244	The emerging impact of cell-free chemical biosynthesis	Biomanufacturing has emerged as a promising alternative to chemocatalysis for green, renewable, complex synthesis of biofuels, medicines, and fine chemicals. Cell-free chemical biosynthesis offers additional advantages over in vivo production, enabling plug-and-play assembly of separately produced enzymes into an optimal cascade, versatile reaction conditions, and direct access to the reaction environment. In order for these advantages to be realized on the larger scale of industry, strategies are needed to reduce costs of biocatalyst generation, improve biocatalyst stability, and enable economically sustainable continuous cascade operation. Here we overview the advantages and remaining challenges of applying cell-free chemical biosynthesis for commodity production, and discuss recent advances in cascade engineering, enzyme immobilization, and enzyme encapsulation which constitute important steps towards addressing these challenges. © 2017
793	a56221901100	Wilding K.M.	p537	True	Journal	297	The Locational Impact of Site-Specific PEGylation: Streamlined Screening with Cell-Free Protein Expression and Coarse-Grain Simulation	Although polyethylene glycol (PEG) is commonly used to improve protein stability and therapeutic efficacy, the optimal location for attaching PEG onto proteins is not well understood. Here, we present a cell-free protein synthesis-based screening platform that facilitates site-specific PEGylation and efficient evaluation of PEG attachment efficiency, thermal stability, and activity for different variants of PEGylated T4 lysozyme, including a di-PEGylated variant. We also report developing a computationally efficient coarse-grain simulation model as a potential tool to narrow experimental screening candidates. We use this simulation method as a novel tool to evaluate the locational impact of PEGylation. Using this screen, we also evaluated the predictive impact of PEGylation site solvent accessibility, conjugation site structure, PEG size, and double PEGylation. Our findings indicate that PEGylation efficiency, protein stability, and protein activity varied considerably with PEGylation site, variations that were not well predicted by common PEGylation guidelines. Overall our results suggest current guidelines are insufficiently predictive, highlighting the need for experimental and simulation screening systems such as the one presented here. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
794	a6507753128	Calve S.	p231	False	Journal	153	Non-canonical amino acid labeling in proteomics and biotechnology	Metabolic labeling of proteins with non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) provides unique bioorthogonal chemical groups during de novo synthesis by taking advantage of both endogenous and heterologous protein synthesis machineries. Labeled proteins can then be selectively conjugated to fluorophores, affinity reagents, peptides, polymers, nanoparticles or surfaces for a wide variety of downstream applications in proteomics and biotechnology. In this review, we focus on techniques in which proteins are residue- and site-specifically labeled with ncAAs containing bioorthogonal handles. These ncAA-labeled proteins are: readily enriched from cells and tissues for identification via mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis; selectively purified for downstream biotechnology applications; or labeled with fluorophores for in situ analysis. To facilitate the wider use of these techniques, we provide decision trees to help guide the design of future experiments. It is expected that the use of ncAA labeling will continue to expand into new application areas where spatial and temporal analysis of proteome dynamics and engineering new chemistries and new function into proteins are desired. © 2019 The Author(s).
795	a6504734319	Kinzer-Ursem T.L.	p231	False	Journal	153	Non-canonical amino acid labeling in proteomics and biotechnology	Metabolic labeling of proteins with non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) provides unique bioorthogonal chemical groups during de novo synthesis by taking advantage of both endogenous and heterologous protein synthesis machineries. Labeled proteins can then be selectively conjugated to fluorophores, affinity reagents, peptides, polymers, nanoparticles or surfaces for a wide variety of downstream applications in proteomics and biotechnology. In this review, we focus on techniques in which proteins are residue- and site-specifically labeled with ncAAs containing bioorthogonal handles. These ncAA-labeled proteins are: readily enriched from cells and tissues for identification via mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis; selectively purified for downstream biotechnology applications; or labeled with fluorophores for in situ analysis. To facilitate the wider use of these techniques, we provide decision trees to help guide the design of future experiments. It is expected that the use of ncAA labeling will continue to expand into new application areas where spatial and temporal analysis of proteome dynamics and engineering new chemistries and new function into proteins are desired. © 2019 The Author(s).
796	a24759275600	McDonald J.K.	p234	True	Journal	154	The design critique and the moral goods of studio pedagogy	In this paper we inquire into the moral goods that are significant for design studio instructors, by examining how they talk about the way critiques fit into the studio as a social practice. We studied this issue using in-depth interviews with six studio instructors. Through these interviews, we found that critiques are how they structure the studio so they can pursue three types of moral goods: a) for student development; b) for their own self-cultivation; and c) for other stakeholders. Along with presenting these goods, we discuss what instructors say about multiple goods exerting influence on them at the same time. Finally, we discuss implications these findings have for understanding the studio environment, and why critiques matter within this environment. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
797	a57207312334	Michela E.	p234	False	Journal	154	The design critique and the moral goods of studio pedagogy	In this paper we inquire into the moral goods that are significant for design studio instructors, by examining how they talk about the way critiques fit into the studio as a social practice. We studied this issue using in-depth interviews with six studio instructors. Through these interviews, we found that critiques are how they structure the studio so they can pursue three types of moral goods: a) for student development; b) for their own self-cultivation; and c) for other stakeholders. Along with presenting these goods, we discuss what instructors say about multiple goods exerting influence on them at the same time. Finally, we discuss implications these findings have for understanding the studio environment, and why critiques matter within this environment. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
798	a56709364700	Stott M.A.	p235	False	Conference	56	Single Particle Detection Enhancement with Wavelet-based Signal Processing Technique	Chip-based single molecule detection requires ultra-sensitive devices and robust signal processing methods. A new wavelet-based signal processing method is introduced that improves detection and error rates on an optofluidic platform by 2x and 3x, respectively. © 2019 The Author(s) 2019 OSA.
798	a56709364700	Stott M.A.	p347	False	Conference	119	Single particle detection enhancement with wavelet-based signal processing technique	Chip-based single molecule detection requires ultra-sensitive devices and robust signal processing methods. A new wavelet-based signal processing method is introduced that improves detection and error rates on an optofluidic platform by 2x and 3x, respectively. © 2019 The Author(s)
798	a56709364700	Stott M.A.	p459	True	Journal	256	Buried Rib SiO2 Multimode Interference Waveguides for Optofluidic Multiplexing	Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides can be used to create wavelength-dependent spot patterns which enables simultaneous analyte detection on a single optofluidic chip, useful for disease diagnostics. The fidelity of such multi-spot patterns is important for high sensitivity and accurate target identification. Buried rib structures have been incorporated into these SiO2-based waveguides to improve environmental stability. Through experiments and simulation, this letter explores design parameters for a buried MMI rib waveguide based on anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides in order to produce high-fidelity spot patterns. Optimal rib heights and widths are reported in the context of available microfabrication etch technology and performance for an optimized biosensor is shown. © 1989-2012 IEEE.
798	a56709364700	Stott M.A.	p502	True	Journal	273	Optimized ARROW-Based MMI Waveguides for High Fidelity Excitation Patterns for Optofluidic Multiplexing	Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides can be used for multiplexing and de-multiplexing optical signals. High fidelity, wavelength dependent multi-spot patterns from MMI waveguides are useful for sensitive and simultaneous identification of multiple targets in multiplexed fluorescence optofluidic biosensors. Through experiments and simulation, this paper explores design parameters for an MMI rib anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide in order to produce high fidelity spot patterns at the liquid core biomarker excitation region. Width and etch depth of the single excitation rib waveguide used to excite the MMI waveguide are especially critical because they determine the size of the input optical mode which is imaged at the MMI waveguide's output. To increase optical throughput into the MMI waveguide when light is coupled in from an optical fiber, tapers in the waveguide width can be used for better mode matching. © 2012 IEEE.
798	a56709364700	Stott M.A.	p607	True	Conference	245	High fidelity MMI excitation patterns for optofluidic multiplexing	High fidelity interference patterns from multimode interference waveguides are needed for multiplexed optofluidic biosensors. Spot pattern fidelity can be optimized by careful design of the single-mode waveguides used to excite the multimode waveguides. © OSA 2018.
798	a56709364700	Stott M.A.	p608	False	Conference	246	3D hydrodynamic focusing for optofluidics using a stacked channel design	We present a 3D hydrodynamic focusing design suitable for optofluidic devices allowing planar fabrication and velocity independent particle focusing. Simulations are presented and fabrication outlined with evidence that stacked SU8 layers are suitable building blocks. © OSA 2018.
798	a56709364700	Stott M.A.	p750	False	Journal	364	Multiplexed efficient on-chip sample preparation and sensitive amplification-free detection of Ebola virus	An automated microfluidic sample preparation multiplexer (SPM) has been developed and evaluated for Ebola virus detection. Metered air bubbles controlled by microvalves are used to improve bead-solution mixing thereby enhancing the hybridization of the target Ebola virus RNA with capture probes bound to the beads. The method uses thermally stable 4-formyl benzamide functionalized (4FB) magnetic beads rather than streptavidin coated beads with a high density of capture probes to improve the target capture efficiency. Exploiting an on-chip concentration protocol in the SPM and the single molecule detection capability of the antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) biosensor chip, a detection limit of 0.021 pfu/mL for clinical samples is achieved without target amplification. This RNA target capture efficiency is two orders of magnitude higher than previous results using streptavidin beads and the limit of detection (LOD) improves 10×. The wide dynamic range of this technique covers the whole clinically applicable concentration range. In addition, the current sample preparation time is ~1 h which is eight times faster than previous work. This multiplexed, miniaturized sample preparation microdevice establishes a key technology that intended to develop next generation point-of-care (POC) detection system. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
798	a56709364700	Stott M.A.	p786	False	Conference	323	MMI waveguide based multispectral detection of nucleic acids for analysis of drug-resistant bacteria	A multi-mode interference waveguide is used for creating distinct temporal fluorescence patterns at multiple excitation wavelengths. This allows for identification of bacterial nucleic acids labeled with molecular beacons in two colors. © 2016 IEEE.
798	a56709364700	Stott M.A.	p787	False	Conference	324	Design and characterization of integrated 2D ABEL trap	Design and characterization of a chip-based electro-optic single-particle trap with feedback-based confinement in two dimensions is demonstrated. Improvements over 1D confinement and integration of nanopores for gated delivery of individual nanoparticles are discussed. © 2016 IEEE.
798	a56709364700	Stott M.A.	p840	False	Conference	367	Multimodal multiplexing of single-virus detection using multi-mode interference waveguides	Multi-mode interference waveguides are used to implement simultaneous spectral and spatial multiplex fluorescence analysis in liquid-core waveguide channels. A six-times multiplex identification of single influenza viruses is demonstrated with two excitation colors and threechannels. © 2017 OSA.
798	a56709364700	Stott M.A.	p841	False	Conference	368	Single particle fluorescence analysis on demand on electro-optofluidic chip with gated particle delivery	Electronic feedback enables introduction of single microbeads and DNA molecules into a liquid-core waveguide through a micro/nanopore. Subsequent fluorescence detection from a controlled number of individual particles is demonstrated, enabling single particle analysis on demand. © 2017 OSA.
799	a57192981384	Davis H.C.	p236	True	Journal	155	Sagittal plane walking biomechanics in individuals with knee osteoarthritis after quadriceps strengthening	Objective: To compare sagittal walking gait biomechanics between participants with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) who increased quadriceps strength following a lower-extremity strengthening intervention (responders) and those who did not increase strength following the same strengthening protocol (non-responders) both at baseline and following the lower extremity strengthening protocol. Design: Fifty-three participants with radiographic KOA (47% female, 62.3 ± 7.1 years, BMI = 28.5 ± 3.9 kg/m 2 ) were enrolled in 10 sessions of lower extremity strengthening over a 28-day period. Maximum isometric quadriceps strength and walking gait biomechanics were collected on the involved limb at baseline and 4-weeks following the strengthening intervention. Responders were classified as individuals who increased quadriceps strength greater than the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the minimal detectable change (MDC) in quadriceps strength (29 Nm) determined in a previous study. 2 × 2 functional analyses of variance were used to evaluate the effects of group (responders and non-responders) and time (baseline and 4-weeks) on time-normalized waveforms for knee flexion angle (KFA), vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), and internal knee extension moment (KEM). Results: A significant group x time interaction for KFA demonstrated greater KFA in the first half of stance at baseline and greater knee extension in the second half of stance at 4-weeks in responders compared to non-responders. There was no significant group x time interaction for vGRF or internal KEM. Conclusions: Quadriceps strengthening may be used to stimulate small changes in KFA in individuals with KOA. © 2019 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
800	a57190258899	Luc-Harkey B.A.	p236	False	Journal	155	Sagittal plane walking biomechanics in individuals with knee osteoarthritis after quadriceps strengthening	Objective: To compare sagittal walking gait biomechanics between participants with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) who increased quadriceps strength following a lower-extremity strengthening intervention (responders) and those who did not increase strength following the same strengthening protocol (non-responders) both at baseline and following the lower extremity strengthening protocol. Design: Fifty-three participants with radiographic KOA (47% female, 62.3 ± 7.1 years, BMI = 28.5 ± 3.9 kg/m 2 ) were enrolled in 10 sessions of lower extremity strengthening over a 28-day period. Maximum isometric quadriceps strength and walking gait biomechanics were collected on the involved limb at baseline and 4-weeks following the strengthening intervention. Responders were classified as individuals who increased quadriceps strength greater than the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the minimal detectable change (MDC) in quadriceps strength (29 Nm) determined in a previous study. 2 × 2 functional analyses of variance were used to evaluate the effects of group (responders and non-responders) and time (baseline and 4-weeks) on time-normalized waveforms for knee flexion angle (KFA), vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), and internal knee extension moment (KEM). Results: A significant group x time interaction for KFA demonstrated greater KFA in the first half of stance at baseline and greater knee extension in the second half of stance at 4-weeks in responders compared to non-responders. There was no significant group x time interaction for vGRF or internal KEM. Conclusions: Quadriceps strengthening may be used to stimulate small changes in KFA in individuals with KOA. © 2019 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
801	a24333330300	Seeley M.K.	p236	False	Journal	155	Sagittal plane walking biomechanics in individuals with knee osteoarthritis after quadriceps strengthening	Objective: To compare sagittal walking gait biomechanics between participants with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) who increased quadriceps strength following a lower-extremity strengthening intervention (responders) and those who did not increase strength following the same strengthening protocol (non-responders) both at baseline and following the lower extremity strengthening protocol. Design: Fifty-three participants with radiographic KOA (47% female, 62.3 ± 7.1 years, BMI = 28.5 ± 3.9 kg/m 2 ) were enrolled in 10 sessions of lower extremity strengthening over a 28-day period. Maximum isometric quadriceps strength and walking gait biomechanics were collected on the involved limb at baseline and 4-weeks following the strengthening intervention. Responders were classified as individuals who increased quadriceps strength greater than the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the minimal detectable change (MDC) in quadriceps strength (29 Nm) determined in a previous study. 2 × 2 functional analyses of variance were used to evaluate the effects of group (responders and non-responders) and time (baseline and 4-weeks) on time-normalized waveforms for knee flexion angle (KFA), vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), and internal knee extension moment (KEM). Results: A significant group x time interaction for KFA demonstrated greater KFA in the first half of stance at baseline and greater knee extension in the second half of stance at 4-weeks in responders compared to non-responders. There was no significant group x time interaction for vGRF or internal KEM. Conclusions: Quadriceps strengthening may be used to stimulate small changes in KFA in individuals with KOA. © 2019 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
801	a24333330300	Seeley M.K.	p517	False	Journal	286	Effect of environmental and material factors on the response of nanocomposite foam impact sensors	Nanocomposite foam (NCF) is a multifunctional material that can be used to measure impact. Interactions between the flexible polymer matrix and conductive particles dispersed throughout it produce a voltage signal under dynamic strain, which correlates to the magnitude of impact. Though promising in applications requiring both impact sensing and energy absorption, NCF's voltage response has been observed to suffer from significant signal drift. This paper investigates several causes of variance in the response of NCF sensors to consistent impacts. These effects can be classified into three general types: recoverable transient effects (such as those relating to viscoelasticity or capacitive charging), environmental drift (due to humidity and temperature), and permanent signal decay from material degradation. The motivation for the study arises from various potential repeat-impact applications where periodic recalibration of the sensor would be difficult (such as a gait-tracking insole in use for a marathon event). A cyclic drop testing machine was used to apply consistent impacts to NCF, and drift resulting from each factor (in ranges typical of an insole environment) was experimentally isolated. Models representing each factor's contribution to signal drift are presented. Of the factors investigated, humidity and temperature caused the most significant drift, with permanent material degradation accounting for only minor decay in voltage response. Transient effects were also observed, with a characteristic 'warm-up' (or 'charging') time required for the NCF to achieve steady-state; this phenomenon, and the related 'recovery' time for the material to return to its original state, were determined. The resultant data can be leveraged to implement a correction algorithm or other drift-compensating method to retain an NCF sensor's accuracy in both long and short data collection scenarios. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
801	a24333330300	Seeley M.K.	p546	False	Journal	300	Materials selection of flexible open-cell foams in energy absorption applications	Foam must be engineered to absorb a particular range of energy in various impact-related applications. Since energy absorption is dependent upon the unique stress-strain response of each foam specimen, it is difficult to quantify analytically; thus, energy absorption cannot be easily compared across materials. Current methods accomplish this using an experimental approach, individually testing foam materials, densities, and geometries to quantify how each influences energy absorption. Such methods require large amounts of time and money to characterize a narrow range of foams. This paper facilitates foam selection by deriving generalized energy absorption material indices. Assuming Euler buckling of columns in the open-cell foam structure, this paper applies equations derived by Maiti et al. to a typical impact scenario wherein the indices are extracted. Using existing Ashby charts, these indices allow polymers to be ranked by the mass and cost each would require as a foamed structure to satisfy specific energy absorption constraints. The presented method allows the energy absorption of a wide range of flexible foams to be compared and relieves the need for extensive factor-specific testing. This method is applied to football helmet foam selection; however, it can be used for many applications where energy absorption is of interest. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
801	a24333330300	Seeley M.K.	p666	False	Journal	320	Nano-Composite Foam Sensor System in Football Helmets	American football has both the highest rate of concussion incidences as well as the highest number of concussions of all contact sports due to both the number of athletes and nature of the sport. Recent research has linked concussions with long term health complications such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy and early onset Alzheimer’s. Understanding the mechanical characteristics of concussive impacts is critical to help protect athletes from these debilitating diseases and is now possible using helmet-based sensor systems. To date, real time on-field measurement of head impacts has been almost exclusively measured by devices that rely on accelerometers or gyroscopes attached to the player’s helmet, or embedded in a mouth guard. These systems monitor motion of the head or helmet, but do not directly measure impact energy. This paper evaluates the accuracy of a novel, multifunctional foam-based sensor that replaces a portion of the helmet foam to measure impact. All modified helmets were tested using a National Operating Committee Standards for Athletic Equipment-style drop tower with a total of 24 drop tests (4 locations with 6 impact energies). The impacts were evaluated using a headform, instrumented with a tri-axial accelerometer, mounted to a Hybrid III neck assembly. The resultant accelerations were evaluated for both the peak acceleration and the severity indices. These data were then compared to the voltage response from multiple Nano Composite Foam sensors located throughout the helmet. The foam sensor system proved to be accurate in measuring both the HIC and Gadd severity index, as well as peak acceleration while also providing additional details that were previously difficult to obtain, such as impact energy. © 2017, Biomedical Engineering Society.
801	a24333330300	Seeley M.K.	p694	False	Journal	320	Estimation of 3D Ground Reaction Force Using Nanocomposite Piezo-Responsive Foam Sensors During Walking	This paper describes a method for the estimation of the 3D ground reaction force (GRF) during human walking using novel nanocomposite piezo-responsive foam (NCPF) sensors. Nine subjects (5 male, 4 female) walked on a force-instrumented treadmill at 1.34 m/s for 120 s each while wearing a shoe that was instrumented with four NCPF sensors. GRF data, measured via the treadmill, and sensor data, measured via the NCPF inserts, were used in a tenfold cross validation process to calibrate a separate model for each individual. The calibration model estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with mean average errors (MAE) of 6.52 N (2.14%), 4.79 N (6.34%), and 15.4 N (2.15%), respectively. Two additional models were created using the sensor data from all subjects and subject demographics. A tenfold cross validation process for this combined data set resulted in models that estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with less than 8.16 N (2.41%), 6.63 N (7.37%), and 19.4 N (2.31%) errors, respectively. Intra-subject estimates based on the model had a higher accuracy than inter-subject estimates, likely due to the relatively small subject cohort used in creating the model. The novel NCPF sensors demonstrate the ability to accurately estimate 3D GRF during human movement outside of the traditional biomechanics laboratory setting. © 2017, Biomedical Engineering Society.
802	a57189382200	Troy Blackburn J.	p236	False	Journal	155	Sagittal plane walking biomechanics in individuals with knee osteoarthritis after quadriceps strengthening	Objective: To compare sagittal walking gait biomechanics between participants with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) who increased quadriceps strength following a lower-extremity strengthening intervention (responders) and those who did not increase strength following the same strengthening protocol (non-responders) both at baseline and following the lower extremity strengthening protocol. Design: Fifty-three participants with radiographic KOA (47% female, 62.3 ± 7.1 years, BMI = 28.5 ± 3.9 kg/m 2 ) were enrolled in 10 sessions of lower extremity strengthening over a 28-day period. Maximum isometric quadriceps strength and walking gait biomechanics were collected on the involved limb at baseline and 4-weeks following the strengthening intervention. Responders were classified as individuals who increased quadriceps strength greater than the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the minimal detectable change (MDC) in quadriceps strength (29 Nm) determined in a previous study. 2 × 2 functional analyses of variance were used to evaluate the effects of group (responders and non-responders) and time (baseline and 4-weeks) on time-normalized waveforms for knee flexion angle (KFA), vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), and internal knee extension moment (KEM). Results: A significant group x time interaction for KFA demonstrated greater KFA in the first half of stance at baseline and greater knee extension in the second half of stance at 4-weeks in responders compared to non-responders. There was no significant group x time interaction for vGRF or internal KEM. Conclusions: Quadriceps strengthening may be used to stimulate small changes in KFA in individuals with KOA. © 2019 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
803	a57203250533	Pietrosimone B.	p236	False	Journal	155	Sagittal plane walking biomechanics in individuals with knee osteoarthritis after quadriceps strengthening	Objective: To compare sagittal walking gait biomechanics between participants with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) who increased quadriceps strength following a lower-extremity strengthening intervention (responders) and those who did not increase strength following the same strengthening protocol (non-responders) both at baseline and following the lower extremity strengthening protocol. Design: Fifty-three participants with radiographic KOA (47% female, 62.3 ± 7.1 years, BMI = 28.5 ± 3.9 kg/m 2 ) were enrolled in 10 sessions of lower extremity strengthening over a 28-day period. Maximum isometric quadriceps strength and walking gait biomechanics were collected on the involved limb at baseline and 4-weeks following the strengthening intervention. Responders were classified as individuals who increased quadriceps strength greater than the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) for the minimal detectable change (MDC) in quadriceps strength (29 Nm) determined in a previous study. 2 × 2 functional analyses of variance were used to evaluate the effects of group (responders and non-responders) and time (baseline and 4-weeks) on time-normalized waveforms for knee flexion angle (KFA), vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), and internal knee extension moment (KEM). Results: A significant group x time interaction for KFA demonstrated greater KFA in the first half of stance at baseline and greater knee extension in the second half of stance at 4-weeks in responders compared to non-responders. There was no significant group x time interaction for vGRF or internal KEM. Conclusions: Quadriceps strengthening may be used to stimulate small changes in KFA in individuals with KOA. © 2019 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
804	a57203957449	Teng J.	p237	True	Journal	156	Recognition of Chinese food using convolutional neural network	Food recognition is the first step for dietary assessment. Computer vision technology is being viewed as an effective tool for automatic food recognition for monitoring nutrition intake. Of the many food recognition algorithms in the literature, Bag-of-Features model is a proven approach that has shown impressive recognition accuracy. In this paper, we propose a small and efficient convolutional neural network architecture for Chinese food recognition, which is more applicable for resources limited platforms. Our network architecture is designed to model and perform a pipeline of processing similar to the Bag-of-Features approach. The main advantage of the proposed architecture, like other convolutional neural networks, is its ability to unifiedly optimize the entire network through back propagation, which is critical to recognition accuracy. We further compare and correlate our architecture with the traditional Bag-of-Features model in an attempt to investigate the similarities between them and identify factors that influence the recognition accuracy. The proposed architecture with a 5-layer deep convolutional neural network achieves the top-1 accuracy of 97.12% and the top-5 accuracy of 99.86% on a newly created Chinese food image dataset that is composed of 8734 images of 25 food categories. Our experimental result demonstrates the feasibility of applying the proposed compact CNN architecture to a challenging problem and achieve real-time performance. © 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
805	a55247719300	Jain A.	p239	True	Conference	57	Optofluidic Platform with Integrated Optical Waveguides and Sample Preparation for Digitized Detection of Nucleic Acid Targets	An architecture of sensitive solid-core and liquid-core optical waveguides are integrated with a pneumatic valve array on a single optofluidic platform to enable specific capture, labeling and detection of single nucleic acid strands using barcode fluorescence reporters. © 2019 The Author(s) 2019 OSA.
805	a55247719300	Jain A.	p378	True	Conference	137	Optofluidic platform with integrated optical waveguides and sample preparation for digitized detection of nucleic acid targets	An architecture of sensitive solid-core and liquid-core optical waveguides are integrated with a pneumatic valve array on a single optofluidic platform to enable specific capture, labeling and detection of single nucleic acid strands using barcode fluorescence reporters. © 2019 The Author(s)
805	a55247719300	Jain A.	p407	False	Journal	217	Integration of sample preparation and analysis into an optofluidic chip for multi-target disease detection	Detection of molecular biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity from biological samples requires both sophisticated sample preparation and subsequent analysis. These tasks are often carried out on separate platforms which increases required sample volumes and the risk of errors, sample loss, and contamination. Here, we present an optofluidic platform which combines an optical detection section with single nucleic acid strand sensitivity, and a sample processing unit capable of on-chip, specific extraction and labeling of nucleic acid and protein targets in complex biological matrices. First, on-chip labeling and detection of individual lambda DNA molecules down to concentrations of 8 fM is demonstrated. Subsequently, we demonstrate the simultaneous capture, fluorescence tagging and detection of both Zika specific nucleic acid and NS-1 protein targets in both buffer and human serum. We show that the dual DNA and protein assay allows for successful differentiation and diagnosis of Zika against cross-reacting species like dengue. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018.
805	a55247719300	Jain A.	p840	False	Conference	367	Multimodal multiplexing of single-virus detection using multi-mode interference waveguides	Multi-mode interference waveguides are used to implement simultaneous spectral and spatial multiplex fluorescence analysis in liquid-core waveguide channels. A six-times multiplex identification of single influenza viruses is demonstrated with two excitation colors and threechannels. © 2017 OSA.
806	a56871132500	Stambaugh A.	p239	False	Conference	57	Optofluidic Platform with Integrated Optical Waveguides and Sample Preparation for Digitized Detection of Nucleic Acid Targets	An architecture of sensitive solid-core and liquid-core optical waveguides are integrated with a pneumatic valve array on a single optofluidic platform to enable specific capture, labeling and detection of single nucleic acid strands using barcode fluorescence reporters. © 2019 The Author(s) 2019 OSA.
806	a56871132500	Stambaugh A.	p378	False	Conference	137	Optofluidic platform with integrated optical waveguides and sample preparation for digitized detection of nucleic acid targets	An architecture of sensitive solid-core and liquid-core optical waveguides are integrated with a pneumatic valve array on a single optofluidic platform to enable specific capture, labeling and detection of single nucleic acid strands using barcode fluorescence reporters. © 2019 The Author(s)
806	a56871132500	Stambaugh A.	p407	False	Journal	217	Integration of sample preparation and analysis into an optofluidic chip for multi-target disease detection	Detection of molecular biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity from biological samples requires both sophisticated sample preparation and subsequent analysis. These tasks are often carried out on separate platforms which increases required sample volumes and the risk of errors, sample loss, and contamination. Here, we present an optofluidic platform which combines an optical detection section with single nucleic acid strand sensitivity, and a sample processing unit capable of on-chip, specific extraction and labeling of nucleic acid and protein targets in complex biological matrices. First, on-chip labeling and detection of individual lambda DNA molecules down to concentrations of 8 fM is demonstrated. Subsequently, we demonstrate the simultaneous capture, fluorescence tagging and detection of both Zika specific nucleic acid and NS-1 protein targets in both buffer and human serum. We show that the dual DNA and protein assay allows for successful differentiation and diagnosis of Zika against cross-reacting species like dengue. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018.
807	a7402407628	Patterson J.L.	p239	False	Conference	57	Optofluidic Platform with Integrated Optical Waveguides and Sample Preparation for Digitized Detection of Nucleic Acid Targets	An architecture of sensitive solid-core and liquid-core optical waveguides are integrated with a pneumatic valve array on a single optofluidic platform to enable specific capture, labeling and detection of single nucleic acid strands using barcode fluorescence reporters. © 2019 The Author(s) 2019 OSA.
807	a7402407628	Patterson J.L.	p378	False	Conference	137	Optofluidic platform with integrated optical waveguides and sample preparation for digitized detection of nucleic acid targets	An architecture of sensitive solid-core and liquid-core optical waveguides are integrated with a pneumatic valve array on a single optofluidic platform to enable specific capture, labeling and detection of single nucleic acid strands using barcode fluorescence reporters. © 2019 The Author(s)
807	a7402407628	Patterson J.L.	p407	False	Journal	217	Integration of sample preparation and analysis into an optofluidic chip for multi-target disease detection	Detection of molecular biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity from biological samples requires both sophisticated sample preparation and subsequent analysis. These tasks are often carried out on separate platforms which increases required sample volumes and the risk of errors, sample loss, and contamination. Here, we present an optofluidic platform which combines an optical detection section with single nucleic acid strand sensitivity, and a sample processing unit capable of on-chip, specific extraction and labeling of nucleic acid and protein targets in complex biological matrices. First, on-chip labeling and detection of individual lambda DNA molecules down to concentrations of 8 fM is demonstrated. Subsequently, we demonstrate the simultaneous capture, fluorescence tagging and detection of both Zika specific nucleic acid and NS-1 protein targets in both buffer and human serum. We show that the dual DNA and protein assay allows for successful differentiation and diagnosis of Zika against cross-reacting species like dengue. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018.
807	a7402407628	Patterson J.L.	p750	False	Journal	364	Multiplexed efficient on-chip sample preparation and sensitive amplification-free detection of Ebola virus	An automated microfluidic sample preparation multiplexer (SPM) has been developed and evaluated for Ebola virus detection. Metered air bubbles controlled by microvalves are used to improve bead-solution mixing thereby enhancing the hybridization of the target Ebola virus RNA with capture probes bound to the beads. The method uses thermally stable 4-formyl benzamide functionalized (4FB) magnetic beads rather than streptavidin coated beads with a high density of capture probes to improve the target capture efficiency. Exploiting an on-chip concentration protocol in the SPM and the single molecule detection capability of the antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) biosensor chip, a detection limit of 0.021 pfu/mL for clinical samples is achieved without target amplification. This RNA target capture efficiency is two orders of magnitude higher than previous results using streptavidin beads and the limit of detection (LOD) improves 10×. The wide dynamic range of this technique covers the whole clinically applicable concentration range. In addition, the current sample preparation time is ~1 h which is eight times faster than previous work. This multiplexed, miniaturized sample preparation microdevice establishes a key technology that intended to develop next generation point-of-care (POC) detection system. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
808	a57210286057	Dryer Z.	p240	True	Conference	58	Full-Duplex Jamming for Enhanced Hidden-Key Secrecy	This paper presents a practical physical-layer security scheme based on coding methodologies combined with self-jamming to combat advantaged eavesdroppers, i.e., eavesdroppers that may possess an equal or even better channel than the legitimate receiver. We introduce a strengthened security gap notion, where reliability is assured by typical bit-error rate (BER) measurements, but secrecy is guaranteed by considering the entire distribution of messages upon reception, instead of average measures. Relying on this new security gap notion, we then propose a scheme that combines concatenated coding with self-jamming by the legitimate receiver for effective security and reliability even when eavesdroppers possess a channel with equal or better conditions than the legitimate receiver. © 2019 IEEE.
809	a57210287346	Nickerl A.	p240	False	Conference	58	Full-Duplex Jamming for Enhanced Hidden-Key Secrecy	This paper presents a practical physical-layer security scheme based on coding methodologies combined with self-jamming to combat advantaged eavesdroppers, i.e., eavesdroppers that may possess an equal or even better channel than the legitimate receiver. We introduce a strengthened security gap notion, where reliability is assured by typical bit-error rate (BER) measurements, but secrecy is guaranteed by considering the entire distribution of messages upon reception, instead of average measures. Relying on this new security gap notion, we then propose a scheme that combines concatenated coding with self-jamming by the legitimate receiver for effective security and reliability even when eavesdroppers possess a channel with equal or better conditions than the legitimate receiver. © 2019 IEEE.
810	a57210288854	Carreira M.	p241	True	Conference	59	Adaptive Physical-Layer Security Through Punctured Coding for Secrecy	We propose a coding methodology for physical layer security with adaptive characteristics, whereby adaptive we mean that the system must be tunable to different operational points/signal-to-noise ratio levels of both the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper. Based on interleaving and scrambling as techniques that shuffle the original message before transmission, we consider puncturing over an interleaving/scrambling key and/or over the message as a mechanism to provide the required adaptability to channel conditions. The proposed techniques have shown suitable adaptability to different channel quality levels of the legitimate receiver and eavesdropper, while still guaranteeing the desired reliability for the legitimate receiver and secrecy against the eavesdropper. © 2019 IEEE.
811	a57214559823	Monteiro T.	p241	False	Conference	59	Adaptive Physical-Layer Security Through Punctured Coding for Secrecy	We propose a coding methodology for physical layer security with adaptive characteristics, whereby adaptive we mean that the system must be tunable to different operational points/signal-to-noise ratio levels of both the legitimate receiver and the eavesdropper. Based on interleaving and scrambling as techniques that shuffle the original message before transmission, we consider puncturing over an interleaving/scrambling key and/or over the message as a mechanism to provide the required adaptability to channel conditions. The proposed techniques have shown suitable adaptability to different channel quality levels of the legitimate receiver and eavesdropper, while still guaranteeing the desired reliability for the legitimate receiver and secrecy against the eavesdropper. © 2019 IEEE.
812	a6602749964	Gibby W.	p242	True	Journal	158	The use of a binary chelate formulation: Could gadolinium based linear contrast agents be rescued by the addition of zinc selective chelates?	Tissue and bone retention of gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCAs) has become a clinical concern because of the potential short and long term toxic effects of free gadolinium. This is a critical problem for most open-chain agents that more readily transmetallate in vivo, in comparison to macrocyclic compounds. Gadolinium diethylene tri-aminepentaacetic acid bis-glucosamide (Gd-DTPA-BIGA) is an experimental, open-chain contrast agent which has a significantly increased relaxivity coefficient in comparison to other GBCAs. This results in greater signal intensity and improved contrast enhancement. These superior imaging qualities initiated a search for a solution to the transmetallation of this agent. Plasma zinc is a well-known GBCA transmettalation agent. Since the base chelate of Gadodiamide (Gd-DPTA-Bis-Methylamide or Omniscan), DTPA-Bis-Methylamide (DTPA-BMA), readily transmettalates with and binds serum zinc, we hypothesized that a plasma “zinc sink,” may significantly reduce transmetallation of linear agents. 5% DTPA-BMA was added to a formulation of Gd-DTPA-BIGA, which was tested against the original formulation of Gd-DTPA-BIGA with 0.2% of the base chelate DTPA-BIGA. These formulations, including gadodiamide, were labeled with 153 GdCl 3 followed by infusion into cohorts of Sprague Dawley rats which were sacrificed at 1, 30 and 60 days. Internal organs were harvested, along with blood, skin and femur, and analyzed for residual gadolinium. A subset of tissues were also interrogated with ICP-MS. Labeled Gadodiamide and saline where used as controls. Conclusion: The addition of 5% DTPA-BMA, as a zinc binding agent, reduced the transmetallation of the linear agent Gd-DTPA-BIGA, in comparison to its original formulation supplemented with 0.2% BIGA. This result indicates that supplementing linear GBCAs with ancillary chelates may hold promise for reducing, or eliminating the biological archiving of gadolinium in tissues. In addition, this paper provides valuable animal data on the long term retention of gadolinium from linear based contrast agents. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
813	a57205512220	Parish W.	p242	False	Journal	158	The use of a binary chelate formulation: Could gadolinium based linear contrast agents be rescued by the addition of zinc selective chelates?	Tissue and bone retention of gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCAs) has become a clinical concern because of the potential short and long term toxic effects of free gadolinium. This is a critical problem for most open-chain agents that more readily transmetallate in vivo, in comparison to macrocyclic compounds. Gadolinium diethylene tri-aminepentaacetic acid bis-glucosamide (Gd-DTPA-BIGA) is an experimental, open-chain contrast agent which has a significantly increased relaxivity coefficient in comparison to other GBCAs. This results in greater signal intensity and improved contrast enhancement. These superior imaging qualities initiated a search for a solution to the transmetallation of this agent. Plasma zinc is a well-known GBCA transmettalation agent. Since the base chelate of Gadodiamide (Gd-DPTA-Bis-Methylamide or Omniscan), DTPA-Bis-Methylamide (DTPA-BMA), readily transmettalates with and binds serum zinc, we hypothesized that a plasma “zinc sink,” may significantly reduce transmetallation of linear agents. 5% DTPA-BMA was added to a formulation of Gd-DTPA-BIGA, which was tested against the original formulation of Gd-DTPA-BIGA with 0.2% of the base chelate DTPA-BIGA. These formulations, including gadodiamide, were labeled with 153 GdCl 3 followed by infusion into cohorts of Sprague Dawley rats which were sacrificed at 1, 30 and 60 days. Internal organs were harvested, along with blood, skin and femur, and analyzed for residual gadolinium. A subset of tissues were also interrogated with ICP-MS. Labeled Gadodiamide and saline where used as controls. Conclusion: The addition of 5% DTPA-BMA, as a zinc binding agent, reduced the transmetallation of the linear agent Gd-DTPA-BIGA, in comparison to its original formulation supplemented with 0.2% BIGA. This result indicates that supplementing linear GBCAs with ancillary chelates may hold promise for reducing, or eliminating the biological archiving of gadolinium in tissues. In addition, this paper provides valuable animal data on the long term retention of gadolinium from linear based contrast agents. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
814	a7102985794	Merrill R.M.	p242	False	Journal	158	The use of a binary chelate formulation: Could gadolinium based linear contrast agents be rescued by the addition of zinc selective chelates?	Tissue and bone retention of gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCAs) has become a clinical concern because of the potential short and long term toxic effects of free gadolinium. This is a critical problem for most open-chain agents that more readily transmetallate in vivo, in comparison to macrocyclic compounds. Gadolinium diethylene tri-aminepentaacetic acid bis-glucosamide (Gd-DTPA-BIGA) is an experimental, open-chain contrast agent which has a significantly increased relaxivity coefficient in comparison to other GBCAs. This results in greater signal intensity and improved contrast enhancement. These superior imaging qualities initiated a search for a solution to the transmetallation of this agent. Plasma zinc is a well-known GBCA transmettalation agent. Since the base chelate of Gadodiamide (Gd-DPTA-Bis-Methylamide or Omniscan), DTPA-Bis-Methylamide (DTPA-BMA), readily transmettalates with and binds serum zinc, we hypothesized that a plasma “zinc sink,” may significantly reduce transmetallation of linear agents. 5% DTPA-BMA was added to a formulation of Gd-DTPA-BIGA, which was tested against the original formulation of Gd-DTPA-BIGA with 0.2% of the base chelate DTPA-BIGA. These formulations, including gadodiamide, were labeled with 153 GdCl 3 followed by infusion into cohorts of Sprague Dawley rats which were sacrificed at 1, 30 and 60 days. Internal organs were harvested, along with blood, skin and femur, and analyzed for residual gadolinium. A subset of tissues were also interrogated with ICP-MS. Labeled Gadodiamide and saline where used as controls. Conclusion: The addition of 5% DTPA-BMA, as a zinc binding agent, reduced the transmetallation of the linear agent Gd-DTPA-BIGA, in comparison to its original formulation supplemented with 0.2% BIGA. This result indicates that supplementing linear GBCAs with ancillary chelates may hold promise for reducing, or eliminating the biological archiving of gadolinium in tissues. In addition, this paper provides valuable animal data on the long term retention of gadolinium from linear based contrast agents. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
814	a7102985794	Merrill R.M.	p698	False	Journal	341	Differential effects of air conditioning type on residential endotoxin levels in a semi-arid climate	Residential endotoxin exposure is associated with protective and pathogenic health outcomes. Evaporative coolers, an energy-efficient type of air conditioner used in dry climates, are a potential source of indoor endotoxins; however, this association is largely unstudied. We collected settled dust biannually from four locations in homes with evaporative coolers (n=18) and central air conditioners (n=22) in Utah County, Utah (USA), during winter (Jan-Apr) and summer (Aug-Sept), 2014. Dust samples (n=281) were analyzed by the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Housing factors were measured by survey, and indoor temperature and relative humidity measures were collected during both seasons. Endotoxin concentrations (EU/mg) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons. Endotoxin surface loads (EU/m2) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons and in upholstered furniture during winter. For the nine significant season-by-location comparisons, EU/mg and EU/m2 were approximately three to six times greater in homes using evaporative coolers. A plausible explanation for these findings is that evaporative coolers serve as a reservoir and distribution system for Gram-negative bacteria or their cell wall components in homes. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
815	a9739395200	Fernandez D.	p242	False	Journal	158	The use of a binary chelate formulation: Could gadolinium based linear contrast agents be rescued by the addition of zinc selective chelates?	Tissue and bone retention of gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCAs) has become a clinical concern because of the potential short and long term toxic effects of free gadolinium. This is a critical problem for most open-chain agents that more readily transmetallate in vivo, in comparison to macrocyclic compounds. Gadolinium diethylene tri-aminepentaacetic acid bis-glucosamide (Gd-DTPA-BIGA) is an experimental, open-chain contrast agent which has a significantly increased relaxivity coefficient in comparison to other GBCAs. This results in greater signal intensity and improved contrast enhancement. These superior imaging qualities initiated a search for a solution to the transmetallation of this agent. Plasma zinc is a well-known GBCA transmettalation agent. Since the base chelate of Gadodiamide (Gd-DPTA-Bis-Methylamide or Omniscan), DTPA-Bis-Methylamide (DTPA-BMA), readily transmettalates with and binds serum zinc, we hypothesized that a plasma “zinc sink,” may significantly reduce transmetallation of linear agents. 5% DTPA-BMA was added to a formulation of Gd-DTPA-BIGA, which was tested against the original formulation of Gd-DTPA-BIGA with 0.2% of the base chelate DTPA-BIGA. These formulations, including gadodiamide, were labeled with 153 GdCl 3 followed by infusion into cohorts of Sprague Dawley rats which were sacrificed at 1, 30 and 60 days. Internal organs were harvested, along with blood, skin and femur, and analyzed for residual gadolinium. A subset of tissues were also interrogated with ICP-MS. Labeled Gadodiamide and saline where used as controls. Conclusion: The addition of 5% DTPA-BMA, as a zinc binding agent, reduced the transmetallation of the linear agent Gd-DTPA-BIGA, in comparison to its original formulation supplemented with 0.2% BIGA. This result indicates that supplementing linear GBCAs with ancillary chelates may hold promise for reducing, or eliminating the biological archiving of gadolinium in tissues. In addition, this paper provides valuable animal data on the long term retention of gadolinium from linear based contrast agents. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
816	a57202736299	Anderson C.R.	p242	False	Journal	158	The use of a binary chelate formulation: Could gadolinium based linear contrast agents be rescued by the addition of zinc selective chelates?	Tissue and bone retention of gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCAs) has become a clinical concern because of the potential short and long term toxic effects of free gadolinium. This is a critical problem for most open-chain agents that more readily transmetallate in vivo, in comparison to macrocyclic compounds. Gadolinium diethylene tri-aminepentaacetic acid bis-glucosamide (Gd-DTPA-BIGA) is an experimental, open-chain contrast agent which has a significantly increased relaxivity coefficient in comparison to other GBCAs. This results in greater signal intensity and improved contrast enhancement. These superior imaging qualities initiated a search for a solution to the transmetallation of this agent. Plasma zinc is a well-known GBCA transmettalation agent. Since the base chelate of Gadodiamide (Gd-DPTA-Bis-Methylamide or Omniscan), DTPA-Bis-Methylamide (DTPA-BMA), readily transmettalates with and binds serum zinc, we hypothesized that a plasma “zinc sink,” may significantly reduce transmetallation of linear agents. 5% DTPA-BMA was added to a formulation of Gd-DTPA-BIGA, which was tested against the original formulation of Gd-DTPA-BIGA with 0.2% of the base chelate DTPA-BIGA. These formulations, including gadodiamide, were labeled with 153 GdCl 3 followed by infusion into cohorts of Sprague Dawley rats which were sacrificed at 1, 30 and 60 days. Internal organs were harvested, along with blood, skin and femur, and analyzed for residual gadolinium. A subset of tissues were also interrogated with ICP-MS. Labeled Gadodiamide and saline where used as controls. Conclusion: The addition of 5% DTPA-BMA, as a zinc binding agent, reduced the transmetallation of the linear agent Gd-DTPA-BIGA, in comparison to its original formulation supplemented with 0.2% BIGA. This result indicates that supplementing linear GBCAs with ancillary chelates may hold promise for reducing, or eliminating the biological archiving of gadolinium in tissues. In addition, this paper provides valuable animal data on the long term retention of gadolinium from linear based contrast agents. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
817	a57205515588	Merchel E.	p242	False	Journal	158	The use of a binary chelate formulation: Could gadolinium based linear contrast agents be rescued by the addition of zinc selective chelates?	Tissue and bone retention of gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCAs) has become a clinical concern because of the potential short and long term toxic effects of free gadolinium. This is a critical problem for most open-chain agents that more readily transmetallate in vivo, in comparison to macrocyclic compounds. Gadolinium diethylene tri-aminepentaacetic acid bis-glucosamide (Gd-DTPA-BIGA) is an experimental, open-chain contrast agent which has a significantly increased relaxivity coefficient in comparison to other GBCAs. This results in greater signal intensity and improved contrast enhancement. These superior imaging qualities initiated a search for a solution to the transmetallation of this agent. Plasma zinc is a well-known GBCA transmettalation agent. Since the base chelate of Gadodiamide (Gd-DPTA-Bis-Methylamide or Omniscan), DTPA-Bis-Methylamide (DTPA-BMA), readily transmettalates with and binds serum zinc, we hypothesized that a plasma “zinc sink,” may significantly reduce transmetallation of linear agents. 5% DTPA-BMA was added to a formulation of Gd-DTPA-BIGA, which was tested against the original formulation of Gd-DTPA-BIGA with 0.2% of the base chelate DTPA-BIGA. These formulations, including gadodiamide, were labeled with 153 GdCl 3 followed by infusion into cohorts of Sprague Dawley rats which were sacrificed at 1, 30 and 60 days. Internal organs were harvested, along with blood, skin and femur, and analyzed for residual gadolinium. A subset of tissues were also interrogated with ICP-MS. Labeled Gadodiamide and saline where used as controls. Conclusion: The addition of 5% DTPA-BMA, as a zinc binding agent, reduced the transmetallation of the linear agent Gd-DTPA-BIGA, in comparison to its original formulation supplemented with 0.2% BIGA. This result indicates that supplementing linear GBCAs with ancillary chelates may hold promise for reducing, or eliminating the biological archiving of gadolinium in tissues. In addition, this paper provides valuable animal data on the long term retention of gadolinium from linear based contrast agents. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
818	a57205514839	Parr R.	p242	False	Journal	158	The use of a binary chelate formulation: Could gadolinium based linear contrast agents be rescued by the addition of zinc selective chelates?	Tissue and bone retention of gadolinium based contrast agents (GBCAs) has become a clinical concern because of the potential short and long term toxic effects of free gadolinium. This is a critical problem for most open-chain agents that more readily transmetallate in vivo, in comparison to macrocyclic compounds. Gadolinium diethylene tri-aminepentaacetic acid bis-glucosamide (Gd-DTPA-BIGA) is an experimental, open-chain contrast agent which has a significantly increased relaxivity coefficient in comparison to other GBCAs. This results in greater signal intensity and improved contrast enhancement. These superior imaging qualities initiated a search for a solution to the transmetallation of this agent. Plasma zinc is a well-known GBCA transmettalation agent. Since the base chelate of Gadodiamide (Gd-DPTA-Bis-Methylamide or Omniscan), DTPA-Bis-Methylamide (DTPA-BMA), readily transmettalates with and binds serum zinc, we hypothesized that a plasma “zinc sink,” may significantly reduce transmetallation of linear agents. 5% DTPA-BMA was added to a formulation of Gd-DTPA-BIGA, which was tested against the original formulation of Gd-DTPA-BIGA with 0.2% of the base chelate DTPA-BIGA. These formulations, including gadodiamide, were labeled with 153 GdCl 3 followed by infusion into cohorts of Sprague Dawley rats which were sacrificed at 1, 30 and 60 days. Internal organs were harvested, along with blood, skin and femur, and analyzed for residual gadolinium. A subset of tissues were also interrogated with ICP-MS. Labeled Gadodiamide and saline where used as controls. Conclusion: The addition of 5% DTPA-BMA, as a zinc binding agent, reduced the transmetallation of the linear agent Gd-DTPA-BIGA, in comparison to its original formulation supplemented with 0.2% BIGA. This result indicates that supplementing linear GBCAs with ancillary chelates may hold promise for reducing, or eliminating the biological archiving of gadolinium in tissues. In addition, this paper provides valuable animal data on the long term retention of gadolinium from linear based contrast agents. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
819	a57194392244	Hicks D.	p244	True	Journal	159	The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes: Part 2	Materials discovery via high-throughput methods relies on the availability of structural prototypes, which are generally decorated with varying combinations of elements to produce potential new materials. To facilitate the automatic generation of these materials, we developed The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes — a collection of crystal prototypes that can be rapidly decorated using the AFLOW software. Part 2 of this work introduces an additional 302 crystal structure prototypes, including at least one from each of the 138 space groups not included in Part 1. Combined with Part 1, the entire library consists of 590 unique crystallographic prototypes covering all 230 space groups. We also present discussions of enantiomorphic space groups, Wigner-Seitz cells, the two-dimensional plane groups, and the various different space group notations used throughout crystallography. All structures — from both Part 1 and Part 2 — are listed in the web version of the library available at http://www.aflow.org/CrystalDatabase. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
819	a57194392244	Hicks D.	p714	False	Journal	349	The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes: Part 1	An easily available resource of common crystal structures is essential for researchers, teachers, and students. For many years this was provided by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory's Crystal Lattice Structures web page, which contained nearly 300 crystal structures, including a majority of those which were given Strukturbericht designations. This article presents the updated version of the database, now including 288 standardized structures in 92 space groups. Similar to what was available on the web page before, we present a complete description of each structure, including the formulas for the primitive vectors, all of the basis vectors, and the AFLOW commands to generate the standardized cells. We also present a brief discussion of crystal systems, space groups, primitive and conventional lattices, Wyckoff positions, Pearson symbols and Strukturbericht designations. The web version of this database is located at http://aflow.org/CrystalDatabase. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
820	a7006214218	Mehl M.J.	p244	False	Journal	159	The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes: Part 2	Materials discovery via high-throughput methods relies on the availability of structural prototypes, which are generally decorated with varying combinations of elements to produce potential new materials. To facilitate the automatic generation of these materials, we developed The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes — a collection of crystal prototypes that can be rapidly decorated using the AFLOW software. Part 2 of this work introduces an additional 302 crystal structure prototypes, including at least one from each of the 138 space groups not included in Part 1. Combined with Part 1, the entire library consists of 590 unique crystallographic prototypes covering all 230 space groups. We also present discussions of enantiomorphic space groups, Wigner-Seitz cells, the two-dimensional plane groups, and the various different space group notations used throughout crystallography. All structures — from both Part 1 and Part 2 — are listed in the web version of the library available at http://www.aflow.org/CrystalDatabase. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
820	a7006214218	Mehl M.J.	p714	True	Journal	349	The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes: Part 1	An easily available resource of common crystal structures is essential for researchers, teachers, and students. For many years this was provided by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory's Crystal Lattice Structures web page, which contained nearly 300 crystal structures, including a majority of those which were given Strukturbericht designations. This article presents the updated version of the database, now including 288 standardized structures in 92 space groups. Similar to what was available on the web page before, we present a complete description of each structure, including the formulas for the primitive vectors, all of the basis vectors, and the AFLOW commands to generate the standardized cells. We also present a brief discussion of crystal systems, space groups, primitive and conventional lattices, Wyckoff positions, Pearson symbols and Strukturbericht designations. The web version of this database is located at http://aflow.org/CrystalDatabase. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
821	a57194503011	Gossett E.	p244	False	Journal	159	The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes: Part 2	Materials discovery via high-throughput methods relies on the availability of structural prototypes, which are generally decorated with varying combinations of elements to produce potential new materials. To facilitate the automatic generation of these materials, we developed The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes — a collection of crystal prototypes that can be rapidly decorated using the AFLOW software. Part 2 of this work introduces an additional 302 crystal structure prototypes, including at least one from each of the 138 space groups not included in Part 1. Combined with Part 1, the entire library consists of 590 unique crystallographic prototypes covering all 230 space groups. We also present discussions of enantiomorphic space groups, Wigner-Seitz cells, the two-dimensional plane groups, and the various different space group notations used throughout crystallography. All structures — from both Part 1 and Part 2 — are listed in the web version of the library available at http://www.aflow.org/CrystalDatabase. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
822	a9845705900	Toher C.	p244	False	Journal	159	The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes: Part 2	Materials discovery via high-throughput methods relies on the availability of structural prototypes, which are generally decorated with varying combinations of elements to produce potential new materials. To facilitate the automatic generation of these materials, we developed The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes — a collection of crystal prototypes that can be rapidly decorated using the AFLOW software. Part 2 of this work introduces an additional 302 crystal structure prototypes, including at least one from each of the 138 space groups not included in Part 1. Combined with Part 1, the entire library consists of 590 unique crystallographic prototypes covering all 230 space groups. We also present discussions of enantiomorphic space groups, Wigner-Seitz cells, the two-dimensional plane groups, and the various different space group notations used throughout crystallography. All structures — from both Part 1 and Part 2 — are listed in the web version of the library available at http://www.aflow.org/CrystalDatabase. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
822	a9845705900	Toher C.	p714	False	Journal	349	The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes: Part 1	An easily available resource of common crystal structures is essential for researchers, teachers, and students. For many years this was provided by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory's Crystal Lattice Structures web page, which contained nearly 300 crystal structures, including a majority of those which were given Strukturbericht designations. This article presents the updated version of the database, now including 288 standardized structures in 92 space groups. Similar to what was available on the web page before, we present a complete description of each structure, including the formulas for the primitive vectors, all of the basis vectors, and the AFLOW commands to generate the standardized cells. We also present a brief discussion of crystal systems, space groups, primitive and conventional lattices, Wyckoff positions, Pearson symbols and Strukturbericht designations. The web version of this database is located at http://aflow.org/CrystalDatabase. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
823	a7004929818	Levy O.	p244	False	Journal	159	The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes: Part 2	Materials discovery via high-throughput methods relies on the availability of structural prototypes, which are generally decorated with varying combinations of elements to produce potential new materials. To facilitate the automatic generation of these materials, we developed The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes — a collection of crystal prototypes that can be rapidly decorated using the AFLOW software. Part 2 of this work introduces an additional 302 crystal structure prototypes, including at least one from each of the 138 space groups not included in Part 1. Combined with Part 1, the entire library consists of 590 unique crystallographic prototypes covering all 230 space groups. We also present discussions of enantiomorphic space groups, Wigner-Seitz cells, the two-dimensional plane groups, and the various different space group notations used throughout crystallography. All structures — from both Part 1 and Part 2 — are listed in the web version of the library available at http://www.aflow.org/CrystalDatabase. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
823	a7004929818	Levy O.	p714	False	Journal	349	The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes: Part 1	An easily available resource of common crystal structures is essential for researchers, teachers, and students. For many years this was provided by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory's Crystal Lattice Structures web page, which contained nearly 300 crystal structures, including a majority of those which were given Strukturbericht designations. This article presents the updated version of the database, now including 288 standardized structures in 92 space groups. Similar to what was available on the web page before, we present a complete description of each structure, including the formulas for the primitive vectors, all of the basis vectors, and the AFLOW commands to generate the standardized cells. We also present a brief discussion of crystal systems, space groups, primitive and conventional lattices, Wyckoff positions, Pearson symbols and Strukturbericht designations. The web version of this database is located at http://aflow.org/CrystalDatabase. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
824	a57194379165	Hanson R.M.	p244	False	Journal	159	The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes: Part 2	Materials discovery via high-throughput methods relies on the availability of structural prototypes, which are generally decorated with varying combinations of elements to produce potential new materials. To facilitate the automatic generation of these materials, we developed The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes — a collection of crystal prototypes that can be rapidly decorated using the AFLOW software. Part 2 of this work introduces an additional 302 crystal structure prototypes, including at least one from each of the 138 space groups not included in Part 1. Combined with Part 1, the entire library consists of 590 unique crystallographic prototypes covering all 230 space groups. We also present discussions of enantiomorphic space groups, Wigner-Seitz cells, the two-dimensional plane groups, and the various different space group notations used throughout crystallography. All structures — from both Part 1 and Part 2 — are listed in the web version of the library available at http://www.aflow.org/CrystalDatabase. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
824	a57194379165	Hanson R.M.	p714	False	Journal	349	The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes: Part 1	An easily available resource of common crystal structures is essential for researchers, teachers, and students. For many years this was provided by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory's Crystal Lattice Structures web page, which contained nearly 300 crystal structures, including a majority of those which were given Strukturbericht designations. This article presents the updated version of the database, now including 288 standardized structures in 92 space groups. Similar to what was available on the web page before, we present a complete description of each structure, including the formulas for the primitive vectors, all of the basis vectors, and the AFLOW commands to generate the standardized cells. We also present a brief discussion of crystal systems, space groups, primitive and conventional lattices, Wyckoff positions, Pearson symbols and Strukturbericht designations. The web version of this database is located at http://aflow.org/CrystalDatabase. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
825	a6603325558	Curtarolo S.	p244	False	Journal	159	The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes: Part 2	Materials discovery via high-throughput methods relies on the availability of structural prototypes, which are generally decorated with varying combinations of elements to produce potential new materials. To facilitate the automatic generation of these materials, we developed The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes — a collection of crystal prototypes that can be rapidly decorated using the AFLOW software. Part 2 of this work introduces an additional 302 crystal structure prototypes, including at least one from each of the 138 space groups not included in Part 1. Combined with Part 1, the entire library consists of 590 unique crystallographic prototypes covering all 230 space groups. We also present discussions of enantiomorphic space groups, Wigner-Seitz cells, the two-dimensional plane groups, and the various different space group notations used throughout crystallography. All structures — from both Part 1 and Part 2 — are listed in the web version of the library available at http://www.aflow.org/CrystalDatabase. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
825	a6603325558	Curtarolo S.	p714	False	Journal	349	The AFLOW Library of Crystallographic Prototypes: Part 1	An easily available resource of common crystal structures is essential for researchers, teachers, and students. For many years this was provided by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory's Crystal Lattice Structures web page, which contained nearly 300 crystal structures, including a majority of those which were given Strukturbericht designations. This article presents the updated version of the database, now including 288 standardized structures in 92 space groups. Similar to what was available on the web page before, we present a complete description of each structure, including the formulas for the primitive vectors, all of the basis vectors, and the AFLOW commands to generate the standardized cells. We also present a brief discussion of crystal systems, space groups, primitive and conventional lattices, Wyckoff positions, Pearson symbols and Strukturbericht designations. The web version of this database is located at http://aflow.org/CrystalDatabase. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
826	a57191586637	Chatterjee S.	p245	True	Journal	160	Informatics analysis of capillary electropherograms of autologously doped and undoped blood	An ‘Autologous Blood Transfusion' (ABT) is the reinjection of blood previously taken from an athlete to increase its oxygen transport capabilities. Despite the World Anti-Doping Agency's ban on such practices, ABT abuse continues. Autologous blood doping (ABD) is challenging to detect because of the similarities between an individual's doped and undoped blood. Recently, Harrison et al. reported that high-speed capillary electrophoresis may identify ABD. In their work, first order derivatives of the electropherograms were used to identify doping. However, this method suffered from false negatives due to the subjective nature of the analysis. Here, we provide an informatics analysis of the data from this study, contrasting the results of traditional statistical methods and less traditional mathematical techniques. First, three well-known multivariate statistical tools: cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares (PLS) are applied to develop calibrations and/or group electropherograms of undoped (0%) and doped (5% and 10%) blood samples. (These doping levels were chosen due to the low physiological effect of doping below 5%, with 10% corresponding to the approximate ‘gain' derived from the transfusion of a single unit of blood into an adult.) Different preprocessing and variable selection methods were considered. Due to variation in the electropherograms and the limited sample size, these methods were inadequate. We next considered four less commonly used mathematical/informatics tools: pattern recognition entropy (PRE), the Euclidean distance between vectors, a peak fitting/integration method, and the second moment (SM). Each of these techniques showed some ability to differentiate between the 0, 5, and 10% doped samples. We then evaluated the prediction capabilities of inverse least squares (ILS) models based on these summary statistics. An ILS calibration based on PRE, the Euclidean distance, and peak fitting/integration proved more successful than the PLS model at predicting levels of blood doping from the corresponding electropherograms; the ILS model distinguished between doped (5% and 10%) and undoped (0%) blood. This methodology may be applicable to other challenging informatics problems like determining risk factors for genetically linked diseases, robust pattern finding in peak-like data such as ChIP-seq, or other genomic sequencing for understanding the 3D genome. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.
827	a57208184650	Chapman S.C.	p245	False	Journal	160	Informatics analysis of capillary electropherograms of autologously doped and undoped blood	An ‘Autologous Blood Transfusion' (ABT) is the reinjection of blood previously taken from an athlete to increase its oxygen transport capabilities. Despite the World Anti-Doping Agency's ban on such practices, ABT abuse continues. Autologous blood doping (ABD) is challenging to detect because of the similarities between an individual's doped and undoped blood. Recently, Harrison et al. reported that high-speed capillary electrophoresis may identify ABD. In their work, first order derivatives of the electropherograms were used to identify doping. However, this method suffered from false negatives due to the subjective nature of the analysis. Here, we provide an informatics analysis of the data from this study, contrasting the results of traditional statistical methods and less traditional mathematical techniques. First, three well-known multivariate statistical tools: cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares (PLS) are applied to develop calibrations and/or group electropherograms of undoped (0%) and doped (5% and 10%) blood samples. (These doping levels were chosen due to the low physiological effect of doping below 5%, with 10% corresponding to the approximate ‘gain' derived from the transfusion of a single unit of blood into an adult.) Different preprocessing and variable selection methods were considered. Due to variation in the electropherograms and the limited sample size, these methods were inadequate. We next considered four less commonly used mathematical/informatics tools: pattern recognition entropy (PRE), the Euclidean distance between vectors, a peak fitting/integration method, and the second moment (SM). Each of these techniques showed some ability to differentiate between the 0, 5, and 10% doped samples. We then evaluated the prediction capabilities of inverse least squares (ILS) models based on these summary statistics. An ILS calibration based on PRE, the Euclidean distance, and peak fitting/integration proved more successful than the PLS model at predicting levels of blood doping from the corresponding electropherograms; the ILS model distinguished between doped (5% and 10%) and undoped (0%) blood. This methodology may be applicable to other challenging informatics problems like determining risk factors for genetically linked diseases, robust pattern finding in peak-like data such as ChIP-seq, or other genomic sequencing for understanding the 3D genome. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.
828	a57189294915	Major G.H.	p245	False	Journal	160	Informatics analysis of capillary electropherograms of autologously doped and undoped blood	An ‘Autologous Blood Transfusion' (ABT) is the reinjection of blood previously taken from an athlete to increase its oxygen transport capabilities. Despite the World Anti-Doping Agency's ban on such practices, ABT abuse continues. Autologous blood doping (ABD) is challenging to detect because of the similarities between an individual's doped and undoped blood. Recently, Harrison et al. reported that high-speed capillary electrophoresis may identify ABD. In their work, first order derivatives of the electropherograms were used to identify doping. However, this method suffered from false negatives due to the subjective nature of the analysis. Here, we provide an informatics analysis of the data from this study, contrasting the results of traditional statistical methods and less traditional mathematical techniques. First, three well-known multivariate statistical tools: cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares (PLS) are applied to develop calibrations and/or group electropherograms of undoped (0%) and doped (5% and 10%) blood samples. (These doping levels were chosen due to the low physiological effect of doping below 5%, with 10% corresponding to the approximate ‘gain' derived from the transfusion of a single unit of blood into an adult.) Different preprocessing and variable selection methods were considered. Due to variation in the electropherograms and the limited sample size, these methods were inadequate. We next considered four less commonly used mathematical/informatics tools: pattern recognition entropy (PRE), the Euclidean distance between vectors, a peak fitting/integration method, and the second moment (SM). Each of these techniques showed some ability to differentiate between the 0, 5, and 10% doped samples. We then evaluated the prediction capabilities of inverse least squares (ILS) models based on these summary statistics. An ILS calibration based on PRE, the Euclidean distance, and peak fitting/integration proved more successful than the PLS model at predicting levels of blood doping from the corresponding electropherograms; the ILS model distinguished between doped (5% and 10%) and undoped (0%) blood. This methodology may be applicable to other challenging informatics problems like determining risk factors for genetically linked diseases, robust pattern finding in peak-like data such as ChIP-seq, or other genomic sequencing for understanding the 3D genome. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.
829	a6701755273	Lunt B.M.	p245	False	Journal	160	Informatics analysis of capillary electropherograms of autologously doped and undoped blood	An ‘Autologous Blood Transfusion' (ABT) is the reinjection of blood previously taken from an athlete to increase its oxygen transport capabilities. Despite the World Anti-Doping Agency's ban on such practices, ABT abuse continues. Autologous blood doping (ABD) is challenging to detect because of the similarities between an individual's doped and undoped blood. Recently, Harrison et al. reported that high-speed capillary electrophoresis may identify ABD. In their work, first order derivatives of the electropherograms were used to identify doping. However, this method suffered from false negatives due to the subjective nature of the analysis. Here, we provide an informatics analysis of the data from this study, contrasting the results of traditional statistical methods and less traditional mathematical techniques. First, three well-known multivariate statistical tools: cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares (PLS) are applied to develop calibrations and/or group electropherograms of undoped (0%) and doped (5% and 10%) blood samples. (These doping levels were chosen due to the low physiological effect of doping below 5%, with 10% corresponding to the approximate ‘gain' derived from the transfusion of a single unit of blood into an adult.) Different preprocessing and variable selection methods were considered. Due to variation in the electropherograms and the limited sample size, these methods were inadequate. We next considered four less commonly used mathematical/informatics tools: pattern recognition entropy (PRE), the Euclidean distance between vectors, a peak fitting/integration method, and the second moment (SM). Each of these techniques showed some ability to differentiate between the 0, 5, and 10% doped samples. We then evaluated the prediction capabilities of inverse least squares (ILS) models based on these summary statistics. An ILS calibration based on PRE, the Euclidean distance, and peak fitting/integration proved more successful than the PLS model at predicting levels of blood doping from the corresponding electropherograms; the ILS model distinguished between doped (5% and 10%) and undoped (0%) blood. This methodology may be applicable to other challenging informatics problems like determining risk factors for genetically linked diseases, robust pattern finding in peak-like data such as ChIP-seq, or other genomic sequencing for understanding the 3D genome. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.
829	a6701755273	Lunt B.M.	p482	False	Conference	174	A cognitive approach to predicting academic success in computing	[No abstract available]
829	a6701755273	Lunt B.M.	p493	False	Conference	185	Crafting the future of computing education in CC2020: A workshop	A consortium of national and international computing and engineering organizations are currently developing a new set of curricular resources titled Computing Curricula 2020 (CC2020). This project, based on its predecessor CC2005, aims to reflect the state-of-the-art in computing education and practice as well as provide insights into the future of the computing educational field for the 2020s and beyond. This workshop provides an overview of the CC2005 and related reports and links them to the transition into the CC2020 project. It also provides participants with a unique opportunity to collaborate with members of the CC2020 task force and contribute to the development of the resources the project will deliver. The workshop authors and participants will engage in activities to help define how Computing is defined within the project and discuss how to extend its influence in global undergraduate computing education for the future. The authors anticipate full audience involvement and participation in formulating this vision. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
829	a6701755273	Lunt B.M.	p731	True	Conference	312	Technology and design programs	During the summer of 2016, visits were undertaken to six post-secondary academic institutions with programs in construction management, industrial design, information technology, manufacturing or mechanical engineering technology, and technology & engineering education. The purpose of these visits was to learn more about how they are structured, their history, their faculty, and other related items. This paper presents findings from these visits, in the areas of types of faculty, teaching loads, enrollment trends, local organization, placement, experiential learning, scholarship & scholarly productivity, industry experience, industry advisory boards, and program accreditation. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2017.
830	a55200909800	Harrison C.R.	p245	False	Journal	160	Informatics analysis of capillary electropherograms of autologously doped and undoped blood	An ‘Autologous Blood Transfusion' (ABT) is the reinjection of blood previously taken from an athlete to increase its oxygen transport capabilities. Despite the World Anti-Doping Agency's ban on such practices, ABT abuse continues. Autologous blood doping (ABD) is challenging to detect because of the similarities between an individual's doped and undoped blood. Recently, Harrison et al. reported that high-speed capillary electrophoresis may identify ABD. In their work, first order derivatives of the electropherograms were used to identify doping. However, this method suffered from false negatives due to the subjective nature of the analysis. Here, we provide an informatics analysis of the data from this study, contrasting the results of traditional statistical methods and less traditional mathematical techniques. First, three well-known multivariate statistical tools: cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares (PLS) are applied to develop calibrations and/or group electropherograms of undoped (0%) and doped (5% and 10%) blood samples. (These doping levels were chosen due to the low physiological effect of doping below 5%, with 10% corresponding to the approximate ‘gain' derived from the transfusion of a single unit of blood into an adult.) Different preprocessing and variable selection methods were considered. Due to variation in the electropherograms and the limited sample size, these methods were inadequate. We next considered four less commonly used mathematical/informatics tools: pattern recognition entropy (PRE), the Euclidean distance between vectors, a peak fitting/integration method, and the second moment (SM). Each of these techniques showed some ability to differentiate between the 0, 5, and 10% doped samples. We then evaluated the prediction capabilities of inverse least squares (ILS) models based on these summary statistics. An ILS calibration based on PRE, the Euclidean distance, and peak fitting/integration proved more successful than the PLS model at predicting levels of blood doping from the corresponding electropherograms; the ILS model distinguished between doped (5% and 10%) and undoped (0%) blood. This methodology may be applicable to other challenging informatics problems like determining risk factors for genetically linked diseases, robust pattern finding in peak-like data such as ChIP-seq, or other genomic sequencing for understanding the 3D genome. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.
831	a7004234161	Linford M.R.	p245	False	Journal	160	Informatics analysis of capillary electropherograms of autologously doped and undoped blood	An ‘Autologous Blood Transfusion' (ABT) is the reinjection of blood previously taken from an athlete to increase its oxygen transport capabilities. Despite the World Anti-Doping Agency's ban on such practices, ABT abuse continues. Autologous blood doping (ABD) is challenging to detect because of the similarities between an individual's doped and undoped blood. Recently, Harrison et al. reported that high-speed capillary electrophoresis may identify ABD. In their work, first order derivatives of the electropherograms were used to identify doping. However, this method suffered from false negatives due to the subjective nature of the analysis. Here, we provide an informatics analysis of the data from this study, contrasting the results of traditional statistical methods and less traditional mathematical techniques. First, three well-known multivariate statistical tools: cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and partial least squares (PLS) are applied to develop calibrations and/or group electropherograms of undoped (0%) and doped (5% and 10%) blood samples. (These doping levels were chosen due to the low physiological effect of doping below 5%, with 10% corresponding to the approximate ‘gain' derived from the transfusion of a single unit of blood into an adult.) Different preprocessing and variable selection methods were considered. Due to variation in the electropherograms and the limited sample size, these methods were inadequate. We next considered four less commonly used mathematical/informatics tools: pattern recognition entropy (PRE), the Euclidean distance between vectors, a peak fitting/integration method, and the second moment (SM). Each of these techniques showed some ability to differentiate between the 0, 5, and 10% doped samples. We then evaluated the prediction capabilities of inverse least squares (ILS) models based on these summary statistics. An ILS calibration based on PRE, the Euclidean distance, and peak fitting/integration proved more successful than the PLS model at predicting levels of blood doping from the corresponding electropherograms; the ILS model distinguished between doped (5% and 10%) and undoped (0%) blood. This methodology may be applicable to other challenging informatics problems like determining risk factors for genetically linked diseases, robust pattern finding in peak-like data such as ChIP-seq, or other genomic sequencing for understanding the 3D genome. © The Royal Society of Chemistry.
831	a7004234161	Linford M.R.	p331	False	Conference	107	Using ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for real-time monitoring of the oxidation of aluminum mirrors protected by ultrathin MgF2 layers	To maintain high, broad-band reflectance, thin transparent fluoride layers, such as MgF2, are used to protect the of aluminum mirrors against oxidation since aluminum oxide absorbs short wavelength light. In this study, we present, for the first time, combined X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ellipsometric (SE) studies of aluminum oxidation as a function of MgF2 over a range of layer thickness (0-6 nm). We also show for the first time, dynamic SE data which, with appropriate modeling, tracks the extent of oxide growth every few seconds over a period of several hours after the evaporated Al + MgF2 bilayer is removed from the deposition chamber, exposing it to the air. For each SE data set, because the optical constants of ultrathin metals films depend strongly on deposition conditions and their thickness, the optical constants for Al, as well as the Al and Al2O3 thicknesses, were fit. SE trends were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. There is a chemical shift in the Al 2s electron emission peak toward higher binding energy as the metal oxidizes to Al+3. The extent of oxide growth can be modeled from the relative area of each peak once they are corrected for the attenuation through MgF2 layer. This generates an empirical formula: oxide thickness= k∗log(t) +b, for the time-dependent aluminum-oxide thickness on aluminum surfaces protected by MgF2 as a function of MgF2 layer thickness. Here, k is a factor which depends only on MgF2 thickness, and decreases with increasing MgF2 thickness. The techniques developed can illuminate other protected mirror systems. © 2019 SPIE.
831	a7004234161	Linford M.R.	p426	False	Journal	236	Tutorial on interpreting x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy survey spectra: Questions and answers on spectra from the atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 on silicon	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has become the most widely used method for chemically analyzing surfaces. In XPS, photoelectrons are generated by irradiating a surface with x rays. As the importance and popularity of XPS have grown, it has drawn users without significant XPS experience, and incorrect and incomplete interpretations of XPS spectra regularly appear in the literature. This tutorial is designed as a tool to guide less experienced users in analyzing XPS survey spectra. Here, the authors examine a series of XPS survey spectra collected during the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 from trimethylaluminum and water precursors. Prior to this, brief explanations of XPS and ALD are presented. This tutorial is structured as a series of questions and answers that the interested reader may choose to engage in. The XPS spectra are scrutinized to extract information about the elements present in the film, the presence of contamination, and the nature of the film growth process. The questions and answers in this tutorial address important fundamental issues common to the interpretation of many XPS survey spectra in the context of ALD. © 2018 Author(s).
832	a56330970800	Defigueiredo B.P.	p246	True	Journal	161	Origami-Based Design of Conceal-and-Reveal Systems	This work introduces a type of motion termed "conceal-and-reveal" which is characterized by a state that protects a payload, a state that exposes the payload, and coupled motions between these two states. As techniques for thick, rigid origami-based engineering designs are being developed, origami is becoming increasingly more attractive as inspiration for complex systems. This paper proposes a process for designing origami-based conceal-and-reveal systems, which can be generalized to design similar thick, rigid origami-based systems. The process is demonstrated through the development of three conceal-and-reveal systems that present a luxury product to the consumer. The three designs also confirm that multiple origami crease patterns can be used to initiate viable approaches to achieving conceal-and-reveal motion. © 2019 by ASME.
832	a56330970800	Defigueiredo B.P.	p409	True	Journal	219	Regional Stiffness Reduction Using Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints for Flexible Printed Circuit Board Design	Flexible printed circuit boards (PCBs) make it possible for engineers to design devices that use space efficiently and can undergo changes in shape and configuration. However, they also suffer from tradeoffs due to nonideal material properties. Here, a method is presented that allows engineers to introduce regions of flexibility in otherwise rigid PCB substrates. This method employs geometric features to reduce local stiffness in the PCB, rather than reducing the global stiffness by material selection. Analytical and finite element models are presented to calculate the maximum stresses caused by deflection. An example device is produced and tested to verify the models. Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
832	a56330970800	Defigueiredo B.P.	p581	True	Conference	226	Origami-based design of conceal-and-reveal systems	This work introduces a type of motion termed “conceal-and-reveal” which is characterized by a state that protects a payload, a state that exposes the payload, and continuous motion between these two states. As techniques for thick, rigid origami-based engineering design are being developed, origami is becoming increasingly more attractive as inspiration for complex systems. This paper proposes a process for designing origami-based conceal-and-reveal systems, which can be generalized to design other thick, rigid origami-based systems. The process is demonstrated through the development of three conceal-and-reveal systems that present a luxury product to the consumer. The three designs also confirm that multiple origami crease patterns represent viable approaches to achieving conceal-and-reveal motion. Copyright © 2018 ASME
832	a56330970800	Defigueiredo B.P.	p816	False	Conference	351	Designing for power transfer across fold-lines in mechanisms with origami-like movement using surrogate folds	As mechanisms with origami-like movement increase in popularity, there is a need for conducting electrical power across folds. This need could potentially be filled by the use of surrogate folds. Surrogate folds are a localized reduction in stiffness in a given direction allowing the material to function like a fold. Current methods for conducting across folds are reviewed along with current opportunities. A framework for designing conductive surrogate folds that can be adapted to fit specific applications is presented. Equations for calculating the resistance in single surrogate folds as well as arrays are given. Prototypes of several conductive joints are presented and discussed. The framework is then followed in the designing and manufacturing of a conductive origami-inspired mechanism. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
833	a57190247942	Tolman K.A.	p246	False	Journal	161	Origami-Based Design of Conceal-and-Reveal Systems	This work introduces a type of motion termed "conceal-and-reveal" which is characterized by a state that protects a payload, a state that exposes the payload, and coupled motions between these two states. As techniques for thick, rigid origami-based engineering designs are being developed, origami is becoming increasingly more attractive as inspiration for complex systems. This paper proposes a process for designing origami-based conceal-and-reveal systems, which can be generalized to design similar thick, rigid origami-based systems. The process is demonstrated through the development of three conceal-and-reveal systems that present a luxury product to the consumer. The three designs also confirm that multiple origami crease patterns can be used to initiate viable approaches to achieving conceal-and-reveal motion. © 2019 by ASME.
833	a57190247942	Tolman K.A.	p581	False	Conference	226	Origami-based design of conceal-and-reveal systems	This work introduces a type of motion termed “conceal-and-reveal” which is characterized by a state that protects a payload, a state that exposes the payload, and continuous motion between these two states. As techniques for thick, rigid origami-based engineering design are being developed, origami is becoming increasingly more attractive as inspiration for complex systems. This paper proposes a process for designing origami-based conceal-and-reveal systems, which can be generalized to design other thick, rigid origami-based systems. The process is demonstrated through the development of three conceal-and-reveal systems that present a luxury product to the consumer. The three designs also confirm that multiple origami crease patterns represent viable approaches to achieving conceal-and-reveal motion. Copyright © 2018 ASME
833	a57190247942	Tolman K.A.	p598	False	Journal	306	A Review of Thickness-Accommodation Techniques in Origami-Inspired Engineering	Origami has served as the inspiration for a number of engineered systems. In most cases, they require nonpaper materials where material thickness is non-negligible. Foldable mechanisms based on origami-like forms present special challenges for preserving kinematics and assuring non-self-intersection when the thickness of the panels must be accommodated. Several design approaches for constructing thick origami mechanisms by beginning with a zero-thickness origami pattern and transforming it into a rigidly foldable mechanism with thick panels are reviewed. The review includes existing approaches and introduces new hybrid approaches. The approaches are compared and contrasted and their manufacturability analyzed. © 2018 by ASME.
833	a57190247942	Tolman K.A.	p599	False	Journal	306	Closure to "discussion of 'a review of thickness-accommodation techniques in origami-inspired engineering'" (Lang, R. J., Tolman, K. A., Crampton, E. B., Magleby, S. P., and Howell, L. L., 2018, ASME Appl. Mech. Rev., 70(1), p. 010805)	[No abstract available]
833	a57190247942	Tolman K.A.	p817	False	Conference	352	Optimization of origami-based tubes for lightweight deployable structures	Tubular origami may provide both the needed deployment displacement and sufficient strength to be useful as deployable structures. This paper reviews origami tube-based deployable mechanisms and a structural optimization of FEA models is performed. Symmetric and non-symmetric 4-sided tubes are evaluated. Panel geometries and thicknesses are varied to produce rigidly foldable origami-tube-based mechanisms that are both strong and lightweight. The mechanical properties of these tubes over various deployment lengths are discussed. Three different configurations of this mechanism are compared and the advantages of each are discussed. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
833	a57190247942	Tolman K.A.	p855	True	Conference	379	Split-vertex technique for thickness-accommodation in origami-based mechanisms	A novel thickness-accommodation technique for origami based mechanisms is introduced. This technique modifies a zerothickness pattern by splitting each vertex along the minor folds into a system of two vertices. The modified fold pattern then has thickness applied to it and the resulting mechanism is kinematically equivalent to the modified fold pattern. Origami patterns that are rigid-foldable and only have two panels that stack between folds are utilized in the technique. The technique produces thick origami mechanisms where all panels lie in a plane in the unfolded state without any holes or protrusions and maintain a single degree of freedom. Steps for synthesizing split-vertex mechanisms are presented and examples of split-vertex mechanisms are shown. Advantages and potential applications of the technique are discussed. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
834	a57197791798	Crampton E.	p246	False	Journal	161	Origami-Based Design of Conceal-and-Reveal Systems	This work introduces a type of motion termed "conceal-and-reveal" which is characterized by a state that protects a payload, a state that exposes the payload, and coupled motions between these two states. As techniques for thick, rigid origami-based engineering designs are being developed, origami is becoming increasingly more attractive as inspiration for complex systems. This paper proposes a process for designing origami-based conceal-and-reveal systems, which can be generalized to design similar thick, rigid origami-based systems. The process is demonstrated through the development of three conceal-and-reveal systems that present a luxury product to the consumer. The three designs also confirm that multiple origami crease patterns can be used to initiate viable approaches to achieving conceal-and-reveal motion. © 2019 by ASME.
834	a57197791798	Crampton E.	p581	False	Conference	226	Origami-based design of conceal-and-reveal systems	This work introduces a type of motion termed “conceal-and-reveal” which is characterized by a state that protects a payload, a state that exposes the payload, and continuous motion between these two states. As techniques for thick, rigid origami-based engineering design are being developed, origami is becoming increasingly more attractive as inspiration for complex systems. This paper proposes a process for designing origami-based conceal-and-reveal systems, which can be generalized to design other thick, rigid origami-based systems. The process is demonstrated through the development of three conceal-and-reveal systems that present a luxury product to the consumer. The three designs also confirm that multiple origami crease patterns represent viable approaches to achieving conceal-and-reveal motion. Copyright © 2018 ASME
834	a57197791798	Crampton E.	p582	True	Conference	227	Automating the design of thick-origami mechanisms	Applying an origami pattern to thick, non-paper-like materials is a challenging task. Though many techniques have been developed to accommodate thickness in origami, creating 3D models of such thick-origami mechanisms is complex. The time and knowledge required to manually model an origami mechanism can impede the exploration of the design space and creation of robust designs. This work presents data structures based on origami that can be used in the automation of thick-origami mechanism design. These structures are described and an example computer program that implements them is investigated. The program automatically generates all the necessary 3D CAD part models and an assembly model for a user-specified origami crease pattern. Models resulting from the program for several crease patterns are demonstrated with a discussion of the advantages and limitations of the system. With further development of the data structures and program, this framework has the potential to help mitigate some of the barriers to more widespread use of origami-based design. Copyright © 2018 ASME
834	a57197791798	Crampton E.	p598	False	Journal	306	A Review of Thickness-Accommodation Techniques in Origami-Inspired Engineering	Origami has served as the inspiration for a number of engineered systems. In most cases, they require nonpaper materials where material thickness is non-negligible. Foldable mechanisms based on origami-like forms present special challenges for preserving kinematics and assuring non-self-intersection when the thickness of the panels must be accommodated. Several design approaches for constructing thick origami mechanisms by beginning with a zero-thickness origami pattern and transforming it into a rigidly foldable mechanism with thick panels are reviewed. The review includes existing approaches and introduces new hybrid approaches. The approaches are compared and contrasted and their manufacturability analyzed. © 2018 by ASME.
834	a57197791798	Crampton E.	p599	False	Journal	306	Closure to "discussion of 'a review of thickness-accommodation techniques in origami-inspired engineering'" (Lang, R. J., Tolman, K. A., Crampton, E. B., Magleby, S. P., and Howell, L. L., 2018, ASME Appl. Mech. Rev., 70(1), p. 010805)	[No abstract available]
834	a57197791798	Crampton E.	p815	True	Conference	350	Realizing origami mechanisms from metal sheets	Consideration of a product's manufacturability is a vital aspect of product design. When considering manufacturability of panels for origami-adapted products, there are tradeoffs between panel design approaches as well as thicknessaccommodation techniques. The use of bent sheet metal for panels shows promise as a panel design approach that mitigates several of these trade-offs. This paper describes a process that can be employed to use sheet metal in designs of origami-adapted mechanisms that utilize specific thickness-accommodation techniques. The process is demonstrated for a square-twist mechanism designed using the hinge shift technique for accommodating thickness in origami patterns. A Miura-ori mechanism is also shown in sheet metal. The characteristics of these bent panel approaches are discussed and compared to other approaches for designing panels for manufacturing. The use of bent sheet metal panels allows for mitigation of several trade-offs and shows the applicability of origami-adapted design to sheet metal. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
835	a57191995887	Andersen J.	p247	False	Journal	162	A usability study of four secure email tools using paired participants	Secure email is increasingly being touted as usable by novice users, with a push for adoption based on recent concerns about government surveillance. To determine whether secure email is ready for grassroots adoption, we employ a laboratory user study that recruits pairs of novice users to install and use several of the latest systems to exchange secure messages. We present both quantitative and qualitative results from 28 pairs of novices as they use Private WebMail (Pwm), Tutanota, and Virtru and 10 pairs of novices as they use Mailvelope. Participants report being more at ease with this type of study and better able to cope with mistakes since both participants are “on the same page.” We find that users prefer integrated solutions over depot-based solutions and that tutorials are important in helping first-time users. Finally, our results demonstrate that Pretty Good Privacy using manual key management is still unusable for novice users, with 9 of 10 participant pairs failing to complete the study. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
835	a57191995887	Andersen J.	p348	False	Conference	120	A comparative usability study of key management in secure email	We conducted a user study that compares three secure email tools that share a common user interface and differ only by key management scheme: passwords, public key directory (PKD), and identity-based encryption (IBE). Our work is the first comparative (i.e., A/B) usability evaluation of three different key management schemes and utilizes a standard quantitative metric for cross-system comparisons. We also share qualitative feedback from participants that provides valuable insights into user attitudes regarding each key management approach and secure email generally. The study serves as a model for future secure email research with A/B studies, standard metrics, and the two-person study methodology. © 2018 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
836	a57203240784	Dickinson L.	p247	False	Journal	162	A usability study of four secure email tools using paired participants	Secure email is increasingly being touted as usable by novice users, with a push for adoption based on recent concerns about government surveillance. To determine whether secure email is ready for grassroots adoption, we employ a laboratory user study that recruits pairs of novice users to install and use several of the latest systems to exchange secure messages. We present both quantitative and qualitative results from 28 pairs of novices as they use Private WebMail (Pwm), Tutanota, and Virtru and 10 pairs of novices as they use Mailvelope. Participants report being more at ease with this type of study and better able to cope with mistakes since both participants are “on the same page.” We find that users prefer integrated solutions over depot-based solutions and that tutorials are important in helping first-time users. Finally, our results demonstrate that Pretty Good Privacy using manual key management is still unusable for novice users, with 9 of 10 participant pairs failing to complete the study. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
836	a57203240784	Dickinson L.	p471	False	Conference	173	A Tale of Two Studies: The Best and Worst of YubiKey Usability	Two-factor authentication (2FA) significantly improves the security of password-based authentication. Recently, there has been increased interest in Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) security keys-small hardware devices that require users to press a button on the security key to authenticate. To examine the usability of security keys in non-enterprise usage, we conducted two user studies of the YubiKey, a popular line of U2F security keys. The first study tasked 31 participants with configuring a Windows, Google, and Facebook account to authenticate using a YubiKey. This study revealed problems with setup instructions and workflow including users locking themselves out of their operating system or thinking they had successfully enabled 2FA when they had not. In contrast, the second study had 25 participants use a YubiKey in their daily lives over a period of four weeks, revealing that participants generally enjoyed the experience. Conducting both a laboratory and longitudinal study yielded insights into the usability of security keys that would not have been evident from either study in isolation. Based on our analysis, we recommend standardizing the setup process, enabling verification of success, allowing shared accounts, integrating with operating systems, and preventing lockouts. © 2018 IEEE.
836	a57203240784	Dickinson L.	p557	False	Conference	206	The secure socket API: TLS as an operating system service	SSL/TLS libraries are notoriously hard for developers to use, leaving system administrators at the mercy of buggy and vulnerable applications. We explore the use of the standard POSIX socket API as a vehicle for a simplified TLS API, while also giving administrators the ability to control applications and tailor TLS configuration to their needs. We first assess OpenSSL and its uses in open source software, recommending how this functionality should be accommodated within the POSIX API. We then propose the Secure Socket API (SSA), a minimalist TLS API built using existing network functions and find that it can be employed by existing network applications by modifications requiring as little as one line of code. We next describe a prototype SSA implementation that leverages network system calls to provide privilege separation and support for other programming languages. We end with a discussion of the benefits and limitations of the SSA and our accompanying implementation, noting avenues for future work. © 2018 Proceedings of the 27th USENIX Security Symposium. All rights reserved.
836	a57203240784	Dickinson L.	p793	False	Conference	330	TrustBase: An architecture to repair and strengthen certificate-based authentication	The current state of certificate-based authentication is messy, with broken authentication in applications and proxies, along with serious flaws in the CA system. To solve these problems, we design TrustBase, an architecture that provides certificate-based authentication as an operating system service, with system administrator control over authentication policy. TrustBase transparently enforces best practices for certificate validation on all applications, while also providing a variety of authentication services to strengthen the CA system. We describe a research prototype of TrustBase for Linux, which uses a loadable kernel module to intercept traffic in the socket layer, then consults a userspace policy engine to evaluate certificate validity using a variety of plugins. We evaluate the security of TrustBase, including a threat analysis, application coverage, and hardening of the Linux prototype. We also describe prototypes of TrustBase for Android and Windows, illustrating the generality of our approach. We show that TrustBase has negligible overhead and universal compatibility with applications. We demonstrate its utility by describing eight authentication services that extend CA hardening to all applications. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All Rights Reserved.
837	a57193574682	Heidbrink S.	p247	False	Journal	162	A usability study of four secure email tools using paired participants	Secure email is increasingly being touted as usable by novice users, with a push for adoption based on recent concerns about government surveillance. To determine whether secure email is ready for grassroots adoption, we employ a laboratory user study that recruits pairs of novice users to install and use several of the latest systems to exchange secure messages. We present both quantitative and qualitative results from 28 pairs of novices as they use Private WebMail (Pwm), Tutanota, and Virtru and 10 pairs of novices as they use Mailvelope. Participants report being more at ease with this type of study and better able to cope with mistakes since both participants are “on the same page.” We find that users prefer integrated solutions over depot-based solutions and that tutorials are important in helping first-time users. Finally, our results demonstrate that Pretty Good Privacy using manual key management is still unusable for novice users, with 9 of 10 participant pairs failing to complete the study. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
837	a57193574682	Heidbrink S.	p303	False	Conference	84	Is that you, Alice? A usability study of the authentication ceremony of secure messaging applications	The effective security provided by secure messaging applications depends heavily on users completing an authentication ceremony-a sequence of manual operations enabling users to verify they are indeed communicating with one another. Unfortunately, evidence to date suggests users are unable to do this. Accordingly, we study in detail how well users can locate and complete the authentication ceremony when they are aware of the need for authentication. We execute a two-phase study involving 36 pairs of participants, using three popular messaging applications with support for secure messaging functionality: WhatsApp, Viber, and Facebook Messenger. The first phase included instruction about potential threats, while the second phase also included instructions about the importance of the authentication ceremony. We find that, across the three apps, the average success rates of finding and completing the authentication ceremony increases from 14% to 79% from the first to second phase, with second-phase success rates as high as 96% for Viber. However, the time required to find and complete the ceremony is undesirably long from a usability standpoint, and our data is inconclusive on whether users make the connection between this ceremony and the security guarantees it brings. We discuss in detail the success rates, task timings, and user feedback for each application, as well as common mistakes and user grievances. We conclude by exploring user threat models, finding significant gaps in user awareness and understanding. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All rights reserved.
837	a57193574682	Heidbrink S.	p557	False	Conference	206	The secure socket API: TLS as an operating system service	SSL/TLS libraries are notoriously hard for developers to use, leaving system administrators at the mercy of buggy and vulnerable applications. We explore the use of the standard POSIX socket API as a vehicle for a simplified TLS API, while also giving administrators the ability to control applications and tailor TLS configuration to their needs. We first assess OpenSSL and its uses in open source software, recommending how this functionality should be accommodated within the POSIX API. We then propose the Secure Socket API (SSA), a minimalist TLS API built using existing network functions and find that it can be employed by existing network applications by modifications requiring as little as one line of code. We next describe a prototype SSA implementation that leverages network system calls to provide privilege separation and support for other programming languages. We end with a discussion of the benefits and limitations of the SSA and our accompanying implementation, noting avenues for future work. © 2018 Proceedings of the 27th USENIX Security Symposium. All rights reserved.
837	a57193574682	Heidbrink S.	p793	False	Conference	330	TrustBase: An architecture to repair and strengthen certificate-based authentication	The current state of certificate-based authentication is messy, with broken authentication in applications and proxies, along with serious flaws in the CA system. To solve these problems, we design TrustBase, an architecture that provides certificate-based authentication as an operating system service, with system administrator control over authentication policy. TrustBase transparently enforces best practices for certificate validation on all applications, while also providing a variety of authentication services to strengthen the CA system. We describe a research prototype of TrustBase for Linux, which uses a loadable kernel module to intercept traffic in the socket layer, then consults a userspace policy engine to evaluate certificate validity using a variety of plugins. We evaluate the security of TrustBase, including a threat analysis, application coverage, and hardening of the Linux prototype. We also describe prototypes of TrustBase for Android and Windows, illustrating the generality of our approach. We show that TrustBase has negligible overhead and universal compatibility with applications. We demonstrate its utility by describing eight authentication services that extend CA hardening to all applications. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All Rights Reserved.
838	a57208784903	Monson T.	p247	False	Journal	162	A usability study of four secure email tools using paired participants	Secure email is increasingly being touted as usable by novice users, with a push for adoption based on recent concerns about government surveillance. To determine whether secure email is ready for grassroots adoption, we employ a laboratory user study that recruits pairs of novice users to install and use several of the latest systems to exchange secure messages. We present both quantitative and qualitative results from 28 pairs of novices as they use Private WebMail (Pwm), Tutanota, and Virtru and 10 pairs of novices as they use Mailvelope. Participants report being more at ease with this type of study and better able to cope with mistakes since both participants are “on the same page.” We find that users prefer integrated solutions over depot-based solutions and that tutorials are important in helping first-time users. Finally, our results demonstrate that Pretty Good Privacy using manual key management is still unusable for novice users, with 9 of 10 participant pairs failing to complete the study. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
838	a57208784903	Monson T.	p348	False	Conference	120	A comparative usability study of key management in secure email	We conducted a user study that compares three secure email tools that share a common user interface and differ only by key management scheme: passwords, public key directory (PKD), and identity-based encryption (IBE). Our work is the first comparative (i.e., A/B) usability evaluation of three different key management schemes and utilizes a standard quantitative metric for cross-system comparisons. We also share qualitative feedback from participants that provides valuable insights into user attitudes regarding each key management approach and secure email generally. The study serves as a model for future secure email research with A/B studies, standard metrics, and the two-person study methodology. © 2018 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
838	a57208784903	Monson T.	p352	False	Conference	123	Weighing Context and Trade-offs: How suburban adults selected their online security posture	Understanding how people behave when faced with complex security situations is essential to designing usable security tools. To better understand users' perceptions of their digital lives and how they managed their online security posture, we conducted a series of 23 semi-structured interviews with mostly middle-aged parents from suburban Washington state. Using a grounded theory methodology, we analyzed the interview data and found that participants chose their security posture based on the immense value the Internet provides and their belief that no combination of technology could make them perfectly safe. Within this context, users have a four-stage process for determining which security measures to adopt: learning, evaluation of risks, estimation of impact, and weighing trade-offs to various coping strategies. Our results also revealed that a majority of participants understand the basic principles of symmetric encryption. We found that participants' misconceptions related to browser-based TLS indicators lead to insecure behavior, and it is the permanence of encrypted email that causes participants to doubt that it is secure. We conclude with a discussion of possible responses to this research and avenues for future research. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All rights reserved.
839	a56417117600	O'Neill M.	p247	False	Journal	162	A usability study of four secure email tools using paired participants	Secure email is increasingly being touted as usable by novice users, with a push for adoption based on recent concerns about government surveillance. To determine whether secure email is ready for grassroots adoption, we employ a laboratory user study that recruits pairs of novice users to install and use several of the latest systems to exchange secure messages. We present both quantitative and qualitative results from 28 pairs of novices as they use Private WebMail (Pwm), Tutanota, and Virtru and 10 pairs of novices as they use Mailvelope. Participants report being more at ease with this type of study and better able to cope with mistakes since both participants are “on the same page.” We find that users prefer integrated solutions over depot-based solutions and that tutorials are important in helping first-time users. Finally, our results demonstrate that Pretty Good Privacy using manual key management is still unusable for novice users, with 9 of 10 participant pairs failing to complete the study. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
839	a56417117600	O'Neill M.	p303	False	Conference	84	Is that you, Alice? A usability study of the authentication ceremony of secure messaging applications	The effective security provided by secure messaging applications depends heavily on users completing an authentication ceremony-a sequence of manual operations enabling users to verify they are indeed communicating with one another. Unfortunately, evidence to date suggests users are unable to do this. Accordingly, we study in detail how well users can locate and complete the authentication ceremony when they are aware of the need for authentication. We execute a two-phase study involving 36 pairs of participants, using three popular messaging applications with support for secure messaging functionality: WhatsApp, Viber, and Facebook Messenger. The first phase included instruction about potential threats, while the second phase also included instructions about the importance of the authentication ceremony. We find that, across the three apps, the average success rates of finding and completing the authentication ceremony increases from 14% to 79% from the first to second phase, with second-phase success rates as high as 96% for Viber. However, the time required to find and complete the ceremony is undesirably long from a usability standpoint, and our data is inconclusive on whether users make the connection between this ceremony and the security guarantees it brings. We discuss in detail the success rates, task timings, and user feedback for each application, as well as common mistakes and user grievances. We conclude by exploring user threat models, finding significant gaps in user awareness and understanding. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All rights reserved.
839	a56417117600	O'Neill M.	p305	False	Conference	86	Action needed! Helping users find and complete the authentication ceremony in signal	The security guarantees of secure messaging applications are contingent upon users performing an authentication ceremony, which typically involves verifying the fingerprints of encryption keys. However, recent lab studies have shown that users are unable to do this without being told in advance about the ceremony and its importance. A recent study showed that even with this instruction, the time it takes users to find and complete the ceremony is excessively long-about 11 minutes. To remedy these problems, we modified Signal to include prompts for the ceremony and also simplified the ceremony itself. To gauge the effect of these changes, we conducted a between-subject user study involving 30 pairs of participants. Our study methodology includes no user training and only a small performance bonus to encourage the secure behavior. Our results show that users are able to both find and complete the ceremony more quickly in our new version of Signal. Despite these improvements, many users are still unsure or confused about the purpose of the authentication ceremony. We discuss the need for better risk communication and methods to promote trust. © 2018 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
839	a56417117600	O'Neill M.	p351	False	Conference	122	User attitudes toward the inspection of encrypted traffic	This paper reports the results of a survey of 1,976 individuals regarding their opinions on TLS inspection, a controversial technique that can be used for both benevolent and malicious purposes. Responses indicate that participants hold nuanced opinions on security and privacy trade-offs, with most recognizing legitimate uses for the practice, but also concerned about threats from hackers or government surveillance. There is strong support for notification and consent when a system is intercepting their encrypted traffic, although this support varies depending on the situation. A significant concern about malicious uses of TLS inspection is identity theft, and many would react negatively and some would change their behavior if they discovered inspection occurring without their knowledge. We also find that a small but significant number of participants are jaded by the current state of affairs and have lost any expectation of privacy. © 2016 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
839	a56417117600	O'Neill M.	p557	True	Conference	206	The secure socket API: TLS as an operating system service	SSL/TLS libraries are notoriously hard for developers to use, leaving system administrators at the mercy of buggy and vulnerable applications. We explore the use of the standard POSIX socket API as a vehicle for a simplified TLS API, while also giving administrators the ability to control applications and tailor TLS configuration to their needs. We first assess OpenSSL and its uses in open source software, recommending how this functionality should be accommodated within the POSIX API. We then propose the Secure Socket API (SSA), a minimalist TLS API built using existing network functions and find that it can be employed by existing network applications by modifications requiring as little as one line of code. We next describe a prototype SSA implementation that leverages network system calls to provide privilege separation and support for other programming languages. We end with a discussion of the benefits and limitations of the SSA and our accompanying implementation, noting avenues for future work. © 2018 Proceedings of the 27th USENIX Security Symposium. All rights reserved.
840	a57203245208	Reese K.	p247	False	Journal	162	A usability study of four secure email tools using paired participants	Secure email is increasingly being touted as usable by novice users, with a push for adoption based on recent concerns about government surveillance. To determine whether secure email is ready for grassroots adoption, we employ a laboratory user study that recruits pairs of novice users to install and use several of the latest systems to exchange secure messages. We present both quantitative and qualitative results from 28 pairs of novices as they use Private WebMail (Pwm), Tutanota, and Virtru and 10 pairs of novices as they use Mailvelope. Participants report being more at ease with this type of study and better able to cope with mistakes since both participants are “on the same page.” We find that users prefer integrated solutions over depot-based solutions and that tutorials are important in helping first-time users. Finally, our results demonstrate that Pretty Good Privacy using manual key management is still unusable for novice users, with 9 of 10 participant pairs failing to complete the study. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
840	a57203245208	Reese K.	p300	True	Conference	82	A usability study of five two-factor authentication methods	Two-factor authentication (2FA) defends against account compromise. An account secured with 2FA typically requires an individual to authenticate using something they know-typically a password-as well as something they have, such as a cell phone or hardware token. Many 2FA methods in widespread use today have not been subjected to adequate usability testing. Furthermore, previous 2FA usability research is difficult to compare due to widely-varying contexts across different studies. We conducted a two-week, between-subjects usability study of five common 2FA methods with 72 participants, collecting both quantitative and qualitative data. Participants logged into a simulated banking website nearly every day using 2FA and completed an assigned task. Participants generally gave high marks to the methods studied, and many expressed an interest in using 2FA to provide more security for their sensitive online accounts. We also conducted a within-subjects laboratory study with 30 participants to assess the general usability of the setup procedure for the five methods. While a few participants experienced difficulty setting up a hardware token and a one-time password, in general, users found the methods easy to set up. © is held by the author/owner.
840	a57203245208	Reese K.	p471	False	Conference	173	A Tale of Two Studies: The Best and Worst of YubiKey Usability	Two-factor authentication (2FA) significantly improves the security of password-based authentication. Recently, there has been increased interest in Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) security keys-small hardware devices that require users to press a button on the security key to authenticate. To examine the usability of security keys in non-enterprise usage, we conducted two user studies of the YubiKey, a popular line of U2F security keys. The first study tasked 31 participants with configuring a Windows, Google, and Facebook account to authenticate using a YubiKey. This study revealed problems with setup instructions and workflow including users locking themselves out of their operating system or thinking they had successfully enabled 2FA when they had not. In contrast, the second study had 25 participants use a YubiKey in their daily lives over a period of four weeks, revealing that participants generally enjoyed the experience. Conducting both a laboratory and longitudinal study yielded insights into the usability of security keys that would not have been evident from either study in isolation. Based on our analysis, we recommend standardizing the setup process, enabling verification of success, allowing shared accounts, integrating with operating systems, and preventing lockouts. © 2018 IEEE.
841	a57208771517	Spendlove B.	p247	False	Journal	162	A usability study of four secure email tools using paired participants	Secure email is increasingly being touted as usable by novice users, with a push for adoption based on recent concerns about government surveillance. To determine whether secure email is ready for grassroots adoption, we employ a laboratory user study that recruits pairs of novice users to install and use several of the latest systems to exchange secure messages. We present both quantitative and qualitative results from 28 pairs of novices as they use Private WebMail (Pwm), Tutanota, and Virtru and 10 pairs of novices as they use Mailvelope. Participants report being more at ease with this type of study and better able to cope with mistakes since both participants are “on the same page.” We find that users prefer integrated solutions over depot-based solutions and that tutorials are important in helping first-time users. Finally, our results demonstrate that Pretty Good Privacy using manual key management is still unusable for novice users, with 9 of 10 participant pairs failing to complete the study. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
842	a35621274900	Vaziripour E.	p247	False	Journal	162	A usability study of four secure email tools using paired participants	Secure email is increasingly being touted as usable by novice users, with a push for adoption based on recent concerns about government surveillance. To determine whether secure email is ready for grassroots adoption, we employ a laboratory user study that recruits pairs of novice users to install and use several of the latest systems to exchange secure messages. We present both quantitative and qualitative results from 28 pairs of novices as they use Private WebMail (Pwm), Tutanota, and Virtru and 10 pairs of novices as they use Mailvelope. Participants report being more at ease with this type of study and better able to cope with mistakes since both participants are “on the same page.” We find that users prefer integrated solutions over depot-based solutions and that tutorials are important in helping first-time users. Finally, our results demonstrate that Pretty Good Privacy using manual key management is still unusable for novice users, with 9 of 10 participant pairs failing to complete the study. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
842	a35621274900	Vaziripour E.	p303	True	Conference	84	Is that you, Alice? A usability study of the authentication ceremony of secure messaging applications	The effective security provided by secure messaging applications depends heavily on users completing an authentication ceremony-a sequence of manual operations enabling users to verify they are indeed communicating with one another. Unfortunately, evidence to date suggests users are unable to do this. Accordingly, we study in detail how well users can locate and complete the authentication ceremony when they are aware of the need for authentication. We execute a two-phase study involving 36 pairs of participants, using three popular messaging applications with support for secure messaging functionality: WhatsApp, Viber, and Facebook Messenger. The first phase included instruction about potential threats, while the second phase also included instructions about the importance of the authentication ceremony. We find that, across the three apps, the average success rates of finding and completing the authentication ceremony increases from 14% to 79% from the first to second phase, with second-phase success rates as high as 96% for Viber. However, the time required to find and complete the ceremony is undesirably long from a usability standpoint, and our data is inconclusive on whether users make the connection between this ceremony and the security guarantees it brings. We discuss in detail the success rates, task timings, and user feedback for each application, as well as common mistakes and user grievances. We conclude by exploring user threat models, finding significant gaps in user awareness and understanding. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All rights reserved.
842	a35621274900	Vaziripour E.	p305	True	Conference	86	Action needed! Helping users find and complete the authentication ceremony in signal	The security guarantees of secure messaging applications are contingent upon users performing an authentication ceremony, which typically involves verifying the fingerprints of encryption keys. However, recent lab studies have shown that users are unable to do this without being told in advance about the ceremony and its importance. A recent study showed that even with this instruction, the time it takes users to find and complete the ceremony is excessively long-about 11 minutes. To remedy these problems, we modified Signal to include prompts for the ceremony and also simplified the ceremony itself. To gauge the effect of these changes, we conducted a between-subject user study involving 30 pairs of participants. Our study methodology includes no user training and only a small performance bonus to encourage the secure behavior. Our results show that users are able to both find and complete the ceremony more quickly in our new version of Signal. Despite these improvements, many users are still unsure or confused about the purpose of the authentication ceremony. We discuss the need for better risk communication and methods to promote trust. © 2018 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
842	a35621274900	Vaziripour E.	p344	False	Conference	117	“Something isn't secure, but I'm not sure how that translates into a problem”: Promoting autonomy by designing for understanding in Signal	Security designs that presume enacting secure behaviors to be beneficial in all circumstances discount the impact of response cost on users' lives and assume that all data is equally worth protecting. However, this has the effect of reducing user autonomy by diminishing the role personal values and priorities play in the decision-making process. In this study, we demonstrate an alternative approach that emphasizes users' comprehension over compliance, with the goal of helping users to make more informed decisions regarding their own security. To this end, we conducted a three-phase redesign of the warning notifications surrounding the authentication ceremony in Signal. Our results show how improved comprehension can be achieved while still promoting favorable privacy outcomes among users. Our experience reaffirms existing arguments that users should be empowered to make personal trade-offs between perceived risk and response cost. We also find that system trust is a major factor in users' interpretation of system determinations of risk, and that properly communicating risk requires an understanding of user perceptions of the larger security ecosystem in whole. © is held by the author/owner.
843	a55681652500	Wu J.	p247	False	Journal	162	A usability study of four secure email tools using paired participants	Secure email is increasingly being touted as usable by novice users, with a push for adoption based on recent concerns about government surveillance. To determine whether secure email is ready for grassroots adoption, we employ a laboratory user study that recruits pairs of novice users to install and use several of the latest systems to exchange secure messages. We present both quantitative and qualitative results from 28 pairs of novices as they use Private WebMail (Pwm), Tutanota, and Virtru and 10 pairs of novices as they use Mailvelope. Participants report being more at ease with this type of study and better able to cope with mistakes since both participants are “on the same page.” We find that users prefer integrated solutions over depot-based solutions and that tutorials are important in helping first-time users. Finally, our results demonstrate that Pretty Good Privacy using manual key management is still unusable for novice users, with 9 of 10 participant pairs failing to complete the study. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
843	a55681652500	Wu J.	p303	False	Conference	84	Is that you, Alice? A usability study of the authentication ceremony of secure messaging applications	The effective security provided by secure messaging applications depends heavily on users completing an authentication ceremony-a sequence of manual operations enabling users to verify they are indeed communicating with one another. Unfortunately, evidence to date suggests users are unable to do this. Accordingly, we study in detail how well users can locate and complete the authentication ceremony when they are aware of the need for authentication. We execute a two-phase study involving 36 pairs of participants, using three popular messaging applications with support for secure messaging functionality: WhatsApp, Viber, and Facebook Messenger. The first phase included instruction about potential threats, while the second phase also included instructions about the importance of the authentication ceremony. We find that, across the three apps, the average success rates of finding and completing the authentication ceremony increases from 14% to 79% from the first to second phase, with second-phase success rates as high as 96% for Viber. However, the time required to find and complete the ceremony is undesirably long from a usability standpoint, and our data is inconclusive on whether users make the connection between this ceremony and the security guarantees it brings. We discuss in detail the success rates, task timings, and user feedback for each application, as well as common mistakes and user grievances. We conclude by exploring user threat models, finding significant gaps in user awareness and understanding. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All rights reserved.
843	a55681652500	Wu J.	p305	False	Conference	86	Action needed! Helping users find and complete the authentication ceremony in signal	The security guarantees of secure messaging applications are contingent upon users performing an authentication ceremony, which typically involves verifying the fingerprints of encryption keys. However, recent lab studies have shown that users are unable to do this without being told in advance about the ceremony and its importance. A recent study showed that even with this instruction, the time it takes users to find and complete the ceremony is excessively long-about 11 minutes. To remedy these problems, we modified Signal to include prompts for the ceremony and also simplified the ceremony itself. To gauge the effect of these changes, we conducted a between-subject user study involving 30 pairs of participants. Our study methodology includes no user training and only a small performance bonus to encourage the secure behavior. Our results show that users are able to both find and complete the ceremony more quickly in our new version of Signal. Despite these improvements, many users are still unsure or confused about the purpose of the authentication ceremony. We discuss the need for better risk communication and methods to promote trust. © 2018 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
843	a55681652500	Wu J.	p306	True	Conference	87	When is a tree really a truck? Exploring mental models of encryption	Mental models are a driving force in the way users interact with systems, and thus have important implications for design. This is especially true for encryption because the cost of mistakes can be disastrous. Nevertheless, until now, mental models of encryption have only been tangentially explored as part of more broadly focused studies. In this work, we present the first directed effort at exploring user perceptions of encryption: both mental models of what encryption is and how it works as well as views on its role in everyday life. We performed 19 semi-structured phone interviews with participants across the United States, using both standard interview techniques and a diagramming exercise where participants visually demonstrated their perception of the encryption process. We identified four mental models of encryption which, though varying in detail and complexity, ultimately reduce to a functional abstraction of restrictive access control and naturally coincide with a model of symmetric encryption. Additionally, we find the impersonal use of encryption to be an important part of participants' models of security, with a widespread belief that encryption is frequently employed by service providers to encrypt data at rest. In contrast, the personal use of encryption is viewed as reserved for illicit or immoral activity, or for the paranoid. © 2018 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
843	a55681652500	Wu J.	p344	True	Conference	117	“Something isn't secure, but I'm not sure how that translates into a problem”: Promoting autonomy by designing for understanding in Signal	Security designs that presume enacting secure behaviors to be beneficial in all circumstances discount the impact of response cost on users' lives and assume that all data is equally worth protecting. However, this has the effect of reducing user autonomy by diminishing the role personal values and priorities play in the decision-making process. In this study, we demonstrate an alternative approach that emphasizes users' comprehension over compliance, with the goal of helping users to make more informed decisions regarding their own security. To this end, we conducted a three-phase redesign of the warning notifications surrounding the authentication ceremony in Signal. Our results show how improved comprehension can be achieved while still promoting favorable privacy outcomes among users. Our experience reaffirms existing arguments that users should be empowered to make personal trade-offs between perceived risk and response cost. We also find that system trust is a major factor in users' interpretation of system determinations of risk, and that properly communicating risk requires an understanding of user perceptions of the larger security ecosystem in whole. © is held by the author/owner.
843	a55681652500	Wu J.	p352	False	Conference	123	Weighing Context and Trade-offs: How suburban adults selected their online security posture	Understanding how people behave when faced with complex security situations is essential to designing usable security tools. To better understand users' perceptions of their digital lives and how they managed their online security posture, we conducted a series of 23 semi-structured interviews with mostly middle-aged parents from suburban Washington state. Using a grounded theory methodology, we analyzed the interview data and found that participants chose their security posture based on the immense value the Internet provides and their belief that no combination of technology could make them perfectly safe. Within this context, users have a four-stage process for determining which security measures to adopt: learning, evaluation of risks, estimation of impact, and weighing trade-offs to various coping strategies. Our results also revealed that a majority of participants understand the basic principles of symmetric encryption. We found that participants' misconceptions related to browser-based TLS indicators lead to insecure behavior, and it is the permanence of encrypted email that causes participants to doubt that it is secure. We conclude with a discussion of possible responses to this research and avenues for future research. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All rights reserved.
844	a7003445799	Zappala D.	p247	False	Journal	162	A usability study of four secure email tools using paired participants	Secure email is increasingly being touted as usable by novice users, with a push for adoption based on recent concerns about government surveillance. To determine whether secure email is ready for grassroots adoption, we employ a laboratory user study that recruits pairs of novice users to install and use several of the latest systems to exchange secure messages. We present both quantitative and qualitative results from 28 pairs of novices as they use Private WebMail (Pwm), Tutanota, and Virtru and 10 pairs of novices as they use Mailvelope. Participants report being more at ease with this type of study and better able to cope with mistakes since both participants are “on the same page.” We find that users prefer integrated solutions over depot-based solutions and that tutorials are important in helping first-time users. Finally, our results demonstrate that Pretty Good Privacy using manual key management is still unusable for novice users, with 9 of 10 participant pairs failing to complete the study. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
844	a7003445799	Zappala D.	p303	False	Conference	84	Is that you, Alice? A usability study of the authentication ceremony of secure messaging applications	The effective security provided by secure messaging applications depends heavily on users completing an authentication ceremony-a sequence of manual operations enabling users to verify they are indeed communicating with one another. Unfortunately, evidence to date suggests users are unable to do this. Accordingly, we study in detail how well users can locate and complete the authentication ceremony when they are aware of the need for authentication. We execute a two-phase study involving 36 pairs of participants, using three popular messaging applications with support for secure messaging functionality: WhatsApp, Viber, and Facebook Messenger. The first phase included instruction about potential threats, while the second phase also included instructions about the importance of the authentication ceremony. We find that, across the three apps, the average success rates of finding and completing the authentication ceremony increases from 14% to 79% from the first to second phase, with second-phase success rates as high as 96% for Viber. However, the time required to find and complete the ceremony is undesirably long from a usability standpoint, and our data is inconclusive on whether users make the connection between this ceremony and the security guarantees it brings. We discuss in detail the success rates, task timings, and user feedback for each application, as well as common mistakes and user grievances. We conclude by exploring user threat models, finding significant gaps in user awareness and understanding. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All rights reserved.
844	a7003445799	Zappala D.	p305	False	Conference	86	Action needed! Helping users find and complete the authentication ceremony in signal	The security guarantees of secure messaging applications are contingent upon users performing an authentication ceremony, which typically involves verifying the fingerprints of encryption keys. However, recent lab studies have shown that users are unable to do this without being told in advance about the ceremony and its importance. A recent study showed that even with this instruction, the time it takes users to find and complete the ceremony is excessively long-about 11 minutes. To remedy these problems, we modified Signal to include prompts for the ceremony and also simplified the ceremony itself. To gauge the effect of these changes, we conducted a between-subject user study involving 30 pairs of participants. Our study methodology includes no user training and only a small performance bonus to encourage the secure behavior. Our results show that users are able to both find and complete the ceremony more quickly in our new version of Signal. Despite these improvements, many users are still unsure or confused about the purpose of the authentication ceremony. We discuss the need for better risk communication and methods to promote trust. © 2018 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
844	a7003445799	Zappala D.	p306	False	Conference	87	When is a tree really a truck? Exploring mental models of encryption	Mental models are a driving force in the way users interact with systems, and thus have important implications for design. This is especially true for encryption because the cost of mistakes can be disastrous. Nevertheless, until now, mental models of encryption have only been tangentially explored as part of more broadly focused studies. In this work, we present the first directed effort at exploring user perceptions of encryption: both mental models of what encryption is and how it works as well as views on its role in everyday life. We performed 19 semi-structured phone interviews with participants across the United States, using both standard interview techniques and a diagramming exercise where participants visually demonstrated their perception of the encryption process. We identified four mental models of encryption which, though varying in detail and complexity, ultimately reduce to a functional abstraction of restrictive access control and naturally coincide with a model of symmetric encryption. Additionally, we find the impersonal use of encryption to be an important part of participants' models of security, with a widespread belief that encryption is frequently employed by service providers to encrypt data at rest. In contrast, the personal use of encryption is viewed as reserved for illicit or immoral activity, or for the paranoid. © 2018 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
844	a7003445799	Zappala D.	p344	False	Conference	117	“Something isn't secure, but I'm not sure how that translates into a problem”: Promoting autonomy by designing for understanding in Signal	Security designs that presume enacting secure behaviors to be beneficial in all circumstances discount the impact of response cost on users' lives and assume that all data is equally worth protecting. However, this has the effect of reducing user autonomy by diminishing the role personal values and priorities play in the decision-making process. In this study, we demonstrate an alternative approach that emphasizes users' comprehension over compliance, with the goal of helping users to make more informed decisions regarding their own security. To this end, we conducted a three-phase redesign of the warning notifications surrounding the authentication ceremony in Signal. Our results show how improved comprehension can be achieved while still promoting favorable privacy outcomes among users. Our experience reaffirms existing arguments that users should be empowered to make personal trade-offs between perceived risk and response cost. We also find that system trust is a major factor in users' interpretation of system determinations of risk, and that properly communicating risk requires an understanding of user perceptions of the larger security ecosystem in whole. © is held by the author/owner.
844	a7003445799	Zappala D.	p348	False	Conference	120	A comparative usability study of key management in secure email	We conducted a user study that compares three secure email tools that share a common user interface and differ only by key management scheme: passwords, public key directory (PKD), and identity-based encryption (IBE). Our work is the first comparative (i.e., A/B) usability evaluation of three different key management schemes and utilizes a standard quantitative metric for cross-system comparisons. We also share qualitative feedback from participants that provides valuable insights into user attitudes regarding each key management approach and secure email generally. The study serves as a model for future secure email research with A/B studies, standard metrics, and the two-person study methodology. © 2018 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
844	a7003445799	Zappala D.	p351	False	Conference	122	User attitudes toward the inspection of encrypted traffic	This paper reports the results of a survey of 1,976 individuals regarding their opinions on TLS inspection, a controversial technique that can be used for both benevolent and malicious purposes. Responses indicate that participants hold nuanced opinions on security and privacy trade-offs, with most recognizing legitimate uses for the practice, but also concerned about threats from hackers or government surveillance. There is strong support for notification and consent when a system is intercepting their encrypted traffic, although this support varies depending on the situation. A significant concern about malicious uses of TLS inspection is identity theft, and many would react negatively and some would change their behavior if they discovered inspection occurring without their knowledge. We also find that a small but significant number of participants are jaded by the current state of affairs and have lost any expectation of privacy. © 2016 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
844	a7003445799	Zappala D.	p352	False	Conference	123	Weighing Context and Trade-offs: How suburban adults selected their online security posture	Understanding how people behave when faced with complex security situations is essential to designing usable security tools. To better understand users' perceptions of their digital lives and how they managed their online security posture, we conducted a series of 23 semi-structured interviews with mostly middle-aged parents from suburban Washington state. Using a grounded theory methodology, we analyzed the interview data and found that participants chose their security posture based on the immense value the Internet provides and their belief that no combination of technology could make them perfectly safe. Within this context, users have a four-stage process for determining which security measures to adopt: learning, evaluation of risks, estimation of impact, and weighing trade-offs to various coping strategies. Our results also revealed that a majority of participants understand the basic principles of symmetric encryption. We found that participants' misconceptions related to browser-based TLS indicators lead to insecure behavior, and it is the permanence of encrypted email that causes participants to doubt that it is secure. We conclude with a discussion of possible responses to this research and avenues for future research. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All rights reserved.
844	a7003445799	Zappala D.	p557	False	Conference	206	The secure socket API: TLS as an operating system service	SSL/TLS libraries are notoriously hard for developers to use, leaving system administrators at the mercy of buggy and vulnerable applications. We explore the use of the standard POSIX socket API as a vehicle for a simplified TLS API, while also giving administrators the ability to control applications and tailor TLS configuration to their needs. We first assess OpenSSL and its uses in open source software, recommending how this functionality should be accommodated within the POSIX API. We then propose the Secure Socket API (SSA), a minimalist TLS API built using existing network functions and find that it can be employed by existing network applications by modifications requiring as little as one line of code. We next describe a prototype SSA implementation that leverages network system calls to provide privilege separation and support for other programming languages. We end with a discussion of the benefits and limitations of the SSA and our accompanying implementation, noting avenues for future work. © 2018 Proceedings of the 27th USENIX Security Symposium. All rights reserved.
844	a7003445799	Zappala D.	p679	False	Conference	292	Layering Security at Global Control Points to Secure Unmodified Software	Developing secure software is inherently difficult, and is further hampered by a rush to market, the lack of cybersecurity-trained architects and developers, and the difficulty of identifying flaws and deploying mitigations. To address these problems, we advocate for an alternative paradigm-layering security onto applications from global control points, such as the browser, operating system, or network. This approach adds security to existing applications, relieving developers of this burden. The benefits of this paradigm are three-fold-(1) increased correctness in the implementation of security features, (2) coverage for all software, even non-maintained legacy software, and (3) more rapid and consistent deployment of threat mitigations and new security features. To demonstrate these benefits, we describe three concrete instantiations of this paradigm- MessageGuard, a system that layers end-to-end encryption in the browser; TrustBase, a system that layers authentication in the operating system; and software-defined perimeter, which layers access control at network middleboxes. © 2017 IEEE.
844	a7003445799	Zappala D.	p793	False	Conference	330	TrustBase: An architecture to repair and strengthen certificate-based authentication	The current state of certificate-based authentication is messy, with broken authentication in applications and proxies, along with serious flaws in the CA system. To solve these problems, we design TrustBase, an architecture that provides certificate-based authentication as an operating system service, with system administrator control over authentication policy. TrustBase transparently enforces best practices for certificate validation on all applications, while also providing a variety of authentication services to strengthen the CA system. We describe a research prototype of TrustBase for Linux, which uses a loadable kernel module to intercept traffic in the socket layer, then consults a userspace policy engine to evaluate certificate validity using a variety of plugins. We evaluate the security of TrustBase, including a threat analysis, application coverage, and hardening of the Linux prototype. We also describe prototypes of TrustBase for Android and Windows, illustrating the generality of our approach. We show that TrustBase has negligible overhead and universal compatibility with applications. We demonstrate its utility by describing eight authentication services that extend CA hardening to all applications. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All Rights Reserved.
845	a55855376400	Nysetvold T.B.	p248	True	Journal	163	Deconfliction in high-density unmanned aerial vehicle systems	Small unmanned aerial vehicles play increasingly important roles in many industries and organizations in the United States and around the globe. As usage becomes more widespread, airspace will become increasingly crowded. These high-density unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) situations will pose many unique challenges, including in conflict resolution. Using agent-based models, conflict resolution and the well-clear and action-distance concepts for small multirotor UAVs in dense environments were explored. Specifically, the safety and efficiency of several collision-avoidance mechanisms under different possible densities, accelerations, and action distances were investigated. The results suggest that selecting appropriate action distances and collision-avoidance mechanisms will be vital to maintaining safety and efficiency. Interestingly, excessive action distances quickly degrade performance: using a simple method under high-density conditions (1 UAV∕km2), well-clear distances above approximately 750 m have extremely low efficiency (∼1% as many deliveries accomplished in 5000 simulation hours compared to lower distances). More advanced algorithms also suffer from low efficiency at higher (∼1 km) response distances. Different definitions for near-midair collisions and their effects on system safety and well-clear distance are discussed. © 2018 by John Salmon. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc.,.
845	a55855376400	Nysetvold T.B.	p569	True	Conference	217	Exploration of three dimensional, hierarchical, large scale UAV system interactions	Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have the potential to revolutionize airspaces across the world. As they increase in prevalence, how UAVs interact with each other and their environments will become increasingly important. The UAV air traffic control system will play an important role in keeping UAV-human interactions safe, effective, and efficient. The large number of automated agents, and the complex interactions between them, make this air traffic control system unusually complex. In this paper, the authors consider how the vertical distribution of UAVs affects an air traffic control system’s safety and efficiency. Several possible frameworks are examined, including a free-flight system in which UAVs are allowed to distribute themselves within the entire airspace; a stratified system where different layers are used for travel in different directions, and a compromise system where layers are specified, but vertical course deviation for conflict avoidance is permitted. Investigations are made into how prioritizing some UAVs over others in a hierarchy (for instance, giving emergency services UAVs a separate layer, independent of recreational or commercial users) could affect this system. © 2018, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
845	a55855376400	Nysetvold T.B.	p747	True	Conference	320	Simulation and exploration of high-density unmanned aerial vehicle systems	Systems of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), such as the Amazon Air delivery system, will play a large part in future aerospace development. The design and implementation of these systems will be economically, transportationally, and environmentally important. In this paper, we use agent-based models to analyze the emergent behavior of several types of UAV systems with varying parameters and environments. We find that while increasing the number of UAVs initially has a more-than-linear effect on the reported separation incidents, this effect quickly levels off due to carrying capacity limitations. We also find that while different behaviors (objectives and movement patterns) of UAVs affects the locations of the separation incidents, the number of separation incidents is not strongly influenced by these changes. We then explore the implementation of separation-assurance mechanisms using varying levels of information, and examine effects on the emergent behavior. © 2017 IEEE.
846	a57126390100	Gagakuma E.	p249	False	Journal	111	Approximate MLSE Equalization of SOQPSK-TG in Aeronautical Telemetry	An approximate maximum likelihood sequence estimator (MLSE) equalizer for shaped offset QPSK, version TG (SOQPSK-TG) is derived based on the pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) approximation of SOQPSK-TG using the two principal PAM pulses. The resulting equalizer is a generalization of the equalizer based on the Ungerboeck observation model, where the generalization is to two parallel, cross-correlated symbol streams over parallel intersymbol interference channels. The bit error rate (BER) performance and computational complexity of the approximate MLSE equalizer operating over three example channels, motivated by multipath propagation in aeronautical telemetry and with increasing selectivity, are presented. The BER performance was evaluated using computer simulations and shown to be approximately 5-8 dB better than the best frequency-domain minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) equalizers published in the open literature. The computational complexity, measured by the number of real-valued multiplications, is comparable to that of the frequency-domain MMSE equalizers. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
847	a57214523209	Thomas M.	p250	True	Journal	155	Losartan attenuates progression of osteoarthritis in the synovial temporomandibular and knee joints of a chondrodysplasia mouse model through inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathway	Objective: Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is implicated in osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of Losartan to inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathway of TGF-β1 observed during osteoarthritic progression in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and knee joint using a genetic mouse model. Methods: A murine OA model displaying the heterozygous chondrodysplasia gene (cho/+), a col11a1 mutation, was used to test this hypothesis. Following a 7-month treatment period with Losartan, the synovial joints were analyzed for histopathological improvement comparing two experimental groups. Tissues were fixed in paraformaldehyde, processed to paraffin section, and stained with Safranin O and Fast Green to visualize proteoglycans and collagen proteins in cartilage. Using the Modified Mankin scoring system, the degree of staining and OA progression were evaluated. Results: Results show heterozygous animals receiving Losartan having diminished degeneration of TMJ condylar and knee joint articular cartilage. This was confirmed in the TMJ and knee by a statistically significant decrease in the Mankin histopathology score. Decreased expression of HtrA1, a key regulator to the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, was demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivo, via Losartan inhibition. Conclusion: Using a genetic mouse model of OA, this study demonstrated the utility of Losartan to improve treatment of human OA in the TMJ and knee joint through inhibition of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade. We further demonstrated inhibition of HtrA1, the lowering of Mankin scores to wild type control levels, and the limiting of OA progressive damage with treatment of Losartan. © 2019 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
848	a57205509268	Fronk Z.	p250	False	Journal	155	Losartan attenuates progression of osteoarthritis in the synovial temporomandibular and knee joints of a chondrodysplasia mouse model through inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathway	Objective: Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is implicated in osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of Losartan to inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathway of TGF-β1 observed during osteoarthritic progression in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and knee joint using a genetic mouse model. Methods: A murine OA model displaying the heterozygous chondrodysplasia gene (cho/+), a col11a1 mutation, was used to test this hypothesis. Following a 7-month treatment period with Losartan, the synovial joints were analyzed for histopathological improvement comparing two experimental groups. Tissues were fixed in paraformaldehyde, processed to paraffin section, and stained with Safranin O and Fast Green to visualize proteoglycans and collagen proteins in cartilage. Using the Modified Mankin scoring system, the degree of staining and OA progression were evaluated. Results: Results show heterozygous animals receiving Losartan having diminished degeneration of TMJ condylar and knee joint articular cartilage. This was confirmed in the TMJ and knee by a statistically significant decrease in the Mankin histopathology score. Decreased expression of HtrA1, a key regulator to the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, was demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivo, via Losartan inhibition. Conclusion: Using a genetic mouse model of OA, this study demonstrated the utility of Losartan to improve treatment of human OA in the TMJ and knee joint through inhibition of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade. We further demonstrated inhibition of HtrA1, the lowering of Mankin scores to wild type control levels, and the limiting of OA progressive damage with treatment of Losartan. © 2019 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
849	a57208845618	Gross A.	p250	False	Journal	155	Losartan attenuates progression of osteoarthritis in the synovial temporomandibular and knee joints of a chondrodysplasia mouse model through inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathway	Objective: Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is implicated in osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of Losartan to inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathway of TGF-β1 observed during osteoarthritic progression in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and knee joint using a genetic mouse model. Methods: A murine OA model displaying the heterozygous chondrodysplasia gene (cho/+), a col11a1 mutation, was used to test this hypothesis. Following a 7-month treatment period with Losartan, the synovial joints were analyzed for histopathological improvement comparing two experimental groups. Tissues were fixed in paraformaldehyde, processed to paraffin section, and stained with Safranin O and Fast Green to visualize proteoglycans and collagen proteins in cartilage. Using the Modified Mankin scoring system, the degree of staining and OA progression were evaluated. Results: Results show heterozygous animals receiving Losartan having diminished degeneration of TMJ condylar and knee joint articular cartilage. This was confirmed in the TMJ and knee by a statistically significant decrease in the Mankin histopathology score. Decreased expression of HtrA1, a key regulator to the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, was demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivo, via Losartan inhibition. Conclusion: Using a genetic mouse model of OA, this study demonstrated the utility of Losartan to improve treatment of human OA in the TMJ and knee joint through inhibition of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade. We further demonstrated inhibition of HtrA1, the lowering of Mankin scores to wild type control levels, and the limiting of OA progressive damage with treatment of Losartan. © 2019 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
850	a57205502574	Willmore D.	p250	False	Journal	155	Losartan attenuates progression of osteoarthritis in the synovial temporomandibular and knee joints of a chondrodysplasia mouse model through inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathway	Objective: Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is implicated in osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of Losartan to inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathway of TGF-β1 observed during osteoarthritic progression in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and knee joint using a genetic mouse model. Methods: A murine OA model displaying the heterozygous chondrodysplasia gene (cho/+), a col11a1 mutation, was used to test this hypothesis. Following a 7-month treatment period with Losartan, the synovial joints were analyzed for histopathological improvement comparing two experimental groups. Tissues were fixed in paraformaldehyde, processed to paraffin section, and stained with Safranin O and Fast Green to visualize proteoglycans and collagen proteins in cartilage. Using the Modified Mankin scoring system, the degree of staining and OA progression were evaluated. Results: Results show heterozygous animals receiving Losartan having diminished degeneration of TMJ condylar and knee joint articular cartilage. This was confirmed in the TMJ and knee by a statistically significant decrease in the Mankin histopathology score. Decreased expression of HtrA1, a key regulator to the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, was demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivo, via Losartan inhibition. Conclusion: Using a genetic mouse model of OA, this study demonstrated the utility of Losartan to improve treatment of human OA in the TMJ and knee joint through inhibition of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade. We further demonstrated inhibition of HtrA1, the lowering of Mankin scores to wild type control levels, and the limiting of OA progressive damage with treatment of Losartan. © 2019 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
851	a57205849200	Arango A.	p250	False	Journal	155	Losartan attenuates progression of osteoarthritis in the synovial temporomandibular and knee joints of a chondrodysplasia mouse model through inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathway	Objective: Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is implicated in osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of Losartan to inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathway of TGF-β1 observed during osteoarthritic progression in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and knee joint using a genetic mouse model. Methods: A murine OA model displaying the heterozygous chondrodysplasia gene (cho/+), a col11a1 mutation, was used to test this hypothesis. Following a 7-month treatment period with Losartan, the synovial joints were analyzed for histopathological improvement comparing two experimental groups. Tissues were fixed in paraformaldehyde, processed to paraffin section, and stained with Safranin O and Fast Green to visualize proteoglycans and collagen proteins in cartilage. Using the Modified Mankin scoring system, the degree of staining and OA progression were evaluated. Results: Results show heterozygous animals receiving Losartan having diminished degeneration of TMJ condylar and knee joint articular cartilage. This was confirmed in the TMJ and knee by a statistically significant decrease in the Mankin histopathology score. Decreased expression of HtrA1, a key regulator to the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, was demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivo, via Losartan inhibition. Conclusion: Using a genetic mouse model of OA, this study demonstrated the utility of Losartan to improve treatment of human OA in the TMJ and knee joint through inhibition of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade. We further demonstrated inhibition of HtrA1, the lowering of Mankin scores to wild type control levels, and the limiting of OA progressive damage with treatment of Losartan. © 2019 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
852	a57205504743	Higham C.	p250	False	Journal	155	Losartan attenuates progression of osteoarthritis in the synovial temporomandibular and knee joints of a chondrodysplasia mouse model through inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathway	Objective: Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is implicated in osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of Losartan to inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathway of TGF-β1 observed during osteoarthritic progression in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and knee joint using a genetic mouse model. Methods: A murine OA model displaying the heterozygous chondrodysplasia gene (cho/+), a col11a1 mutation, was used to test this hypothesis. Following a 7-month treatment period with Losartan, the synovial joints were analyzed for histopathological improvement comparing two experimental groups. Tissues were fixed in paraformaldehyde, processed to paraffin section, and stained with Safranin O and Fast Green to visualize proteoglycans and collagen proteins in cartilage. Using the Modified Mankin scoring system, the degree of staining and OA progression were evaluated. Results: Results show heterozygous animals receiving Losartan having diminished degeneration of TMJ condylar and knee joint articular cartilage. This was confirmed in the TMJ and knee by a statistically significant decrease in the Mankin histopathology score. Decreased expression of HtrA1, a key regulator to the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, was demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivo, via Losartan inhibition. Conclusion: Using a genetic mouse model of OA, this study demonstrated the utility of Losartan to improve treatment of human OA in the TMJ and knee joint through inhibition of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade. We further demonstrated inhibition of HtrA1, the lowering of Mankin scores to wild type control levels, and the limiting of OA progressive damage with treatment of Losartan. © 2019 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
853	a57207222602	Nguyen V.	p250	False	Journal	155	Losartan attenuates progression of osteoarthritis in the synovial temporomandibular and knee joints of a chondrodysplasia mouse model through inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathway	Objective: Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is implicated in osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of Losartan to inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathway of TGF-β1 observed during osteoarthritic progression in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and knee joint using a genetic mouse model. Methods: A murine OA model displaying the heterozygous chondrodysplasia gene (cho/+), a col11a1 mutation, was used to test this hypothesis. Following a 7-month treatment period with Losartan, the synovial joints were analyzed for histopathological improvement comparing two experimental groups. Tissues were fixed in paraformaldehyde, processed to paraffin section, and stained with Safranin O and Fast Green to visualize proteoglycans and collagen proteins in cartilage. Using the Modified Mankin scoring system, the degree of staining and OA progression were evaluated. Results: Results show heterozygous animals receiving Losartan having diminished degeneration of TMJ condylar and knee joint articular cartilage. This was confirmed in the TMJ and knee by a statistically significant decrease in the Mankin histopathology score. Decreased expression of HtrA1, a key regulator to the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, was demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivo, via Losartan inhibition. Conclusion: Using a genetic mouse model of OA, this study demonstrated the utility of Losartan to improve treatment of human OA in the TMJ and knee joint through inhibition of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade. We further demonstrated inhibition of HtrA1, the lowering of Mankin scores to wild type control levels, and the limiting of OA progressive damage with treatment of Losartan. © 2019 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
854	a57205501457	Lim H.	p250	False	Journal	155	Losartan attenuates progression of osteoarthritis in the synovial temporomandibular and knee joints of a chondrodysplasia mouse model through inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathway	Objective: Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is implicated in osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of Losartan to inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathway of TGF-β1 observed during osteoarthritic progression in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and knee joint using a genetic mouse model. Methods: A murine OA model displaying the heterozygous chondrodysplasia gene (cho/+), a col11a1 mutation, was used to test this hypothesis. Following a 7-month treatment period with Losartan, the synovial joints were analyzed for histopathological improvement comparing two experimental groups. Tissues were fixed in paraformaldehyde, processed to paraffin section, and stained with Safranin O and Fast Green to visualize proteoglycans and collagen proteins in cartilage. Using the Modified Mankin scoring system, the degree of staining and OA progression were evaluated. Results: Results show heterozygous animals receiving Losartan having diminished degeneration of TMJ condylar and knee joint articular cartilage. This was confirmed in the TMJ and knee by a statistically significant decrease in the Mankin histopathology score. Decreased expression of HtrA1, a key regulator to the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, was demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivo, via Losartan inhibition. Conclusion: Using a genetic mouse model of OA, this study demonstrated the utility of Losartan to improve treatment of human OA in the TMJ and knee joint through inhibition of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade. We further demonstrated inhibition of HtrA1, the lowering of Mankin scores to wild type control levels, and the limiting of OA progressive damage with treatment of Losartan. © 2019 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
855	a57205504946	Kale V.	p250	False	Journal	155	Losartan attenuates progression of osteoarthritis in the synovial temporomandibular and knee joints of a chondrodysplasia mouse model through inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathway	Objective: Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is implicated in osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of Losartan to inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathway of TGF-β1 observed during osteoarthritic progression in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and knee joint using a genetic mouse model. Methods: A murine OA model displaying the heterozygous chondrodysplasia gene (cho/+), a col11a1 mutation, was used to test this hypothesis. Following a 7-month treatment period with Losartan, the synovial joints were analyzed for histopathological improvement comparing two experimental groups. Tissues were fixed in paraformaldehyde, processed to paraffin section, and stained with Safranin O and Fast Green to visualize proteoglycans and collagen proteins in cartilage. Using the Modified Mankin scoring system, the degree of staining and OA progression were evaluated. Results: Results show heterozygous animals receiving Losartan having diminished degeneration of TMJ condylar and knee joint articular cartilage. This was confirmed in the TMJ and knee by a statistically significant decrease in the Mankin histopathology score. Decreased expression of HtrA1, a key regulator to the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, was demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivo, via Losartan inhibition. Conclusion: Using a genetic mouse model of OA, this study demonstrated the utility of Losartan to improve treatment of human OA in the TMJ and knee joint through inhibition of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade. We further demonstrated inhibition of HtrA1, the lowering of Mankin scores to wild type control levels, and the limiting of OA progressive damage with treatment of Losartan. © 2019 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
856	a57205502490	McMillan G.	p250	False	Journal	155	Losartan attenuates progression of osteoarthritis in the synovial temporomandibular and knee joints of a chondrodysplasia mouse model through inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathway	Objective: Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is implicated in osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of Losartan to inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathway of TGF-β1 observed during osteoarthritic progression in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and knee joint using a genetic mouse model. Methods: A murine OA model displaying the heterozygous chondrodysplasia gene (cho/+), a col11a1 mutation, was used to test this hypothesis. Following a 7-month treatment period with Losartan, the synovial joints were analyzed for histopathological improvement comparing two experimental groups. Tissues were fixed in paraformaldehyde, processed to paraffin section, and stained with Safranin O and Fast Green to visualize proteoglycans and collagen proteins in cartilage. Using the Modified Mankin scoring system, the degree of staining and OA progression were evaluated. Results: Results show heterozygous animals receiving Losartan having diminished degeneration of TMJ condylar and knee joint articular cartilage. This was confirmed in the TMJ and knee by a statistically significant decrease in the Mankin histopathology score. Decreased expression of HtrA1, a key regulator to the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, was demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivo, via Losartan inhibition. Conclusion: Using a genetic mouse model of OA, this study demonstrated the utility of Losartan to improve treatment of human OA in the TMJ and knee joint through inhibition of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade. We further demonstrated inhibition of HtrA1, the lowering of Mankin scores to wild type control levels, and the limiting of OA progressive damage with treatment of Losartan. © 2019 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
857	a7004339080	Seegmiller R.E.	p250	False	Journal	155	Losartan attenuates progression of osteoarthritis in the synovial temporomandibular and knee joints of a chondrodysplasia mouse model through inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathway	Objective: Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) is implicated in osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this study was to explore the ability of Losartan to inhibit the inflammatory signaling pathway of TGF-β1 observed during osteoarthritic progression in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and knee joint using a genetic mouse model. Methods: A murine OA model displaying the heterozygous chondrodysplasia gene (cho/+), a col11a1 mutation, was used to test this hypothesis. Following a 7-month treatment period with Losartan, the synovial joints were analyzed for histopathological improvement comparing two experimental groups. Tissues were fixed in paraformaldehyde, processed to paraffin section, and stained with Safranin O and Fast Green to visualize proteoglycans and collagen proteins in cartilage. Using the Modified Mankin scoring system, the degree of staining and OA progression were evaluated. Results: Results show heterozygous animals receiving Losartan having diminished degeneration of TMJ condylar and knee joint articular cartilage. This was confirmed in the TMJ and knee by a statistically significant decrease in the Mankin histopathology score. Decreased expression of HtrA1, a key regulator to the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, was demonstrated in vitro as well as in vivo, via Losartan inhibition. Conclusion: Using a genetic mouse model of OA, this study demonstrated the utility of Losartan to improve treatment of human OA in the TMJ and knee joint through inhibition of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade. We further demonstrated inhibition of HtrA1, the lowering of Mankin scores to wild type control levels, and the limiting of OA progressive damage with treatment of Losartan. © 2019 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
858	a57200375892	Pierce J.	p251	True	Journal	164	Impact of pulse length on the accuracy of defect depth measurements in pulse thermography	Pulse thermography (PT) is a nondestructive testing method in which an energy pulse is applied to a surface while the surface temperature evolution is measured to detect sub surface defects and estimate their depth. This nondestructive test method was developed on the assumption of instantaneous surface heating, but recent work has shown that relatively long pulses can be used to accurately determine defect depth in polymers. This paper examines the impact of varying input pulse length on the accuracy of defect depth quantification as a function of the material properties. Simulations using both thermoplastics and metals show that measurement error is dependent on a nondimensionalized pulse length. The simulation results agree with experimental results for three-dimensional (3D) printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA) components. Analysis and experiments show that defects can be accurately detected with minor modification to the standard methods as long as the pulse ends before the characteristic defect signal is detected. © 2019 by ASME.
859	a57193720916	Gunter C.	p252	False	Journal	165	Predicting recrystallized grain size in friction stir processed 304L stainless steel	A major dilemma faced in the nuclear industry is repair of stainless steel reactor components that have been exposed to neutron irradiation. When conventional fusion welding is used for repair, intergranular cracks develop in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Friction stir processing (FSP), which operates at much lower peak temperatures than fusion welding, was studied as a crack repair method for irradiated 304L stainless steel. A numerical simulation of the FSP process in 304L was developed to predict temperatures and recrystallized grain size in the stir zone. The model employed an Eulerian finite element approach, where flow stresses for a large range of strain rates and temperatures inherent in FSP were used as input. Temperature predictions in three locations near the stir zone were accurate to within 4%, while prediction of welding power was accurate to within 5% of experimental measurements. The predicted recrystallized grain sizes ranged from 7.6 to 10.6 μm, while the experimentally measured grains sizes in the same locations ranged from 6.0 to 7.6 μm. The maximum error in predicted recrystallized grain size was about 39%, but the associated stir zone hardness from the predicted grain sizes was only different from the experiment by about 10%. © 2019
859	a57193720916	Gunter C.	p573	True	Journal	303	Solid state crack repair by friction stir processing in 304L stainless steel	Friction stir processing (FSP) was investigated as a method of repairing cracks in 12 mm thick 304L stainless steel plate. Healing feasibility was demonstrated by processing a tapered crack using a PCBN/W-Re tool with a 25 mm diameter shoulder and a pin length of 6.4 mm. The experiment showed that it was possible to heal a crack that begins narrow and then progressively grows up to a width of 2 mm. Bead on plate experiments were used to find the best parameters for creating a consolidated stir zone with the least amount of hardness difference compared to the base metal. Grain refinement in some specimens resulted in much higher stir zone hardness, compared to base metal. A plot of grain size versus microhardness showed a very strong inverse correlation between grain size and hardness, as expected from the Hall-Petch relationship. Corrosion testing was carried out in order to evaluate the effect of FSP on potential sensitization of the stir zone. After 1000 h of intermittent immersion in 3.5% saline solution at room temperature it was found that no corrosion products formed on the base material controls or on any of the friction stir processed specimens. © 2017
860	a6701421652	Fourment L.	p252	False	Journal	165	Predicting recrystallized grain size in friction stir processed 304L stainless steel	A major dilemma faced in the nuclear industry is repair of stainless steel reactor components that have been exposed to neutron irradiation. When conventional fusion welding is used for repair, intergranular cracks develop in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Friction stir processing (FSP), which operates at much lower peak temperatures than fusion welding, was studied as a crack repair method for irradiated 304L stainless steel. A numerical simulation of the FSP process in 304L was developed to predict temperatures and recrystallized grain size in the stir zone. The model employed an Eulerian finite element approach, where flow stresses for a large range of strain rates and temperatures inherent in FSP were used as input. Temperature predictions in three locations near the stir zone were accurate to within 4%, while prediction of welding power was accurate to within 5% of experimental measurements. The predicted recrystallized grain sizes ranged from 7.6 to 10.6 μm, while the experimentally measured grains sizes in the same locations ranged from 6.0 to 7.6 μm. The maximum error in predicted recrystallized grain size was about 39%, but the associated stir zone hardness from the predicted grain sizes was only different from the experiment by about 10%. © 2019
861	a57205270902	Mathis T.	p252	False	Journal	165	Predicting recrystallized grain size in friction stir processed 304L stainless steel	A major dilemma faced in the nuclear industry is repair of stainless steel reactor components that have been exposed to neutron irradiation. When conventional fusion welding is used for repair, intergranular cracks develop in the heat-affected zone (HAZ). Friction stir processing (FSP), which operates at much lower peak temperatures than fusion welding, was studied as a crack repair method for irradiated 304L stainless steel. A numerical simulation of the FSP process in 304L was developed to predict temperatures and recrystallized grain size in the stir zone. The model employed an Eulerian finite element approach, where flow stresses for a large range of strain rates and temperatures inherent in FSP were used as input. Temperature predictions in three locations near the stir zone were accurate to within 4%, while prediction of welding power was accurate to within 5% of experimental measurements. The predicted recrystallized grain sizes ranged from 7.6 to 10.6 μm, while the experimentally measured grains sizes in the same locations ranged from 6.0 to 7.6 μm. The maximum error in predicted recrystallized grain size was about 39%, but the associated stir zone hardness from the predicted grain sizes was only different from the experiment by about 10%. © 2019
862	a57209887692	Pinto T.	p253	True	Conference	60	Polar coding for physical-layer security without knowledge of the eavesdropper's channel	We propose an adaptive secrecy scheme using polar codes with random frozen bits for a general wiretap channel, in which to protect the data from a potential eavesdropper, part or all of the frozen bits are randomly generated per message. To assess the secrecy level of the proposed scheme, three types of decoding strategies are evaluated: a matching decoder which knows the positions of all inserted bits inside the blocklength and tries to estimate them using the same decoding techniques, a blind decoder which treats all the frozen bits as the same value, and a random decoder which considers those dynamic bits as random at the receiver. Results are presented in terms of the system security gap, assuming an adaptive decoding strategy. It is shown that the system achieves combined secrecy and reliability. The proposed scheme does not assume knowledge of the eavesdropper's channel when defining the indices of information and frozen bits. © 2019 IEEE.
863	a57205763350	Forsgren B.	p254	False	Journal	166	Direct Relative Edge Optimization, A Robust Alternative for Pose Graph Optimization	Pose graph optimization is a common problem in robotics and associated fields. Most commonly, pose graph optimization is performed by finding the set of pose estimates which are the most likely for a given set of measurements. In some situations, arbitrarily large errors in pose graph initialization are unavoidable and can cause these pose-based methods to diverge or fail especially in cases where global inputs become available after some time after initialization. This letter details the parameterization of the classic pose graph problem in a relative context, optimizing directly over relative edge constraints between vertices in the pose graph and not on the poses themselves. Unlike previous literature on relative optimization, this letter details relative optimization over an entire pose graph, instead of a subset of edges, resulting in greater robustness to arbitrarily large errors than the classic pose-based or prior relative edge-based methods. Several small-scale simulation comparison studies, along with single and multi-agent hardware experiments, are presented. Results point to relative edge optimization as a strong candidate for solving real-world pose graph optimization problems that contain large heading propagation or initialization errors. © 2016 IEEE.
863	a57205763350	Forsgren B.	p360	False	Journal	190	A CAD assembly simplification approach with ray casting	We present novel methods for the removal of interior bodies from complex assemblies using ray casting. These methods locate and preserve bodies that represent the high-fidelity exterior surface of an assembly while removing all interior bodies that do not contribute to the exterior assembly surface. In so doing we create parts that can accurately be used for assembly packaging and other tasks without sufiering from the ineficiencies that come from working with the full assembly. We further present an analysis of the process on assemblies of known properties and several use cases with simplification results. Finally, we present directions for future research that could enhance this work. © 2019 CAD Solutions, LLC.
864	a7004435321	Fonseca F.S.	p255	True	Journal	167	Compressive strength of high-strength concrete masonry grouted prisms	An experimental program was devised to assess the influence of the compressive strength of the grout on the compressive strength of masonry constructed with high-strength concrete masonry units. Three different compressive strengths of mortar, grout, and concrete masonry units were used. Grouts were made without and with a shrinkage-compensating admixture. The various components were combined to construct several hollow and grouted prisms, which were then tested. The results show that very high-strength blocks were not as efficient as medium-strength blocks and that there was a difference between the compressive strengths of ungrouted and grouted masonry; depending on the combination of the materials used, grouted masonry can be less or more efficient than ungrouted masonry. For one combination of materials, the shrinkage-compensating admixture was shown to be effective in reducing the grout shrinkage, and the grouted prisms constructed with that combination of materials were more efficient than their hollow prisms counterpart. Grouted prisms constructed with grouts without the shrinkage-compensating admixture were, on average, less efficient than hollow prisms. The efficiency of grouted masonry depends on many factors including compatibility of deformation between the masonry components, compaction of the grout, shrinkage characteristics of the grout, block geometry, and bond between grout and block. Further research is needed to determine the influence of these factors and obtain a complete understanding of the behavior and capacity of high strength masonry. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
864	a7004435321	Fonseca F.S.	p339	False	Journal	193	A Proposed Test to Evaluate Efflorescence Potential of Ceramic Blocks	Masonry is susceptible to efflorescence, which in itself is an aesthetic problem, but the condition of efflorescence indicates that water is moving through the masonry in unintended ways and the presence of uncontrolled water can lead to serious issues, including structural problems. In this paper, the results obtained from a proposed test method to evaluate the potential of efflorescence of ceramic blocks are compared to that obtained using the method described in ASTM C67. The proposed method was developed because until 2017 there was no Brazilian Standard to evaluate the efflorescence potential for brick and structural clay tile. The method uses 2 × 2 × 20-cm specimens immersed in 5-cm of distilled water for 5 days in recipients covered with a rubber membrane. The method uses smaller samples than the standard method and has a 5-day instead of 7-day duration. Ceramic blocks from ten manufacturers from different Brazilian regions were used in this study. Results from the standard test method indicated that blocks from three manufacturers were susceptible to efflorescence while the results from the proposed method indicated that the blocks were not susceptible to efflorescence. The discrepancy in results may have been caused by the very small size of the specimens and the large amount of water in the containers used in the proposed method. The amount of soluble salts in the small specimens may not have been enough to detect their presence and the soluble salts in the submerged part of a specimen may have simply dissolved by the water. © 2019, RILEM.
864	a7004435321	Fonseca F.S.	p371	False	Journal	193	The Sobrado Vallim Rehabilitation Project	This paper presents the assessment of the historical two story Sobrado Vallim building located in Bananal, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The Sobrado Vallim was built as the house of the local coffee Baron. Since being unoccupied by the family, the building has served as a school and as the City Hall; more recently the building has housed a local community association. The first story is formed by rammed earth walls supporting a wood floor. The walls on the second floor are built with adobe blocks, and several wood columns embedded into the walls support the wood roof trusses. The building has been unoccupied for several years and a temporary shoring system has been designed and installed to prevent possible collapse. The analyses included measuring and defining the building structural elements to determine their capacity. The rammed earth walls compression strength was determined using flatjacks. Samples of the adobe blocks were obtained so that their physical and mechanical properties could be determined through laboratory testing. Thermography was used to assess the wood elements condition. The proposed structural solution was to maintain the shell of the building and construct a steel frame structure within the existing elements. The steel frame would reduce the span and partially support the roof trusses at their mid-length. The ends of the wood trusses would still bear on the existing second floor walls. The proposed solution reduced significantly the loads on the existing elements, allowing the form the building to be maintained. © 2019, RILEM.
864	a7004435321	Fonseca F.S.	p376	False	Journal	205	Testing and analysis of masonry hollow clay block prisms filled with mortar	In some design situations, in construction systems with structural masonry, an increase in the capacity of the walls is required, which can be achieved with the filling of empty cells of masonry blocks with grout. The Brazilian technical standard for clay masonry blocks aiming at attaining greater agility and flexibility in the construction process allows the use of bedding mortar instead of grout to fill the cells of the blocks. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of prisms filled with bedding mortar. Six classes of mortar and one type of clay block with nominal resistance of 6 MPa were studied. The results of the compressive strength of the prisms indicate the viability of using bedding mortar with the same structural function as grout. This article presents also an analytical study to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of clay block prisms filled with mortar. Analyses were conducted using general-purpose, nonlinear finite element software that simulates structural behaviour under different loading scenarios. A three-dimensional model of the prisms was developed using eight-node brick elements for both block and mortar with nonlinear properties assigned to each material. Copyright © 2019 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
864	a7004435321	Fonseca F.S.	p389	False	Journal	212	Numerical analyses of mortar incorporating the variation in Poisson’s ratio with increasing axial load	The work presented herein evaluated the influence of compressive strength and confinement on the stress-strain behaviour of axially loaded mortar specimens by means of experimental and numerical analyses. Two mortars were tested, with volume proportions of cement: Lime: Sand of 1:0.5:4 and 1:1:6. From these two specimen heights, 50 and 140mm, with diameter of 45mm, resulting in diameter/height ratios of 1.0 and 0.3, were manufactured. The experimental results indicated that the confinement and strength of the mortar influence its stress-strain behaviour, the larger the confinement, the more, nonlinear the behaviour. In addition, the results indicated that the Poisson’s ratio and tangent modulus of elasticity vary with increasing applied load. Two numerical models were tested using the same finite element mesh, boundary conditions and load. The first model was based on the Total Strain Smeared Crack Model and the second model accounted for the observations from the experimental phase with a nonlinear “elastic phased” analysis, which updates the modulus of elasticity and the Poisson’s ratio at each new phase. The tangent modulus of elasticity was calculated directly from the experimental results while the Poisson’s ratio was approximated using the model proposed by OTTOSEN [16]. The numerical model based on the total strain smeared crack was not able to reproduce the behaviour of the compressed mortar near failure while the phased model presented satisfactory results, even close to failure, when cracking is significant. © 2019, International Masonry Society. All rights reserved.
864	a7004435321	Fonseca F.S.	p504	False	Journal	275	High-Strength Concrete Masonry Walls under Concentric and Eccentric Loadings	Masonry walls and columns are common structural members that typically resist compressive loads, with a number of such members being required to resist combined axial load and out-of-plane bending due to direct out-of-plane loads or an eccentricity of the axial compressive load. Flexural compression strength is usually greater than axial compression strength, and a reasonable experimental data set supports this assertion. However, little information exists for high-strength concrete block masonry subjected to combined axial and flexural loadings. This paper presents axial and flexural compression strengths and deformation properties of high-strength concrete block masonry. Seventy-two masonry prisms were constructed and tested to evaluate the capacity and behavior of high-strength structural masonry subject to compressive concentric and eccentric loading; both grouted and hollow prisms were used. Block strengths of 44, 56, and 67 MPa are considered. The results show an increase of flexural compression strength of 15-29% for the hollow prisms and of 70-79% for the grouted prisms compared with their axial compression strength. Measured ultimate strain varies from 0.14 to 0.19% for the axial compression and from 0.20 to 0.25% for the flexural compression. Hollow prism strength varies from 52 to 62% of the block strength, whereas grouted prism strength varies from 43 to 59% of the block strength. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
864	a7004435321	Fonseca F.S.	p601	False	Conference	241	Strut-and-tie models for masonry walls with openings	There is a large collection of masonry models due to the highly complex and heterogeneous nature of masonry as a structural material. While the individual masonry components can be considered isotropic at the material level, masonry assemblages are anisotropic at the structural level. These properties of masonry make it difficult to develop models that accurately describe the material behavior for all analysis and design scenarios. One analysis tool that is efficient and reliable is the use of stress fields. Stress fields are based on the lower-bound theorem of the theory of plasticity. Stress fields have been combined with the truss analogy to produce what is known as the strut-and-tie modelling procedure. This article presents ongoing research that has the objective to develop strut-and-tie modelling procedures for masonry. The presented methodology uses the existing strut-and-tie guidelines for reinforced concrete as starting point and applies that methodology to the modelling of several masonry shear walls with openings. The shear strength predictions from the proposed strut-and-tie modelling methodology are shown to perform well compared to the experimental strengths. This is associated with the ability of the strut-and-tie modelling procedure to account for the geometric particularities of each wall. © 2018 The International Masonry Society (IMS).
864	a7004435321	Fonseca F.S.	p602	False	Conference	242	Finite element model of dry-stack masonry shear walls	Dry-stack masonry systems are constructed without mortar between the blocks. This reduces the cost of specialty laborers and the variability in construction that exists from the application of mortar. Several dry-stack systems exist and can be subcategorized as interlocking systems or surface bonded systems. In interlocking systems, the blocks are connected by their geometry while in surface bonded systems the blocks are connected by a structural coating applied to the surface of the wall. This article describes a finite element model that can be used to predict the in-plane capacity and behavior of dry-stack masonry walls with a surface coating. Four walls were built and tested for their in-plane shear capacity. Two walls were unreinforced and ungrouted and two walls were reinforced and grouted at 1.22 m both vertically and horizontally. The results of these tests were used to validate the finite element model. The finite element model was developed using VecTor2. The numerical response is in good agreement to measured response. For the ungrouted unreinforced walls, the calculated maximum load was within 4% and 14% of the measured maximum loads. For the reinforced and grouted walls, the calculated maximum load was within 8% and 1% of the measured maximum loads. © 2018 The International Masonry Society (IMS).
864	a7004435321	Fonseca F.S.	p644	False	Conference	276	Numerical analyses of mortar incorporating the variation in poisson's ratio with increasing axial load	This work evaluated the influence of compressive strength and confinement on the stress-strain behavior of axial loaded mortar specimens by means of experimental and numerical analyses. Two mortars were tested, with volume proportions of cement, lime and sand of 1:0.5:4 and 1:1:6. Two specimen heights, 50 and 140 mm, with diameter of 45 mm, resulting in diameter/height ratios of 1.0 and 0.3, respectively were used. The experimental results indicated that the confinement and strength of the mortar influence its stress-strain behavior: the larger the confinement, the more the non-linear behavior. In addition, the results indicated that the Poisson's ratio and the tangent modulus of elasticity vary with increasing applied load. A numerical model was developed that accounted for the observations from the experimental phase with a nonlinear elastic phased analysis, which updates the modulus of elasticity and the Poisson's ratio at each new phase. The tangent modulus of elasticity was calculated directly from the experimental results while the Poisson's ratio was approximated using the model proposed by Ottosen. The numerical model presented satisfactory results, even close to the failure, when cracking is significant. © 2018 The International Masonry Society (IMS).
864	a7004435321	Fonseca F.S.	p775	False	Journal	382	Strength, behavior, and failure mode of hollow concrete masonry constructed with mortars of different strengths	This study reports the failure modes of hollow concrete masonry prisms, taking into account the block and mortar stress-strain behavior. An extensive and detailed experimental program has been conducted on three-block high stack-bonded prisms, built using a combination of one hollow block type and three mortars with different strengths. Based on the results of the experiments, masonry failure was assessed. The main conclusion of this is that the mortar in all cases governs the masonry failure mechanism. The ratio between the masonry and block moduli of elasticity, which can be used as a measure of loss of stiffness, indicates that masonry built with a strong mortar behaves almost as a homogenous material. The typical failure mode observed during testing for this type of masonry was due to tensile stresses developed in the block. A crack developed at and propagated instantly through the block face until reaching the mortar bed joint; the crack then propagated through the head joint causing a localized split at the interface between block and mortar. For masonry built with two different weak mortars, as the stress/strength ratio increased, the ratio between the masonry and mortar moduli of elasticity decreased to 0.32 and 0.55, for the weak and the weaker mortar respectively. The observed failure mode, however, was independent of how weak the mortar was since, for both cases, the masonry failed due to localized mortar crushing. Another conclusion from the study presented herein is that a robust and reliable prediction of the masonry compressive strength requires the use of the nonlinear stress-strain relationship of the component materials. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
865	a56781290700	Fortes E.S.	p255	False	Journal	167	Compressive strength of high-strength concrete masonry grouted prisms	An experimental program was devised to assess the influence of the compressive strength of the grout on the compressive strength of masonry constructed with high-strength concrete masonry units. Three different compressive strengths of mortar, grout, and concrete masonry units were used. Grouts were made without and with a shrinkage-compensating admixture. The various components were combined to construct several hollow and grouted prisms, which were then tested. The results show that very high-strength blocks were not as efficient as medium-strength blocks and that there was a difference between the compressive strengths of ungrouted and grouted masonry; depending on the combination of the materials used, grouted masonry can be less or more efficient than ungrouted masonry. For one combination of materials, the shrinkage-compensating admixture was shown to be effective in reducing the grout shrinkage, and the grouted prisms constructed with that combination of materials were more efficient than their hollow prisms counterpart. Grouted prisms constructed with grouts without the shrinkage-compensating admixture were, on average, less efficient than hollow prisms. The efficiency of grouted masonry depends on many factors including compatibility of deformation between the masonry components, compaction of the grout, shrinkage characteristics of the grout, block geometry, and bond between grout and block. Further research is needed to determine the influence of these factors and obtain a complete understanding of the behavior and capacity of high strength masonry. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
865	a56781290700	Fortes E.S.	p504	True	Journal	275	High-Strength Concrete Masonry Walls under Concentric and Eccentric Loadings	Masonry walls and columns are common structural members that typically resist compressive loads, with a number of such members being required to resist combined axial load and out-of-plane bending due to direct out-of-plane loads or an eccentricity of the axial compressive load. Flexural compression strength is usually greater than axial compression strength, and a reasonable experimental data set supports this assertion. However, little information exists for high-strength concrete block masonry subjected to combined axial and flexural loadings. This paper presents axial and flexural compression strengths and deformation properties of high-strength concrete block masonry. Seventy-two masonry prisms were constructed and tested to evaluate the capacity and behavior of high-strength structural masonry subject to compressive concentric and eccentric loading; both grouted and hollow prisms were used. Block strengths of 44, 56, and 67 MPa are considered. The results show an increase of flexural compression strength of 15-29% for the hollow prisms and of 70-79% for the grouted prisms compared with their axial compression strength. Measured ultimate strain varies from 0.14 to 0.19% for the axial compression and from 0.20 to 0.25% for the flexural compression. Hollow prism strength varies from 52 to 62% of the block strength, whereas grouted prism strength varies from 43 to 59% of the block strength. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
866	a36055605700	Parsekian G.A.	p255	False	Journal	167	Compressive strength of high-strength concrete masonry grouted prisms	An experimental program was devised to assess the influence of the compressive strength of the grout on the compressive strength of masonry constructed with high-strength concrete masonry units. Three different compressive strengths of mortar, grout, and concrete masonry units were used. Grouts were made without and with a shrinkage-compensating admixture. The various components were combined to construct several hollow and grouted prisms, which were then tested. The results show that very high-strength blocks were not as efficient as medium-strength blocks and that there was a difference between the compressive strengths of ungrouted and grouted masonry; depending on the combination of the materials used, grouted masonry can be less or more efficient than ungrouted masonry. For one combination of materials, the shrinkage-compensating admixture was shown to be effective in reducing the grout shrinkage, and the grouted prisms constructed with that combination of materials were more efficient than their hollow prisms counterpart. Grouted prisms constructed with grouts without the shrinkage-compensating admixture were, on average, less efficient than hollow prisms. The efficiency of grouted masonry depends on many factors including compatibility of deformation between the masonry components, compaction of the grout, shrinkage characteristics of the grout, block geometry, and bond between grout and block. Further research is needed to determine the influence of these factors and obtain a complete understanding of the behavior and capacity of high strength masonry. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
866	a36055605700	Parsekian G.A.	p339	False	Journal	193	A Proposed Test to Evaluate Efflorescence Potential of Ceramic Blocks	Masonry is susceptible to efflorescence, which in itself is an aesthetic problem, but the condition of efflorescence indicates that water is moving through the masonry in unintended ways and the presence of uncontrolled water can lead to serious issues, including structural problems. In this paper, the results obtained from a proposed test method to evaluate the potential of efflorescence of ceramic blocks are compared to that obtained using the method described in ASTM C67. The proposed method was developed because until 2017 there was no Brazilian Standard to evaluate the efflorescence potential for brick and structural clay tile. The method uses 2 × 2 × 20-cm specimens immersed in 5-cm of distilled water for 5 days in recipients covered with a rubber membrane. The method uses smaller samples than the standard method and has a 5-day instead of 7-day duration. Ceramic blocks from ten manufacturers from different Brazilian regions were used in this study. Results from the standard test method indicated that blocks from three manufacturers were susceptible to efflorescence while the results from the proposed method indicated that the blocks were not susceptible to efflorescence. The discrepancy in results may have been caused by the very small size of the specimens and the large amount of water in the containers used in the proposed method. The amount of soluble salts in the small specimens may not have been enough to detect their presence and the soluble salts in the submerged part of a specimen may have simply dissolved by the water. © 2019, RILEM.
866	a36055605700	Parsekian G.A.	p371	True	Journal	193	The Sobrado Vallim Rehabilitation Project	This paper presents the assessment of the historical two story Sobrado Vallim building located in Bananal, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The Sobrado Vallim was built as the house of the local coffee Baron. Since being unoccupied by the family, the building has served as a school and as the City Hall; more recently the building has housed a local community association. The first story is formed by rammed earth walls supporting a wood floor. The walls on the second floor are built with adobe blocks, and several wood columns embedded into the walls support the wood roof trusses. The building has been unoccupied for several years and a temporary shoring system has been designed and installed to prevent possible collapse. The analyses included measuring and defining the building structural elements to determine their capacity. The rammed earth walls compression strength was determined using flatjacks. Samples of the adobe blocks were obtained so that their physical and mechanical properties could be determined through laboratory testing. Thermography was used to assess the wood elements condition. The proposed structural solution was to maintain the shell of the building and construct a steel frame structure within the existing elements. The steel frame would reduce the span and partially support the roof trusses at their mid-length. The ends of the wood trusses would still bear on the existing second floor walls. The proposed solution reduced significantly the loads on the existing elements, allowing the form the building to be maintained. © 2019, RILEM.
866	a36055605700	Parsekian G.A.	p504	False	Journal	275	High-Strength Concrete Masonry Walls under Concentric and Eccentric Loadings	Masonry walls and columns are common structural members that typically resist compressive loads, with a number of such members being required to resist combined axial load and out-of-plane bending due to direct out-of-plane loads or an eccentricity of the axial compressive load. Flexural compression strength is usually greater than axial compression strength, and a reasonable experimental data set supports this assertion. However, little information exists for high-strength concrete block masonry subjected to combined axial and flexural loadings. This paper presents axial and flexural compression strengths and deformation properties of high-strength concrete block masonry. Seventy-two masonry prisms were constructed and tested to evaluate the capacity and behavior of high-strength structural masonry subject to compressive concentric and eccentric loading; both grouted and hollow prisms were used. Block strengths of 44, 56, and 67 MPa are considered. The results show an increase of flexural compression strength of 15-29% for the hollow prisms and of 70-79% for the grouted prisms compared with their axial compression strength. Measured ultimate strain varies from 0.14 to 0.19% for the axial compression and from 0.20 to 0.25% for the flexural compression. Hollow prism strength varies from 52 to 62% of the block strength, whereas grouted prism strength varies from 43 to 59% of the block strength. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
867	a16041305200	Camacho J.S.	p255	False	Journal	167	Compressive strength of high-strength concrete masonry grouted prisms	An experimental program was devised to assess the influence of the compressive strength of the grout on the compressive strength of masonry constructed with high-strength concrete masonry units. Three different compressive strengths of mortar, grout, and concrete masonry units were used. Grouts were made without and with a shrinkage-compensating admixture. The various components were combined to construct several hollow and grouted prisms, which were then tested. The results show that very high-strength blocks were not as efficient as medium-strength blocks and that there was a difference between the compressive strengths of ungrouted and grouted masonry; depending on the combination of the materials used, grouted masonry can be less or more efficient than ungrouted masonry. For one combination of materials, the shrinkage-compensating admixture was shown to be effective in reducing the grout shrinkage, and the grouted prisms constructed with that combination of materials were more efficient than their hollow prisms counterpart. Grouted prisms constructed with grouts without the shrinkage-compensating admixture were, on average, less efficient than hollow prisms. The efficiency of grouted masonry depends on many factors including compatibility of deformation between the masonry components, compaction of the grout, shrinkage characteristics of the grout, block geometry, and bond between grout and block. Further research is needed to determine the influence of these factors and obtain a complete understanding of the behavior and capacity of high strength masonry. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
867	a16041305200	Camacho J.S.	p504	False	Journal	275	High-Strength Concrete Masonry Walls under Concentric and Eccentric Loadings	Masonry walls and columns are common structural members that typically resist compressive loads, with a number of such members being required to resist combined axial load and out-of-plane bending due to direct out-of-plane loads or an eccentricity of the axial compressive load. Flexural compression strength is usually greater than axial compression strength, and a reasonable experimental data set supports this assertion. However, little information exists for high-strength concrete block masonry subjected to combined axial and flexural loadings. This paper presents axial and flexural compression strengths and deformation properties of high-strength concrete block masonry. Seventy-two masonry prisms were constructed and tested to evaluate the capacity and behavior of high-strength structural masonry subject to compressive concentric and eccentric loading; both grouted and hollow prisms were used. Block strengths of 44, 56, and 67 MPa are considered. The results show an increase of flexural compression strength of 15-29% for the hollow prisms and of 70-79% for the grouted prisms compared with their axial compression strength. Measured ultimate strain varies from 0.14 to 0.19% for the axial compression and from 0.20 to 0.25% for the flexural compression. Hollow prism strength varies from 52 to 62% of the block strength, whereas grouted prism strength varies from 43 to 59% of the block strength. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
868	a57215322624	Stanley Fujimoto M.	p256	True	Conference	61	The polygraph: A data structure for genome alignment and variation detection	Comparing whole genomes and finding variation is an important and difficult bioinfor-matic task. We present the Polygraph, a data structure for reference-free, multiple whole genome alignment that can be used to identify genomic structural variation. This data structure is built from assembled genomes and preserves the genomic structure from the assembly. It avoids the “hairball” graph structure that can occur in other graph methods such as de Bruijn graphs. The Polygraph can easily be visualized and be used for identification of structural variants. We apply the Polygraph to Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for finding Structural Variants. Copyright © 2012-2020 easychair.org. All rights reserved.
869	a57204552603	Barton T.J.	p257	False	Journal	168	Quantifying accuracy of a concept laser metal additive machine through the NIST test artifact	Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of a test artifact proposed by NIST to quantify the dimensional accuracy of a metal additive manufacturing process. Insights from this paper are given concerning both the performance of the machine, a concept laser Mlab cusing machine, and the applicability of the NIST test artifact in characterizing accuracy. Recommendations are given for improving the artifact and standardizing a process for evaluating dimensional accuracy across the additive manufacturing industry. Design/methodology/approach: Three builds of the NIST additive manufacturing test artifact were fabricated in 316 stainless steel on a concept laser Mlab cusing machine. The paper follows the procedure described by NIST for characterizing dimensional accuracy of the additive process. Features including pins, holes and staircase flats of various sizes were measured using an optical measurement system, a touch probe and a profilometer. Findings: This paper describes the accuracy of printed features’ size and position on the test artifact, as well as surface finish on flat and inclined surfaces. Trends in variation of these dimensions are identified, along with possible root causes and remedies. This paper also describes several strengths and weaknesses in the design of the test artifact and the proposed measurement strategy, with recommendations on how to improve and standardize the process. Originality/value: This paper reviews a previously proposed design and process for measuring the capabilities of additive manufacturing processes. It also suggests improvements that can be incorporated into future designs and standardized across the industry. © 2018, Emerald Publishing Limited.
870	a57204551844	Linn J.	p257	False	Journal	168	Quantifying accuracy of a concept laser metal additive machine through the NIST test artifact	Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of a test artifact proposed by NIST to quantify the dimensional accuracy of a metal additive manufacturing process. Insights from this paper are given concerning both the performance of the machine, a concept laser Mlab cusing machine, and the applicability of the NIST test artifact in characterizing accuracy. Recommendations are given for improving the artifact and standardizing a process for evaluating dimensional accuracy across the additive manufacturing industry. Design/methodology/approach: Three builds of the NIST additive manufacturing test artifact were fabricated in 316 stainless steel on a concept laser Mlab cusing machine. The paper follows the procedure described by NIST for characterizing dimensional accuracy of the additive process. Features including pins, holes and staircase flats of various sizes were measured using an optical measurement system, a touch probe and a profilometer. Findings: This paper describes the accuracy of printed features’ size and position on the test artifact, as well as surface finish on flat and inclined surfaces. Trends in variation of these dimensions are identified, along with possible root causes and remedies. This paper also describes several strengths and weaknesses in the design of the test artifact and the proposed measurement strategy, with recommendations on how to improve and standardize the process. Originality/value: This paper reviews a previously proposed design and process for measuring the capabilities of additive manufacturing processes. It also suggests improvements that can be incorporated into future designs and standardized across the industry. © 2018, Emerald Publishing Limited.
871	a57204547933	Jenkins D.	p257	False	Journal	168	Quantifying accuracy of a concept laser metal additive machine through the NIST test artifact	Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of a test artifact proposed by NIST to quantify the dimensional accuracy of a metal additive manufacturing process. Insights from this paper are given concerning both the performance of the machine, a concept laser Mlab cusing machine, and the applicability of the NIST test artifact in characterizing accuracy. Recommendations are given for improving the artifact and standardizing a process for evaluating dimensional accuracy across the additive manufacturing industry. Design/methodology/approach: Three builds of the NIST additive manufacturing test artifact were fabricated in 316 stainless steel on a concept laser Mlab cusing machine. The paper follows the procedure described by NIST for characterizing dimensional accuracy of the additive process. Features including pins, holes and staircase flats of various sizes were measured using an optical measurement system, a touch probe and a profilometer. Findings: This paper describes the accuracy of printed features’ size and position on the test artifact, as well as surface finish on flat and inclined surfaces. Trends in variation of these dimensions are identified, along with possible root causes and remedies. This paper also describes several strengths and weaknesses in the design of the test artifact and the proposed measurement strategy, with recommendations on how to improve and standardize the process. Originality/value: This paper reviews a previously proposed design and process for measuring the capabilities of additive manufacturing processes. It also suggests improvements that can be incorporated into future designs and standardized across the industry. © 2018, Emerald Publishing Limited.
872	a57195217444	Smith R.	p257	False	Journal	168	Quantifying accuracy of a concept laser metal additive machine through the NIST test artifact	Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to describe the use of a test artifact proposed by NIST to quantify the dimensional accuracy of a metal additive manufacturing process. Insights from this paper are given concerning both the performance of the machine, a concept laser Mlab cusing machine, and the applicability of the NIST test artifact in characterizing accuracy. Recommendations are given for improving the artifact and standardizing a process for evaluating dimensional accuracy across the additive manufacturing industry. Design/methodology/approach: Three builds of the NIST additive manufacturing test artifact were fabricated in 316 stainless steel on a concept laser Mlab cusing machine. The paper follows the procedure described by NIST for characterizing dimensional accuracy of the additive process. Features including pins, holes and staircase flats of various sizes were measured using an optical measurement system, a touch probe and a profilometer. Findings: This paper describes the accuracy of printed features’ size and position on the test artifact, as well as surface finish on flat and inclined surfaces. Trends in variation of these dimensions are identified, along with possible root causes and remedies. This paper also describes several strengths and weaknesses in the design of the test artifact and the proposed measurement strategy, with recommendations on how to improve and standardize the process. Originality/value: This paper reviews a previously proposed design and process for measuring the capabilities of additive manufacturing processes. It also suggests improvements that can be incorporated into future designs and standardized across the industry. © 2018, Emerald Publishing Limited.
873	a57200690449	Arnold B.T.	p259	True	Journal	101	The Effect of Antenna Mutual Coupling on MIMO Radar System Performance	Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar systems use orthogonal signaling to enable combined transmit and receive beamforming through signal processing on the received signals. Because of the combined role of transmit and receive arrays in this processing for monostatic MIMO radar, mutual coupling present in these arrays impacts the beamforming in a unique way. This paper presents a mathematical model of a MIMO radar with coupled antennas and appropriate radio frequency circuitry. Application of the model to evaluate radar detection of a single target demonstrates that coupling can result in target detection angles that are in error by as much as 12° and increase beamformer response sidelobe levels by as much as 8 dB. The results also show that a simple matching network can improve detection performance, particularly when array mutual coupling is high. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
873	a57200690449	Arnold B.T.	p549	True	Conference	199	Moment method analysis of a reconfigurable OTA reverberation chamber	While determining modes in a rectangular cavity is a straightforward analytical exercise, fully understanding the behavior of the fields in a large over-moded cavity whose walls are lined with antennas, such as the reconfigurable over-the-air chamber, is a more complicated undertaking. This paper uses the Moment Method to analyze such a chamber, where each wall is lined with 9 monopole antennas. The evaluation of the cavity Green's function used in the numerical computation is accelerated through the use of Ewald's method. A comparison of scattering parameters between monopoles on the walls obtained both by the Moment Method analysis and experimental measurements shows that the technique is highly accurate in predicting the chamber field behavior. © 2018 Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
874	a57208717150	Lee A.	p260	True	Journal	170	Turning depths: Evanescent to propagating wave kinetic energy density	Tidal flow over oceanic topography generates internal waves when the natural frequency N of the water is greater than the tidal frequency ω. When N<ω, evanescent waves are generated. Although the amplitude and kinetic energy of evanescent waves decay rapidly, if the wave reaches a turning depth, where N=ω, and moves into a region where N>ω, the evanescent wave becomes an internal wave. This work expands upon previous research of varying stratifications by investigating the kinetic energy density in internal waves generated by evanescent waves passing through a turning depth. An analytical model is presented and compared to synthetic schlieren experiments of two Gaussian-shaped topographies. The model and experiments both indicate that the kinetic energy density of internal waves increases with decreasing topographic slope, when the distance between the topography and the turning depth decreases and when the average Froude number in the evanescent region is close to one. The model is used to estimate the normalized kinetic energy density of internal waves generated from an oceanic feature located within an evanescent region. © 2019 American Physical Society.
875	a57204091960	Allen Q.S.	p261	True	Journal	171	Microstructural evaluation of hydrogen embrittlement and successive recovery in advanced high strength steel	Advanced high strength steels (AHSS) have high susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement, and are often exposed to hydrogen environments in processing. In order to study the embrittlement and recovery of steel, tensile tests were conducted on two different types of AHSS over time after hydrogen charging. Concentration measurements and hydrogen microprinting were carried out at the same time steps to visualize the hydrogen behavior during recovery. The diffusible hydrogen concentration was found to decay exponentially, and empirical relations were found for both types of steel. Hydrogen concentration decay rates were determined to be -0.355 /hr in TBF-980, and -0.225 /hr in DP-980. Hydrogen concentration thresholds for embrittlement were found to be 1.04 mL/100 g for TBF, and 0.87 mL/100 g for DP steel. TBF steel is predicted to recover from embrittlement within 4.2 h, compared to 7.2 h in DP steel. A two-factor method of evaluating recovery from embrittlement, requiring hydrogen concentration threshold and decay rate, is explained for use in predicting recovery after exposure to hydrogen. Anisotropic hydrogen diffusion rates were also observed on the surface of both steels for a short time after charging, as hydrogen left the surface through <001> and <101> grains faster than grains with <111> orientations. This could be explained by differences in surface energies between the different orientations. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
876	a56353116200	Allen J.D.	p262	True	Journal	172	Over-Design Versus Redesign as a Response to Future Requirements	Though little research has been done in the field of over-design as a product development strategy, an over-design approach can help products avoid the issue of premature obsolescence. This paper compares over-design to redesign as approaches to address the emergence of future requirements. Net present value (NPV) analyses of several real world applications are examined from the perspective of manufacturers (i.e., defense contractors, automobile, pharmaceutical, and microprocessor manufactures) and customers (i.e., purchases of vehicles, televisions, cell phones, washing machines, and buildings). This analysis is used to determine the conditions under which an over-design approach provides a greater benefit than a redesign approach. Over-design is found to have a higher NPV than redesign when future requirements occur soon after the initial release, discount rates are low, initial research, and development cost or price is high, and when the incremental costs of the future requirements are low. © 2019 by ASME.
876	a56353116200	Allen J.D.	p585	True	Conference	230	Over-design versus redesign as a response to future requirements	Though little research has been done in the field of overdesign as a product development strategy, an over-design approach can help products avoid the issue of premature obsolescence. This paper compares over-design to redesign as approaches to address the emergence of future requirements. Net present value (NPV) analyses of several real world applications are examined from the perspective of manufacturers and customers. This analysis is used to determine the conditions under which an over-design approach provides a greater benefit than a redesign approach. Over-design is found to have a higher net present value than redesign when future requirements occur soon after the initial release, discount rates are low, initial research and development cost or price is high, and when the incremental costs of the future requirements are low. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
876	a56353116200	Allen J.D.	p689	True	Journal	335	Design for excess capability to handle uncertain product requirements in a developing world setting	Products designed for the developing world often go unused or underused by the intended customers. One cause of this problem is uncertainty regarding the actual requirements of customers in the developing world. This can result when designers, with experience in technologically advanced countries, apply their own value structure to the products they design. Because of the designers’ lack of experience in the culture and environment of the developing world, the actual requirements are only partially known to them. This problem can be mitigated by (i) optimizing product flexibility and adaptability to react to uncertain requirements, and (ii) reducing the most critical uncertainties. The flexibility of a product to adapt to new or changing requirements has been shown to extend the service life of large complex engineered systems (e.g., aircraft carriers, aircraft, communication systems, and space craft). These systems must remain in service for extended periods of time, even though the environments and requirements may change dramatically. Applying these proven techniques to products designed for the developing world can alleviate the problem of uncertain requirements. This paper presents and demonstrates a technique aimed at improving the success of developing world engineering projects. Flexibility and adaptability minimize the impact of uncertainties, and are enabled by numerically optimized amounts of designed-in excess. A sensitivity analysis performed on the system model helps the designer prioritize the set of uncertain requirements and parameters for refinement. The technique is demonstrated in the design of a cookstove intended for use in the developing world. © 2017, Springer-Verlag London.
877	a6603717022	Hatch N.W.	p262	False	Journal	172	Over-Design Versus Redesign as a Response to Future Requirements	Though little research has been done in the field of over-design as a product development strategy, an over-design approach can help products avoid the issue of premature obsolescence. This paper compares over-design to redesign as approaches to address the emergence of future requirements. Net present value (NPV) analyses of several real world applications are examined from the perspective of manufacturers (i.e., defense contractors, automobile, pharmaceutical, and microprocessor manufactures) and customers (i.e., purchases of vehicles, televisions, cell phones, washing machines, and buildings). This analysis is used to determine the conditions under which an over-design approach provides a greater benefit than a redesign approach. Over-design is found to have a higher NPV than redesign when future requirements occur soon after the initial release, discount rates are low, initial research, and development cost or price is high, and when the incremental costs of the future requirements are low. © 2019 by ASME.
877	a6603717022	Hatch N.W.	p585	False	Conference	230	Over-design versus redesign as a response to future requirements	Though little research has been done in the field of overdesign as a product development strategy, an over-design approach can help products avoid the issue of premature obsolescence. This paper compares over-design to redesign as approaches to address the emergence of future requirements. Net present value (NPV) analyses of several real world applications are examined from the perspective of manufacturers and customers. This analysis is used to determine the conditions under which an over-design approach provides a greater benefit than a redesign approach. Over-design is found to have a higher net present value than redesign when future requirements occur soon after the initial release, discount rates are low, initial research and development cost or price is high, and when the incremental costs of the future requirements are low. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
878	a57210923446	Chen J.	p264	True	Journal	173	Biocompatible and sustainable power supply for self-powered wearable and implantable electronics using III-nitride thin-film-based flexible piezoelectric generator	Energy harvesters that scavenge biomechanical energy are promising power supply candidates for wearable and implantable electronics. Of the most widely used energy harvesters, piezoelectric generators can generate more electric charge than their triboelectric counterparts with similar device size, thus are more suitable to make compact wearable devices. However, most high-power piezoelectric generators are made from lead zirconate titanate, making them undesirable for wearable applications due to the toxic lead element. In this study, a flexible piezoelectric generator (F-PEG) is fabricated with chemically stable and biocompatible Group-III-nitride (III-N) thin film by a layer-transfer method. The III-N thin-film F-PEG can generate an open-circuit voltage of 50 V, a short-circuit current of 15 µA, and a maximum power of 167 µW at a load resistance of 5 MΩ. Applications of the III-N thin-film F-PEG are demonstrated by directly powering electronics such as light-emitting diodes and electric watches, and by charging commercial capacitors and batteries to operate an optical pulse sensor. Furthermore, the III-N thin-film F-PEG shows good durability and a stable output after being subjected to severe buckling tests of over 30,000 cycles. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
879	a55652695700	Oh S.K.	p264	False	Journal	173	Biocompatible and sustainable power supply for self-powered wearable and implantable electronics using III-nitride thin-film-based flexible piezoelectric generator	Energy harvesters that scavenge biomechanical energy are promising power supply candidates for wearable and implantable electronics. Of the most widely used energy harvesters, piezoelectric generators can generate more electric charge than their triboelectric counterparts with similar device size, thus are more suitable to make compact wearable devices. However, most high-power piezoelectric generators are made from lead zirconate titanate, making them undesirable for wearable applications due to the toxic lead element. In this study, a flexible piezoelectric generator (F-PEG) is fabricated with chemically stable and biocompatible Group-III-nitride (III-N) thin film by a layer-transfer method. The III-N thin-film F-PEG can generate an open-circuit voltage of 50 V, a short-circuit current of 15 µA, and a maximum power of 167 µW at a load resistance of 5 MΩ. Applications of the III-N thin-film F-PEG are demonstrated by directly powering electronics such as light-emitting diodes and electric watches, and by charging commercial capacitors and batteries to operate an optical pulse sensor. Furthermore, the III-N thin-film F-PEG shows good durability and a stable output after being subjected to severe buckling tests of over 30,000 cycles. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
880	a57205329719	Nabulsi N.	p264	False	Journal	173	Biocompatible and sustainable power supply for self-powered wearable and implantable electronics using III-nitride thin-film-based flexible piezoelectric generator	Energy harvesters that scavenge biomechanical energy are promising power supply candidates for wearable and implantable electronics. Of the most widely used energy harvesters, piezoelectric generators can generate more electric charge than their triboelectric counterparts with similar device size, thus are more suitable to make compact wearable devices. However, most high-power piezoelectric generators are made from lead zirconate titanate, making them undesirable for wearable applications due to the toxic lead element. In this study, a flexible piezoelectric generator (F-PEG) is fabricated with chemically stable and biocompatible Group-III-nitride (III-N) thin film by a layer-transfer method. The III-N thin-film F-PEG can generate an open-circuit voltage of 50 V, a short-circuit current of 15 µA, and a maximum power of 167 µW at a load resistance of 5 MΩ. Applications of the III-N thin-film F-PEG are demonstrated by directly powering electronics such as light-emitting diodes and electric watches, and by charging commercial capacitors and batteries to operate an optical pulse sensor. Furthermore, the III-N thin-film F-PEG shows good durability and a stable output after being subjected to severe buckling tests of over 30,000 cycles. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
881	a57199801999	Johnson H.	p264	False	Journal	173	Biocompatible and sustainable power supply for self-powered wearable and implantable electronics using III-nitride thin-film-based flexible piezoelectric generator	Energy harvesters that scavenge biomechanical energy are promising power supply candidates for wearable and implantable electronics. Of the most widely used energy harvesters, piezoelectric generators can generate more electric charge than their triboelectric counterparts with similar device size, thus are more suitable to make compact wearable devices. However, most high-power piezoelectric generators are made from lead zirconate titanate, making them undesirable for wearable applications due to the toxic lead element. In this study, a flexible piezoelectric generator (F-PEG) is fabricated with chemically stable and biocompatible Group-III-nitride (III-N) thin film by a layer-transfer method. The III-N thin-film F-PEG can generate an open-circuit voltage of 50 V, a short-circuit current of 15 µA, and a maximum power of 167 µW at a load resistance of 5 MΩ. Applications of the III-N thin-film F-PEG are demonstrated by directly powering electronics such as light-emitting diodes and electric watches, and by charging commercial capacitors and batteries to operate an optical pulse sensor. Furthermore, the III-N thin-film F-PEG shows good durability and a stable output after being subjected to severe buckling tests of over 30,000 cycles. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
882	a57193242858	Wang W.	p264	False	Journal	173	Biocompatible and sustainable power supply for self-powered wearable and implantable electronics using III-nitride thin-film-based flexible piezoelectric generator	Energy harvesters that scavenge biomechanical energy are promising power supply candidates for wearable and implantable electronics. Of the most widely used energy harvesters, piezoelectric generators can generate more electric charge than their triboelectric counterparts with similar device size, thus are more suitable to make compact wearable devices. However, most high-power piezoelectric generators are made from lead zirconate titanate, making them undesirable for wearable applications due to the toxic lead element. In this study, a flexible piezoelectric generator (F-PEG) is fabricated with chemically stable and biocompatible Group-III-nitride (III-N) thin film by a layer-transfer method. The III-N thin-film F-PEG can generate an open-circuit voltage of 50 V, a short-circuit current of 15 µA, and a maximum power of 167 µW at a load resistance of 5 MΩ. Applications of the III-N thin-film F-PEG are demonstrated by directly powering electronics such as light-emitting diodes and electric watches, and by charging commercial capacitors and batteries to operate an optical pulse sensor. Furthermore, the III-N thin-film F-PEG shows good durability and a stable output after being subjected to severe buckling tests of over 30,000 cycles. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
883	a7005512824	Ryou J.-H.	p264	False	Journal	173	Biocompatible and sustainable power supply for self-powered wearable and implantable electronics using III-nitride thin-film-based flexible piezoelectric generator	Energy harvesters that scavenge biomechanical energy are promising power supply candidates for wearable and implantable electronics. Of the most widely used energy harvesters, piezoelectric generators can generate more electric charge than their triboelectric counterparts with similar device size, thus are more suitable to make compact wearable devices. However, most high-power piezoelectric generators are made from lead zirconate titanate, making them undesirable for wearable applications due to the toxic lead element. In this study, a flexible piezoelectric generator (F-PEG) is fabricated with chemically stable and biocompatible Group-III-nitride (III-N) thin film by a layer-transfer method. The III-N thin-film F-PEG can generate an open-circuit voltage of 50 V, a short-circuit current of 15 µA, and a maximum power of 167 µW at a load resistance of 5 MΩ. Applications of the III-N thin-film F-PEG are demonstrated by directly powering electronics such as light-emitting diodes and electric watches, and by charging commercial capacitors and batteries to operate an optical pulse sensor. Furthermore, the III-N thin-film F-PEG shows good durability and a stable output after being subjected to severe buckling tests of over 30,000 cycles. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
884	a57205263313	Hogg S.M.	p265	True	Journal	174	Nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy of stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel rods	Stainless steel containers are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) under certain stress and corrosion conditions. Nonlinear ultrasonic techniques are very sensitive to the early presence of damage, more so than linear techniques. Nonlinear Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (NRUS) is used here to measure a nonlinear shift in the resonance frequency due to a cumulative amount of SCC. Steel rods are immersed in a heated magnesium chloride solution and removed after different exposure times. NRUS measurements are conducted using the fundamental longitudinal mode of vibration. Rods exposed longer generally have a larger resonance frequency shift and are therefore more nonlinear. Thus NRUS might offer a means of detecting a cumulative SCC damage in a sample. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
885	a36953700600	Le Bas P.-Y.	p265	False	Journal	174	Nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy of stress corrosion cracking in stainless steel rods	Stainless steel containers are susceptible to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) under certain stress and corrosion conditions. Nonlinear ultrasonic techniques are very sensitive to the early presence of damage, more so than linear techniques. Nonlinear Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (NRUS) is used here to measure a nonlinear shift in the resonance frequency due to a cumulative amount of SCC. Steel rods are immersed in a heated magnesium chloride solution and removed after different exposure times. NRUS measurements are conducted using the fundamental longitudinal mode of vibration. Rods exposed longer generally have a larger resonance frequency shift and are therefore more nonlinear. Thus NRUS might offer a means of detecting a cumulative SCC damage in a sample. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
885	a36953700600	Le Bas P.-Y.	p620	False	Journal	310	Time reversal techniques	Time reversal is a technique to focus wave energy to a selected point in space and time, localize and characterize a source of wave propagation, and/or communicate information between two points. This chapter will introduce the reader to the concept of time reversal and different implementations of this concept. The focus will then be directed to non-destructive evaluation applications using nonlinear elasto-dynamics together with time reversal. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.
886	a23970286000	Bathe M.	p266	True	Journal	175	Roadmap on biological pathways for electronic nanofabrication and materials	Conventional microchip fabrication is energy and resource intensive. Thus, the discovery of new manufacturing approaches that reduce these expenditures would be highly beneficial to the semiconductor industry. In comparison, living systems construct complex nanometer-scale structures with high yields and low energy utilization. Combining the capabilities of living systems with synthetic DNA-/protein-based self-assembly may offer intriguing potential for revolutionizing the synthesis of complex sub-10 nm information processing architectures. The successful discovery of new biologically based paradigms would not only help extend the current semiconductor technology roadmap, but also offer additional potential growth areas in biology, medicine, agriculture and sustainability for the semiconductor industry. This article summarizes discussions surrounding key emerging technologies explored at the Workshop on Biological Pathways for Electronic Nanofabrication and Materials that was held on 16–17 November 2016 at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, CA. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
887	a57194276793	Chrisey L.A.	p266	False	Journal	175	Roadmap on biological pathways for electronic nanofabrication and materials	Conventional microchip fabrication is energy and resource intensive. Thus, the discovery of new manufacturing approaches that reduce these expenditures would be highly beneficial to the semiconductor industry. In comparison, living systems construct complex nanometer-scale structures with high yields and low energy utilization. Combining the capabilities of living systems with synthetic DNA-/protein-based self-assembly may offer intriguing potential for revolutionizing the synthesis of complex sub-10 nm information processing architectures. The successful discovery of new biologically based paradigms would not only help extend the current semiconductor technology roadmap, but also offer additional potential growth areas in biology, medicine, agriculture and sustainability for the semiconductor industry. This article summarizes discussions surrounding key emerging technologies explored at the Workshop on Biological Pathways for Electronic Nanofabrication and Materials that was held on 16–17 November 2016 at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, CA. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
888	a57208827685	Herr D.J.C.	p266	False	Journal	175	Roadmap on biological pathways for electronic nanofabrication and materials	Conventional microchip fabrication is energy and resource intensive. Thus, the discovery of new manufacturing approaches that reduce these expenditures would be highly beneficial to the semiconductor industry. In comparison, living systems construct complex nanometer-scale structures with high yields and low energy utilization. Combining the capabilities of living systems with synthetic DNA-/protein-based self-assembly may offer intriguing potential for revolutionizing the synthesis of complex sub-10 nm information processing architectures. The successful discovery of new biologically based paradigms would not only help extend the current semiconductor technology roadmap, but also offer additional potential growth areas in biology, medicine, agriculture and sustainability for the semiconductor industry. This article summarizes discussions surrounding key emerging technologies explored at the Workshop on Biological Pathways for Electronic Nanofabrication and Materials that was held on 16–17 November 2016 at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, CA. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
889	a7401703652	Lin Q.	p266	False	Journal	175	Roadmap on biological pathways for electronic nanofabrication and materials	Conventional microchip fabrication is energy and resource intensive. Thus, the discovery of new manufacturing approaches that reduce these expenditures would be highly beneficial to the semiconductor industry. In comparison, living systems construct complex nanometer-scale structures with high yields and low energy utilization. Combining the capabilities of living systems with synthetic DNA-/protein-based self-assembly may offer intriguing potential for revolutionizing the synthesis of complex sub-10 nm information processing architectures. The successful discovery of new biologically based paradigms would not only help extend the current semiconductor technology roadmap, but also offer additional potential growth areas in biology, medicine, agriculture and sustainability for the semiconductor industry. This article summarizes discussions surrounding key emerging technologies explored at the Workshop on Biological Pathways for Electronic Nanofabrication and Materials that was held on 16–17 November 2016 at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, CA. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
890	a57202228997	Rasic D.	p266	False	Journal	175	Roadmap on biological pathways for electronic nanofabrication and materials	Conventional microchip fabrication is energy and resource intensive. Thus, the discovery of new manufacturing approaches that reduce these expenditures would be highly beneficial to the semiconductor industry. In comparison, living systems construct complex nanometer-scale structures with high yields and low energy utilization. Combining the capabilities of living systems with synthetic DNA-/protein-based self-assembly may offer intriguing potential for revolutionizing the synthesis of complex sub-10 nm information processing architectures. The successful discovery of new biologically based paradigms would not only help extend the current semiconductor technology roadmap, but also offer additional potential growth areas in biology, medicine, agriculture and sustainability for the semiconductor industry. This article summarizes discussions surrounding key emerging technologies explored at the Workshop on Biological Pathways for Electronic Nanofabrication and Materials that was held on 16–17 November 2016 at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, CA. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
891	a54415129200	Zadegan R.M.	p266	False	Journal	175	Roadmap on biological pathways for electronic nanofabrication and materials	Conventional microchip fabrication is energy and resource intensive. Thus, the discovery of new manufacturing approaches that reduce these expenditures would be highly beneficial to the semiconductor industry. In comparison, living systems construct complex nanometer-scale structures with high yields and low energy utilization. Combining the capabilities of living systems with synthetic DNA-/protein-based self-assembly may offer intriguing potential for revolutionizing the synthesis of complex sub-10 nm information processing architectures. The successful discovery of new biologically based paradigms would not only help extend the current semiconductor technology roadmap, but also offer additional potential growth areas in biology, medicine, agriculture and sustainability for the semiconductor industry. This article summarizes discussions surrounding key emerging technologies explored at the Workshop on Biological Pathways for Electronic Nanofabrication and Materials that was held on 16–17 November 2016 at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, CA. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
892	a7005373645	Zhirnov V.V.	p266	False	Journal	175	Roadmap on biological pathways for electronic nanofabrication and materials	Conventional microchip fabrication is energy and resource intensive. Thus, the discovery of new manufacturing approaches that reduce these expenditures would be highly beneficial to the semiconductor industry. In comparison, living systems construct complex nanometer-scale structures with high yields and low energy utilization. Combining the capabilities of living systems with synthetic DNA-/protein-based self-assembly may offer intriguing potential for revolutionizing the synthesis of complex sub-10 nm information processing architectures. The successful discovery of new biologically based paradigms would not only help extend the current semiconductor technology roadmap, but also offer additional potential growth areas in biology, medicine, agriculture and sustainability for the semiconductor industry. This article summarizes discussions surrounding key emerging technologies explored at the Workshop on Biological Pathways for Electronic Nanofabrication and Materials that was held on 16–17 November 2016 at the IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, CA. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd.
893	a57202047395	Noronha D.H.	p268	True	Conference	63	On-chip FPGA debug instrumentation for machine learning applications	FPGAs provide a promising implementation option for many machine learning applications. Although simulations or software models can be used to explore the design space of these applications, often the final behaviour can not be evaluated until the design is mapped to the FPGA and integrated into the target system. This may be because long run-times are required, or because the environment can not be adequately described using a software model. Once unexpected behaviour is observed, on-chip debug is notoriously difficult; typically a design is instrumented with on-chip trace buffers that record the run-time behaviour for later interrogation. In this paper, we describe instrumentation that can accelerate the process of debugging machine learning applications implemented on an FPGA. Unlike previous work, our instrumentation is optimized to take advantage of characteristics of this application domain. Our instruments gather useful domain-specific information about the observed variables instead of recording the raw values of those elements. Results show that the proposed instruments provide at least 17.8x longer visibility in the most conservative of our experiments at a low area and latency cost. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
894	a57193927413	Zhao R.	p268	False	Conference	63	On-chip FPGA debug instrumentation for machine learning applications	FPGAs provide a promising implementation option for many machine learning applications. Although simulations or software models can be used to explore the design space of these applications, often the final behaviour can not be evaluated until the design is mapped to the FPGA and integrated into the target system. This may be because long run-times are required, or because the environment can not be adequately described using a software model. Once unexpected behaviour is observed, on-chip debug is notoriously difficult; typically a design is instrumented with on-chip trace buffers that record the run-time behaviour for later interrogation. In this paper, we describe instrumentation that can accelerate the process of debugging machine learning applications implemented on an FPGA. Unlike previous work, our instrumentation is optimized to take advantage of characteristics of this application domain. Our instruments gather useful domain-specific information about the observed variables instead of recording the raw values of those elements. Results show that the proposed instruments provide at least 17.8x longer visibility in the most conservative of our experiments at a low area and latency cost. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
895	a26029526200	Luk W.	p268	False	Conference	63	On-chip FPGA debug instrumentation for machine learning applications	FPGAs provide a promising implementation option for many machine learning applications. Although simulations or software models can be used to explore the design space of these applications, often the final behaviour can not be evaluated until the design is mapped to the FPGA and integrated into the target system. This may be because long run-times are required, or because the environment can not be adequately described using a software model. Once unexpected behaviour is observed, on-chip debug is notoriously difficult; typically a design is instrumented with on-chip trace buffers that record the run-time behaviour for later interrogation. In this paper, we describe instrumentation that can accelerate the process of debugging machine learning applications implemented on an FPGA. Unlike previous work, our instrumentation is optimized to take advantage of characteristics of this application domain. Our instruments gather useful domain-specific information about the observed variables instead of recording the raw values of those elements. Results show that the proposed instruments provide at least 17.8x longer visibility in the most conservative of our experiments at a low area and latency cost. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
896	a7006799143	Wilton S.J.E.	p268	False	Conference	63	On-chip FPGA debug instrumentation for machine learning applications	FPGAs provide a promising implementation option for many machine learning applications. Although simulations or software models can be used to explore the design space of these applications, often the final behaviour can not be evaluated until the design is mapped to the FPGA and integrated into the target system. This may be because long run-times are required, or because the environment can not be adequately described using a software model. Once unexpected behaviour is observed, on-chip debug is notoriously difficult; typically a design is instrumented with on-chip trace buffers that record the run-time behaviour for later interrogation. In this paper, we describe instrumentation that can accelerate the process of debugging machine learning applications implemented on an FPGA. Unlike previous work, our instrumentation is optimized to take advantage of characteristics of this application domain. Our instruments gather useful domain-specific information about the observed variables instead of recording the raw values of those elements. Results show that the proposed instruments provide at least 17.8x longer visibility in the most conservative of our experiments at a low area and latency cost. © 2019 Association for Computing Machinery.
896	a7006799143	Wilton S.J.E.	p538	False	Conference	194	Architecture exploration for HLS-oriented FPGA debug overlays	High-Level Synthesis (HLS) promises improved designer productivity, but requires a debug ecosystem that allows designers to debug in the context of the original source code. Recent work has presented in-system debug frameworks where instrumentation added to the design collects trace data as the circuit runs, and a software tool that allows the user to replay the execution using the captured data. When searching for the root cause of a bug, the designer may need to modify the instrumentation to collect data from a new part of the design, requiring a lengthy recompile. In this paper, we propose a flexible debug overlay family that provides software-like debug turn-around times for HLS generated circuits. At compile time, the overlay is added to the design and compiled. At debug time, the overlay can be configured many times to implement specific debug scenarios without a recompilation. This paper first outlines a number of “capabilities” that such an overlay should have, and then describes architectural support for each of these capabilities. The cheapest overlay variant allows selective variable tracing with only a 1.7% increase in area overhead from the baseline debug instrumentation, while the deluxe variant offers 2x-7x improvement in trace buffer memory utilization with conditional buffer freeze support. © 2018 Association for Computing Machinery.
897	a57203922639	Stubbs C.J.	p269	True	Journal	176	Measuring the transverse Young's modulus of maize rind and pith tissues	Wind-induced bending loads frequently cause failure of maize (corn) stalks. When failure occurs, it usually manifests as transverse buckling. Because this failure mode is closely related to transverse tissue stiffness, the purpose of this study was to develop a method for measuring the transverse Young's modulus of maize stalk rind and pith tissues. Short, disc-shaped stalk segments were used for this purpose. X-ray computed tomography was used to obtain the geometry of each specimen prior to testing. Each specimen was tested in two different configurations. Computed tomography data was used to create a specimen-specific finite element model of each test specimen. Data from the first testing configuration was used in conjunction with the finite element model to determine the Young's Modulus values for each specimen. The specimen-specific finite element models provided estimates of the stress states in the stem under transverse loading, and these stress states accurately predicted the location of failure in transverse test specimens. The entire testing method was validated using data from one test configuration to predict the structural response of each specimen during the second test configuration. © 2018
898	a57196487336	Sun W.	p269	False	Journal	176	Measuring the transverse Young's modulus of maize rind and pith tissues	Wind-induced bending loads frequently cause failure of maize (corn) stalks. When failure occurs, it usually manifests as transverse buckling. Because this failure mode is closely related to transverse tissue stiffness, the purpose of this study was to develop a method for measuring the transverse Young's modulus of maize stalk rind and pith tissues. Short, disc-shaped stalk segments were used for this purpose. X-ray computed tomography was used to obtain the geometry of each specimen prior to testing. Each specimen was tested in two different configurations. Computed tomography data was used to create a specimen-specific finite element model of each test specimen. Data from the first testing configuration was used in conjunction with the finite element model to determine the Young's Modulus values for each specimen. The specimen-specific finite element models provided estimates of the stress states in the stem under transverse loading, and these stress states accurately predicted the location of failure in transverse test specimens. The entire testing method was validated using data from one test configuration to predict the structural response of each specimen during the second test configuration. © 2018
899	a16199522200	Cook D.D.	p269	False	Journal	176	Measuring the transverse Young's modulus of maize rind and pith tissues	Wind-induced bending loads frequently cause failure of maize (corn) stalks. When failure occurs, it usually manifests as transverse buckling. Because this failure mode is closely related to transverse tissue stiffness, the purpose of this study was to develop a method for measuring the transverse Young's modulus of maize stalk rind and pith tissues. Short, disc-shaped stalk segments were used for this purpose. X-ray computed tomography was used to obtain the geometry of each specimen prior to testing. Each specimen was tested in two different configurations. Computed tomography data was used to create a specimen-specific finite element model of each test specimen. Data from the first testing configuration was used in conjunction with the finite element model to determine the Young's Modulus values for each specimen. The specimen-specific finite element models provided estimates of the stress states in the stem under transverse loading, and these stress states accurately predicted the location of failure in transverse test specimens. The entire testing method was validated using data from one test configuration to predict the structural response of each specimen during the second test configuration. © 2018
900	a56985459400	Kraus D.	p270	False	Journal	177	Configuration estimation for accurate position control of large-scale soft robots	There is a significant trend in robotics of exploring passively compliant and low inertia systems that can safely make contact with the environment. This paper defines many of the problems associated with developing effective control of soft, pneumatically actuated, inflatable robots, and proposes an approach to solving a subset of these problems. We show that we can obtain a global measurement of orientation for a given soft-robot link using two different types of sensors (not including motion capture). Given the orientation measurement, it is possible to estimate relative configurations of the soft actuators and joints. In order to validate the ability to control position and orientation at the end effector, we show a new method for calibrating the coordinate frames of two unrelated measurement systems. Then, using one of our configuration estimation methods, we demonstrate its viability by performing simple behaviors with a large-scale (approximately 1.5 m long) soft-robot platform attached to the K-Rex rover at NASA Ames in an outdoor environment. Our results also show the importance of soft-robot kinematic calibration and the sensitivity of a soft robot to simple perturbations in the structure like deflation and reinflation. Finally, we show that end effector error can be significantly reduced by doing a form of servoing. In summary, our approach and demonstrations show effective soft-robot configuration estimation and control for large-scale soft robots capable of performing manipulation tasks. © 1996-2012 IEEE.
901	a57195343816	Sherrod V.	p270	False	Journal	177	Configuration estimation for accurate position control of large-scale soft robots	There is a significant trend in robotics of exploring passively compliant and low inertia systems that can safely make contact with the environment. This paper defines many of the problems associated with developing effective control of soft, pneumatically actuated, inflatable robots, and proposes an approach to solving a subset of these problems. We show that we can obtain a global measurement of orientation for a given soft-robot link using two different types of sensors (not including motion capture). Given the orientation measurement, it is possible to estimate relative configurations of the soft actuators and joints. In order to validate the ability to control position and orientation at the end effector, we show a new method for calibrating the coordinate frames of two unrelated measurement systems. Then, using one of our configuration estimation methods, we demonstrate its viability by performing simple behaviors with a large-scale (approximately 1.5 m long) soft-robot platform attached to the K-Rex rover at NASA Ames in an outdoor environment. Our results also show the importance of soft-robot kinematic calibration and the sensitivity of a soft robot to simple perturbations in the structure like deflation and reinflation. Finally, we show that end effector error can be significantly reduced by doing a form of servoing. In summary, our approach and demonstrations show effective soft-robot configuration estimation and control for large-scale soft robots capable of performing manipulation tasks. © 1996-2012 IEEE.
902	a57201722090	Day N.	p270	False	Journal	177	Configuration estimation for accurate position control of large-scale soft robots	There is a significant trend in robotics of exploring passively compliant and low inertia systems that can safely make contact with the environment. This paper defines many of the problems associated with developing effective control of soft, pneumatically actuated, inflatable robots, and proposes an approach to solving a subset of these problems. We show that we can obtain a global measurement of orientation for a given soft-robot link using two different types of sensors (not including motion capture). Given the orientation measurement, it is possible to estimate relative configurations of the soft actuators and joints. In order to validate the ability to control position and orientation at the end effector, we show a new method for calibrating the coordinate frames of two unrelated measurement systems. Then, using one of our configuration estimation methods, we demonstrate its viability by performing simple behaviors with a large-scale (approximately 1.5 m long) soft-robot platform attached to the K-Rex rover at NASA Ames in an outdoor environment. Our results also show the importance of soft-robot kinematic calibration and the sensitivity of a soft robot to simple perturbations in the structure like deflation and reinflation. Finally, we show that end effector error can be significantly reduced by doing a form of servoing. In summary, our approach and demonstrations show effective soft-robot configuration estimation and control for large-scale soft robots capable of performing manipulation tasks. © 1996-2012 IEEE.
902	a57201722090	Day N.	p520	True	Journal	289	Scalable fabric tactile sensor arrays for soft bodies	Soft robots have the potential to transform the way robots interact with their environment. This is due to their low inertia and inherent ability to more safely interact with the world without damaging themselves or the people around them. However, existing sensing for soft robots has at least partially limited their ability to control interactions with their environment. Tactile sensors could enable soft robots to sense interaction, but most tactile sensors are made from rigid substrates and are not well suited to applications for soft robots which can deform. In addition, the benefit of being able to cheaply manufacture soft robots may be lost if the tactile sensors that cover them are expensive and their resolution does not scale well for manufacturability. This paper discusses the development of a method to make affordable, high-resolution, tactile sensor arrays (manufactured in rows and columns) that can be used for sensorizing soft robots and other soft bodies. However, the construction results in a sensor array that exhibits significant amounts of cross-talk when two taxels in the same row are compressed. Using the same fabric-based tactile sensor array construction design, two different methods for cross-talk compensation are presented. The first uses a mathematical model to calculate a change in resistance of each taxel directly. The second method introduces additional simple circuit components that enable us to isolate each taxel electrically and relate voltage to force directly. Fabric sensor arrays are demonstrated for two different soft-bodied applications: an inflatable single link robot and a human wrist. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
903	a56237421600	Cowley A.	p271	True	Journal	178	Influence of micro-structured superhydrophobic surfaces on nucleation and natural convection in a heated pool	This work experimentally explores sub-boiling pool nucleation on micro-structured superhydrophobic surfaces. All surfaces tested were submerged in a 20 mm deep pool of water and heated from below to maintain a constant surface temperature, while the side walls of the pool were insulated, and the top was covered. Three thermocouples positioned in the pool obtain the average pool temperature. A heat flux sensor is placed directly beneath the surface to measure the heat flux supplied to the pool. Free convection heat transfer coefficients are obtained for the sub-boiling temperature range of 40–90 °C. Six surface types are studied: smooth hydrophilic, smooth hydrophobic, superhydrophobic with rib/cavity structures, superhydrophobic with rib/cavity structures and additional sparsely spaced ribs to close off the cavities, circular posts, and circular holes. It is found that structured superhydrophobic surfaces provide cavities for nucleation to occur. More dissolved air effervesces from the water as the surface temperature increases due to an increased level of supersaturation and convection. The nucleation leads to large air bubble formations that reduce the overall convection coefficient when compared to the smooth surfaces. For the rib/cavity structured surfaces, the bubbles form in an anisotropic manner and are aligned with the surface structure. More bubbles are observed on the superhydrophobic surfaces where the cavities are bounded. Since water's ability to dissolve air is dependent on temperature, heat and mass transfer cannot be treated independently on any of the superhydrophobic surfaces studied here. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
903	a56237421600	Cowley A.	p500	True	Journal	271	Bubble nucleation in superhydrophobic microchannels due to subcritical heating	This work experimentally studies the effects of single wall heating on laminar flow in a high-aspect ratio superhydrophobic microchannel. When water that is saturated with air is used as the working liquid, the non-wetted cavities on the superhydrophobic surfaces act as nucleation sites and allow air to effervesce out of the water and onto the surface when heated. Previous works in the literature have only considered the opposite case where the water is undersaturated and absorbs air out the cavities for a microchannel setting. The microchannel considered in this work consists of a rib/cavity structured superhydrophobic surface and a glass surface separated by spacers. The microchannel is 60 mm long by 14 mm wide and two channel heights of nominally 183 μm and 366 μm are explored. The superhydrophobic side is in contact with a heated aluminum block and a camera is used to visualize the flow through the glass side. Thermocouples are embedded in the aluminum to record the temperature profile along the length of the channel. Temperatures are maintained below the boiling temperature of the working liquid. The friction factor-Reynolds product (fRe) is obtained via pressure drop and volumetric flow-rate measurements. Five surface types/configurations are investigated: smooth hydrophilic, smooth hydrophobic, superhydrophobic with ribs perpendicular to the flow, superhydrophobic with ribs parallel to the flow, and superhydrophobic with ribs parallel to the flow with several breaker ridges perpendicular to the flow. The surface type/configuration has a significant impact on the mass transport dynamics. For surfaces with closed cell micro-structures, large bubbles eventually form and adversely affect fRe and lead to higher temperatures along the channel. When degassed water is used, no bubble nucleation is observed and the air initially trapped in the superhydrophobic cavities is quickly absorbed by the water. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
904	a55912340300	Vosughi A.	p272	True	Journal	179	Target control and source estimation metrics for dynamical networks	This note examines metrics for target control and source estimation in dynamical networks. Specifically, the energy required to control a target node in a network from a remote input, and dually the fidelity with which a source state can be estimated from a noisy remote measurement, are studied. For both problems, spectral and graph-theoretic analyses are undertaken, and a comparison between the two metrics is also developed. The analyses highlight an essential asymmetry between target control and source estimation. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
904	a55912340300	Vosughi A.	p544	True	Conference	198	Local control and estimation performance in dynamical networks: Structural and graph-theoretic results	This work examines metrics for target reachability and source observability in dynamical networks, which are especially relevant in a network security context. Specifically, the energy required to control a target node in a network from a remote input is characterized, and dually the fidelity with which a source state can be estimated from a remote measurement is studied. The work highlights an essential asymmetry between the problems: We show that target reachability is often easy, while source observability is almost always impossible. Several spectral and graph-theoretic results are also presented, which give structural insight into how easy or hard target control and source estimation are. © 2017 IEEE.
904	a55912340300	Vosughi A.	p635	False	Conference	270	A modeling framework for assessing cyber disruptions and attacks to the national airspace system	[No abstract available]
905	a57201864184	Johnson C.	p272	False	Journal	179	Target control and source estimation metrics for dynamical networks	This note examines metrics for target control and source estimation in dynamical networks. Specifically, the energy required to control a target node in a network from a remote input, and dually the fidelity with which a source state can be estimated from a noisy remote measurement, are studied. For both problems, spectral and graph-theoretic analyses are undertaken, and a comparison between the two metrics is also developed. The analyses highlight an essential asymmetry between target control and source estimation. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
905	a57201864184	Johnson C.	p462	True	Conference	167	A Class of Logistic Functions for Approximating State-Inclusive Koopman Operators	An outstanding challenge in nonlinear systems theory is identification or learning of a given nonlinear system's Koopman operator directly from data or models. Advances in extended dynamic mode decomposition approaches and machine learning methods have enabled data-driven discovery of Koopman operators, for both continuous and discrete-time systems. Since Koopman operators are often infinite-dimensional, they are approximated in practice using finite-dimensional systems. The fidelity and convergence of a given finite-dimensional Koopman approximation is a subject of ongoing research. In this paper we introduce a class of Koopman observable functions that confer an approximate closure property on their corresponding finite-dimensional approximations of the Koopman operator. We derive error bounds for the fidelity of this class of observable functions, as well as identify two key learning parameters which can be used to tune performance. We illustrate our approach on two classical nonlinear system models: the Van Der Pol oscillator and the bistable toggle switch. © 2018 AACC.
905	a57201864184	Johnson C.	p544	False	Conference	198	Local control and estimation performance in dynamical networks: Structural and graph-theoretic results	This work examines metrics for target reachability and source observability in dynamical networks, which are especially relevant in a network security context. Specifically, the energy required to control a target node in a network from a remote input is characterized, and dually the fidelity with which a source state can be estimated from a remote measurement is studied. The work highlights an essential asymmetry between the problems: We show that target reachability is often easy, while source observability is almost always impossible. Several spectral and graph-theoretic results are also presented, which give structural insight into how easy or hard target control and source estimation are. © 2017 IEEE.
906	a34874297000	Xue M.	p272	False	Journal	179	Target control and source estimation metrics for dynamical networks	This note examines metrics for target control and source estimation in dynamical networks. Specifically, the energy required to control a target node in a network from a remote input, and dually the fidelity with which a source state can be estimated from a noisy remote measurement, are studied. For both problems, spectral and graph-theoretic analyses are undertaken, and a comparison between the two metrics is also developed. The analyses highlight an essential asymmetry between target control and source estimation. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
906	a34874297000	Xue M.	p544	False	Conference	198	Local control and estimation performance in dynamical networks: Structural and graph-theoretic results	This work examines metrics for target reachability and source observability in dynamical networks, which are especially relevant in a network security context. Specifically, the energy required to control a target node in a network from a remote input is characterized, and dually the fidelity with which a source state can be estimated from a remote measurement is studied. The work highlights an essential asymmetry between the problems: We show that target reachability is often easy, while source observability is almost always impossible. Several spectral and graph-theoretic results are also presented, which give structural insight into how easy or hard target control and source estimation are. © 2017 IEEE.
906	a34874297000	Xue M.	p635	False	Conference	270	A modeling framework for assessing cyber disruptions and attacks to the national airspace system	[No abstract available]
906	a34874297000	Xue M.	p642	False	Conference	274	A graph-theoretic understanding of network-wide implications of local cyber protections for mission assurance	Modern Department of Defense mission systems are very complex and therefore arduous to defend, especially in the cyber domain. A major cause for this concern arises from the fact that implementation of security protections occur at a local scale, while the important operational security issues stem from a global perspective of the system, e.g., mission assurance. Being able to understand network-wide implications of local cyber protections has the potential to significantly impact the strategies we use to protect modern mission systems. In this work, we present a graph-theoretic perspective on this problem, which is based on a framework for modeling and assessing the integrated cyber-physical dynamics of complex systems. Under the framework, these dynamics (and their relationships) are modeled as a graph and then analyzed using processing techniques from graphtheory. We demonstrate the utility of this framework by conducting insider-attack threat analysis and show how the application of security protections at a local scale impact network-wide security properties from an insider perspective. As a test case, we study the problem of search and rescue (SAR) using unmanned aerial vehicle teams. Unmanned vehicle teams engaged in SAR are prototypical cyber-physical systems, in which local intrusions may cause global disruptions. Here, we describe how the insider modeling framework for cyber-physical dynamics applies to this problem and present results of a network-wide assessment of security properties of the system. We use this assessment to design a security protection for the system in which we use cryptographically secure computation techniques to limit the amount of information sharing required between system components without degrading the correct operation of the system. We show how the application of these techniques on a local scale impacts the security properties of the system on a global scale. © 2018 SPIE.
907	a10639679200	Roy S.	p272	False	Journal	179	Target control and source estimation metrics for dynamical networks	This note examines metrics for target control and source estimation in dynamical networks. Specifically, the energy required to control a target node in a network from a remote input, and dually the fidelity with which a source state can be estimated from a noisy remote measurement, are studied. For both problems, spectral and graph-theoretic analyses are undertaken, and a comparison between the two metrics is also developed. The analyses highlight an essential asymmetry between target control and source estimation. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
907	a10639679200	Roy S.	p544	False	Conference	198	Local control and estimation performance in dynamical networks: Structural and graph-theoretic results	This work examines metrics for target reachability and source observability in dynamical networks, which are especially relevant in a network security context. Specifically, the energy required to control a target node in a network from a remote input is characterized, and dually the fidelity with which a source state can be estimated from a remote measurement is studied. The work highlights an essential asymmetry between the problems: We show that target reachability is often easy, while source observability is almost always impossible. Several spectral and graph-theoretic results are also presented, which give structural insight into how easy or hard target control and source estimation are. © 2017 IEEE.
907	a10639679200	Roy S.	p635	True	Conference	270	A modeling framework for assessing cyber disruptions and attacks to the national airspace system	[No abstract available]
907	a10639679200	Roy S.	p642	False	Conference	274	A graph-theoretic understanding of network-wide implications of local cyber protections for mission assurance	Modern Department of Defense mission systems are very complex and therefore arduous to defend, especially in the cyber domain. A major cause for this concern arises from the fact that implementation of security protections occur at a local scale, while the important operational security issues stem from a global perspective of the system, e.g., mission assurance. Being able to understand network-wide implications of local cyber protections has the potential to significantly impact the strategies we use to protect modern mission systems. In this work, we present a graph-theoretic perspective on this problem, which is based on a framework for modeling and assessing the integrated cyber-physical dynamics of complex systems. Under the framework, these dynamics (and their relationships) are modeled as a graph and then analyzed using processing techniques from graphtheory. We demonstrate the utility of this framework by conducting insider-attack threat analysis and show how the application of security protections at a local scale impact network-wide security properties from an insider perspective. As a test case, we study the problem of search and rescue (SAR) using unmanned aerial vehicle teams. Unmanned vehicle teams engaged in SAR are prototypical cyber-physical systems, in which local intrusions may cause global disruptions. Here, we describe how the insider modeling framework for cyber-physical dynamics applies to this problem and present results of a network-wide assessment of security properties of the system. We use this assessment to design a security protection for the system in which we use cryptographically secure computation techniques to limit the amount of information sharing required between system components without degrading the correct operation of the system. We show how the application of these techniques on a local scale impacts the security properties of the system on a global scale. © 2018 SPIE.
908	a56854811600	Rich P.J.	p273	True	Conference	64	Surveying the Landscape: Statewide Data on K-12 CS Education Implementation	In the past decade, there have been increasing efforts and initiatives to increase participation in computer science worldwide. In the U.S., these efforts have resulted in national curricula and increased local expectations. The research on actual implementation often reports on efforts of single schools or districts. This paper provides a high-level description of the practices and challenges of teaching CS in K-12 across an entire state. To better understand how these efforts might increase CS education for all, we surveyed every public school in the state of Utah and analyzed enrollment data for all 19 Utah CS courses. The survey consisted of closed and open-ended questions about each school's current CS practices and personnel. Schools from 39 of 42 public school districts responded (including charter schools) representing 46.3% of the state's high schools, 39.3% of middle/junior high schools, and 28% of elementary schools. Course data indicated that enrollment in CS courses increased considerably in the past five years after the introduction of newer, more fundamental courses. Despite the general enrollment increase, there has been a markedly smaller increase in student enrollment in more advanced CS courses. In this paper, we discuss these and other surprising results, as well as challenges that educators reported in promoting and teaching CS. © 2019 IEEE.
909	a55141781300	Hu H.H.	p273	False	Conference	64	Surveying the Landscape: Statewide Data on K-12 CS Education Implementation	In the past decade, there have been increasing efforts and initiatives to increase participation in computer science worldwide. In the U.S., these efforts have resulted in national curricula and increased local expectations. The research on actual implementation often reports on efforts of single schools or districts. This paper provides a high-level description of the practices and challenges of teaching CS in K-12 across an entire state. To better understand how these efforts might increase CS education for all, we surveyed every public school in the state of Utah and analyzed enrollment data for all 19 Utah CS courses. The survey consisted of closed and open-ended questions about each school's current CS practices and personnel. Schools from 39 of 42 public school districts responded (including charter schools) representing 46.3% of the state's high schools, 39.3% of middle/junior high schools, and 28% of elementary schools. Course data indicated that enrollment in CS courses increased considerably in the past five years after the introduction of newer, more fundamental courses. Despite the general enrollment increase, there has been a markedly smaller increase in student enrollment in more advanced CS courses. In this paper, we discuss these and other surprising results, as well as challenges that educators reported in promoting and teaching CS. © 2019 IEEE.
910	a57190384916	Maestre J.	p274	True	Journal	180	Dynamics of a capsule flowing in a tube under pulsatile flow	We analyze numerically the behavior of a deformable micro-capsule confined in a pipe under a pulsatile flow. The capsule moves and is deformed by the action of a pulsatile flow inside the tube with a non-null mean velocity. This configuration can be found in the nature and in many bioengineering systems where artificial capsules are driven by micro-pumps through micro-channels. The capsule is considered as a thin hyperelastic membrane, which encloses an internal fluid. As it has been demonstrated in the literature, this model represents a wide range of artificial capsules, for example, the alginate-based capsules, typically used in bioengineering applications. A hybrid isogeometric finite element method and boundary element method based on a T-spline discretization and formulated in the time domain is used to solve the mechanical and hydrodynamical equations. The influence of the relative rigidity of the membrane, frequency and amplitude of the pulsatile flow is studied. Results show that the behavior of the capsule differs from steady flows and it depends strongly on the frequency of the flow and mechanical characteristic of the capsule. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
910	a57190384916	Maestre J.	p677	True	Journal	328	A 3D isogeometric BE–FE analysis with dynamic remeshing for the simulation of a deformable particle in shear flows	A three-dimensional isogeometric coupled boundary element and finite element approach based on analysis suitable T-splines is developed for the simulation of deformable capsules suspended in shear flows. Boundary element analysis is used to solve the fluid Stokes equation whereas the hydrodynamic membrane load is computed via isogeometric analysis under the assumption that the membrane is a hyper-elastic thin shell with negligible bending resistance. The smoothness of the T-spline basis functions accommodate large deformations of the capsule without the need for additional smoothing techniques, and can be used to accurately compute the membrane load. A balanced distribution of membrane elements can be constructed using an unstructured locally refined mesh. These properties are coupled with an adaptive temporal implicit integration scheme. Several benchmark examples are solved to illustrate the accuracy and potential of the method. The approach is then applied to simulate the dynamics of a capsule in a real geometry of a brain capillary. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
911	a7005253700	Pallares J.	p274	False	Journal	180	Dynamics of a capsule flowing in a tube under pulsatile flow	We analyze numerically the behavior of a deformable micro-capsule confined in a pipe under a pulsatile flow. The capsule moves and is deformed by the action of a pulsatile flow inside the tube with a non-null mean velocity. This configuration can be found in the nature and in many bioengineering systems where artificial capsules are driven by micro-pumps through micro-channels. The capsule is considered as a thin hyperelastic membrane, which encloses an internal fluid. As it has been demonstrated in the literature, this model represents a wide range of artificial capsules, for example, the alginate-based capsules, typically used in bioengineering applications. A hybrid isogeometric finite element method and boundary element method based on a T-spline discretization and formulated in the time domain is used to solve the mechanical and hydrodynamical equations. The influence of the relative rigidity of the membrane, frequency and amplitude of the pulsatile flow is studied. Results show that the behavior of the capsule differs from steady flows and it depends strongly on the frequency of the flow and mechanical characteristic of the capsule. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
911	a7005253700	Pallares J.	p677	False	Journal	328	A 3D isogeometric BE–FE analysis with dynamic remeshing for the simulation of a deformable particle in shear flows	A three-dimensional isogeometric coupled boundary element and finite element approach based on analysis suitable T-splines is developed for the simulation of deformable capsules suspended in shear flows. Boundary element analysis is used to solve the fluid Stokes equation whereas the hydrodynamic membrane load is computed via isogeometric analysis under the assumption that the membrane is a hyper-elastic thin shell with negligible bending resistance. The smoothness of the T-spline basis functions accommodate large deformations of the capsule without the need for additional smoothing techniques, and can be used to accurately compute the membrane load. A balanced distribution of membrane elements can be constructed using an unstructured locally refined mesh. These properties are coupled with an adaptive temporal implicit integration scheme. Several benchmark examples are solved to illustrate the accuracy and potential of the method. The approach is then applied to simulate the dynamics of a capsule in a real geometry of a brain capillary. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
912	a7004060735	Cuesta I.	p274	False	Journal	180	Dynamics of a capsule flowing in a tube under pulsatile flow	We analyze numerically the behavior of a deformable micro-capsule confined in a pipe under a pulsatile flow. The capsule moves and is deformed by the action of a pulsatile flow inside the tube with a non-null mean velocity. This configuration can be found in the nature and in many bioengineering systems where artificial capsules are driven by micro-pumps through micro-channels. The capsule is considered as a thin hyperelastic membrane, which encloses an internal fluid. As it has been demonstrated in the literature, this model represents a wide range of artificial capsules, for example, the alginate-based capsules, typically used in bioengineering applications. A hybrid isogeometric finite element method and boundary element method based on a T-spline discretization and formulated in the time domain is used to solve the mechanical and hydrodynamical equations. The influence of the relative rigidity of the membrane, frequency and amplitude of the pulsatile flow is studied. Results show that the behavior of the capsule differs from steady flows and it depends strongly on the frequency of the flow and mechanical characteristic of the capsule. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
912	a7004060735	Cuesta I.	p677	False	Journal	328	A 3D isogeometric BE–FE analysis with dynamic remeshing for the simulation of a deformable particle in shear flows	A three-dimensional isogeometric coupled boundary element and finite element approach based on analysis suitable T-splines is developed for the simulation of deformable capsules suspended in shear flows. Boundary element analysis is used to solve the fluid Stokes equation whereas the hydrodynamic membrane load is computed via isogeometric analysis under the assumption that the membrane is a hyper-elastic thin shell with negligible bending resistance. The smoothness of the T-spline basis functions accommodate large deformations of the capsule without the need for additional smoothing techniques, and can be used to accurately compute the membrane load. A balanced distribution of membrane elements can be constructed using an unstructured locally refined mesh. These properties are coupled with an adaptive temporal implicit integration scheme. Several benchmark examples are solved to illustrate the accuracy and potential of the method. The approach is then applied to simulate the dynamics of a capsule in a real geometry of a brain capillary. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
913	a55413434100	Collins D.H.	p275	True	Journal	181	Failure time distributions for complex equipment	The exponential distribution is inadequate as a failure time model for most components; however, under certain conditions (in particular, that component failure rates are small and mutually independent, and failed components are immediately replaced or perfectly repaired), it is applicable to complex repairable systems with large numbers of components in series, regardless of component distributions, as shown by Drenick in 1960. This result implies that system behavior may become simpler as more components are added. We review necessary conditions for the result and present some simulation studies to assess how well it holds in systems with finite numbers of components. We also note that Drenick's result is analogous to similar results in other systems disciplines, again resulting in simpler behavior as the number of entities in the system increases. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
914	a57197733358	Janke D.	p277	True	Journal	182	A 9-Bit 10-MHz 28-μW SAR ADC Using Tapered Bit Periods and a Partially Interdigitated DAC	A successive-approximation-register (SAR) analogto- digital converter (ADC) incorporates "tapered bit periods" to reduce power consumption by minimizing the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) timing overhead. Utilizing a variable delay line and the standard SAR logic, the proposed technique reduces power by downsizing the DAC drivers and digital logic without decreasing the sampling rate. A detailed analysis derives, for the first time, a closed-form solution of the capacitive DAC settling time accounting for parasitics, and determines the time savings of the proposed design. In addition, this brief proposes a "partially interdigitated" DAC layout to reduce the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance to minimize the DAC power. A 9-bit prototype fabricated in 180-nm technology achieves a signal-to-noise-distortion ratio (SNDR) of 55.5 dB at a 10-MHz sampling rate while consuming 28 μW, yielding a figure-of-merit of 5.7 fJ/conversionstep, the lowest among published ADCs at similar speeds and resolutions. © 2004-2012 IEEE.
914	a57197733358	Janke D.	p676	False	Journal	327	High-Precision, Mixed-Signal Mismatch Measurement of Metal-Oxide-Metal Capacitors	This brief presents a high-precision, mixed-signal mismatch measurement technique for metal-oxide-metal capacitors. The proposed technique incorporates a switched-capacitor op amp within the measurement circuit to significantly improve the measurement precision while relaxing the resolution requirement on the backend analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The proposed technique is also robust against multiple types of errors. A detailed analysis is presented to quantify the sensitivity improvement of the proposed technique over the conventional one. In addition, this brief proposes a multiplexing technique to measure a large number of capacitors in a single chip and a new layout to improve matching. A prototype fabricated in 180 nm technology demonstrates the ability to sense capacitor mismatch standard deviation as low as 0.045% with excellent repeatability, all without the need of a high-resolution ADC. © 2004-2012 IEEE.
915	a57200390842	Monk A.	p277	False	Journal	182	A 9-Bit 10-MHz 28-μW SAR ADC Using Tapered Bit Periods and a Partially Interdigitated DAC	A successive-approximation-register (SAR) analogto- digital converter (ADC) incorporates "tapered bit periods" to reduce power consumption by minimizing the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) timing overhead. Utilizing a variable delay line and the standard SAR logic, the proposed technique reduces power by downsizing the DAC drivers and digital logic without decreasing the sampling rate. A detailed analysis derives, for the first time, a closed-form solution of the capacitive DAC settling time accounting for parasitics, and determines the time savings of the proposed design. In addition, this brief proposes a "partially interdigitated" DAC layout to reduce the bottom-plate parasitic capacitance to minimize the DAC power. A 9-bit prototype fabricated in 180-nm technology achieves a signal-to-noise-distortion ratio (SNDR) of 55.5 dB at a 10-MHz sampling rate while consuming 28 μW, yielding a figure-of-merit of 5.7 fJ/conversionstep, the lowest among published ADCs at similar speeds and resolutions. © 2004-2012 IEEE.
916	a8392459500	Hunter A.	p278	True	Journal	183	Reduced-order modeling through machine learning and graph-theoretic approaches for brittle fracture applications	Typically, thousands of computationally expensive micro-scale simulations of brittle crack propagation are needed to upscale lower length scale phenomena to the macro-continuum scale. Running such a large number of crack propagation simulations presents a significant computational challenge, making reduced-order models (ROMs) attractive for this task. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop ROMs that have sufficient accuracy and low computational cost so that these upscaling simulations can be readily performed. However, constructing ROMs for these complex simulations presents its own challenge. Here, we present and compare four different approaches for reduced-order modeling of brittle crack propagation in geomaterials. These methods rely on machine learning (ML) and graph-theoretic algorithms to approximate key aspects of the brittle crack problem. These methods also incorporate different physics-based assumptions in order to reduce the training requirements while maintaining accurate physics as much as possible. Results from the ROMs are directly compared against a high-fidelity model of brittle crack propagation. Further, the strengths and weaknesses of the ROMs are discussed, and we conclude that combining smart physics-informed feature engineering with highly trainable ML models provides the best performance. The ROMs considered here have computational costs that are orders-of-magnitude less than the cost associated with high-fidelity physical models while maintaining good accuracy. © 2018
917	a57200730892	Moore B.A.	p278	False	Journal	183	Reduced-order modeling through machine learning and graph-theoretic approaches for brittle fracture applications	Typically, thousands of computationally expensive micro-scale simulations of brittle crack propagation are needed to upscale lower length scale phenomena to the macro-continuum scale. Running such a large number of crack propagation simulations presents a significant computational challenge, making reduced-order models (ROMs) attractive for this task. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop ROMs that have sufficient accuracy and low computational cost so that these upscaling simulations can be readily performed. However, constructing ROMs for these complex simulations presents its own challenge. Here, we present and compare four different approaches for reduced-order modeling of brittle crack propagation in geomaterials. These methods rely on machine learning (ML) and graph-theoretic algorithms to approximate key aspects of the brittle crack problem. These methods also incorporate different physics-based assumptions in order to reduce the training requirements while maintaining accurate physics as much as possible. Results from the ROMs are directly compared against a high-fidelity model of brittle crack propagation. Further, the strengths and weaknesses of the ROMs are discussed, and we conclude that combining smart physics-informed feature engineering with highly trainable ML models provides the best performance. The ROMs considered here have computational costs that are orders-of-magnitude less than the cost associated with high-fidelity physical models while maintaining good accuracy. © 2018
918	a53984647600	Mudunuru M.	p278	False	Journal	183	Reduced-order modeling through machine learning and graph-theoretic approaches for brittle fracture applications	Typically, thousands of computationally expensive micro-scale simulations of brittle crack propagation are needed to upscale lower length scale phenomena to the macro-continuum scale. Running such a large number of crack propagation simulations presents a significant computational challenge, making reduced-order models (ROMs) attractive for this task. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop ROMs that have sufficient accuracy and low computational cost so that these upscaling simulations can be readily performed. However, constructing ROMs for these complex simulations presents its own challenge. Here, we present and compare four different approaches for reduced-order modeling of brittle crack propagation in geomaterials. These methods rely on machine learning (ML) and graph-theoretic algorithms to approximate key aspects of the brittle crack problem. These methods also incorporate different physics-based assumptions in order to reduce the training requirements while maintaining accurate physics as much as possible. Results from the ROMs are directly compared against a high-fidelity model of brittle crack propagation. Further, the strengths and weaknesses of the ROMs are discussed, and we conclude that combining smart physics-informed feature engineering with highly trainable ML models provides the best performance. The ROMs considered here have computational costs that are orders-of-magnitude less than the cost associated with high-fidelity physical models while maintaining good accuracy. © 2018
919	a56806547100	Chau V.	p278	False	Journal	183	Reduced-order modeling through machine learning and graph-theoretic approaches for brittle fracture applications	Typically, thousands of computationally expensive micro-scale simulations of brittle crack propagation are needed to upscale lower length scale phenomena to the macro-continuum scale. Running such a large number of crack propagation simulations presents a significant computational challenge, making reduced-order models (ROMs) attractive for this task. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop ROMs that have sufficient accuracy and low computational cost so that these upscaling simulations can be readily performed. However, constructing ROMs for these complex simulations presents its own challenge. Here, we present and compare four different approaches for reduced-order modeling of brittle crack propagation in geomaterials. These methods rely on machine learning (ML) and graph-theoretic algorithms to approximate key aspects of the brittle crack problem. These methods also incorporate different physics-based assumptions in order to reduce the training requirements while maintaining accurate physics as much as possible. Results from the ROMs are directly compared against a high-fidelity model of brittle crack propagation. Further, the strengths and weaknesses of the ROMs are discussed, and we conclude that combining smart physics-informed feature engineering with highly trainable ML models provides the best performance. The ROMs considered here have computational costs that are orders-of-magnitude less than the cost associated with high-fidelity physical models while maintaining good accuracy. © 2018
920	a57201199846	Tchoua R.	p278	False	Journal	183	Reduced-order modeling through machine learning and graph-theoretic approaches for brittle fracture applications	Typically, thousands of computationally expensive micro-scale simulations of brittle crack propagation are needed to upscale lower length scale phenomena to the macro-continuum scale. Running such a large number of crack propagation simulations presents a significant computational challenge, making reduced-order models (ROMs) attractive for this task. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop ROMs that have sufficient accuracy and low computational cost so that these upscaling simulations can be readily performed. However, constructing ROMs for these complex simulations presents its own challenge. Here, we present and compare four different approaches for reduced-order modeling of brittle crack propagation in geomaterials. These methods rely on machine learning (ML) and graph-theoretic algorithms to approximate key aspects of the brittle crack problem. These methods also incorporate different physics-based assumptions in order to reduce the training requirements while maintaining accurate physics as much as possible. Results from the ROMs are directly compared against a high-fidelity model of brittle crack propagation. Further, the strengths and weaknesses of the ROMs are discussed, and we conclude that combining smart physics-informed feature engineering with highly trainable ML models provides the best performance. The ROMs considered here have computational costs that are orders-of-magnitude less than the cost associated with high-fidelity physical models while maintaining good accuracy. © 2018
921	a57201509548	Karra S.	p278	False	Journal	183	Reduced-order modeling through machine learning and graph-theoretic approaches for brittle fracture applications	Typically, thousands of computationally expensive micro-scale simulations of brittle crack propagation are needed to upscale lower length scale phenomena to the macro-continuum scale. Running such a large number of crack propagation simulations presents a significant computational challenge, making reduced-order models (ROMs) attractive for this task. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop ROMs that have sufficient accuracy and low computational cost so that these upscaling simulations can be readily performed. However, constructing ROMs for these complex simulations presents its own challenge. Here, we present and compare four different approaches for reduced-order modeling of brittle crack propagation in geomaterials. These methods rely on machine learning (ML) and graph-theoretic algorithms to approximate key aspects of the brittle crack problem. These methods also incorporate different physics-based assumptions in order to reduce the training requirements while maintaining accurate physics as much as possible. Results from the ROMs are directly compared against a high-fidelity model of brittle crack propagation. Further, the strengths and weaknesses of the ROMs are discussed, and we conclude that combining smart physics-informed feature engineering with highly trainable ML models provides the best performance. The ROMs considered here have computational costs that are orders-of-magnitude less than the cost associated with high-fidelity physical models while maintaining good accuracy. © 2018
922	a7006051256	O'Malley D.	p278	False	Journal	183	Reduced-order modeling through machine learning and graph-theoretic approaches for brittle fracture applications	Typically, thousands of computationally expensive micro-scale simulations of brittle crack propagation are needed to upscale lower length scale phenomena to the macro-continuum scale. Running such a large number of crack propagation simulations presents a significant computational challenge, making reduced-order models (ROMs) attractive for this task. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop ROMs that have sufficient accuracy and low computational cost so that these upscaling simulations can be readily performed. However, constructing ROMs for these complex simulations presents its own challenge. Here, we present and compare four different approaches for reduced-order modeling of brittle crack propagation in geomaterials. These methods rely on machine learning (ML) and graph-theoretic algorithms to approximate key aspects of the brittle crack problem. These methods also incorporate different physics-based assumptions in order to reduce the training requirements while maintaining accurate physics as much as possible. Results from the ROMs are directly compared against a high-fidelity model of brittle crack propagation. Further, the strengths and weaknesses of the ROMs are discussed, and we conclude that combining smart physics-informed feature engineering with highly trainable ML models provides the best performance. The ROMs considered here have computational costs that are orders-of-magnitude less than the cost associated with high-fidelity physical models while maintaining good accuracy. © 2018
923	a6505878659	Rougier E.	p278	False	Journal	183	Reduced-order modeling through machine learning and graph-theoretic approaches for brittle fracture applications	Typically, thousands of computationally expensive micro-scale simulations of brittle crack propagation are needed to upscale lower length scale phenomena to the macro-continuum scale. Running such a large number of crack propagation simulations presents a significant computational challenge, making reduced-order models (ROMs) attractive for this task. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop ROMs that have sufficient accuracy and low computational cost so that these upscaling simulations can be readily performed. However, constructing ROMs for these complex simulations presents its own challenge. Here, we present and compare four different approaches for reduced-order modeling of brittle crack propagation in geomaterials. These methods rely on machine learning (ML) and graph-theoretic algorithms to approximate key aspects of the brittle crack problem. These methods also incorporate different physics-based assumptions in order to reduce the training requirements while maintaining accurate physics as much as possible. Results from the ROMs are directly compared against a high-fidelity model of brittle crack propagation. Further, the strengths and weaknesses of the ROMs are discussed, and we conclude that combining smart physics-informed feature engineering with highly trainable ML models provides the best performance. The ROMs considered here have computational costs that are orders-of-magnitude less than the cost associated with high-fidelity physical models while maintaining good accuracy. © 2018
924	a8298784700	Viswanathan H.	p278	False	Journal	183	Reduced-order modeling through machine learning and graph-theoretic approaches for brittle fracture applications	Typically, thousands of computationally expensive micro-scale simulations of brittle crack propagation are needed to upscale lower length scale phenomena to the macro-continuum scale. Running such a large number of crack propagation simulations presents a significant computational challenge, making reduced-order models (ROMs) attractive for this task. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop ROMs that have sufficient accuracy and low computational cost so that these upscaling simulations can be readily performed. However, constructing ROMs for these complex simulations presents its own challenge. Here, we present and compare four different approaches for reduced-order modeling of brittle crack propagation in geomaterials. These methods rely on machine learning (ML) and graph-theoretic algorithms to approximate key aspects of the brittle crack problem. These methods also incorporate different physics-based assumptions in order to reduce the training requirements while maintaining accurate physics as much as possible. Results from the ROMs are directly compared against a high-fidelity model of brittle crack propagation. Further, the strengths and weaknesses of the ROMs are discussed, and we conclude that combining smart physics-informed feature engineering with highly trainable ML models provides the best performance. The ROMs considered here have computational costs that are orders-of-magnitude less than the cost associated with high-fidelity physical models while maintaining good accuracy. © 2018
925	a35747244700	Srinivasan G.	p278	False	Journal	183	Reduced-order modeling through machine learning and graph-theoretic approaches for brittle fracture applications	Typically, thousands of computationally expensive micro-scale simulations of brittle crack propagation are needed to upscale lower length scale phenomena to the macro-continuum scale. Running such a large number of crack propagation simulations presents a significant computational challenge, making reduced-order models (ROMs) attractive for this task. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop ROMs that have sufficient accuracy and low computational cost so that these upscaling simulations can be readily performed. However, constructing ROMs for these complex simulations presents its own challenge. Here, we present and compare four different approaches for reduced-order modeling of brittle crack propagation in geomaterials. These methods rely on machine learning (ML) and graph-theoretic algorithms to approximate key aspects of the brittle crack problem. These methods also incorporate different physics-based assumptions in order to reduce the training requirements while maintaining accurate physics as much as possible. Results from the ROMs are directly compared against a high-fidelity model of brittle crack propagation. Further, the strengths and weaknesses of the ROMs are discussed, and we conclude that combining smart physics-informed feature engineering with highly trainable ML models provides the best performance. The ROMs considered here have computational costs that are orders-of-magnitude less than the cost associated with high-fidelity physical models while maintaining good accuracy. © 2018
926	a57193565771	Leung H.	p279	True	Conference	65	Necessary and Sufficient Conditions on State Transformations That Preserve the Causal Structure of LTI Dynamical Networks	Linear time-invariant (LTI) dynamic networks are described by their dynamical structure function, and generally they have many possible state space realizations. This work characterizes the necessary and sufficient conditions on a state transformation that preserves the dynamical structure function, thereby generating the entire set of realizations of a given order for a specific dynamic network. © 2018 IEEE.
927	a16177635300	Dankers A.	p280	False	Conference	66	Dynamic Networks: Representations, Abstractions, and Well-Posedness	This paper introduces notions of abstraction and realization for dynamic networks. These processes generate dynamically equivalent representations of a system, but with varying degrees of structural detail. Nuanced definitions and associated conditions for maintaining well-posedness for these multi-resolution representations of a dynamic system are then detailed, ensuring that hierarchies of network representations are sensible as multi-resolution models of dynamic networks. Although the ideas are developed precisely here for LTI networks, many of the concepts remain fundamental in the nonlinear setting. © 2018 IEEE.
927	a16177635300	Dankers A.	p542	False	Conference	196	On the well-posedness of LTI networks	We consider networks of linear, time-invariant systems defined over matrices of rational functions in a complex variable where each element of the matrix represents a link in the network. When these rational functions are proper, but not necessarily strictly proper, we demonstrate the necessary and sufficient conditions under which such a network configuration is well-posed. We include multiple examples of network configurations and their respective well-posedness conditions, including cases where two or more ill-posed network configurations can be interconnected to form a well-posed network. © 2017 IEEE.
928	a57207108623	Brodie M.	p281	True	Conference	67	Alpha Model Domination in Multiple Choice Learning	Multiple Choice Learning (MCL) algorithms involve an 'oracle' user with unmodeled biases that selects a preferred output among several possible hypotheses. We identify a shortcoming and training obstacle of the recent Stochastic Multiple Choice Learning (sMCL) algorithm. When an ensemble of neural networks trains under sMCL, the best performing model receives the majority of parameter updates at the expense of other ensemble members. We refer to this sMCL training issue as Alpha Model Domination (AMD) and empirically demonstrate that AMD does not resolve itself with longer training time. We introduce several novel MCL loss functions that both avoid AMD and yield statistically significant improvements in oracle accuracy (OA) compared to sMCL. Using the MNIST, CIFAR-10, and ImageNet classification datasets, we empirically demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed loss functions. © 2018 IEEE.
929	a57200290256	Tensmeyer C.	p281	False	Conference	67	Alpha Model Domination in Multiple Choice Learning	Multiple Choice Learning (MCL) algorithms involve an 'oracle' user with unmodeled biases that selects a preferred output among several possible hypotheses. We identify a shortcoming and training obstacle of the recent Stochastic Multiple Choice Learning (sMCL) algorithm. When an ensemble of neural networks trains under sMCL, the best performing model receives the majority of parameter updates at the expense of other ensemble members. We refer to this sMCL training issue as Alpha Model Domination (AMD) and empirically demonstrate that AMD does not resolve itself with longer training time. We introduce several novel MCL loss functions that both avoid AMD and yield statistically significant improvements in oracle accuracy (OA) compared to sMCL. Using the MNIST, CIFAR-10, and ImageNet classification datasets, we empirically demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed loss functions. © 2018 IEEE.
930	a57207112163	Ackerman W.	p281	False	Conference	67	Alpha Model Domination in Multiple Choice Learning	Multiple Choice Learning (MCL) algorithms involve an 'oracle' user with unmodeled biases that selects a preferred output among several possible hypotheses. We identify a shortcoming and training obstacle of the recent Stochastic Multiple Choice Learning (sMCL) algorithm. When an ensemble of neural networks trains under sMCL, the best performing model receives the majority of parameter updates at the expense of other ensemble members. We refer to this sMCL training issue as Alpha Model Domination (AMD) and empirically demonstrate that AMD does not resolve itself with longer training time. We introduce several novel MCL loss functions that both avoid AMD and yield statistically significant improvements in oracle accuracy (OA) compared to sMCL. Using the MNIST, CIFAR-10, and ImageNet classification datasets, we empirically demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed loss functions. © 2018 IEEE.
931	a7102270639	Martinez T.	p281	False	Conference	67	Alpha Model Domination in Multiple Choice Learning	Multiple Choice Learning (MCL) algorithms involve an 'oracle' user with unmodeled biases that selects a preferred output among several possible hypotheses. We identify a shortcoming and training obstacle of the recent Stochastic Multiple Choice Learning (sMCL) algorithm. When an ensemble of neural networks trains under sMCL, the best performing model receives the majority of parameter updates at the expense of other ensemble members. We refer to this sMCL training issue as Alpha Model Domination (AMD) and empirically demonstrate that AMD does not resolve itself with longer training time. We introduce several novel MCL loss functions that both avoid AMD and yield statistically significant improvements in oracle accuracy (OA) compared to sMCL. Using the MNIST, CIFAR-10, and ImageNet classification datasets, we empirically demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed loss functions. © 2018 IEEE.
932	a57205388766	Pettingill D.	p282	True	Journal	184	Static structures in leaky mode waveguides	In this work, we suggest a new method of expanding the field of view in bottom-exit, leaky mode devices for transparent, monolithic, holographic, near-eye display. In this approach, we propose the use of static, laser-induced, grating structures within the device substrate to break the leaky mode light into diffracted orders. We then propose to use carefully timed illumination pulses to select which diffracted order is visible to the eye at every display refresh interval (up to 100 kHz). Each of these orders becomes a view for a different image point. To describe this new method, we use K-vector analysis. We give the relevant equations and a list of parameters which lead to a near-eye geometry with little or no overlap in higher-order view zones. We conclude that it should be possible to increase the field of view of our bottom-exit, leaky mode devices by as much as one order of magnitude by simply adding a laser-induced grating structure to the substrate and by carefully timing the device illumination. If successful, this method would make possible a transparent, holographic, near-eye display that is simple to fabricate, relative to pixelated approaches, and which has a wide field-of-view relative to our current bottom-exit displays. © 2019 by the authors.
933	a57205393448	Kurtz D.	p282	False	Journal	184	Static structures in leaky mode waveguides	In this work, we suggest a new method of expanding the field of view in bottom-exit, leaky mode devices for transparent, monolithic, holographic, near-eye display. In this approach, we propose the use of static, laser-induced, grating structures within the device substrate to break the leaky mode light into diffracted orders. We then propose to use carefully timed illumination pulses to select which diffracted order is visible to the eye at every display refresh interval (up to 100 kHz). Each of these orders becomes a view for a different image point. To describe this new method, we use K-vector analysis. We give the relevant equations and a list of parameters which lead to a near-eye geometry with little or no overlap in higher-order view zones. We conclude that it should be possible to increase the field of view of our bottom-exit, leaky mode devices by as much as one order of magnitude by simply adding a laser-induced grating structure to the substrate and by carefully timing the device illumination. If successful, this method would make possible a transparent, holographic, near-eye display that is simple to fabricate, relative to pixelated approaches, and which has a wide field-of-view relative to our current bottom-exit displays. © 2019 by the authors.
934	a16313800700	Smalley D.	p282	False	Journal	184	Static structures in leaky mode waveguides	In this work, we suggest a new method of expanding the field of view in bottom-exit, leaky mode devices for transparent, monolithic, holographic, near-eye display. In this approach, we propose the use of static, laser-induced, grating structures within the device substrate to break the leaky mode light into diffracted orders. We then propose to use carefully timed illumination pulses to select which diffracted order is visible to the eye at every display refresh interval (up to 100 kHz). Each of these orders becomes a view for a different image point. To describe this new method, we use K-vector analysis. We give the relevant equations and a list of parameters which lead to a near-eye geometry with little or no overlap in higher-order view zones. We conclude that it should be possible to increase the field of view of our bottom-exit, leaky mode devices by as much as one order of magnitude by simply adding a laser-induced grating structure to the substrate and by carefully timing the device illumination. If successful, this method would make possible a transparent, holographic, near-eye display that is simple to fabricate, relative to pixelated approaches, and which has a wide field-of-view relative to our current bottom-exit displays. © 2019 by the authors.
934	a16313800700	Smalley D.	p295	False	Conference	77	Progress on static structures for leaky mode waveguides	This work reports progress toward increased field of view from multi-order leaky mode devices. Specifically, we move from our previously published simulation toward physical instantiation including a glass-based test rig. ©2019TheAuthor(s)
934	a16313800700	Smalley D.	p301	False	Journal	121	Improving photophoretic trap volumetric displays [Invited]	Since the introduction of optical trap displays in 2018, there has been significant interest in further developing this technology. In an effort to channel interest in the most productive directions, this work seeks to illuminate those areas that, in the authors’ opinion, are most critical to the ultimate success of optical trap displays as a platform for aerial 3D imaging. These areas include trapping, scanning, scaling, robustness, safety, and occlusion. © 2019 Optical Society of America
934	a16313800700	Smalley D.	p364	False	Conference	127	Experimental characterization of leaky-mode spatial light modulators fabricated via direct laser writing	We have previously presented a novel spatial light modulator appropriate for use in transparent, flat-panel holographic display applications. Our architecture consists of an anisotropic leaky-mode coupler and integrated Bragg reflection grating as a monolithic device implemented in lithium niobate and is fabricated using direct femtosecond laser writing techniques. In this paper, we present a methodology for the experimental characterization of holographically-reconstructed point spread functions from sample devices. © 2019 SPIE.
934	a16313800700	Smalley D.	p437	False	Journal	242	Erratum: Hardware and software improvements to a low-cost horizontal parallax holographic video monitor (Applied Optics (2018) 57 (A122-A133) DOI: 10.1364/AO.57.00A122)	In [1], the trademarked term "HoloMonitor," which belongs to Phase Holographic Imaging PHI AB, was removed. The article was corrected online on 10 September 2018. © 2018 Optical Society of America.
934	a16313800700	Smalley D.	p507	True	Journal	278	Volumetric displays	[No abstract available]
934	a16313800700	Smalley D.	p562	True	Conference	211	Progress on photophoretic trap displays	We review the fundamentals photophoretic trap displays and discuss the possibility of creating occlusion capable image points. Anisotropic scattering is observed independently in single and double point traps. © 2018 The Author(s).
934	a16313800700	Smalley D.	p571	False	Journal	242	Hardware and software improvements to a low-cost horizontal parallax holographic video monitor	Displays capable of true holographic video have been prohibitively expensive and difficult to build. With this paper, we present a suite of modularized hardware components and software tools needed to build a HoloMonitor with basic “hacker-space” equipment, highlighting improvements that have enabled the total materials cost to fall to $820, well below that of other holographic displays. It is our hope that the current level of simplicity, development, design flexibility, and documentation will enable the lay engineer, programmer, and scientist to relatively easily replicate, modify, and build upon our designs, bringing true holographic video to the masses. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
934	a16313800700	Smalley D.	p591	False	Conference	234	Volumetric display by movement of particles trapped in a laser via photophoresis	Photophoresis can stably hold opaque microscopic particles in a laser focus surrounded by room air with strength sufficient to enable centimeter-scale patterns to be drawn by sweeping the laser beam. The resulting images rely on visual persistence as laser light scatters from the particle, which is rapidly swept through the 3-D pattern. Control can be maintained while moving the particle with air speeds up to 2 m/s. A desire to greatly increase the sweep speed motivates a re-examination of the fundamentals of photophoresis-based laser-particle traps. Most explanations offered are qualitative, with differing opinions as to whether, for example, asymmetric heating or asymmetric thermal accommodation is primarily at work. Which particles become trapped in the beam is typically based on self-selection, as a variety of particles with possible differing shapes and sizes are offered to the laser focus for capture. Characteristics that make some particles preferred over others are especially relevant. There is broad consensus that structure in the laser focus greatly aids in stable trapping. Nevertheless, it is still possible for even a relatively smooth TEM00 beam to capture and hold particles. Moreover, even in a structured focus (i.e. with aberrations and local intensity minima and maxima), questions remain as to exactly how a particle becomes stably trapped in certain beam locations. A zoomed-in look at trapped particles reveals oscillations or orbits with excursions over tens of microns and accelerations up to 10 gs. We trapped particles in zero-gravity as well as 2-g environments with no noticeable difference in stability. © 2018 SPIE.
934	a16313800700	Smalley D.	p641	False	Conference	273	Progress in transparent flat-panel holographic displays enabled by guided-wave acousto-optics	We have previously introduced a monolithic, integrated optical platform for transparent, flat-panel holographic displays suitable for near-to-eye displays in augmented reality systems. This platform employs a guided-wave acousto-optic spatial light modulator implemented in lithium niobate in conjunction with an integrated Bragg-regime reflection volume hologram. In this paper, we depict analysis of three key system attributes that inform and influence the display system performance: 1) single-axis diffraction-driven astigmatism, 2) strobed illumination to enforce acousto-optic grating stationarity, and 3) acousto-optically driven spatial Nyquist rate. Copyright © 2018 SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
934	a16313800700	Smalley D.	p878	False	Conference	394	Near-to-eye electroholography via guided-wave acousto-optics for augmented reality	Near-to-eye holographic displays act to directly project wavefronts into a viewer's eye in order to recreate 3-D scenes for augmented or virtual reality applications. Recently, several solutions for near-to-eye electroholography have been proposed based on digital spatial light modulators in conjunction with supporting optics, such as holographic waveguides for light delivery; however, such schemes are limited by the inherent low space-bandwidth product available with current digital SLMs. In this paper, we depict a fully monolithic, integrated optical platform for transparent near-to-eye holographic display requiring no supporting optics. Our solution employs a guided-wave acousto-optic spatial light modulator implemented in lithium niobate in conjunction with an integrated Bragg-regime reflection volume hologram. © 2017 SPIE.
935	a55638504300	Youn C.C.	p284	False	Conference	68	Geometrically Motivated Reparameterization for Identifiability Analysis in Power Systems Models	This paper describes a geometric approach to parameter identifiability analysis in models of power systems dynamics. When a model of a power system is to be compared with measurements taken at discrete times, it can be interpreted as a mapping from parameter space into a data or prediction space. Generically, model mappings can be interpreted as manifolds with dimensionality equal to the number of structurally identifiable parameters. Empirically it is observed that model mappings often correspond to bounded manifolds. We propose a new definition of practical identifiability based the topological definition of a manifold with boundary. In many ways, our proposed definition extends the properties of structural identifiability. We construct numerical approximations to geodesics on the model manifold and use the results, combined with insights derived from the mathematical form of the equations, to identify combinations of practically identifiable and unidentifiable parameters. We give several examples of application to dynamic power systems models. © 2018 IEEE.
936	a56798055200	Gates N.S.	p286	True	Conference	69	Combined trajectory, propulsion and battery mass optimization for solar-regenerative high-altitude long endurance unmanned aircraft	Combined optimization of propulsion system design, flight trajectory planning and battery mass optimization for solar-regenerative high-altitude long endurance (SRHALE) aircraft through a sequential iterative approach yields an increase of 20.2% in the end-of-day energy available on the winter solstice at 35°N latitude, resulting in an increase in flight time of 2.36 hours. The optimized flight path is obtained by using nonlinear model predictive control to solve flight and energy system dynamics over a 24 hour period with a 15 second time resolution. The optimization objective is to maximize the total energy in the system while flying a station-keeping mission, staying within a 3 km radius and above 60,000 ft. The propulsion system design optimization minimizes the total energy required to fly the optimal path. It uses a combination of blade element momentum theory, blade composite structures, empirical motor and motor controller mass data, as well as a first order motor performance model. The battery optimization seeks to optimally size the battery for a circular orbit. Fixed point iteration between these optimization frameworks yields a flight path and propulsion system that slightly decreases solar capture, but signif-icantly decreases power expended. Fully coupling the trajectory and design optimizations with this level of accuracy is infeasible with current computing resources. These efforts show the benefits of combining design and trajectory optimization to enable the feasibility of SRHALE flight. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
936	a56798055200	Gates N.S.	p327	False	Journal	189	Dynamic optimization of high-altitude solar aircraft trajectories under station-keeping constraints	This paper demonstrates the use of nonlinear dynamic optimization to calculate energy-optimal trajectories for a high-altitude, solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The objective is to maximize the total energy in the system while staying within a 3 km mission radius and meeting other system constraints. Solar energy capture is modeled using the vehicle orientation and solar position, and energy isstored both in batteries and in potential energy through elevation gain. Energy capture is maximized by optimally adjusting the angle of the aircraft surface relative to the sun. The UAV flight and energy system dynamics are optimized over a 24h period at an 8s time resolution using nonlinear model predictive control. Results of the simulated flights are presented for all four seasons, showing an 8.2% increase in end-of-day battery energy for the most limiting flight condition of the winter solstice. © 2018 by R. Abraham Martin, Nathaniel S. Gates, Andrew Ning, and John D. Hedengren.
937	a57192697616	Moore K.R.	p286	False	Conference	69	Combined trajectory, propulsion and battery mass optimization for solar-regenerative high-altitude long endurance unmanned aircraft	Combined optimization of propulsion system design, flight trajectory planning and battery mass optimization for solar-regenerative high-altitude long endurance (SRHALE) aircraft through a sequential iterative approach yields an increase of 20.2% in the end-of-day energy available on the winter solstice at 35°N latitude, resulting in an increase in flight time of 2.36 hours. The optimized flight path is obtained by using nonlinear model predictive control to solve flight and energy system dynamics over a 24 hour period with a 15 second time resolution. The optimization objective is to maximize the total energy in the system while flying a station-keeping mission, staying within a 3 km radius and above 60,000 ft. The propulsion system design optimization minimizes the total energy required to fly the optimal path. It uses a combination of blade element momentum theory, blade composite structures, empirical motor and motor controller mass data, as well as a first order motor performance model. The battery optimization seeks to optimally size the battery for a circular orbit. Fixed point iteration between these optimization frameworks yields a flight path and propulsion system that slightly decreases solar capture, but signif-icantly decreases power expended. Fully coupling the trajectory and design optimizations with this level of accuracy is infeasible with current computing resources. These efforts show the benefits of combining design and trajectory optimization to enable the feasibility of SRHALE flight. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
937	a57192697616	Moore K.R.	p290	True	Journal	187	Takeoff and performance trade-offs of retrofit distributed electric propulsion for urban transport	While vertical takeoff and landing aircraft have shown promise for urban air transport, distributed electric propulsion on existing aircraft may offer immediately implementable alternatives. Distributed electric propulsion could potentially decrease takeoff distances enough to enable thousands of potential intercity runways. This conceptual study explores the effects of a retrofit of open-bladed electric propulsion units. To model and explore the design space, blade element momentum method, vortex lattice method, linear-beam finite element analysis, classical laminate theory, composite failure, empirically based blade noise modeling, motor and motor-controller mass models, and gradient-based optimization are used. With liftoff time of seconds and the safe total field length for this aircraft type undefined, this paper focused on the minimum conceptual takeoff distance. It was found that 16 propellers could reduce the takeoff distance by over 50% compared with the optimal 2-propeller case. This resulted in a conceptual minimum takeoff distance of 20.5 m to clear a 50 ft (15.24 m) obstacle. It was also found that, when decreasing the allowable noise by approximately 10 dBa, the 8-propeller case performed the best with a 43% reduction in takeoff distance compared with the optimal 2-propeller case. This resulted in a noise-restricted conceptual minimum takeoff distance of 95 m. Copyright © 2019 by Kevin R. Moore and Andrew Ning. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission.
937	a57192697616	Moore K.R.	p554	True	Conference	204	Distributed electric propulsion effects on traditional aircraft through multidisciplinary optimization	Electric aircraft face a steep tradeoff between the demand for runway performance and range. While fuel based propulsion technologies typically increase in specific power with increasing size, electric propulsion is typically much more scalable. This system scalability enables alternative designs including distributed propulsion, optionally powered propulsion units, and vectored thrust, which can all contribute to better runway performance and range. In this paper, we explore how continuously powered distributed propulsion can reduce takeoff distance while still satisfying range constraints. We use a combination of a blade element momentum method, a vortex lattice method, experimental data, and nonlinear optimization techniques to model and explore the design space. We have found that for this conceptual design study, a fully blown wing with propellers at the optimal diameter for the load (8 propellers for a 300 km range constraint) can reduce the takeoff distance by over 80% when compared to the optimal 2 propeller case using the same models. There is over a 2x increase in the wing lift coefficient which leads to a 36% reduction in liftoff speed. Also, the optimal fully blown case produced 2.9 more thrust during takeoff with only an 11% increase in total aircraft mass. Using propeller tip speed as a surrogate for noise, we found that the propeller tip speed decreased takeoff performance in an exponential manner: the tip speed could be decreased from Mach 0.8 to Mach 0.5 with only a 2x increase in takeoff rolling distance while decreasing the constraint to Mach 0.3 produced an 8x increase. © 2018, (publisher Name). All rights reserved.
938	a8621794000	Ning A.	p286	False	Conference	69	Combined trajectory, propulsion and battery mass optimization for solar-regenerative high-altitude long endurance unmanned aircraft	Combined optimization of propulsion system design, flight trajectory planning and battery mass optimization for solar-regenerative high-altitude long endurance (SRHALE) aircraft through a sequential iterative approach yields an increase of 20.2% in the end-of-day energy available on the winter solstice at 35°N latitude, resulting in an increase in flight time of 2.36 hours. The optimized flight path is obtained by using nonlinear model predictive control to solve flight and energy system dynamics over a 24 hour period with a 15 second time resolution. The optimization objective is to maximize the total energy in the system while flying a station-keeping mission, staying within a 3 km radius and above 60,000 ft. The propulsion system design optimization minimizes the total energy required to fly the optimal path. It uses a combination of blade element momentum theory, blade composite structures, empirical motor and motor controller mass data, as well as a first order motor performance model. The battery optimization seeks to optimally size the battery for a circular orbit. Fixed point iteration between these optimization frameworks yields a flight path and propulsion system that slightly decreases solar capture, but signif-icantly decreases power expended. Fully coupling the trajectory and design optimizations with this level of accuracy is infeasible with current computing resources. These efforts show the benefits of combining design and trajectory optimization to enable the feasibility of SRHALE flight. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
938	a8621794000	Ning A.	p287	False	Conference	70	The effect of communication and vehicle properties on the search performance of a swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles	An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm allows for a more time-efficient method of searching a specified area than a single UAV or piloted plane. There are a variety of factors that affect how well an area is surveyed. We specifically analyzed the effect both vehicle properties and communication had on the swarm search performance. We used non-dimensionalization to examine the effect vehicle properties had on search performance so the results can be applied to any domain size with any number and type of vehicle. We found that even if vehicles could only sense 10% of the grid area at any given time step, 92% of the grid could still be searched by using a vehicle with good maneuverability and endurance. Conversely, if the chosen vehicle had poor maneuverability 92% of the grid could still be searched by keeping the endurance high and increasing the amount of area the vehicles could sense at one time to 70% of the domain area. In addition, we also examined four communication cases with different amounts of information regarding vehicle location. We found communication increased search performance by at least 6.3%. However, increasing the amount of information only changed the performance by 2.3%. © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
938	a8621794000	Ning A.	p290	False	Journal	187	Takeoff and performance trade-offs of retrofit distributed electric propulsion for urban transport	While vertical takeoff and landing aircraft have shown promise for urban air transport, distributed electric propulsion on existing aircraft may offer immediately implementable alternatives. Distributed electric propulsion could potentially decrease takeoff distances enough to enable thousands of potential intercity runways. This conceptual study explores the effects of a retrofit of open-bladed electric propulsion units. To model and explore the design space, blade element momentum method, vortex lattice method, linear-beam finite element analysis, classical laminate theory, composite failure, empirically based blade noise modeling, motor and motor-controller mass models, and gradient-based optimization are used. With liftoff time of seconds and the safe total field length for this aircraft type undefined, this paper focused on the minimum conceptual takeoff distance. It was found that 16 propellers could reduce the takeoff distance by over 50% compared with the optimal 2-propeller case. This resulted in a conceptual minimum takeoff distance of 20.5 m to clear a 50 ft (15.24 m) obstacle. It was also found that, when decreasing the allowable noise by approximately 10 dBa, the 8-propeller case performed the best with a 43% reduction in takeoff distance compared with the optimal 2-propeller case. This resulted in a noise-restricted conceptual minimum takeoff distance of 95 m. Copyright © 2019 by Kevin R. Moore and Andrew Ning. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., with permission.
938	a8621794000	Ning A.	p327	False	Journal	189	Dynamic optimization of high-altitude solar aircraft trajectories under station-keeping constraints	This paper demonstrates the use of nonlinear dynamic optimization to calculate energy-optimal trajectories for a high-altitude, solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The objective is to maximize the total energy in the system while staying within a 3 km mission radius and meeting other system constraints. Solar energy capture is modeled using the vehicle orientation and solar position, and energy isstored both in batteries and in potential energy through elevation gain. Energy capture is maximized by optimally adjusting the angle of the aircraft surface relative to the sun. The UAV flight and energy system dynamics are optimized over a 24h period at an 8s time resolution using nonlinear model predictive control. Results of the simulated flights are presented for all four seasons, showing an 8.2% increase in end-of-day battery energy for the most limiting flight condition of the winter solstice. © 2018 by R. Abraham Martin, Nathaniel S. Gates, Andrew Ning, and John D. Hedengren.
938	a8621794000	Ning A.	p333	False	Conference	109	Best practices for wake model and optimization algorithm selection in wind farm layout optimization	This paper presents the results of two case studies regarding the wind farm layout optimization problem. We asked members of the computational optimization and wind communities to take part in the studies that we designed. Nine individuals participated. Case study 1 considered variations in optimization strategies for a given simple Gaussian wake model. Participants were provided with a wake model that outputs annual energy production (AEP) for an input set of wind turbine locations. Participants used an optimization method of their choosing to find an optimal wind farm layout. Case study 2 looked at trade-offs in performance resulting from variation in both physics model and optimization strategy. For case study 2, participants calculated AEP using a wake model of their choice while also using their chosen optimization method. Participants then used their wake model to calculate the AEP of all other participants’ optimized layouts. Results for case study 1 show that the best optimal wind farm layouts in this study were achieved by participants who used gradient-based optimization methods. A front-runner emerged with the Sparse Nonlinear OPTimizer plus Wake Expansion Continua-tion (SNOPT+WEC) optimization method, which consistently discovered the highest submitted AEP. For case study 2, two participants found a similar layout that was judged to be superior by all five participants. It is unclear if the better solution resulted from an improved optimization process, or a wake model that was more amenable to optimization. © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
938	a8621794000	Ning A.	p334	False	Conference	110	Comparison of wind farm layout optimization results using a simple wake model and gradient-based optimization to large-eddy simulations	The models used during wind farm layout optimization use simplifying assumptions that can alter the design space. Some characteristics of the simple models may negatively influence the resulting layouts. In this paper, we perform wind farm layout optimization using a simple wake model and compare the resulting improvements to large-eddy simulation (LES) results to confirm that the layout was actually improved. We begin by describing the models used, including changes specific for use with gradient-based optimization. We then compare our models’ output to previously published model and LES results. Using the models described, we performed gradient-based wind farm layout optimization using exact gradients. Power production for the original and optimized layouts were recalculated using LES. The model and LES results were then compared. The simple models predicted an improvement in annual energy production (AEP) of 7.4%, while the LES reported an AEP improvement of 9.9%. We concluded that the improvements found by optimizing with the simple models are not just an artifact of the model characteristics, but are real improvements. © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
938	a8621794000	Ning A.	p551	False	Conference	201	Development of a vortex particle code for the modeling of wake interaction in distributed propulsion	Recent developments in electric aircraft technology have enabled the use of distributed propulsion for the next generation of vertical lift vehicles. However, the ability to rapidly assess the performance of these design concepts, with sufficient fidelity, is a current weakness of this nascent industry. This paper explores the capacity of the viscous Vortex Particle Method (VPM) to model wake interactions found in distributed propulsion. The elements of the vortex particle method are summarized, and a new approach for the calculation of vortex stretching through the complex-step derivative approximation is presented. Preliminary validation is performed on vortex ring cases resembling the fundamental dynamics encountered in propeller wakes. Unsteady wake dynamics of individual propellers are successfully modeled, replicating the instabilities that lead to vortex breakdown as observed experimentally. Comparing the method with results from momentum theory, it is shown that VPM is consistent with theoretical values of near and far field induced velocities, and a notable feature is its ability to model near/far field transition. Furthermore, VPM is able to fully characterize induced velocities across the entire wake, from the stable region where momentum theory operates, through instability transition and eventual vortex breakdown. The simulation of a multirotor configuration of two tip-to-tip propellers is shown, displaying the capacity of VPM to model wake mixing. The results presented here are intermediate steps in the development of a mid-fidelity modeling tool for the early design stages of distributed-propulsion electric aircraft. © 2018, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
938	a8621794000	Ning A.	p553	False	Conference	203	Multidisciplinary design optimization of flexible solar-regenerative high-altitude long-endurance aircraft	Solar-Regenerative High-Altitude Long-Endurance (SR-HALE) aircraft are designed to sustain year-round ight at high altitudes indefinitely. No SR-HALE aircraft has yet accomplished this task due to the complex network of environmental, solar, structural, and aerodynamic trade-offs, among which aircraft exibility plays a key role. A comprehensive SR-HALE aircraft multidisciplinary design optimization framework is developed in which the exible aircraft analysis tool ASWING is incorporated in order to constrain nonlinear aeroelasticity. Energy, battery, ply thickness, material failure, local buckling, aerodynamic stall, longitudinal stability, and general stability (including utter) constraints are applied in order to reasonably constrain the optimized SR-HALE aircraft design. An SR-HALE aircraft design with a span length of 60:15m and a total aircraft weight of 432:2 kg is found which fulfills all SR-HALE mission requirements and minimizes aircraft mass. A further 21% reduction in total aircraft mass is found through the use of high modulus carbon fiber reinforced polymer. Significant decreases in aircraft mass, down to a total aircraft mass of 250.6 kg, are found to be possible if altitude requirements for SR-HALE aircraft are lowered from 18;288m to 16;764 m. A feasible SR-HALE aircraft with a mass of 357:9 kg was also found to be possible if battery specific energies of 360Wh kg–1 are developed. © 2018, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
938	a8621794000	Ning A.	p554	False	Conference	204	Distributed electric propulsion effects on traditional aircraft through multidisciplinary optimization	Electric aircraft face a steep tradeoff between the demand for runway performance and range. While fuel based propulsion technologies typically increase in specific power with increasing size, electric propulsion is typically much more scalable. This system scalability enables alternative designs including distributed propulsion, optionally powered propulsion units, and vectored thrust, which can all contribute to better runway performance and range. In this paper, we explore how continuously powered distributed propulsion can reduce takeoff distance while still satisfying range constraints. We use a combination of a blade element momentum method, a vortex lattice method, experimental data, and nonlinear optimization techniques to model and explore the design space. We have found that for this conceptual design study, a fully blown wing with propellers at the optimal diameter for the load (8 propellers for a 300 km range constraint) can reduce the takeoff distance by over 80% when compared to the optimal 2 propeller case using the same models. There is over a 2x increase in the wing lift coefficient which leads to a 36% reduction in liftoff speed. Also, the optimal fully blown case produced 2.9 more thrust during takeoff with only an 11% increase in total aircraft mass. Using propeller tip speed as a surrogate for noise, we found that the propeller tip speed decreased takeoff performance in an exponential manner: the tip speed could be decreased from Mach 0.8 to Mach 0.5 with only a 2x increase in takeoff rolling distance while decreasing the constraint to Mach 0.3 produced an 8x increase. © 2018, (publisher Name). All rights reserved.
938	a8621794000	Ning A.	p596	False	Conference	239	Universal airfoil parametrization using B-splines	In this paper, we apply well-known techniques for parametric curves to the definition and deformation of airfoil sections. While it has already been shown that many versions of Kulfan’s Class Shape Transformation (CST) are exactly equivalent to Bézier curves, we show here that all NACA 4-digit thickness distributions and the PARSEC parametrization of Sobiezcky are also higher-order Bézier curves. As with CST, Béziers and B-Splines provide direct control over aerodynamically meaningful features such as nose radius and boat-tail angle, but also provide more a intuitive parametrization of the rest of the airfoil surface. We show the efficacy of B-Spline-based parametrizations for approximating airfoil coordinates and for clean-sheet airfoil design. Finally, we show that this parametrization is ideally suited for progressive design. © 2018, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
938	a8621794000	Ning A.	p616	False	Conference	254	Benefits of two turbine rotor diameters and hub heights in the same wind farm	Significant turbine-wake interactions greatly reduce power output in a wind farm. If different turbine hub heights and rotor diameters are included in the same wind farm, the wake interference in the farm will be reduced, resulting in a lower cost of energy (COE) than a farm with identical turbines. In this paper, we present a method to model wind farm COE in farms with hub heights and rotor diameters that vary across the wind farm. We also demonstrate how to optimize these wind farms to minimize COE. The results show that COE can be greatly reduced in wind farms with non-homogeneous turbines, especially when the turbines are spaced close together. For a unidirectional wind rose, including different turbine design in the wind farm has a similar decrease in COE to spreading the wind turbines farther apart. When the rotor diameter and hub height of the wind turbines in a farm are optimized uniformly, a COE decrease of 4% to 13% (depending on the grid spacing and wind shear exponent) is achieved compared to the baseline. When the rotor diameter and turbine heights are optimized non-uniformly, with two different diameters and heights throughout the farm, there is a COE decrease of 22% to 41% compared to the baseline. For a more spread wind rose with a dominant probability from the west, there is a COE decrease between 3% and 10% for uniformly optimized rotor diameter and height compared to the baseline. With two optimized rotor diameters and heights through the farm, a COE decrease of 3% to 19% is achieved. For a similar wind rose shifted such that the dominant wind direction is from the northwest, a COE decrease between 3% and 10% results from uniformly optimized wind turbines compared to the baseline. A COE decrease of 3% to 17% compared to the baseline occurs with two different turbines are optimized throughout the wind farm. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
938	a8621794000	Ning A.	p627	False	Conference	263	Large-scale multidisciplinary optimization of an electric aircraft for on-demand mobility	Distributed electric propulsion is a key enabling technology for on-demand electric aircraft concepts. NASA’s X-57 Maxwell X-plane is a demonstrator for this technology, and it features a row of high-lift propellers distributed along the leading edge of its wing to enable better aerodynamic efficiency at cruise and improved ride quality in addition to less noise and emissions. This study applies adjointbased multidisciplinary design optimization to this highly coupled design problem. The propulsion, aerodynamics, and structures are modeled using blade element momentum theory, the vortex lattice method, and finite element analysis, respectively, and the full mission profile is discretized and analyzed. The design variables in the optimization problem include the altitude profile, the velocity profile, battery weight, propeller diameter, blade profile parameters, wing thickness distribution, and angle of attack. Optimizations take on the order of 10 hours, and a 12% increase in range is observed. © 2018, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
938	a8621794000	Ning A.	p836	False	Conference	364	Gradient-based optimization of wind farms with different turbine heights	Turbine wakes reduce power production in a wind farm. Current wind farms are generally built with turbines that are all the same height, but if wind farms included turbines with different tower heights, the cost of energy may be reduced. We used gradient-based optimization to demonstrate a method to optimize wind farms with varied hub heights. Our study includes a modified version of the FLORIS wake model that accommodates three-dimensional wakes integrated with a tower structural model. Our purpose was to design a process to minimize the cost of energy of a wind farm through layout optimization and varying turbine hub heights. Results indicate that when a farm is optimized for layout and height with two separate height groups, COE can be lowered by as much as 5-9%, compared to a similar layout and height optimization where all the towers are the same. The COE has the best improvement in farms with high turbine density and low wind shear exponent. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
939	a57215306633	Newcomb J.E.	p287	True	Conference	70	The effect of communication and vehicle properties on the search performance of a swarm of unmanned aerial vehicles	An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm allows for a more time-efficient method of searching a specified area than a single UAV or piloted plane. There are a variety of factors that affect how well an area is surveyed. We specifically analyzed the effect both vehicle properties and communication had on the swarm search performance. We used non-dimensionalization to examine the effect vehicle properties had on search performance so the results can be applied to any domain size with any number and type of vehicle. We found that even if vehicles could only sense 10% of the grid area at any given time step, 92% of the grid could still be searched by using a vehicle with good maneuverability and endurance. Conversely, if the chosen vehicle had poor maneuverability 92% of the grid could still be searched by keeping the endurance high and increasing the amount of area the vehicles could sense at one time to 70% of the domain area. In addition, we also examined four communication cases with different amounts of information regarding vehicle location. We found communication increased search performance by at least 6.3%. However, increasing the amount of information only changed the performance by 2.3%. © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
940	a57201367093	Unrau M.A.	p288	True	Conference	71	Simulating stall inception in a high-performance fan using createt m-av kestrel	The presented research uses a CFD code developed as part of the Computational Research and Engineering Acquisition Tools and Environment (CREATE), Kestrel, to evaluate a single stage compressor at various operating conditions. Time-accurate, full annulus simulations were carried out to capture and analyze the processes leading to stall inception for uniform inlet conditions. Unsteady interaction between tip clearance flow and the detached normal shock inside of the blade passages became more prevalent at flow rates close to stall, and this unsteadiness likely provides a way for leading edge spillage to occur and initiate the stall process. Although reversed flow at the trailing edge plane was not observed to be more prevalent in simulations near stall than in simulations away from stall, the phenomenon was shown to occur in blade passages that were approaching a stall cell. Understanding the physical processes that lead to stall inception allows fan designers to design more robust fans that can safely take advantage of the better performance associated with operating closer to stall. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
940	a57201367093	Unrau M.A.	p555	True	Conference	205	Mixing plane simulation of a high-performance fan using kestrel	Kestrel is a tool developed by the Computational Research and Engineering Acquisition Tools and Environments-Air Vehicles (CREATE-AV) Program to expedite the acquisition process of fixed-wing aircraft. Kestrel’s capabilities include simulating internal flow, including within turbomachinery. Mixing plane methods are often used for modeling flow in gas turbine engine turbomachinery in order to evaluate multiple designs quickly. Because Kestrel’s mixing plane capabilities have been demonstrated in only limited cases, this research seeks to further validate the model using the Air Force Research Lab’s (AFRL) Rotor 4 fan. Extensive experimental data has been gathered for Rotor 4, allowing for in-depth comparisons to be made. Following the validation study, differences between the experimental results and the predictions from the mixing plane model are highlighted and discussed. These comparisons lead the authors to conclude that Kestrel’s mixing planes can be utilized to predict performance at various operating conditions and rotor speeds. This research serves to further Kestrel’s development and use by the Department of Defense (DoD) for aircraft acquisition. © 2018, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
941	a57189445479	Sanchez D.	p289	True	Conference	72	Microfluidic temperature behavior in a multi-material 3D printed chip	As analysis systems shrink in size to microfluidic scales and devices, there is a need to improve temperature control in the microscale for temperature-sensitive processes. Technology that combines accurate temperature measurement and 3D spatial control of the temperature distribution is limited by common 2D layer-based microfluidic fabrication techniques but can be realized with 3D printed microfluidic chips. This work presents an iterative process to create a microfluidic chip using multimaterial 3D printing to improve temperature sensing and create an even temperature around a target volume. Through an iterative process, verification is presented of fluorophore viability (specifically CdTe quantum dots) after being secured in place by cured PR48 3D printing resin, thus confirming the possibility of fluorescent thermometry as an accurate non-contact temperature sensing method. Numerical analyses of various geometries of chip design iterations are also presented verifying spatially even heating due to the placement of heating sources in the microfluidic chip. Combining the fluorescent thermometry and improved heating will lead to improved temperature control in microfluidic devices. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
942	a55812232700	Munro T.	p289	False	Conference	72	Microfluidic temperature behavior in a multi-material 3D printed chip	As analysis systems shrink in size to microfluidic scales and devices, there is a need to improve temperature control in the microscale for temperature-sensitive processes. Technology that combines accurate temperature measurement and 3D spatial control of the temperature distribution is limited by common 2D layer-based microfluidic fabrication techniques but can be realized with 3D printed microfluidic chips. This work presents an iterative process to create a microfluidic chip using multimaterial 3D printing to improve temperature sensing and create an even temperature around a target volume. Through an iterative process, verification is presented of fluorophore viability (specifically CdTe quantum dots) after being secured in place by cured PR48 3D printing resin, thus confirming the possibility of fluorescent thermometry as an accurate non-contact temperature sensing method. Numerical analyses of various geometries of chip design iterations are also presented verifying spatially even heating due to the placement of heating sources in the microfluidic chip. Combining the fluorescent thermometry and improved heating will lead to improved temperature control in microfluidic devices. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
942	a55812232700	Munro T.	p335	False	Conference	111	Thermal properties of thin film uranium oxides and thorium oxides	Uranium and thorium oxides have critical roles as fuels in existing nuclear power plants, as well as in proposed reactor concepts. The thermal conductivity of these materials determines their ability to transfer heat from the reactor core to the surrounding coolant. Additionally, these actinide compounds are of interest in condensed matter physics because of the 5f orbitals and unique electron interaction, coupling, and scattering events that can occur. Because of the radioactivity of thorium and uranium, thin film measurements of actinide materials are used to limit the amount of operator exposure, but standard thermal characterization methods are not well suited for thin films. This paper presents the process of depositing thin film UOx and ThOx samples of nm-μm thicknesses and the results of thermal property measurements. Thin films were deposited on silicon and glass substrates via dc-magnetron sputtering using an argon/oxygen mixture as the working gas. The thermal properties of the films were measured by the Thermal Conductivity Microscope (TCM). This uses one laser to generate thermal waves and a second laser to measure the magnitude and phases of the thermal waves to obtain the conductivity of materials. The results of the research show that the UOx film properties are lower than bulk values and that the role of the substrate has a considerable effect on determining the measured properties. Future work aims at improving the deposition process. Epitaxial film growth is planned. Additional understanding of thermal property measurements is targeted. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
942	a55812232700	Munro T.	p560	False	Conference	209	Thermal diffusivity measurements with fluorescent scanning microscope	[No abstract available]
942	a55812232700	Munro T.	p649	False	Journal	313	From lignocellulose to biocomposite: Multi-level modelling and experimental investigation of the thermal properties of kenaf fiber reinforced composites based on constituent materials	Natural fibers (such as kenaf) have garnered interest recently for use in composites because of their relatively high specific properties, low cost, and low environmental impact. Their thermal property information is limited, lacking experimental data on key properties such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, and CTE of the component fiber. This paper presents, for the first time, the thermal property data on kenaf fiber reinforced composites, and an approach to obtain the composite thermal properties based on constituent properties. Individual, plant-based fibers were measured independently and were then used to inform successful predictions of the effective thermal conductivity of the fiber reinforced composites. A unit cell model has been developed to predict the thermal properties of a planar, randomly oriented kenaf fiber-reinforced composite (near 22% volume fraction loading), which includes the effect of void content on the predicted thermal conductivity. A lower-level model is also developed for individual fiber thermal properties based on its constituents (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose). To validate this multi-level model, experimental measurements of the thermal diffusivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, and specific heat for the composite, the matrix, and the fibers were performed in the range from 30 °C to 160 °C, based on TMA, DSC, LFA, and transient electro-thermal (TET) techniques. Model results compare favorably with the experimental data, and are consistent with FEM modelling results based on fiber properties and fiber constituent materials (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose). This approach provides the basis for understanding component contribution to the fiber properties, as well as a technique to obtain fiber composite thermal property based on component properties. The composite thermal property data also fills an information gap and can be directly used in component design. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
942	a55812232700	Munro T.	p760	False	Journal	370	Thermal characterization of natural and synthetic spider silks by both the 3ω and transient electrothermal methods	Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity of three spider silks are measured in this paper as a benchmark for further studies. These silks include the major and minor ampullate silks of the Nephila clavipes spider, and a synthetic spider silk fiber made from recombinant dragline silk proteins purified from transgenic goats’ milk. Two complementary measurement techniques are employed in the thermal characterization of these microscale single fibers for self-verification. One is the transient electrothermal technique (TET) and the other is the 3ω method. Experimental measurements indicate that thermal properties of the dragline silk are very close to those of the minor ampullate silk, whereas the ones for the synthetic silk are much lower due in part to its low crystallinity. The directly measured thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity of the major and minor ampullate silks are 1.2–1.26 W m− 1 K− 1, 5.7–6 × 10− 7 m2 s− 1, and 2–2.17 MJm− 3 K− 1, respectively. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the as-spun synthetic silk are 0.24 W m− 1 K− 1 and 1.6 × 10− 7 m2 s− 1 respectively. As part of this study, a detailed comparison of the TET and 3ω methods is provided showing the complementary nature of the techniques and illustrating the strengths and weaknesses of each. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
942	a55812232700	Munro T.	p883	True	Journal	410	Thermophysical properties of thin fibers via photothermal quantum dot fluorescence spectral shape-based thermometry	To improve predictions of composite behavior under thermal loads, there is a need to measure the axial thermophysical properties of thin fibers. Current methods to accomplish this have prohibitively long lead times due to extensive sample preparation. This work details the use of quantum dots thermomarkers to measure the surface temperature of thin fibers in a non-contact manner and determine the fibers’ thermal diffusivity. Neural networks are trained on extracting the temperature of a sample from fluorescence spectra in calibrated, steady-state conditions, based on different spectral features such as peak intensity and peak wavelength. The trained neural networks are then used to reconstruct the evolution of the surface temperature in transient heating experiments. In order to determine the thermal properties of a thin fiber, modulated laser heating is applied and an FFT-based method is used to extract the phase and amplitude response of the temperature field at the modulation frequency. The spatiotemporal dependence of the fluorescence signal, obtained by scanning the distance between the excitation and detection laser spots and varying the frequency response due to an axial scan and a frequency scan, is then curve-fit to the resulting decay curves by a photothermal model in order to determine the thermal diffusivity of the fiber. The measured thermal diffusivity (3.3 ± 0.8 × 10−7 m2 s−1) of a synthetic spider silk fiber by the current method has similar properties to other synthetic silk fibers, and demonstrates the ability of the current method to more rapidly measure thermophysical properties of thin fibers. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
943	a57192955909	La A.	p291	True	Conference	73	Identifying mode shapes of turbo-machinery blades using principal component analysis and support vector machines	Manually identifying mode shapes generated from finite element solvers images is an expensive task. This paper proposes an automated process to identify mode shapes from gray-scale images of compressor blades within a jetengine. This work introduces mode shape identification using principal component analysis (PCA), similar to approaches in facial and other recognition tasks in computer vision. This technique calculates the projected values of potentially linearly correlated values onto P-linearly orthogonal axes, where P is the number of principal axes that define a subset space. Classification was done using support vector machines (SVM). Using the PCA and SVM algorithm, approximately 5300 training images representative of 16 different modes were used to create a classifier. The classifier achieved on average 98% accuracy when tested using a test set of approximately 2000 images given P D 70. The results suggest that using digital images to perform mode shape identification can be achieved with high accuracy. Potential generalization of this method could be applied to other engineering design and analysis applications. © The Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc. 2019.
943	a57192955909	La A.	p715	False	Journal	352	Methods for determining the optimal number of simultaneous contributors for multi-user CAD parts	The development of multi-user CAD (MUCAD) tools has opened up exciting new opportunities and applications. The capability for multiple users to simultaneously model and design a CAD part has far-reaching potential. However, many basic questions remains unanswered, such as how many users should work together on a given part. This research proposes and develops a set of methods to determine the optimal number of users for a given part within a MUCAD environment, based on the characteristics of the part itself. Two candidate models are evaluated with a set of 60 experiments with design teams composed of different numbers of users. The models show modest correlations with the test data while more-refined models are explored to improve predictive power. On the other hand, highly significant correlations between the ability to predict completion time and multi-user team size were identified in the experimental data. Observations regarding the speed and quality of MUCAD teams are also made with future areas of research suggested. © 2017 CAD Solutions, LLC.
944	a55161739600	Howell B.	p292	True	Conference	74	New uses of instagram in design history education	Last year we initiated the use of Instagram into our design history course at an introductory level. This year we explored further integration of Instagram as an academic tool. This study included twenty-two undergraduate participants who prototyped five new classroom uses of Instagram: posting full student presentations, utilising Instagram desktop view as the primary in-class presentation tool, employing templates enabling a cohesive visual identity and a simple search process, and methods to enhance student comments. We surveyed course participants mid-semester asking students about their personal Instagram use, the value and purpose they felt Instagram had in the course, and on the usefulness of the presentation templates. We learned that while the majority of students use Instagram in their daily life, few of them make comments on personal or course posts and will only do so for credit. We also learned that while students might not enjoy using Instagram in the course, they find it of value and highly meaningful. Finally, the students prefer using formatted templates over an open style like PowerPoint to build their presentations in. These templates enabled the students to post their full presentations and created a visual cohesiveness for the account while providing a rudimentary search process for individual posts. We will continue using Instagram in future courses with the exception of requiring comments. We believe that students will reference their class posts in years to come, and as they do, it will re-enforce their design knowledge and provide evidence of their personal growth. © 2019 Institution of Engineering Designers, The Design Society. All rights reserved.
944	a55161739600	Howell B.	p293	False	Conference	75	Exploring play interventions in design education	This study reports a collection of surveyed responses from industrial design students at Brigham Young University over six semesters regarding high levels of perceived stress in a competitive class environment, and it outlines playful interventions in coursework and classroom settings to measure if play can make any significant impact on students’ perceptions of stress and feelings of frustration. This study is inspired by existing play studies that continue to demonstrate the positive relationship between the freedom to be playful and psychological wellbeing. The methods used in this study include a consolidation of 99 anonymous free-response student surveys over the course of six semesters that are organised in terms of stress level and frustration word indicators. These comments provide a historical baseline for understanding the student perceptions of their classroom learning experience as it relates to their emotional wellbeing. We then compare those comments with comments made after a semester of playful interventions to discover how they differ. The results indicate that levels of “stress” and “frustration” were decreased with playful interventions, however students spent more hours outside of class lecture on their assignments and the overall student course rating nominally decreased. These results are discussed as well as how pedagogical changes to traditional classroom environments such as this may not only impact stress and frustration but also significantly contribute to the holistic learning experience for university students. © 2019 Institution of Engineering Designers, The Design Society. All rights reserved.
944	a55161739600	Howell B.	p294	False	Conference	76	Exploring the moral differences, between industrial design, engineering and entrepreneurship students	Over the last two years our industrial design programme has been involved in a number of interdisciplinary team projects. We have observed that in successful teams, the education and skills of team members matters less than how the team members interact, structure their work and view their contributions. We believe that there are distinct and innate differences between students in different academic disciplines when it comes to moral positions and these differences in worldview inherently causes friction in interdisciplinary teams. Consequently, we feel that if students could understand these differences extrinsically, they could potentially improve their experience within their interdisciplinary team work. We ran a pilot study with students from Brigham Young University comparing the industrial design, engineering and entrepreneurship majors using The Moral Foundations Questionnaire (Graham, Haidt & Nosek, 2008) This survey measures five facets of one’s moral position: Care/Harm, Fairness/Reciprocity, In-group/Loyalty, Authority/Respect and Sanctity/Purity. Results show that designers scored higher in liberal values than their more conservative leaning engineering and business student counterparts. These results support our hypothesis. Understanding the fundamental value differences between disciplinary training should reduce friction and enhance interdisciplinary team communication. This ability to appreciate other mindsets in order to communicate and effectively design with individuals from differing disciplines will be an “essential skill for workers in the coming decades” (Colombo and Grilli, 2005). © 2019 Institution of Engineering Designers, The Design Society. All rights reserved.
944	a55161739600	Howell B.	p564	False	Conference	213	Using instagram to increase student engagement with design history	In today’s rapidly evolving design disciplines, design history students should demonstrate an understanding of the social and cultural impact of design of both historical and contemporary designers and their methods. To increase student engagement with design history and discourse, we prototyped a new format for our design history course in Brigham Young University’s Industrial Design department. Our goal was to enable students to process designs they encounter, both in person and social media, through a critical and cultural perspective, and then turn those lenses towards their own design work with greater social and cultural awareness. To do this, we utilized Instagram as the primary platform (@byudesignhistory) for course discussion and altered the way we framed student assignments. This new curriculum was prototyped in the spring of 2018. Outcomes were measured by monitoring student engagement, responses, and comprehension scores on verbal and written assignments and examinations. Students also responded to a series of reviews to gather their perspectives on the class. Results indicate an increase in their understanding of the cultural position design holds in a way that was absent in student results from the previous course structure. If our course interventions are effective, students should move from concrete to abstract knowledge as well as from lower order to higher order thinking skills. Students will thus be better prepared to assess, understand and discuss both current and historical design cultures and trends while influencing their own design work through an informed perspective. © 2018 Institution of Engineering Designers The Design Society. All Rights Reserved.
944	a55161739600	Howell B.	p565	False	Conference	214	Increasing the educational impact following a field study programme	Design students return from field trips abroad brimming with new ideas and a greater understanding of their chosen discipline. However, if their observations and knowledge are not soon applied, the students hold only fond memories of a fun trip abroad. We believe that student’s retention and application of concepts will increase if educators give students greater autonomy on the trip and also expect and enable opportunities to apply their accrued knowledge on their own projects upon returning home. Nine third and fourth-year industrial design students Brigham Young University participated in a weeklong field study abroad to Dutch Design Week (DDW) in Eindhoven, Netherlands. A week after the completion of the study abroad the students filled out a survey about their motivations, feelings, criticisms, and aspects of the trip that influenced them as designers. Three and a half months later the students took a second survey asking about how they have applied insights gained from participation in DDW to their current projects. The results from the both surveys suggest the impact of the field study trip decreased over time. The observations and more open-ended questions in the survey helped determine if and how the students applied their conceptual knowledge to their current projects as well as other outcomes of the trip. In addition, the paper suggests possible strategies and research opportunities for future field study experiences. © 2018 Institution of Engineering Designers The Design Society. All Rights Reserved.
944	a55161739600	Howell B.	p646	False	Conference	278	Application of “CODeve” methodology in transatlantic student design project	COllaborative DEsign in Virtual Environment (CODEVE) is a teaching methodology developed within the European Global Product Realisation (EGPR) course over a number of years. It was developed to establish suitable teaching practice to educate students on efficient design methods in a distributed product realisation projects in conjunction with an industrial partner. Students work in international teams formed from multiple partner universities. Communication is primarily through video-conferencing and other synchronous and asynchronous means of communication to perform design tasks including the vision, conceptual design, detail design and prototyping. Students ultimately meet during the final workshop at the end of the course to assemble and test prototypes and to disseminate their work to the company and wider public. The CODEVE methodology was tested in the Erasmus+ funded project called Networked Activities for Realisation of Innovative Products (NARIP) from 2015-2107. It has been implemented in academic institution in Europe. This paper discusses applicability of this methodology in the project which connects universities and industry across the Atlantic. Three universities are participating this year: Brigham Young University from Utah, USA with Industrial Design students, University of Technology and Economics of Budapest in Hungary with product design students and City, University of London from the UK with mechanical, aeronautical and electrical engineering students. The industrial partner is Black Diamond, a global company based in Utah, USA, while the manufacturing of prototypes and final workshop are hosted at City, University of London. Time difference, culture and the discipline of study make implementation of CODEVE methodology in this transatlantic project more difficult than if the project is kept within European Universities. This paper outlines challenges and learning outcomes of students on both sides of Atlantic. Recommendations to modifications in CODEVE methodology to suit transatlantic projects are discussed in the paper. © 2018 Institution of Engineering Designers The Design Society. All Rights Reserved.
944	a55161739600	Howell B.	p797	True	Conference	334	Design education and the new culture of design centric intellectual property	This paper addresses the relevance of integrating intellectual property (IP) rights studies within contemporary industrial design studio courses. As recently as 2014, an article on design and IP argues that “recent legal and cultural evolutions within the United States Intellectual Property system”… “do not favour student inventors and hinder their ability to protect their creative work” and students would be better served using their resources on more fruitful pursuits. However, IP culture surrounding Design Patents/Design Rights has substantially changed in the last decade and it is time for this position to be readdressed. This paper reviews the reframing of Brigham Young University’s third-year industrial design studio course to include training on IP. It appraises the current state of IP training in design schools and how design related IP has markedly shifted in recent years. It outlines basic IP exercises and introduces case studies for the four the primary types of IP: Copyrights, Trademarks, Design and Utility Patents. Students are exposed to two opposing mindsets regarding IP: the traditional position that views IP as a defensive tool to build a fence around an individual’s rights; and more importantly, how to use IP as a collaborative bridge between other market players enabling meaningful market offerings.
944	a55161739600	Howell B.	p798	False	Conference	335	Integrating a multidisciplinary design methods mindset into classroom practice	Sanders and Stappers (2013) propose a new interpretation of design disciplines that is not delineated by traditional fields such as industrial design, graphic design, or architecture, but by themes focusing on “people in the context of their lives” such as design for sustainability and design for well-being. Howell, Stark, et al (2016) teaches that multiple design fields May be employed in tandem to explore human centered design projects. This mindset allows for more holistic design solutions. When students are introduced to this framework, they are opened up to more flexibility in their design process and potential solutions. This paper outlines an industrial design student’s self-directed thesis project on encouraging self-compassionate thought patterns. We will examine how the process was affected by viewing the project as a multidisciplinary design field challenge instead of a traditional form, color and material-driven industrial design challenge. Importantly, the paper will discuss how research and design methods from industrial design, graphic design, interaction design, storytelling, and psychological science played into the creation of a meaningful designed project and experience. The paper concludes with several suggestions for integrating multidisciplinary design methods into classroom practice.
944	a55161739600	Howell B.	p799	False	Conference	336	Using local invasive species and flora to manufacture collagen based biodegradable plastic tableware	This paper explains how we designed, developed and tested a locally sourced; environmentally sensitive, biodegradable collagen plastic. It discusses the creation of simple moulds for manufacturing tableware and the accompanying workshop proving the viability of both the process and product. Tests were conducted using commercially available collagen materials to understand its attributes. A unique formulation was developed from hides of local agricultural vermin and powders derived from invasive flora. Plaster and concrete moulds were created for the manufacture of simple tableware. A workshop occurred were 12 participants tested the quality of the plastic, the robustness of the moulds, the simplicity of the manufacturing process and the aesthetics of the tableware. Finally, four of the bowls were successfully tested for bio-degradability and fully degraded within 12 weeks of contact with soil. The workshop demonstrated the success of all aspects of the process and how this development process could be used in emerging communities globally to encourage local manufacture of sustainable products.
945	a57211281996	Siebert J.	p292	False	Conference	74	New uses of instagram in design history education	Last year we initiated the use of Instagram into our design history course at an introductory level. This year we explored further integration of Instagram as an academic tool. This study included twenty-two undergraduate participants who prototyped five new classroom uses of Instagram: posting full student presentations, utilising Instagram desktop view as the primary in-class presentation tool, employing templates enabling a cohesive visual identity and a simple search process, and methods to enhance student comments. We surveyed course participants mid-semester asking students about their personal Instagram use, the value and purpose they felt Instagram had in the course, and on the usefulness of the presentation templates. We learned that while the majority of students use Instagram in their daily life, few of them make comments on personal or course posts and will only do so for credit. We also learned that while students might not enjoy using Instagram in the course, they find it of value and highly meaningful. Finally, the students prefer using formatted templates over an open style like PowerPoint to build their presentations in. These templates enabled the students to post their full presentations and created a visual cohesiveness for the account while providing a rudimentary search process for individual posts. We will continue using Instagram in future courses with the exception of requiring comments. We believe that students will reference their class posts in years to come, and as they do, it will re-enforce their design knowledge and provide evidence of their personal growth. © 2019 Institution of Engineering Designers, The Design Society. All rights reserved.
946	a57211282830	Hill M.	p292	False	Conference	74	New uses of instagram in design history education	Last year we initiated the use of Instagram into our design history course at an introductory level. This year we explored further integration of Instagram as an academic tool. This study included twenty-two undergraduate participants who prototyped five new classroom uses of Instagram: posting full student presentations, utilising Instagram desktop view as the primary in-class presentation tool, employing templates enabling a cohesive visual identity and a simple search process, and methods to enhance student comments. We surveyed course participants mid-semester asking students about their personal Instagram use, the value and purpose they felt Instagram had in the course, and on the usefulness of the presentation templates. We learned that while the majority of students use Instagram in their daily life, few of them make comments on personal or course posts and will only do so for credit. We also learned that while students might not enjoy using Instagram in the course, they find it of value and highly meaningful. Finally, the students prefer using formatted templates over an open style like PowerPoint to build their presentations in. These templates enabled the students to post their full presentations and created a visual cohesiveness for the account while providing a rudimentary search process for individual posts. We will continue using Instagram in future courses with the exception of requiring comments. We believe that students will reference their class posts in years to come, and as they do, it will re-enforce their design knowledge and provide evidence of their personal growth. © 2019 Institution of Engineering Designers, The Design Society. All rights reserved.
947	a57204903122	Hazen G.	p293	True	Conference	75	Exploring play interventions in design education	This study reports a collection of surveyed responses from industrial design students at Brigham Young University over six semesters regarding high levels of perceived stress in a competitive class environment, and it outlines playful interventions in coursework and classroom settings to measure if play can make any significant impact on students’ perceptions of stress and feelings of frustration. This study is inspired by existing play studies that continue to demonstrate the positive relationship between the freedom to be playful and psychological wellbeing. The methods used in this study include a consolidation of 99 anonymous free-response student surveys over the course of six semesters that are organised in terms of stress level and frustration word indicators. These comments provide a historical baseline for understanding the student perceptions of their classroom learning experience as it relates to their emotional wellbeing. We then compare those comments with comments made after a semester of playful interventions to discover how they differ. The results indicate that levels of “stress” and “frustration” were decreased with playful interventions, however students spent more hours outside of class lecture on their assignments and the overall student course rating nominally decreased. These results are discussed as well as how pedagogical changes to traditional classroom environments such as this may not only impact stress and frustration but also significantly contribute to the holistic learning experience for university students. © 2019 Institution of Engineering Designers, The Design Society. All rights reserved.
947	a57204903122	Hazen G.	p646	False	Conference	278	Application of “CODeve” methodology in transatlantic student design project	COllaborative DEsign in Virtual Environment (CODEVE) is a teaching methodology developed within the European Global Product Realisation (EGPR) course over a number of years. It was developed to establish suitable teaching practice to educate students on efficient design methods in a distributed product realisation projects in conjunction with an industrial partner. Students work in international teams formed from multiple partner universities. Communication is primarily through video-conferencing and other synchronous and asynchronous means of communication to perform design tasks including the vision, conceptual design, detail design and prototyping. Students ultimately meet during the final workshop at the end of the course to assemble and test prototypes and to disseminate their work to the company and wider public. The CODEVE methodology was tested in the Erasmus+ funded project called Networked Activities for Realisation of Innovative Products (NARIP) from 2015-2107. It has been implemented in academic institution in Europe. This paper discusses applicability of this methodology in the project which connects universities and industry across the Atlantic. Three universities are participating this year: Brigham Young University from Utah, USA with Industrial Design students, University of Technology and Economics of Budapest in Hungary with product design students and City, University of London from the UK with mechanical, aeronautical and electrical engineering students. The industrial partner is Black Diamond, a global company based in Utah, USA, while the manufacturing of prototypes and final workshop are hosted at City, University of London. Time difference, culture and the discipline of study make implementation of CODEVE methodology in this transatlantic project more difficult than if the project is kept within European Universities. This paper outlines challenges and learning outcomes of students on both sides of Atlantic. Recommendations to modifications in CODEVE methodology to suit transatlantic projects are discussed in the paper. © 2018 Institution of Engineering Designers The Design Society. All Rights Reserved.
948	a57187178400	Morgan D.	p293	False	Conference	75	Exploring play interventions in design education	This study reports a collection of surveyed responses from industrial design students at Brigham Young University over six semesters regarding high levels of perceived stress in a competitive class environment, and it outlines playful interventions in coursework and classroom settings to measure if play can make any significant impact on students’ perceptions of stress and feelings of frustration. This study is inspired by existing play studies that continue to demonstrate the positive relationship between the freedom to be playful and psychological wellbeing. The methods used in this study include a consolidation of 99 anonymous free-response student surveys over the course of six semesters that are organised in terms of stress level and frustration word indicators. These comments provide a historical baseline for understanding the student perceptions of their classroom learning experience as it relates to their emotional wellbeing. We then compare those comments with comments made after a semester of playful interventions to discover how they differ. The results indicate that levels of “stress” and “frustration” were decreased with playful interventions, however students spent more hours outside of class lecture on their assignments and the overall student course rating nominally decreased. These results are discussed as well as how pedagogical changes to traditional classroom environments such as this may not only impact stress and frustration but also significantly contribute to the holistic learning experience for university students. © 2019 Institution of Engineering Designers, The Design Society. All rights reserved.
948	a57187178400	Morgan D.	p484	False	Conference	176	Outreach potential of displaying research artifacts in art museums	This paper explores how displaying engineering research artifacts in art museums can facilitate expanded outreach opportunities. A combination of visual art and innovative engineering offers an unusual opportunity to engage a wide spectrum of society. To evaluate the potential, faculty and students collaborated with the Brigham Young University Museum of Art to create a museum exhibition that connected the art of origami to engineering, math, science, and product design. A framework is introduced that includes the creation of a museum exhibition; and once the initial investment is made to create the central exhibition, the results are efficiently used to extend outreach efforts through first-generation products (coincident with the exhibition) and then through second-generation products (after the exhibition). The paper describes a detailed example of this framework and provides evidence to support the concept that displaying research artifacts in an art museum can expand research opportunities. Products from the exhibition that provided expanded outreach opportunities include the following: an exhibit catalog originally created for the gift shop that was expanded for publication with a national publisher; a tablet/smart phone app that includes origami instructions followed by related engineering activities, which has had broad use beyond the museum activity room; a video that was prepared for museum patrons but has since been made available to larger audiences; materials created for hands-on museum activities that were used for outreach activities after the exhibition; and leverage for industry visits that led to additional applications and research projects. This paper describes the museum exhibition, the first- and second-generation products, the impact of each product, and the benefits and pitfalls of using a museum exhibition to extend outreach impact. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
948	a57187178400	Morgan D.	p796	True	Conference	333	Sell it: Design project assessment by the public	This investigation contributes to design assessment practice by examining how public assessment can enhance project-based learning. Project-based learning is designed to provide students with an opportunity to engage in authentic problem finding and solving. Students often become very involved with the specifics of their project without always noticing what they are learning. As such, it becomes essential to engage them in reflection during the process and at the completion of the project. A constellation of formative and summative assessment activities that include self, group, and instructor, can aid the learner in this contemplation. We propose that public assessment in the form of a student-run sale can provide distinctive feedback to students. Our experience with student-run retail sales over multiple years has lead us to identify some unique characteristics of this type of public assessment. These include a positive effect on student motivation, independent validation in a face-to-face setting, and providing direct consumer feedback to students. In this paper we discuss assessment practice as it relates to the sale and review student reflections on the experience to determine its usefulness.
949	a57211282935	Hamilton M.	p294	True	Conference	76	Exploring the moral differences, between industrial design, engineering and entrepreneurship students	Over the last two years our industrial design programme has been involved in a number of interdisciplinary team projects. We have observed that in successful teams, the education and skills of team members matters less than how the team members interact, structure their work and view their contributions. We believe that there are distinct and innate differences between students in different academic disciplines when it comes to moral positions and these differences in worldview inherently causes friction in interdisciplinary teams. Consequently, we feel that if students could understand these differences extrinsically, they could potentially improve their experience within their interdisciplinary team work. We ran a pilot study with students from Brigham Young University comparing the industrial design, engineering and entrepreneurship majors using The Moral Foundations Questionnaire (Graham, Haidt & Nosek, 2008) This survey measures five facets of one’s moral position: Care/Harm, Fairness/Reciprocity, In-group/Loyalty, Authority/Respect and Sanctity/Purity. Results show that designers scored higher in liberal values than their more conservative leaning engineering and business student counterparts. These results support our hypothesis. Understanding the fundamental value differences between disciplinary training should reduce friction and enhance interdisciplinary team communication. This ability to appreciate other mindsets in order to communicate and effectively design with individuals from differing disciplines will be an “essential skill for workers in the coming decades” (Colombo and Grilli, 2005). © 2019 Institution of Engineering Designers, The Design Society. All rights reserved.
950	a57216747100	Korimi M.	p295	True	Conference	77	Progress on static structures for leaky mode waveguides	This work reports progress toward increased field of view from multi-order leaky mode devices. Specifically, we move from our previously published simulation toward physical instantiation including a glass-based test rig. ©2019TheAuthor(s)
951	a57216739000	Adams M.R.	p295	False	Conference	77	Progress on static structures for leaky mode waveguides	This work reports progress toward increased field of view from multi-order leaky mode devices. Specifically, we move from our previously published simulation toward physical instantiation including a glass-based test rig. ©2019TheAuthor(s)
952	a57212553003	Pham H.	p298	False	Conference	80	Cooperating in long-term relationships with time-varying structure	Extended interactions between agents have commonly been studied in the context of repeated games (RGs), in which the same players repeatedly interact in the same scenario. However, such interactions are uncommon in practice. Typically, the players' goals, action sets, and payoffs change from encounter to encounter, often in ways the players cannot easily model or control. These more realistic interactions, which we model as a form of stochastic game called interaction games (IGs), have attributes which prohibit the straightforward application of many often-used algorithms developed for RGs. In this paper, we generalize several algorithms previously designed for RGs, and explore their behavior and performance in IGs. Our results suggest that at least some of the methodologies designed for RGs can, with some modifications, be extended to IGs. © 2019 International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (www.ifaamas.org). All rights reserved.
953	a57200205435	Schroedter T.L.	p299	False	Conference	81	Modeling pressurized dense phase coal fluidization and transport	A transient gas-solid model based on CPFD Software’s Barracuda Virtual Reactor was developed for a feed system to a pilot-scale pressurized oxy-coal (POC) reactor. A simplified geometry with a vertical coal hopper feeding into a 0.635-cm diameter horizontal pipe was used to represent key elements of the feed system. Coal particles were transported with 20-atm CO2 gas. The feed system was required to maintain a steady flow of gas and solids at a coal flow rate of approximately 3.8 g/s and a CO2 to coal mass ratio in the range 1-2. Sensitivity of model results to mesh size and particle interaction sub-model settings was assessed. Two design concepts were evaluated. A gravity-fed concept was found to be infeasible due to inadequate coal flow rates even at very high CO2 to coal flow ratios. This was due to gravitational forces being insufficient to move the pressurized coal from the hopper into the CO2 stream at the desired rate. A fluidized bed concept was found to provide the desired coal flow rate and CO2 to coal flow ratio. CO2 injected at the hopper base first fluidized the vertical coal bed before transporting it through a horizontal exit pipe. A second CO2 inlet downstream of the hopper exit pipe was used to dilute the fluidized coal and increase pipe velocities to minimize coal drop out. The amount of coal transported from the hopper was dependent on the net CO2 hopper flow but independent of the CO2 dilution flow. This meant that the coal flow rate and CO2 to coal flow ratio could be controlled independently. Pipe exit coal flow rates were found to fluctuate at levels acceptable for steady burner operation. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
953	a57200205435	Schroedter T.L.	p813	True	Conference	348	Modeling a pressurized coal feed system	A gas-solid model was developed for a feed system to a pressurized oxy-coal (POC) reactor utilizing the multiphase particle-in-cell (MP-PIC) method. The model was created using CPFD Software's Barracuda Virtual Reactor 17.2.0. The geometry of the feed system was simple and contained a vertical standpipe of five inches feeding into a horizontal pipe of twelve inches. The coal particles from the standpipe were transported into the reactor with gas. To ensure appropriate combustion in the reactor, the feed system needed to maintain both a steady flow rate of gas and solids in the pipe and uniform distribution of solids through the cross-section of the channel. Steadiness was determined by the mass flow rate of the coal leaving the feed system. Uniformity was assessed by plotting gas and particle velocities at the end of the channel. The uniformity and steadiness of the flow was assessed for different grid sizes, starting pressure and boundary conditions, and other parameters within Barracuda.
954	a57203241931	Smith T.	p300	False	Conference	82	A usability study of five two-factor authentication methods	Two-factor authentication (2FA) defends against account compromise. An account secured with 2FA typically requires an individual to authenticate using something they know-typically a password-as well as something they have, such as a cell phone or hardware token. Many 2FA methods in widespread use today have not been subjected to adequate usability testing. Furthermore, previous 2FA usability research is difficult to compare due to widely-varying contexts across different studies. We conducted a two-week, between-subjects usability study of five common 2FA methods with 72 participants, collecting both quantitative and qualitative data. Participants logged into a simulated banking website nearly every day using 2FA and completed an assigned task. Participants generally gave high marks to the methods studied, and many expressed an interest in using 2FA to provide more security for their sensitive online accounts. We also conducted a within-subjects laboratory study with 30 participants to assess the general usability of the setup procedure for the five methods. While a few participants experienced difficulty setting up a hardware token and a one-time password, in general, users found the methods easy to set up. © is held by the author/owner.
954	a57203241931	Smith T.	p471	False	Conference	173	A Tale of Two Studies: The Best and Worst of YubiKey Usability	Two-factor authentication (2FA) significantly improves the security of password-based authentication. Recently, there has been increased interest in Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) security keys-small hardware devices that require users to press a button on the security key to authenticate. To examine the usability of security keys in non-enterprise usage, we conducted two user studies of the YubiKey, a popular line of U2F security keys. The first study tasked 31 participants with configuring a Windows, Google, and Facebook account to authenticate using a YubiKey. This study revealed problems with setup instructions and workflow including users locking themselves out of their operating system or thinking they had successfully enabled 2FA when they had not. In contrast, the second study had 25 participants use a YubiKey in their daily lives over a period of four weeks, revealing that participants generally enjoyed the experience. Conducting both a laboratory and longitudinal study yielded insights into the usability of security keys that would not have been evident from either study in isolation. Based on our analysis, we recommend standardizing the setup process, enabling verification of success, allowing shared accounts, integrating with operating systems, and preventing lockouts. © 2018 IEEE.
955	a57212168814	Armknecht J.	p300	False	Conference	82	A usability study of five two-factor authentication methods	Two-factor authentication (2FA) defends against account compromise. An account secured with 2FA typically requires an individual to authenticate using something they know-typically a password-as well as something they have, such as a cell phone or hardware token. Many 2FA methods in widespread use today have not been subjected to adequate usability testing. Furthermore, previous 2FA usability research is difficult to compare due to widely-varying contexts across different studies. We conducted a two-week, between-subjects usability study of five common 2FA methods with 72 participants, collecting both quantitative and qualitative data. Participants logged into a simulated banking website nearly every day using 2FA and completed an assigned task. Participants generally gave high marks to the methods studied, and many expressed an interest in using 2FA to provide more security for their sensitive online accounts. We also conducted a within-subjects laboratory study with 30 participants to assess the general usability of the setup procedure for the five methods. While a few participants experienced difficulty setting up a hardware token and a one-time password, in general, users found the methods easy to set up. © is held by the author/owner.
956	a57212172095	Cameron J.	p300	False	Conference	82	A usability study of five two-factor authentication methods	Two-factor authentication (2FA) defends against account compromise. An account secured with 2FA typically requires an individual to authenticate using something they know-typically a password-as well as something they have, such as a cell phone or hardware token. Many 2FA methods in widespread use today have not been subjected to adequate usability testing. Furthermore, previous 2FA usability research is difficult to compare due to widely-varying contexts across different studies. We conducted a two-week, between-subjects usability study of five common 2FA methods with 72 participants, collecting both quantitative and qualitative data. Participants logged into a simulated banking website nearly every day using 2FA and completed an assigned task. Participants generally gave high marks to the methods studied, and many expressed an interest in using 2FA to provide more security for their sensitive online accounts. We also conducted a within-subjects laboratory study with 30 participants to assess the general usability of the setup procedure for the five methods. While a few participants experienced difficulty setting up a hardware token and a one-time password, in general, users found the methods easy to set up. © is held by the author/owner.
957	a57205292526	Rogers W.	p301	True	Journal	121	Improving photophoretic trap volumetric displays [Invited]	Since the introduction of optical trap displays in 2018, there has been significant interest in further developing this technology. In an effort to channel interest in the most productive directions, this work seeks to illuminate those areas that, in the authors’ opinion, are most critical to the ultimate success of optical trap displays as a platform for aerial 3D imaging. These areas include trapping, scanning, scaling, robustness, safety, and occlusion. © 2019 Optical Society of America
957	a57205292526	Rogers W.	p562	False	Conference	211	Progress on photophoretic trap displays	We review the fundamentals photophoretic trap displays and discuss the possibility of creating occlusion capable image points. Anisotropic scattering is observed independently in single and double point traps. © 2018 The Author(s).
957	a57205292526	Rogers W.	p591	False	Conference	234	Volumetric display by movement of particles trapped in a laser via photophoresis	Photophoresis can stably hold opaque microscopic particles in a laser focus surrounded by room air with strength sufficient to enable centimeter-scale patterns to be drawn by sweeping the laser beam. The resulting images rely on visual persistence as laser light scatters from the particle, which is rapidly swept through the 3-D pattern. Control can be maintained while moving the particle with air speeds up to 2 m/s. A desire to greatly increase the sweep speed motivates a re-examination of the fundamentals of photophoresis-based laser-particle traps. Most explanations offered are qualitative, with differing opinions as to whether, for example, asymmetric heating or asymmetric thermal accommodation is primarily at work. Which particles become trapped in the beam is typically based on self-selection, as a variety of particles with possible differing shapes and sizes are offered to the laser focus for capture. Characteristics that make some particles preferred over others are especially relevant. There is broad consensus that structure in the laser focus greatly aids in stable trapping. Nevertheless, it is still possible for even a relatively smooth TEM00 beam to capture and hold particles. Moreover, even in a structured focus (i.e. with aberrations and local intensity minima and maxima), questions remain as to exactly how a particle becomes stably trapped in certain beam locations. A zoomed-in look at trapped particles reveals oscillations or orbits with excursions over tens of microns and accelerations up to 10 gs. We trapped particles in zero-gravity as well as 2-g environments with no noticeable difference in stability. © 2018 SPIE.
958	a57195066838	Neupane A.	p302	True	Conference	83	Designing emergent swarm behaviors using behavior trees and grammatical evolution	Results show that a recursively defined BT-based grammar, built from common agent behaviors, can be used by the GEESE algorithm to evolve solutions to single-source foraging task. Because of the difficulty of solving the credit assignment problem, bootstrapping methods must be added to the fitness function to find solutions in reasonable time. © 2019 International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (www.ifaamas.org). All rights reserved.
958	a57195066838	Neupane A.	p567	True	Conference	216	GEESE: Grammatical evolution algorithm for evolution of swarm behaviors	[No abstract available]
959	a57212106357	Clinton R.	p303	False	Conference	84	Is that you, Alice? A usability study of the authentication ceremony of secure messaging applications	The effective security provided by secure messaging applications depends heavily on users completing an authentication ceremony-a sequence of manual operations enabling users to verify they are indeed communicating with one another. Unfortunately, evidence to date suggests users are unable to do this. Accordingly, we study in detail how well users can locate and complete the authentication ceremony when they are aware of the need for authentication. We execute a two-phase study involving 36 pairs of participants, using three popular messaging applications with support for secure messaging functionality: WhatsApp, Viber, and Facebook Messenger. The first phase included instruction about potential threats, while the second phase also included instructions about the importance of the authentication ceremony. We find that, across the three apps, the average success rates of finding and completing the authentication ceremony increases from 14% to 79% from the first to second phase, with second-phase success rates as high as 96% for Viber. However, the time required to find and complete the ceremony is undesirably long from a usability standpoint, and our data is inconclusive on whether users make the connection between this ceremony and the security guarantees it brings. We discuss in detail the success rates, task timings, and user feedback for each application, as well as common mistakes and user grievances. We conclude by exploring user threat models, finding significant gaps in user awareness and understanding. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All rights reserved.
960	a57212103171	Whitehead J.	p303	False	Conference	84	Is that you, Alice? A usability study of the authentication ceremony of secure messaging applications	The effective security provided by secure messaging applications depends heavily on users completing an authentication ceremony-a sequence of manual operations enabling users to verify they are indeed communicating with one another. Unfortunately, evidence to date suggests users are unable to do this. Accordingly, we study in detail how well users can locate and complete the authentication ceremony when they are aware of the need for authentication. We execute a two-phase study involving 36 pairs of participants, using three popular messaging applications with support for secure messaging functionality: WhatsApp, Viber, and Facebook Messenger. The first phase included instruction about potential threats, while the second phase also included instructions about the importance of the authentication ceremony. We find that, across the three apps, the average success rates of finding and completing the authentication ceremony increases from 14% to 79% from the first to second phase, with second-phase success rates as high as 96% for Viber. However, the time required to find and complete the ceremony is undesirably long from a usability standpoint, and our data is inconclusive on whether users make the connection between this ceremony and the security guarantees it brings. We discuss in detail the success rates, task timings, and user feedback for each application, as well as common mistakes and user grievances. We conclude by exploring user threat models, finding significant gaps in user awareness and understanding. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All rights reserved.
960	a57212103171	Whitehead J.	p305	False	Conference	86	Action needed! Helping users find and complete the authentication ceremony in signal	The security guarantees of secure messaging applications are contingent upon users performing an authentication ceremony, which typically involves verifying the fingerprints of encryption keys. However, recent lab studies have shown that users are unable to do this without being told in advance about the ceremony and its importance. A recent study showed that even with this instruction, the time it takes users to find and complete the ceremony is excessively long-about 11 minutes. To remedy these problems, we modified Signal to include prompts for the ceremony and also simplified the ceremony itself. To gauge the effect of these changes, we conducted a between-subject user study involving 30 pairs of participants. Our study methodology includes no user training and only a small performance bonus to encourage the secure behavior. Our results show that users are able to both find and complete the ceremony more quickly in our new version of Signal. Despite these improvements, many users are still unsure or confused about the purpose of the authentication ceremony. We discuss the need for better risk communication and methods to promote trust. © 2018 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
960	a57212103171	Whitehead J.	p557	False	Conference	206	The secure socket API: TLS as an operating system service	SSL/TLS libraries are notoriously hard for developers to use, leaving system administrators at the mercy of buggy and vulnerable applications. We explore the use of the standard POSIX socket API as a vehicle for a simplified TLS API, while also giving administrators the ability to control applications and tailor TLS configuration to their needs. We first assess OpenSSL and its uses in open source software, recommending how this functionality should be accommodated within the POSIX API. We then propose the Secure Socket API (SSA), a minimalist TLS API built using existing network functions and find that it can be employed by existing network applications by modifications requiring as little as one line of code. We next describe a prototype SSA implementation that leverages network system calls to provide privilege separation and support for other programming languages. We end with a discussion of the benefits and limitations of the SSA and our accompanying implementation, noting avenues for future work. © 2018 Proceedings of the 27th USENIX Security Symposium. All rights reserved.
960	a57212103171	Whitehead J.	p793	False	Conference	330	TrustBase: An architecture to repair and strengthen certificate-based authentication	The current state of certificate-based authentication is messy, with broken authentication in applications and proxies, along with serious flaws in the CA system. To solve these problems, we design TrustBase, an architecture that provides certificate-based authentication as an operating system service, with system administrator control over authentication policy. TrustBase transparently enforces best practices for certificate validation on all applications, while also providing a variety of authentication services to strengthen the CA system. We describe a research prototype of TrustBase for Linux, which uses a loadable kernel module to intercept traffic in the socket layer, then consults a userspace policy engine to evaluate certificate validity using a variety of plugins. We evaluate the security of TrustBase, including a threat analysis, application coverage, and hardening of the Linux prototype. We also describe prototypes of TrustBase for Android and Windows, illustrating the generality of our approach. We show that TrustBase has negligible overhead and universal compatibility with applications. We demonstrate its utility by describing eight authentication services that extend CA hardening to all applications. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All Rights Reserved.
961	a57211214561	Seat M.L.	p304	True	Conference	85	Analyzing the safety impacts of raised medians	A hierarchical Bayesian statistical before-after model was used to analyze locations where raised medians have been installed. Twenty locations where raised medians were installed in Utah from 2002 to 2014 were used in this analysis. A model was developed that analyzed raised medians by access category (AC). Only three AC were represented in the data. Regression plots depicting a decrease in crashes before and after installation and crash modification factor (CMF) plots presenting the CMF values estimated for different vehicle miles traveled values were created as output from the before-after model. Overall, installing a raised median gives an approximate average reduction of 53 percent for all crashes. Individual AC analysis yielded results ranging from 32 to 44 percent reduction for all severity groups except severity 4 and 5. When the model was only run for crash severity 4 and 5, a larger reduction of 57 to 58 percent was found. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
962	a57211216470	Wyatt Clegg B.	p304	False	Conference	85	Analyzing the safety impacts of raised medians	A hierarchical Bayesian statistical before-after model was used to analyze locations where raised medians have been installed. Twenty locations where raised medians were installed in Utah from 2002 to 2014 were used in this analysis. A model was developed that analyzed raised medians by access category (AC). Only three AC were represented in the data. Regression plots depicting a decrease in crashes before and after installation and crash modification factor (CMF) plots presenting the CMF values estimated for different vehicle miles traveled values were created as output from the before-after model. Overall, installing a raised median gives an approximate average reduction of 53 percent for all crashes. Individual AC analysis yielded results ranging from 32 to 44 percent reduction for all severity groups except severity 4 and 5. When the model was only run for crash severity 4 and 5, a larger reduction of 57 to 58 percent was found. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
963	a57212107036	Metro D.	p305	False	Conference	86	Action needed! Helping users find and complete the authentication ceremony in signal	The security guarantees of secure messaging applications are contingent upon users performing an authentication ceremony, which typically involves verifying the fingerprints of encryption keys. However, recent lab studies have shown that users are unable to do this without being told in advance about the ceremony and its importance. A recent study showed that even with this instruction, the time it takes users to find and complete the ceremony is excessively long-about 11 minutes. To remedy these problems, we modified Signal to include prompts for the ceremony and also simplified the ceremony itself. To gauge the effect of these changes, we conducted a between-subject user study involving 30 pairs of participants. Our study methodology includes no user training and only a small performance bonus to encourage the secure behavior. Our results show that users are able to both find and complete the ceremony more quickly in our new version of Signal. Despite these improvements, many users are still unsure or confused about the purpose of the authentication ceremony. We discuss the need for better risk communication and methods to promote trust. © 2018 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
964	a57212104751	Cockrell J.	p305	False	Conference	86	Action needed! Helping users find and complete the authentication ceremony in signal	The security guarantees of secure messaging applications are contingent upon users performing an authentication ceremony, which typically involves verifying the fingerprints of encryption keys. However, recent lab studies have shown that users are unable to do this without being told in advance about the ceremony and its importance. A recent study showed that even with this instruction, the time it takes users to find and complete the ceremony is excessively long-about 11 minutes. To remedy these problems, we modified Signal to include prompts for the ceremony and also simplified the ceremony itself. To gauge the effect of these changes, we conducted a between-subject user study involving 30 pairs of participants. Our study methodology includes no user training and only a small performance bonus to encourage the secure behavior. Our results show that users are able to both find and complete the ceremony more quickly in our new version of Signal. Despite these improvements, many users are still unsure or confused about the purpose of the authentication ceremony. We discuss the need for better risk communication and methods to promote trust. © 2018 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
965	a57212106857	Moffett T.	p305	False	Conference	86	Action needed! Helping users find and complete the authentication ceremony in signal	The security guarantees of secure messaging applications are contingent upon users performing an authentication ceremony, which typically involves verifying the fingerprints of encryption keys. However, recent lab studies have shown that users are unable to do this without being told in advance about the ceremony and its importance. A recent study showed that even with this instruction, the time it takes users to find and complete the ceremony is excessively long-about 11 minutes. To remedy these problems, we modified Signal to include prompts for the ceremony and also simplified the ceremony itself. To gauge the effect of these changes, we conducted a between-subject user study involving 30 pairs of participants. Our study methodology includes no user training and only a small performance bonus to encourage the secure behavior. Our results show that users are able to both find and complete the ceremony more quickly in our new version of Signal. Despite these improvements, many users are still unsure or confused about the purpose of the authentication ceremony. We discuss the need for better risk communication and methods to promote trust. © 2018 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
966	a57212104028	Bonner N.	p305	False	Conference	86	Action needed! Helping users find and complete the authentication ceremony in signal	The security guarantees of secure messaging applications are contingent upon users performing an authentication ceremony, which typically involves verifying the fingerprints of encryption keys. However, recent lab studies have shown that users are unable to do this without being told in advance about the ceremony and its importance. A recent study showed that even with this instruction, the time it takes users to find and complete the ceremony is excessively long-about 11 minutes. To remedy these problems, we modified Signal to include prompts for the ceremony and also simplified the ceremony itself. To gauge the effect of these changes, we conducted a between-subject user study involving 30 pairs of participants. Our study methodology includes no user training and only a small performance bonus to encourage the secure behavior. Our results show that users are able to both find and complete the ceremony more quickly in our new version of Signal. Despite these improvements, many users are still unsure or confused about the purpose of the authentication ceremony. We discuss the need for better risk communication and methods to promote trust. © 2018 by The USENIX Association All Rights Reserved.
966	a57212104028	Bonner N.	p557	False	Conference	206	The secure socket API: TLS as an operating system service	SSL/TLS libraries are notoriously hard for developers to use, leaving system administrators at the mercy of buggy and vulnerable applications. We explore the use of the standard POSIX socket API as a vehicle for a simplified TLS API, while also giving administrators the ability to control applications and tailor TLS configuration to their needs. We first assess OpenSSL and its uses in open source software, recommending how this functionality should be accommodated within the POSIX API. We then propose the Secure Socket API (SSA), a minimalist TLS API built using existing network functions and find that it can be employed by existing network applications by modifications requiring as little as one line of code. We next describe a prototype SSA implementation that leverages network system calls to provide privilege separation and support for other programming languages. We end with a discussion of the benefits and limitations of the SSA and our accompanying implementation, noting avenues for future work. © 2018 Proceedings of the 27th USENIX Security Symposium. All rights reserved.
967	a57204799155	Kincaid C.J.	p307	True	Journal	188	Frequency response of the leap motion controller and its suitability for measuring tremor	Although tremor is one of the most common movement disorders, it is evaluated using relatively coarse clinical scales. We propose to measure tremor in clinical settings using the Leap Motion Controller (LMC), which is a markerless motion capture sensor that has a low cost, zero set-up time, and dynamic accuracy of 1.2 mm. However, the frequency response of the LMC has not been characterized, so its ability to track oscillations such as tremor is unknown. To characterize the frequency response of the LMC, we measured the position of a mannequin hand simultaneously with the LMC and a high-resolution encoder while the mannequin hand oscillated at various combinations of frequency (1–15 Hz) and amplitudes (0.01–30 mm). We calculated the magnitude ratio and phase shift of the LMC and found the bandwidth of the LMC to range from 0–3 Hz to 0–5 Hz for tremor amplitudes greater than the dynamic accuracy. This bandwidth is too small to accurately measure most tremors. However, we developed an inverse filter to estimate the actual tremor amplitude and phase despite the limited bandwidth. Over the combinations of frequency and amplitude mentioned above, the inverse filter estimated the actual tremor amplitude and phase with errors of 3% and 2%, respectively. © 2018
968	a57204803477	Vaterlaus A.C.	p307	False	Journal	188	Frequency response of the leap motion controller and its suitability for measuring tremor	Although tremor is one of the most common movement disorders, it is evaluated using relatively coarse clinical scales. We propose to measure tremor in clinical settings using the Leap Motion Controller (LMC), which is a markerless motion capture sensor that has a low cost, zero set-up time, and dynamic accuracy of 1.2 mm. However, the frequency response of the LMC has not been characterized, so its ability to track oscillations such as tremor is unknown. To characterize the frequency response of the LMC, we measured the position of a mannequin hand simultaneously with the LMC and a high-resolution encoder while the mannequin hand oscillated at various combinations of frequency (1–15 Hz) and amplitudes (0.01–30 mm). We calculated the magnitude ratio and phase shift of the LMC and found the bandwidth of the LMC to range from 0–3 Hz to 0–5 Hz for tremor amplitudes greater than the dynamic accuracy. This bandwidth is too small to accurately measure most tremors. However, we developed an inverse filter to estimate the actual tremor amplitude and phase despite the limited bandwidth. Over the combinations of frequency and amplitude mentioned above, the inverse filter estimated the actual tremor amplitude and phase with errors of 3% and 2%, respectively. © 2018
969	a57204802622	Stanford N.R.	p307	False	Journal	188	Frequency response of the leap motion controller and its suitability for measuring tremor	Although tremor is one of the most common movement disorders, it is evaluated using relatively coarse clinical scales. We propose to measure tremor in clinical settings using the Leap Motion Controller (LMC), which is a markerless motion capture sensor that has a low cost, zero set-up time, and dynamic accuracy of 1.2 mm. However, the frequency response of the LMC has not been characterized, so its ability to track oscillations such as tremor is unknown. To characterize the frequency response of the LMC, we measured the position of a mannequin hand simultaneously with the LMC and a high-resolution encoder while the mannequin hand oscillated at various combinations of frequency (1–15 Hz) and amplitudes (0.01–30 mm). We calculated the magnitude ratio and phase shift of the LMC and found the bandwidth of the LMC to range from 0–3 Hz to 0–5 Hz for tremor amplitudes greater than the dynamic accuracy. This bandwidth is too small to accurately measure most tremors. However, we developed an inverse filter to estimate the actual tremor amplitude and phase despite the limited bandwidth. Over the combinations of frequency and amplitude mentioned above, the inverse filter estimated the actual tremor amplitude and phase with errors of 3% and 2%, respectively. © 2018
970	a57219001134	Redd B.	p308	True	Conference	88	DFT-based frequency offset estimators for 16-APSK	In this paper, we analyze several DFT-based frequency offset estimators for use with the 16-APSK digital modulation scheme. Even a small frequency offset between radio transmitters and receivers can cause phase information to be lost, so a system to align the phases is required to reliably demodulate PSK signals. These estimators have been adapted for 16-APSK from methods originally intended for use with QPSK and CPM. These methods consist of a coarse search and a fine search with an optional dichotomous search to improve accuracy. We analyze the estimator error variance and bit error rate associated with several methods of frequency estimation. These estimators exhibit small estimate error and variance and can provide bit error rates close to the ideal AWGN BER. © 2019 International Foundation for Telemetering. All rights reserved.
970	a57219001134	Redd B.	p311	False	Conference	91	On carrier frequency and phase synchronization for coded 16-APSK in aeronautical mobile telemetry	This paper examines the problem of carrier phase and frequency estimation for coded 16-APSK in aeronautical mobile telemetry. Given the fact that coded systems tend to operate at lower signal-to-noise ratios than uncoded systems, the synchronizer must operate at these lower signal-to-noise ratios. For a 30 kHz frequency offset and a 10 Mbit/s 16-APSK signal, the conventional phase lock loop (PLL) system does not achieve consistent lock to be a useful approach. Consequently, a blind feed-forward approach, based on the FFT, and an initialized feedback approach based on the PLL were examined. The feed-forward estimator is capable of achieving BER ideal performance for Eb/N0 ≥ 6 dB using 1024 symbols. The feedback estimator, initialized using a feed-forward estimate based on 1024 symbols is also capable of achieving BER ideal performance for Eb/N0 ≥ 6 dB. Both synchronizers require a sufficiently good blind estimate: the estimate based on 2014 symbols appears to be the minimum value to achieve good performance. © 2019 International Foundation for Telemetering. All rights reserved.
971	a57218994430	Ebert J.	p308	False	Conference	88	DFT-based frequency offset estimators for 16-APSK	In this paper, we analyze several DFT-based frequency offset estimators for use with the 16-APSK digital modulation scheme. Even a small frequency offset between radio transmitters and receivers can cause phase information to be lost, so a system to align the phases is required to reliably demodulate PSK signals. These estimators have been adapted for 16-APSK from methods originally intended for use with QPSK and CPM. These methods consist of a coarse search and a fine search with an optional dichotomous search to improve accuracy. We analyze the estimator error variance and bit error rate associated with several methods of frequency estimation. These estimators exhibit small estimate error and variance and can provide bit error rates close to the ideal AWGN BER. © 2019 International Foundation for Telemetering. All rights reserved.
972	a57218994299	Twitchell A.	p308	False	Conference	88	DFT-based frequency offset estimators for 16-APSK	In this paper, we analyze several DFT-based frequency offset estimators for use with the 16-APSK digital modulation scheme. Even a small frequency offset between radio transmitters and receivers can cause phase information to be lost, so a system to align the phases is required to reliably demodulate PSK signals. These estimators have been adapted for 16-APSK from methods originally intended for use with QPSK and CPM. These methods consist of a coarse search and a fine search with an optional dichotomous search to improve accuracy. We analyze the estimator error variance and bit error rate associated with several methods of frequency estimation. These estimators exhibit small estimate error and variance and can provide bit error rates close to the ideal AWGN BER. © 2019 International Foundation for Telemetering. All rights reserved.
973	a57218995344	Long D.G.	p310	False	Conference	90	Analysis of inertial measurement data from a model rocket payload	As part of a student-educational experience in telemetry, beginning undergraduates build, program, and test small payloads flown in model rockets. These payloads, nicknamed 'femtosats,' collect and transmit real time telemetry on the rocket's performance. The femtosats measure the inertial motions of the model rocket, providing info to extract the flight path. The individually student-designed femtosat circuit board includes a simple inertial measurement sensor that collects acceleration data in the form of x, y, z acceleration vectors which are transmitted in real-time to a radio ground station. The focus of this paper is the collection and analysis of the data from the telemetered inertial measurement sensor and how it can be interpreted and applied in simple model rocket motion analysis. © 2019 International Foundation for Telemetering. All rights reserved.
974	a36677010800	Briceño X.	p311	False	Conference	91	On carrier frequency and phase synchronization for coded 16-APSK in aeronautical mobile telemetry	This paper examines the problem of carrier phase and frequency estimation for coded 16-APSK in aeronautical mobile telemetry. Given the fact that coded systems tend to operate at lower signal-to-noise ratios than uncoded systems, the synchronizer must operate at these lower signal-to-noise ratios. For a 30 kHz frequency offset and a 10 Mbit/s 16-APSK signal, the conventional phase lock loop (PLL) system does not achieve consistent lock to be a useful approach. Consequently, a blind feed-forward approach, based on the FFT, and an initialized feedback approach based on the PLL were examined. The feed-forward estimator is capable of achieving BER ideal performance for Eb/N0 ≥ 6 dB using 1024 symbols. The feedback estimator, initialized using a feed-forward estimate based on 1024 symbols is also capable of achieving BER ideal performance for Eb/N0 ≥ 6 dB. Both synchronizers require a sufficiently good blind estimate: the estimate based on 2014 symbols appears to be the minimum value to achieve good performance. © 2019 International Foundation for Telemetering. All rights reserved.
975	a57204692730	Arabian F.	p312	True	Conference	92	Polarization diversity and equalization of frequency selective channels in telemetry environment for 16APSK	Providing RHCP and LHCP outputs from the antennas vertical (V) and horizontal (H) dipoles in the resonant cavity within the antenna feeds is the current practice of ground-based station receivers in aeronautical telemetry. The equalizers on the market, operate on either LHCP or RHCP alone, or a combined signal created by co-phasing and adding the RHCP and LHCP outputs. In this paper, we show how to optimally combine the V and H dipole outputs and demonstrate that an equalizer operating on this optimally-combined signal outperforms an equalizer operating on the RHCP, LHCP, or the combined signals. Finally, we show how to optimally combine the RHCP and LHCP outputs for equalization, where this optimal combination performs as good as the optimally combined V and H signals. © 2019 International Foundation for Telemetering. All rights reserved.
975	a57204692730	Arabian F.	p435	True	Conference	156	On peak-to-average power ratio optimization for coded APSK	The symmetric information rate is used to define the relationship between the APSK constellation parameters, the code rate, and the average and peak Eb=N0. Minimizing the average Eb=N0 reproduces the DVB-S2 constellation parameters for 16- And 32-APSK. Minimizing the peak Eb=N0 produces DVB-S2 constellation parameters for 16- And 32-APSK that minimize the peak-to-average power ratio. The peak-to-average power ratio gains are less than 1 dB, but when used on coded systems with very steep decoded bit error probability vs. Eb=N0 curves, the gains can be significant. © 2018 IEEE.
975	a57204692730	Arabian F.	p574	True	Conference	219	On the performance of filter based equalizers for 16apsk in aeronautical telemetry environment	16APSK is a candidate modulation for aeronautical telemetry because it has better spectral efficiency than SOQPSK-TG, but requires a linear RF power amplifier. This paper investigates the BER performance of filter-based equalizers for 16APSK operating over multipath channels measured at Edwards AFB. The results show that decision feedback equalizers outperform the other equalizers and are capable of providing excellent multipath mitigation. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
976	a56747516900	Warner W.Y.	p313	False	Conference	93	Characterization and validation of in situ void formation during resin infusion	An experimental methodology to photograph bubbles in-situ during infusion of carbon reinforcements has been developed and demonstrated previously. This method is based on fluorescent photography of bubbles at the surface of the reinforcement during infusion. Previous work with this experimental methodology was done with test oils, but has now been characterized with a curing epoxy resin. The results of in-situ bubble photography at the surface are now compared to standard defect characterization methods including ultrasound and image analysis of polished cross-section micrographs. Such experimental results are meant to provide the data required to build process optimization models capable of prediction of the final void distribution and morphology of voids. © 2019 by Ever J. Barbero. Published by CAMX - The Composites and Advanced Materials Expo.
977	a56071519600	Wilson M.E.	p314	True	Conference	94	Characteristics of self-deployment in origami-based systems	The potential of compliant mechanisms and related origami-based mechanical systems to store strain energy make them ideal candidates for applications requiring an actuation or deployment process, such as space system arrays, minimally invasive surgical devices and deployable barriers. Many origami structures can be thought of as a compliant mechanism because, like compliant mechanisms, its function is performed through the elastic deformation of its members. This stored strain energy could prove useful. There are opportunities using strain energy to develop approaches to deploy particular mechanical systems. In order to better understand the principles of self-actuation and promote the designs of such systems, a taxonomy of deployable origami mechanisms is presented. This taxonomy demonstrates that there are several different types of deployable origami mechanisms and provides an organizational method to better understand the design space. Characteristics of self deployment in concentrated, deployable origami strain energy mechanisms with internal actuation are identified and examples of strain energy based deployment are provided. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
978	a57212342916	Ynchausti C.	p315	True	Conference	95	Deployable euler spiral connectors (DESCs)	Deployable Euler Spiral Connectors (DESCs) are introduced as a way to use compliant flexures that lay flat when under strain in a stowed position. This paper presents the design of DESCs using the Euler spiral equations. An application of a spinal device is presented as a proof-of-concept of the use of DESCs. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
979	a57212351695	Seymour K.	p316	True	Conference	96	Cylindrical developable mechanisms for minimally invasive surgical instruments	Developable mechanisms conform to and emerge from developable, or specially curved, surfaces. The cylindrical developable mechanism can have applications in many industries due to the popularity of cylindrical or tube-based devices. Laparoscopic surgical devices in particular are widely composed of instruments attached at the proximal end of a cylindrical shaft. In this paper, properties of cylindrical developable mechanisms are discussed, including their behaviors, characteristics, and potential functions. One method for designing cylindrical developable mechanisms is discussed. Two example developable surgical devices that exemplify these behaviors, characteristics, and functions, along with the kinematic mechanisms comprising them, are discussed in detail. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
980	a57212342217	Sheffield J.	p316	False	Conference	96	Cylindrical developable mechanisms for minimally invasive surgical instruments	Developable mechanisms conform to and emerge from developable, or specially curved, surfaces. The cylindrical developable mechanism can have applications in many industries due to the popularity of cylindrical or tube-based devices. Laparoscopic surgical devices in particular are widely composed of instruments attached at the proximal end of a cylindrical shaft. In this paper, properties of cylindrical developable mechanisms are discussed, including their behaviors, characteristics, and potential functions. One method for designing cylindrical developable mechanisms is discussed. Two example developable surgical devices that exemplify these behaviors, characteristics, and functions, along with the kinematic mechanisms comprising them, are discussed in detail. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
981	a57212343330	Armstrong A.G.	p317	True	Conference	97	Factors leading to sustainable social impact on the affected communities of engineering service learning projects	University engineering programs across the USA engage in service learning projects. These projects involve student teams designing and implementing products or solutions for communities in need, often in developing nations. There has been much research done relating to pedagogy and the impact of these programs on student learning. However, less research has been done on measuring the impact of these programs on the affected communities. This paper examines factors that practitioners believe are related to successfully delivering a desirable and transferable solution to affected communities. The authors identified 46 distinct factors from the literature that implicitly or explicitly are suggested to contribute to successful project outcomes. Formed as postulates in this paper, these 46 factors have been separated into 5 categories to assist understanding and implementing these factors into service learning programs. Lastly, different methods of analyzing and measuring project success and impact are discussed. Future methods for proving the viability of the 46 postulates are discussed as well. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
982	a57212351059	Hunter J.G.	p320	True	Conference	100	Benefits of a short-term engineering study abroad: A survey of students over the past 15 years	Since 2004, Brigham Young University has offered a graduate study abroad course in mechanical engineering to help prepare students to be leaders in globally-influenced product development organizations. The course is offered as a study abroad program where faculty lead a group of students across several countries to learn about global product development. This is accomplished in a 2-3 week time period consisting of visits to companies and universities as well as participation in cultural activities. While much research has been done on the benefits of study abroad, it remains unclear how effective study abroad programs are at helping engineering students, especially short-term study abroad programs. The purpose of this paper is to present and examine the benefits of a short-term, study abroad program to engineering students. Data was collected from students who have taken the Global Product Development Course over the past 15 years in a mixed methods survey. Trends show that technical and cultural visits positively effect engineering students in their perception of global product development. It is also shown that a short, 2-3 week, engineering study abroad program can be as or more effective than traditional study abroad programs in certain areas. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
983	a57212341630	Andrews D.W.	p321	True	Conference	101	Kirigami-based deployable transcrease hard stop models usable in origami patterns	Stopping origami in arbitrary fold states can present a challenge for origami-based design. In this paper two categories of kirigami-based models are presented for stopping the fold motion of individual creases using deployable hard stops. These models are transcrease (across a crease) and deploy from a flat sheet. The first category is planar and has behavior similar to a four-bar linkage. The second category is spherical and behaves like a degree-4 origami vertex. These models are based on the zero-thickness assumption of paper and can be applied to origami patterns made from thin materials, limiting the motion of the base origami pattern through self-interference within the original facets. Model parameters are based on a desired fold or dihedral angle, as well as facet dimensions. Examples show model benefits and limitations. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
984	a57212277900	Brown T.	p322	True	Conference	102	Fabrication and testing of a MEMS system for injection of DNA into plant cells	This paper describes the fabrication and testing of a system to inject DNA into plant leaves. Arrays of silicon lances were made using photolithographic and STS DRIE Bosch techniques. A nanoinjector device was also made to accept the silicon lance arrays and perform nanoinjections. Nanoinjections were performed on Arabidopsis and cotton cotyledons. Changes in the force applied during a nanoinjection and varying the number of repeated nanoinjections on the same cotyledon were observed. Too much force or too many repeated injections caused physical damage to the cotyledon. An optimal force and number of repeated injections can be performed without causing physical damage to the cotyledon. Several injections using DNA were performed without successful transfection of the leaves. Possible reasons for this failure to transfect were explored. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
985	a57188667076	Hope S.	p322	False	Conference	102	Fabrication and testing of a MEMS system for injection of DNA into plant cells	This paper describes the fabrication and testing of a system to inject DNA into plant leaves. Arrays of silicon lances were made using photolithographic and STS DRIE Bosch techniques. A nanoinjector device was also made to accept the silicon lance arrays and perform nanoinjections. Nanoinjections were performed on Arabidopsis and cotton cotyledons. Changes in the force applied during a nanoinjection and varying the number of repeated nanoinjections on the same cotyledon were observed. Too much force or too many repeated injections caused physical damage to the cotyledon. An optimal force and number of repeated injections can be performed without causing physical damage to the cotyledon. Several injections using DNA were performed without successful transfection of the leaves. Possible reasons for this failure to transfect were explored. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
986	a57200534297	Stringham B.J.	p323	True	Conference	103	Machine learning for evaluating the social impact of engineered products: A framework	Evaluating the social impact indicators of engineered products is crucial to better understanding how products affect individuals’ lives and discover how to design for positive social impact. Most existing methods for evaluating social impact indicators require direct human interaction with users of a product, such as one-on-one interviews. These interactions produce high-fidelity data that are rich in information but provide only a single snapshot in time of the product’s impacts and are less frequently collected due to the significant human resources and cost associated with obtaining them. A framework is proposed that describes how low-fidelity data passively obtained using remote sensors, satellites, and digital technology can be collected and correlated with high-fidelity, low-frequency data using machine learning. Using this framework provides an inexpensive way to continuously monitor the social impact indicators of products by augmenting high-fidelity, low-frequency data with low-fidelity, continuously-collected data using machine learning. We illustrate an application of this framework by demonstrating how it can be used to examine the gender-related social impact indicators of water pumps in Uganda. The provided example uses a deep learning model to correlate pump handle movement (measured via an integrated motion unit) with user type (man, woman, or child) of 1,200 hand pump users. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
986	a57200534297	Stringham B.J.	p514	True	Journal	283	Non-dimensional modeling of the effects of weld parameters on peak temperature and cooling rate in friction stir welding	Experimental data from friction stir welded Al 7075 and HSLA-65 were used to create dimensionless, empirical models relating critical weld parameters to the peak temperature rise and cooling rate of the weld heat-affected zone. Five different backing plate materials and a wide range of travel speeds and weld powers were used in the experimental design to ensure the models are relevant to a broad range of welding parameters. The resulting models have R-squared values of 0.997 and 0.995 for the dimensionless peak temperature rise and cooling rate correlations, respectively. Demonstrations of the models’ practical applications are provided. Herein is shown how the models can identify welding parameter (i.e. travel speed or power) levels needed to produce a desired weld peak temperature rise or cooling rate. Also demonstrated is how the models can be used to explore the relative effects of travel speed and backing plate thermal diffusivity on weld peak temperature rise and cooling rate. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
987	a57214773567	Smith D.O.	p323	False	Conference	103	Machine learning for evaluating the social impact of engineered products: A framework	Evaluating the social impact indicators of engineered products is crucial to better understanding how products affect individuals’ lives and discover how to design for positive social impact. Most existing methods for evaluating social impact indicators require direct human interaction with users of a product, such as one-on-one interviews. These interactions produce high-fidelity data that are rich in information but provide only a single snapshot in time of the product’s impacts and are less frequently collected due to the significant human resources and cost associated with obtaining them. A framework is proposed that describes how low-fidelity data passively obtained using remote sensors, satellites, and digital technology can be collected and correlated with high-fidelity, low-frequency data using machine learning. Using this framework provides an inexpensive way to continuously monitor the social impact indicators of products by augmenting high-fidelity, low-frequency data with low-fidelity, continuously-collected data using machine learning. We illustrate an application of this framework by demonstrating how it can be used to examine the gender-related social impact indicators of water pumps in Uganda. The provided example uses a deep learning model to correlate pump handle movement (measured via an integrated motion unit) with user type (man, woman, or child) of 1,200 hand pump users. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
988	a57212271263	Naylor T.A.	p325	False	Conference	105	Establishing baseline performance for off-the-shelf nitrile seals for the India Mark II hand pump system	Accessing clean water is a persistent, and life threatening, challenge for millions of people in the world. Mechanical hand pumps have a long history of helping people access clean ground water for drinking and daily use. Among the most ubiquitous are the India Mark II and III pump systems, for which there are more than 4,000,000 installed across the world. These are estimated to serve between 600M and 1B people. All pumps degrade in performance over time, requiring service; many do not receive it causing pumps to become dysfunctional. The purpose of this paper is to establish a baseline for nitrile seal performance of India Mark II hand pump systems. Understanding off-the-shelf performance and using it as a baseline is an important step toward understanding degradation of performance over time, which is the focus of a much larger study to understand – mechanically and socially – how hand pumps perform, degrade, and ultimately meet human needs. In this paper, 110 off-the-shelf nitrile seals that were purchased in Uganda were tested and the following was characterized: (i) geometric variation, (ii) material variation, (iii) leak performance, and (iv) correlation between these. The seal leak performance was found to be very robust to variations in geometry and material at zero cycles. This important baseline supports our future work to understand how and to what degree seals become sensitive to geometric and material degradation during use. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
989	a57111140800	Martin R.A.	p327	True	Journal	189	Dynamic optimization of high-altitude solar aircraft trajectories under station-keeping constraints	This paper demonstrates the use of nonlinear dynamic optimization to calculate energy-optimal trajectories for a high-altitude, solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The objective is to maximize the total energy in the system while staying within a 3 km mission radius and meeting other system constraints. Solar energy capture is modeled using the vehicle orientation and solar position, and energy isstored both in batteries and in potential energy through elevation gain. Energy capture is maximized by optimally adjusting the angle of the aircraft surface relative to the sun. The UAV flight and energy system dynamics are optimized over a 24h period at an 8s time resolution using nonlinear model predictive control. Results of the simulated flights are presented for all four seasons, showing an 8.2% increase in end-of-day battery energy for the most limiting flight condition of the winter solstice. © 2018 by R. Abraham Martin, Nathaniel S. Gates, Andrew Ning, and John D. Hedengren.
990	a57197737083	Sadler J.E.	p328	True	Journal	190	A neutral XML design framework for generating parametric parts in multiple CAD systems	Engineering companies often require designers to work with and operate between different CAD systems. This motivates the necessity of having a neutral design standard for CAD models to facilitate generation, customization, and parameterization across multiple systems. Current standards often fail to incorporate file history, design intent, and are designed to be an intermediary format for translation. This research proposes a simplified, neutral design format based on XML that can be used to generate models in different CAD systems and versions. The format utilizes advanced features such as finding tools to address issues that arise due to directionality and selection without a user interface. To test the feasibility of the neutral format, scripts were made that generated a quadcopter and an airplane wing rib. Comparisons between the generated models in both NX and CATIA are performed to evaluate the accuracy, flexibility, and similarity of the results of the generated neutral XML design framework. © 2019 CAD Solutions, LLC.
990	a57197737083	Sadler J.E.	p548	False	Journal	230	Hybrid state transactional database for product lifecycle management features in a multi-engineer synchronous heterogeneous CAD environment	As interoperability between Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems becomes a possibility, a need arises for a way for the Neutral Parametric Canonical Form (NPCF), as designed at the BYU Site of the NSF Center for e-Design, to be integrated with Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). The only method currently available to users to sync with a PLM system at this time would be to choose one CAD system and create files based off of the NPCF data then save those part files in the PLM system. This database expansion to the NPCF allows the NPCF to hold the entire part history as well as enable future work revision history and configuration management. Enforcing referential integrity within the database allows for part data to never get corrupted and the NPCF allows any CAD system with the appropriate plug-ins to read the uncorrupted data. © 2017 CAD Solutions, LLC.
991	a57205761514	Day R.D.	p328	False	Journal	190	A neutral XML design framework for generating parametric parts in multiple CAD systems	Engineering companies often require designers to work with and operate between different CAD systems. This motivates the necessity of having a neutral design standard for CAD models to facilitate generation, customization, and parameterization across multiple systems. Current standards often fail to incorporate file history, design intent, and are designed to be an intermediary format for translation. This research proposes a simplified, neutral design format based on XML that can be used to generate models in different CAD systems and versions. The format utilizes advanced features such as finding tools to address issues that arise due to directionality and selection without a user interface. To test the feasibility of the neutral format, scripts were made that generated a quadcopter and an airplane wing rib. Comparisons between the generated models in both NX and CATIA are performed to evaluate the accuracy, flexibility, and similarity of the results of the generated neutral XML design framework. © 2019 CAD Solutions, LLC.
992	a57205766759	Bronson P.G.	p328	False	Journal	190	A neutral XML design framework for generating parametric parts in multiple CAD systems	Engineering companies often require designers to work with and operate between different CAD systems. This motivates the necessity of having a neutral design standard for CAD models to facilitate generation, customization, and parameterization across multiple systems. Current standards often fail to incorporate file history, design intent, and are designed to be an intermediary format for translation. This research proposes a simplified, neutral design format based on XML that can be used to generate models in different CAD systems and versions. The format utilizes advanced features such as finding tools to address issues that arise due to directionality and selection without a user interface. To test the feasibility of the neutral format, scripts were made that generated a quadcopter and an airplane wing rib. Comparisons between the generated models in both NX and CATIA are performed to evaluate the accuracy, flexibility, and similarity of the results of the generated neutral XML design framework. © 2019 CAD Solutions, LLC.
993	a57205762398	Tovar J.L.	p328	False	Journal	190	A neutral XML design framework for generating parametric parts in multiple CAD systems	Engineering companies often require designers to work with and operate between different CAD systems. This motivates the necessity of having a neutral design standard for CAD models to facilitate generation, customization, and parameterization across multiple systems. Current standards often fail to incorporate file history, design intent, and are designed to be an intermediary format for translation. This research proposes a simplified, neutral design format based on XML that can be used to generate models in different CAD systems and versions. The format utilizes advanced features such as finding tools to address issues that arise due to directionality and selection without a user interface. To test the feasibility of the neutral format, scripts were made that generated a quadcopter and an airplane wing rib. Comparisons between the generated models in both NX and CATIA are performed to evaluate the accuracy, flexibility, and similarity of the results of the generated neutral XML design framework. © 2019 CAD Solutions, LLC.
994	a7004511126	Tree D.R.	p329	True	Journal	191	Measurement of radiative gas and particle emissions in biomass flames	Radiation is the dominant mode of heat transfer near the burner of coal and biomass-fired boilers. Predicting and measuring heat transfer is critical to the design and operation of new boiler concepts. The individual contributions of gas and particle phases are dependent on gas and particle concentration, particle size, and gas and particle temperature which vary with location relative to the flame. A method for measuring the contributions of both gas and particle radiation capable of being applied in harsh high temperature and pressure environments has been demonstrated using emission from particles and water vapor using an optical fiber probe transmitting a signal to a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The method was demonstrated in four environments of varying gas and particle loading using natural gas and pulverized wood flames in a down-fired 130 kWth cylindrical reactor. The method generates a gas and particle temperature, gas concentrations (H2O and CO2), total gas and particle intensities, and gas and particle total effective emissivity from line-of-sight emission measurements. For the conditions measured, downstream of the luminous flame zone, water vapor and CO2 radiation were the dominant modes of heat transfer (effective emissivity 0.13-0.19) with particles making a minor contribution (effective emissivity 0.01-0.02). Within a lean natural gas flame, soot emission was low (effective emissivity 0.02) compared to gas (0.14) but within a luminous flame of burning wood particles (500 μm mean diameter) the particles (soot and burning wood) produced a higher effective emissivity (0.17) than the gas (0.12). The measurement technique was therefore found to be effective for several types of combustion environments. © 2018 The Combustion Institute.
994	a7004511126	Tree D.R.	p421	False	Journal	231	An optical method for the measurement of combustion gas temperature in particle laden flows	Temperature measurements in combustion systems are challenging due to the physical limitations of measurement devices and the complexity of combustion flows. The objective of this work is to investigate the Integrated Spectral Band Ratio (ISBR) method for measuring the temperature of combustion product gases surrounded by radiating walls or within a mixture of gas and particles. Five conditions in a multi-fuel reactor were investigated using an optical probe. A Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer provided detailed spectral measurements of hot gas and particle emissions at wavelengths of 1.69–2.15 μm, focusing on a spectral region where H2O is the dominant participating gas. These measurements were used to infer the gas temperature of the flows. It was found that the measurement path length needed to be at least 0.25 m in order to obtain a signal large enough to infer temperature accurately. For four of the five operating conditions tested, optically measured gas temperatures were found to be in good agreement with the average temperature along the measured path as taken with a suction pyrometer (aspirated thermocouple). For these four operating conditions the particle media were optically thin. Temperatures for the in-flame fine wood particle condition did not exhibit as good of agreement due to high particle loading causing optically thick zones along the line of sight. Modeling experiments showed that when particles and gasses are optically thin, the optical gas temperature measured with this technique will be near the arithmetic mean of the line of sight temperature. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.
995	a57200687939	Tobiasson J.R.	p329	False	Journal	191	Measurement of radiative gas and particle emissions in biomass flames	Radiation is the dominant mode of heat transfer near the burner of coal and biomass-fired boilers. Predicting and measuring heat transfer is critical to the design and operation of new boiler concepts. The individual contributions of gas and particle phases are dependent on gas and particle concentration, particle size, and gas and particle temperature which vary with location relative to the flame. A method for measuring the contributions of both gas and particle radiation capable of being applied in harsh high temperature and pressure environments has been demonstrated using emission from particles and water vapor using an optical fiber probe transmitting a signal to a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The method was demonstrated in four environments of varying gas and particle loading using natural gas and pulverized wood flames in a down-fired 130 kWth cylindrical reactor. The method generates a gas and particle temperature, gas concentrations (H2O and CO2), total gas and particle intensities, and gas and particle total effective emissivity from line-of-sight emission measurements. For the conditions measured, downstream of the luminous flame zone, water vapor and CO2 radiation were the dominant modes of heat transfer (effective emissivity 0.13-0.19) with particles making a minor contribution (effective emissivity 0.01-0.02). Within a lean natural gas flame, soot emission was low (effective emissivity 0.02) compared to gas (0.14) but within a luminous flame of burning wood particles (500 μm mean diameter) the particles (soot and burning wood) produced a higher effective emissivity (0.17) than the gas (0.12). The measurement technique was therefore found to be effective for several types of combustion environments. © 2018 The Combustion Institute.
995	a57200687939	Tobiasson J.R.	p421	True	Journal	231	An optical method for the measurement of combustion gas temperature in particle laden flows	Temperature measurements in combustion systems are challenging due to the physical limitations of measurement devices and the complexity of combustion flows. The objective of this work is to investigate the Integrated Spectral Band Ratio (ISBR) method for measuring the temperature of combustion product gases surrounded by radiating walls or within a mixture of gas and particles. Five conditions in a multi-fuel reactor were investigated using an optical probe. A Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer provided detailed spectral measurements of hot gas and particle emissions at wavelengths of 1.69–2.15 μm, focusing on a spectral region where H2O is the dominant participating gas. These measurements were used to infer the gas temperature of the flows. It was found that the measurement path length needed to be at least 0.25 m in order to obtain a signal large enough to infer temperature accurately. For four of the five operating conditions tested, optically measured gas temperatures were found to be in good agreement with the average temperature along the measured path as taken with a suction pyrometer (aspirated thermocouple). For these four operating conditions the particle media were optically thin. Temperatures for the in-flame fine wood particle condition did not exhibit as good of agreement due to high particle loading causing optically thick zones along the line of sight. Modeling experiments showed that when particles and gasses are optically thin, the optical gas temperature measured with this technique will be near the arithmetic mean of the line of sight temperature. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.
996	a57200688910	Egbert S.C.	p329	False	Journal	191	Measurement of radiative gas and particle emissions in biomass flames	Radiation is the dominant mode of heat transfer near the burner of coal and biomass-fired boilers. Predicting and measuring heat transfer is critical to the design and operation of new boiler concepts. The individual contributions of gas and particle phases are dependent on gas and particle concentration, particle size, and gas and particle temperature which vary with location relative to the flame. A method for measuring the contributions of both gas and particle radiation capable of being applied in harsh high temperature and pressure environments has been demonstrated using emission from particles and water vapor using an optical fiber probe transmitting a signal to a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The method was demonstrated in four environments of varying gas and particle loading using natural gas and pulverized wood flames in a down-fired 130 kWth cylindrical reactor. The method generates a gas and particle temperature, gas concentrations (H2O and CO2), total gas and particle intensities, and gas and particle total effective emissivity from line-of-sight emission measurements. For the conditions measured, downstream of the luminous flame zone, water vapor and CO2 radiation were the dominant modes of heat transfer (effective emissivity 0.13-0.19) with particles making a minor contribution (effective emissivity 0.01-0.02). Within a lean natural gas flame, soot emission was low (effective emissivity 0.02) compared to gas (0.14) but within a luminous flame of burning wood particles (500 μm mean diameter) the particles (soot and burning wood) produced a higher effective emissivity (0.17) than the gas (0.12). The measurement technique was therefore found to be effective for several types of combustion environments. © 2018 The Combustion Institute.
996	a57200688910	Egbert S.C.	p357	False	Journal	198	Measurements and modeling of fluid flow and thermal processes in an industrial precalciner	Precalciner performance is crucial to the production rate and lifespan of cement kiln systems. The gas-solid flow and pulverized coal combustion processes in an industrial precalciner were numerically modeled to understand the flow patterns and thermal processes in the system. The gas and meal flow rates and properties were measured on-site to determine the boundary conditions for the simulations and to validate the models. The upward swirl of the gas flow in the furnace helped disperse the particles and extend their duration in the precalciner. The O2 and CO2 concentration distributions indicated that the coal particles were well dispersed and fully combusted. The calculations showed that the precalciner outlet temperature was too high which reduces the thermal efficiency and may damage the preheater installed just after the precalciner. Finally, an optimized precalciner was proposed to improve the temperature distribution. The present work can be used for improving the design of industrial precalciners. © 2019, Global Digital Central. All rights reserved.
996	a57200688910	Egbert S.C.	p421	False	Journal	231	An optical method for the measurement of combustion gas temperature in particle laden flows	Temperature measurements in combustion systems are challenging due to the physical limitations of measurement devices and the complexity of combustion flows. The objective of this work is to investigate the Integrated Spectral Band Ratio (ISBR) method for measuring the temperature of combustion product gases surrounded by radiating walls or within a mixture of gas and particles. Five conditions in a multi-fuel reactor were investigated using an optical probe. A Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer provided detailed spectral measurements of hot gas and particle emissions at wavelengths of 1.69–2.15 μm, focusing on a spectral region where H2O is the dominant participating gas. These measurements were used to infer the gas temperature of the flows. It was found that the measurement path length needed to be at least 0.25 m in order to obtain a signal large enough to infer temperature accurately. For four of the five operating conditions tested, optically measured gas temperatures were found to be in good agreement with the average temperature along the measured path as taken with a suction pyrometer (aspirated thermocouple). For these four operating conditions the particle media were optically thin. Temperatures for the in-flame fine wood particle condition did not exhibit as good of agreement due to high particle loading causing optically thick zones along the line of sight. Modeling experiments showed that when particles and gasses are optically thin, the optical gas temperature measured with this technique will be near the arithmetic mean of the line of sight temperature. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.
997	a57031187500	Gong H.	p330	True	Journal	192	3D printed selectable dilution mixer pumps	In this paper, we demonstrate the ability to 3D print tightly integrated structures with active valves, pumps, and mixers, and we use our compact chip-to-chip interconnects [Gong et al., Lab Chip 18, 639-647 (2018)] to move bulky world-to-chip connections to separate interface chips for both post-print flushing and post-cure device operation. As example devices, we first examine 3D printed pumps, followed by two types of selectable ratio mixer pumps, a linear dilution mixer pump (LDMP) and a parallelized dilution mixer pump (PDMP), which occupy volumes of only 1.5 mm 3 and 2.6 mm 3, respectively. The LDMP generates a selectable dilution ratio from a linear set of possibilities, while the PDMP generates a denser set of possible dilutions with a maximum dilution ratio of 1/16. The PDMP also incorporates a new 4-to-1 valve to simultaneously control 4 inlet channels. To characterize LDMP and PDMP operation and performance, we present a new, low-cost video method to directly measure the relative concentration of an absorptive dye on a pixel-by-pixel basis for each video frame. Using this method, we find that 6 periods of the active mixer that forms the core of the LDMP and PDMP are sufficient to fully mix the fluid, and that the generated concentrations track the designed dilution ratios as expected. The LDMP mixes 20 nl per 4.6 s mixer pump period, while the PDMP uses parallelized input pumps to process the same fluid volume with greater choice of dilution ratios in a 3.6 s period. © 2019 Author(s).
997	a57031187500	Gong H.	p332	False	Conference	108	3D printing for lab-on-a-chip devices with 20 μm channels	While there is great interest in 3D printing for microfluidic device fabrication, the challenge has been to achieve feature sizes that are in the truly microfluidic regime (<100 μm). The fundamental problem is that commercial tools and materials, which excel in many other application areas, have not been developed to address the unique needs of microfluidic device fabrication. Consequently, we have created our own stereolithographic 3D printer and materials that are specifically tailored to meet these needs. We review our recent work and show that flow channels as small as 18 μm x 20 μm can be reliably fabricated, as well as compact active elements such as valves and pumps. With these capabilities, we demonstrate highly integrated 3D printed microfluidic devices that measure only a few millimeters on a side, and that integrate separate chip-to-world interfaces through high density interconnects (up to 88 interconnects per square mm) that are directly 3D printed as part of a device chip. These advances open the door to 3D printing as a replacement for expensive cleanroom fabrication processes, with the additional advantage of fast (30 minute), parallel fabrication of many devices in a single print run due to their small size. © 2019 SPIE.
997	a57031187500	Gong H.	p481	False	Journal	237	3D printed microfluidic features using dose control in X, Y, and Z dimensions	Interest has grown in recent years to leverage the possibilities offered by three-dimensional (3D) printing, such as rapid iterative changes; the ability to more fully use 3D device volume; and ease of fabrication, especially as it relates to the creation of complex microfluidic devices. A major shortcoming of most commercially available 3D printers is that their resolution is not sufficient to produce features that are truly microfluidic (&lt; 100 × 100 μm2). Here, we test a custom 3D printer for making ~30 μm scale positive and negative surface features, as well as positive and negative features within internal voids (i.e., microfluidic channels). We found that optical dosage control is essential for creating the smallest microfluidic features (~30 μm wide for ridges, ~20 μm wide for trenches), and that this resolution was achieved for a number of different exposure approaches. Additionally, we printed various microfluidic particle traps, showed capture of 25 μm diameter polymer beads, and iteratively improved the trap design. The rapid feedback allowed by 3D printing, as well as the ability to carefully control optical exposure conditions, should lead to new innovations in the types and sizes of devices that can be created for microfluidics. © 2018 by the authors.
997	a57031187500	Gong H.	p536	True	Journal	217	3D printed high density, reversible, chip-to-chip microfluidic interconnects	Our latest developments in miniaturizing 3D printed microfluidics [Gong et al., Lab Chip, 2016, 16, 2450; Gong et al., Lab Chip, 2017, 17, 2899] offer the opportunity to fabricate highly integrated chips that measure only a few mm on a side. For such small chips, an interconnection method is needed to provide the necessary world-to-chip reagent and pneumatic connections. In this paper, we introduce simple integrated microgaskets (SIMs) and controlled-compression integrated microgaskets (CCIMs) to connect a small device chip to a larger interface chip that implements world-to-chip connections. SIMs or CCIMs are directly 3D printed as part of the device chip, and therefore no additional materials or components are required to make the connection to the larger 3D printed interface chip. We demonstrate 121 chip-to-chip interconnections in an 11 × 11 array for both SIMs and CCIMs with an areal density of 53 interconnections per mm2 and show that they withstand fluid pressures of 50 psi. We further demonstrate their reusability by testing the devices 100 times without seal failure. Scaling experiments show that 20 × 20 interconnection arrays are feasible and that the CCIM areal density can be increased to 88 interconnections per mm2. We then show the utility of spatially distributed discrete CCIMs by using an interconnection chip with 28 chip-to-world interconnects to test 45 3D printed valves in a 9 × 5 array. Each valve is only 300 μm in diameter (the smallest yet reported for 3D printed valves). Every row of 5 valves is tested to at least 10000 actuations, with one row tested to 1-000000 actuations. In all cases, there is no sign of valve failure, and the CCIM interconnections prove an effective means of using a single interface chip to test a series of valve array chips. © 2018 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
997	a57031187500	Gong H.	p693	True	Journal	337	Custom 3D printer and resin for 18 μm × 20 μm microfluidic flow channels	While there is great interest in 3D printing for microfluidic device fabrication, to-date the achieved feature sizes have not been in the truly microfluidic regime (&lt;100 μm). In this paper we demonstrate that a custom digital light processor stereolithographic (DLP-SLA) 3D printer and a specifically-designed, low cost, custom resin can readily achieve flow channel cross sections as small as 18 μm × 20 μm. Our 3D printer has a projected image plane resolution of 7.6 μm and uses a 385 nm LED, which dramatically increases the available selection of UV absorbers for resin formulation compared to 3D printers with 405 nm LEDs. Beginning with 20 candidate absorbers, we demonstrate the evaluation criteria and process flow required to develop a high-resolution resin. In doing so, we introduce a new mathematical model for characterizing the resin optical penetration depth based only on measurement of the absorber's molar absorptivity. Our final resin formulation uses 2-nitrophenyl phenyl sulfide (NPS) as the UV absorber. We also develop a novel channel narrowing technique that, together with the new resin and 3D printer resolution, enables small flow channel fabrication. We demonstrate the efficacy of our approach by fabricating 3D serpentine flow channels 41 mm long in a volume of only 0.12 mm3, and by printing high aspect ratio flow channels &lt;25 μm wide and 3 mm tall. These results indicate that 3D printing is finally positioned to challenge the pre-eminence of methods such as soft lithography for microfluidic device prototyping and fabrication. © 2017 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
998	a57089497400	Johnson B.I.	p331	True	Conference	107	Using ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for real-time monitoring of the oxidation of aluminum mirrors protected by ultrathin MgF2 layers	To maintain high, broad-band reflectance, thin transparent fluoride layers, such as MgF2, are used to protect the of aluminum mirrors against oxidation since aluminum oxide absorbs short wavelength light. In this study, we present, for the first time, combined X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ellipsometric (SE) studies of aluminum oxidation as a function of MgF2 over a range of layer thickness (0-6 nm). We also show for the first time, dynamic SE data which, with appropriate modeling, tracks the extent of oxide growth every few seconds over a period of several hours after the evaporated Al + MgF2 bilayer is removed from the deposition chamber, exposing it to the air. For each SE data set, because the optical constants of ultrathin metals films depend strongly on deposition conditions and their thickness, the optical constants for Al, as well as the Al and Al2O3 thicknesses, were fit. SE trends were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. There is a chemical shift in the Al 2s electron emission peak toward higher binding energy as the metal oxidizes to Al+3. The extent of oxide growth can be modeled from the relative area of each peak once they are corrected for the attenuation through MgF2 layer. This generates an empirical formula: oxide thickness= k∗log(t) +b, for the time-dependent aluminum-oxide thickness on aluminum surfaces protected by MgF2 as a function of MgF2 layer thickness. Here, k is a factor which depends only on MgF2 thickness, and decreases with increasing MgF2 thickness. The techniques developed can illuminate other protected mirror systems. © 2019 SPIE.
999	a57209912956	Avval T.G.	p331	False	Conference	107	Using ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for real-time monitoring of the oxidation of aluminum mirrors protected by ultrathin MgF2 layers	To maintain high, broad-band reflectance, thin transparent fluoride layers, such as MgF2, are used to protect the of aluminum mirrors against oxidation since aluminum oxide absorbs short wavelength light. In this study, we present, for the first time, combined X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ellipsometric (SE) studies of aluminum oxidation as a function of MgF2 over a range of layer thickness (0-6 nm). We also show for the first time, dynamic SE data which, with appropriate modeling, tracks the extent of oxide growth every few seconds over a period of several hours after the evaporated Al + MgF2 bilayer is removed from the deposition chamber, exposing it to the air. For each SE data set, because the optical constants of ultrathin metals films depend strongly on deposition conditions and their thickness, the optical constants for Al, as well as the Al and Al2O3 thicknesses, were fit. SE trends were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. There is a chemical shift in the Al 2s electron emission peak toward higher binding energy as the metal oxidizes to Al+3. The extent of oxide growth can be modeled from the relative area of each peak once they are corrected for the attenuation through MgF2 layer. This generates an empirical formula: oxide thickness= k∗log(t) +b, for the time-dependent aluminum-oxide thickness on aluminum surfaces protected by MgF2 as a function of MgF2 layer thickness. Here, k is a factor which depends only on MgF2 thickness, and decreases with increasing MgF2 thickness. The techniques developed can illuminate other protected mirror systems. © 2019 SPIE.
1000	a57209911428	Hodges G.T.	p331	False	Conference	107	Using ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for real-time monitoring of the oxidation of aluminum mirrors protected by ultrathin MgF2 layers	To maintain high, broad-band reflectance, thin transparent fluoride layers, such as MgF2, are used to protect the of aluminum mirrors against oxidation since aluminum oxide absorbs short wavelength light. In this study, we present, for the first time, combined X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ellipsometric (SE) studies of aluminum oxidation as a function of MgF2 over a range of layer thickness (0-6 nm). We also show for the first time, dynamic SE data which, with appropriate modeling, tracks the extent of oxide growth every few seconds over a period of several hours after the evaporated Al + MgF2 bilayer is removed from the deposition chamber, exposing it to the air. For each SE data set, because the optical constants of ultrathin metals films depend strongly on deposition conditions and their thickness, the optical constants for Al, as well as the Al and Al2O3 thicknesses, were fit. SE trends were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. There is a chemical shift in the Al 2s electron emission peak toward higher binding energy as the metal oxidizes to Al+3. The extent of oxide growth can be modeled from the relative area of each peak once they are corrected for the attenuation through MgF2 layer. This generates an empirical formula: oxide thickness= k∗log(t) +b, for the time-dependent aluminum-oxide thickness on aluminum surfaces protected by MgF2 as a function of MgF2 layer thickness. Here, k is a factor which depends only on MgF2 thickness, and decreases with increasing MgF2 thickness. The techniques developed can illuminate other protected mirror systems. © 2019 SPIE.
1001	a57211503118	Carver V.	p331	False	Conference	107	Using ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for real-time monitoring of the oxidation of aluminum mirrors protected by ultrathin MgF2 layers	To maintain high, broad-band reflectance, thin transparent fluoride layers, such as MgF2, are used to protect the of aluminum mirrors against oxidation since aluminum oxide absorbs short wavelength light. In this study, we present, for the first time, combined X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ellipsometric (SE) studies of aluminum oxidation as a function of MgF2 over a range of layer thickness (0-6 nm). We also show for the first time, dynamic SE data which, with appropriate modeling, tracks the extent of oxide growth every few seconds over a period of several hours after the evaporated Al + MgF2 bilayer is removed from the deposition chamber, exposing it to the air. For each SE data set, because the optical constants of ultrathin metals films depend strongly on deposition conditions and their thickness, the optical constants for Al, as well as the Al and Al2O3 thicknesses, were fit. SE trends were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. There is a chemical shift in the Al 2s electron emission peak toward higher binding energy as the metal oxidizes to Al+3. The extent of oxide growth can be modeled from the relative area of each peak once they are corrected for the attenuation through MgF2 layer. This generates an empirical formula: oxide thickness= k∗log(t) +b, for the time-dependent aluminum-oxide thickness on aluminum surfaces protected by MgF2 as a function of MgF2 layer thickness. Here, k is a factor which depends only on MgF2 thickness, and decreases with increasing MgF2 thickness. The techniques developed can illuminate other protected mirror systems. © 2019 SPIE.
1002	a57211500187	Membreno K.	p331	False	Conference	107	Using ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for real-time monitoring of the oxidation of aluminum mirrors protected by ultrathin MgF2 layers	To maintain high, broad-band reflectance, thin transparent fluoride layers, such as MgF2, are used to protect the of aluminum mirrors against oxidation since aluminum oxide absorbs short wavelength light. In this study, we present, for the first time, combined X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ellipsometric (SE) studies of aluminum oxidation as a function of MgF2 over a range of layer thickness (0-6 nm). We also show for the first time, dynamic SE data which, with appropriate modeling, tracks the extent of oxide growth every few seconds over a period of several hours after the evaporated Al + MgF2 bilayer is removed from the deposition chamber, exposing it to the air. For each SE data set, because the optical constants of ultrathin metals films depend strongly on deposition conditions and their thickness, the optical constants for Al, as well as the Al and Al2O3 thicknesses, were fit. SE trends were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. There is a chemical shift in the Al 2s electron emission peak toward higher binding energy as the metal oxidizes to Al+3. The extent of oxide growth can be modeled from the relative area of each peak once they are corrected for the attenuation through MgF2 layer. This generates an empirical formula: oxide thickness= k∗log(t) +b, for the time-dependent aluminum-oxide thickness on aluminum surfaces protected by MgF2 as a function of MgF2 layer thickness. Here, k is a factor which depends only on MgF2 thickness, and decreases with increasing MgF2 thickness. The techniques developed can illuminate other protected mirror systems. © 2019 SPIE.
1003	a7006120837	Allred D.D.	p331	False	Conference	107	Using ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy for real-time monitoring of the oxidation of aluminum mirrors protected by ultrathin MgF2 layers	To maintain high, broad-band reflectance, thin transparent fluoride layers, such as MgF2, are used to protect the of aluminum mirrors against oxidation since aluminum oxide absorbs short wavelength light. In this study, we present, for the first time, combined X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ellipsometric (SE) studies of aluminum oxidation as a function of MgF2 over a range of layer thickness (0-6 nm). We also show for the first time, dynamic SE data which, with appropriate modeling, tracks the extent of oxide growth every few seconds over a period of several hours after the evaporated Al + MgF2 bilayer is removed from the deposition chamber, exposing it to the air. For each SE data set, because the optical constants of ultrathin metals films depend strongly on deposition conditions and their thickness, the optical constants for Al, as well as the Al and Al2O3 thicknesses, were fit. SE trends were confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. There is a chemical shift in the Al 2s electron emission peak toward higher binding energy as the metal oxidizes to Al+3. The extent of oxide growth can be modeled from the relative area of each peak once they are corrected for the attenuation through MgF2 layer. This generates an empirical formula: oxide thickness= k∗log(t) +b, for the time-dependent aluminum-oxide thickness on aluminum surfaces protected by MgF2 as a function of MgF2 layer thickness. Here, k is a factor which depends only on MgF2 thickness, and decreases with increasing MgF2 thickness. The techniques developed can illuminate other protected mirror systems. © 2019 SPIE.
1003	a7006120837	Allred D.D.	p335	False	Conference	111	Thermal properties of thin film uranium oxides and thorium oxides	Uranium and thorium oxides have critical roles as fuels in existing nuclear power plants, as well as in proposed reactor concepts. The thermal conductivity of these materials determines their ability to transfer heat from the reactor core to the surrounding coolant. Additionally, these actinide compounds are of interest in condensed matter physics because of the 5f orbitals and unique electron interaction, coupling, and scattering events that can occur. Because of the radioactivity of thorium and uranium, thin film measurements of actinide materials are used to limit the amount of operator exposure, but standard thermal characterization methods are not well suited for thin films. This paper presents the process of depositing thin film UOx and ThOx samples of nm-μm thicknesses and the results of thermal property measurements. Thin films were deposited on silicon and glass substrates via dc-magnetron sputtering using an argon/oxygen mixture as the working gas. The thermal properties of the films were measured by the Thermal Conductivity Microscope (TCM). This uses one laser to generate thermal waves and a second laser to measure the magnitude and phases of the thermal waves to obtain the conductivity of materials. The results of the research show that the UOx film properties are lower than bulk values and that the role of the substrate has a considerable effect on determining the measured properties. Future work aims at improving the deposition process. Epitaxial film growth is planned. Additional understanding of thermal property measurements is targeted. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
1003	a7006120837	Allred D.D.	p372	True	Conference	133	Expanding the far UV range of aluminum-coated mirrors for space-based observations to reflect hydrogen Lyman lines via fluoride multilayers	While no solid barrier layer is transparent below ~103nm, simulations show that ~9.5nm LiF on 8.5nm MgF2 on Al could reflect some hydrogen Lyman lines better than a single fluoride layer does. Experiments are promising. © OSA 2019 © 2019 The Author(s)
1003	a7006120837	Allred D.D.	p826	True	Conference	356	Adding EUV reflectance to aluminum-coated mirrors for space-based observation	Protective layers on aluminum mirror surfaces which can be removed via the use of atomic hydrogen or hydrogen plasmas at the point of use in space may allow an expansion of broad-band mirrors into the EUV. LUVOIR (large, UV-optical-IR telescope) is a potential NASA flagship space-based observatory of the 2020's or 30's. It would utilize the largest mirrors ever flown1. Their reflective coating will almost certainly be aluminum, since such telescopes would profit from truly broad-band mirrors. To achieve reflectance over the broadest band, the top surface of such aluminum mirrors, however, needs to be bare, without the oxide layers that naturally form in air. This will open the 11 to 15 eV band. Since thin aluminum films are largely transparent between 15 and 70 eV an EUV mirror under the aluminum could make EUV bands such as 30.4 nm available for space-based astrophysics without sacrificing mirror IR, visible and UV reflectance. The local space environment for the observatory is sufficiently oxygen-free that the surface should remain bare for decades. We discuss protecting as-deposited aluminum mirrors with robust, oxygenimpenetrable, barrier layers applied in vacuo to the aluminum immediately after deposition and before air contact. The goal is that the barrier could also be cleanly, and relatively easily, removed once the mirror is in space. We propose hydrogen atoms as the means for removing the overcoat, since they can be expected to meet the criteria that the means is gentle enough to not roughen the mirror surface, and does not redeposit material on the mirror or other spacecraft components. We have investigated both organic and inorganic (such as, a-Si) hydrogen-removable films that can be applied to the aluminum immediately after its deposition have been investigated. We also examined the REVAP technique, using Cd and Zn. Agglomeration limited their effectiveness as barrier layers. That and dealing with the reevaporated atoms may limit their utility as barrier materials. © COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1004	a57209530205	Hooper K.	p332	False	Conference	108	3D printing for lab-on-a-chip devices with 20 μm channels	While there is great interest in 3D printing for microfluidic device fabrication, the challenge has been to achieve feature sizes that are in the truly microfluidic regime (<100 μm). The fundamental problem is that commercial tools and materials, which excel in many other application areas, have not been developed to address the unique needs of microfluidic device fabrication. Consequently, we have created our own stereolithographic 3D printer and materials that are specifically tailored to meet these needs. We review our recent work and show that flow channels as small as 18 μm x 20 μm can be reliably fabricated, as well as compact active elements such as valves and pumps. With these capabilities, we demonstrate highly integrated 3D printed microfluidic devices that measure only a few millimeters on a side, and that integrate separate chip-to-world interfaces through high density interconnects (up to 88 interconnects per square mm) that are directly 3D printed as part of a device chip. These advances open the door to 3D printing as a replacement for expensive cleanroom fabrication processes, with the additional advantage of fast (30 minute), parallel fabrication of many devices in a single print run due to their small size. © 2019 SPIE.
1005	a57215116223	Baker N.F.	p333	True	Conference	109	Best practices for wake model and optimization algorithm selection in wind farm layout optimization	This paper presents the results of two case studies regarding the wind farm layout optimization problem. We asked members of the computational optimization and wind communities to take part in the studies that we designed. Nine individuals participated. Case study 1 considered variations in optimization strategies for a given simple Gaussian wake model. Participants were provided with a wake model that outputs annual energy production (AEP) for an input set of wind turbine locations. Participants used an optimization method of their choosing to find an optimal wind farm layout. Case study 2 looked at trade-offs in performance resulting from variation in both physics model and optimization strategy. For case study 2, participants calculated AEP using a wake model of their choice while also using their chosen optimization method. Participants then used their wake model to calculate the AEP of all other participants’ optimized layouts. Results for case study 1 show that the best optimal wind farm layouts in this study were achieved by participants who used gradient-based optimization methods. A front-runner emerged with the Sparse Nonlinear OPTimizer plus Wake Expansion Continua-tion (SNOPT+WEC) optimization method, which consistently discovered the highest submitted AEP. For case study 2, two participants found a similar layout that was judged to be superior by all five participants. It is unclear if the better solution resulted from an improved optimization process, or a wake model that was more amenable to optimization. © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1006	a57191952713	Stanley A.P.J.	p333	False	Conference	109	Best practices for wake model and optimization algorithm selection in wind farm layout optimization	This paper presents the results of two case studies regarding the wind farm layout optimization problem. We asked members of the computational optimization and wind communities to take part in the studies that we designed. Nine individuals participated. Case study 1 considered variations in optimization strategies for a given simple Gaussian wake model. Participants were provided with a wake model that outputs annual energy production (AEP) for an input set of wind turbine locations. Participants used an optimization method of their choosing to find an optimal wind farm layout. Case study 2 looked at trade-offs in performance resulting from variation in both physics model and optimization strategy. For case study 2, participants calculated AEP using a wake model of their choice while also using their chosen optimization method. Participants then used their wake model to calculate the AEP of all other participants’ optimized layouts. Results for case study 1 show that the best optimal wind farm layouts in this study were achieved by participants who used gradient-based optimization methods. A front-runner emerged with the Sparse Nonlinear OPTimizer plus Wake Expansion Continua-tion (SNOPT+WEC) optimization method, which consistently discovered the highest submitted AEP. For case study 2, two participants found a similar layout that was judged to be superior by all five participants. It is unclear if the better solution resulted from an improved optimization process, or a wake model that was more amenable to optimization. © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1006	a57191952713	Stanley A.P.J.	p616	True	Conference	254	Benefits of two turbine rotor diameters and hub heights in the same wind farm	Significant turbine-wake interactions greatly reduce power output in a wind farm. If different turbine hub heights and rotor diameters are included in the same wind farm, the wake interference in the farm will be reduced, resulting in a lower cost of energy (COE) than a farm with identical turbines. In this paper, we present a method to model wind farm COE in farms with hub heights and rotor diameters that vary across the wind farm. We also demonstrate how to optimize these wind farms to minimize COE. The results show that COE can be greatly reduced in wind farms with non-homogeneous turbines, especially when the turbines are spaced close together. For a unidirectional wind rose, including different turbine design in the wind farm has a similar decrease in COE to spreading the wind turbines farther apart. When the rotor diameter and hub height of the wind turbines in a farm are optimized uniformly, a COE decrease of 4% to 13% (depending on the grid spacing and wind shear exponent) is achieved compared to the baseline. When the rotor diameter and turbine heights are optimized non-uniformly, with two different diameters and heights throughout the farm, there is a COE decrease of 22% to 41% compared to the baseline. For a more spread wind rose with a dominant probability from the west, there is a COE decrease between 3% and 10% for uniformly optimized rotor diameter and height compared to the baseline. With two optimized rotor diameters and heights through the farm, a COE decrease of 3% to 19% is achieved. For a similar wind rose shifted such that the dominant wind direction is from the northwest, a COE decrease between 3% and 10% results from uniformly optimized wind turbines compared to the baseline. A COE decrease of 3% to 17% compared to the baseline occurs with two different turbines are optimized throughout the wind farm. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1006	a57191952713	Stanley A.P.J.	p836	True	Conference	364	Gradient-based optimization of wind farms with different turbine heights	Turbine wakes reduce power production in a wind farm. Current wind farms are generally built with turbines that are all the same height, but if wind farms included turbines with different tower heights, the cost of energy may be reduced. We used gradient-based optimization to demonstrate a method to optimize wind farms with varied hub heights. Our study includes a modified version of the FLORIS wake model that accommodates three-dimensional wakes integrated with a tower structural model. Our purpose was to design a process to minimize the cost of energy of a wind farm through layout optimization and varying turbine hub heights. Results indicate that when a farm is optimized for layout and height with two separate height groups, COE can be lowered by as much as 5-9%, compared to a similar layout and height optimization where all the towers are the same. The COE has the best improvement in farms with high turbine density and low wind shear exponent. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1007	a57188658434	Thomas J.J.	p333	False	Conference	109	Best practices for wake model and optimization algorithm selection in wind farm layout optimization	This paper presents the results of two case studies regarding the wind farm layout optimization problem. We asked members of the computational optimization and wind communities to take part in the studies that we designed. Nine individuals participated. Case study 1 considered variations in optimization strategies for a given simple Gaussian wake model. Participants were provided with a wake model that outputs annual energy production (AEP) for an input set of wind turbine locations. Participants used an optimization method of their choosing to find an optimal wind farm layout. Case study 2 looked at trade-offs in performance resulting from variation in both physics model and optimization strategy. For case study 2, participants calculated AEP using a wake model of their choice while also using their chosen optimization method. Participants then used their wake model to calculate the AEP of all other participants’ optimized layouts. Results for case study 1 show that the best optimal wind farm layouts in this study were achieved by participants who used gradient-based optimization methods. A front-runner emerged with the Sparse Nonlinear OPTimizer plus Wake Expansion Continua-tion (SNOPT+WEC) optimization method, which consistently discovered the highest submitted AEP. For case study 2, two participants found a similar layout that was judged to be superior by all five participants. It is unclear if the better solution resulted from an improved optimization process, or a wake model that was more amenable to optimization. © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1007	a57188658434	Thomas J.J.	p334	True	Conference	110	Comparison of wind farm layout optimization results using a simple wake model and gradient-based optimization to large-eddy simulations	The models used during wind farm layout optimization use simplifying assumptions that can alter the design space. Some characteristics of the simple models may negatively influence the resulting layouts. In this paper, we perform wind farm layout optimization using a simple wake model and compare the resulting improvements to large-eddy simulation (LES) results to confirm that the layout was actually improved. We begin by describing the models used, including changes specific for use with gradient-based optimization. We then compare our models’ output to previously published model and LES results. Using the models described, we performed gradient-based wind farm layout optimization using exact gradients. Power production for the original and optimized layouts were recalculated using LES. The model and LES results were then compared. The simple models predicted an improvement in annual energy production (AEP) of 7.4%, while the LES reported an AEP improvement of 9.9%. We concluded that the improvements found by optimizing with the simple models are not just an artifact of the model characteristics, but are real improvements. © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1007	a57188658434	Thomas J.J.	p836	False	Conference	364	Gradient-based optimization of wind farms with different turbine heights	Turbine wakes reduce power production in a wind farm. Current wind farms are generally built with turbines that are all the same height, but if wind farms included turbines with different tower heights, the cost of energy may be reduced. We used gradient-based optimization to demonstrate a method to optimize wind farms with varied hub heights. Our study includes a modified version of the FLORIS wake model that accommodates three-dimensional wakes integrated with a tower structural model. Our purpose was to design a process to minimize the cost of energy of a wind farm through layout optimization and varying turbine hub heights. Results indicate that when a farm is optimized for layout and height with two separate height groups, COE can be lowered by as much as 5-9%, compared to a similar layout and height optimization where all the towers are the same. The COE has the best improvement in farms with high turbine density and low wind shear exponent. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1008	a36682113800	Dykes K.	p333	False	Conference	109	Best practices for wake model and optimization algorithm selection in wind farm layout optimization	This paper presents the results of two case studies regarding the wind farm layout optimization problem. We asked members of the computational optimization and wind communities to take part in the studies that we designed. Nine individuals participated. Case study 1 considered variations in optimization strategies for a given simple Gaussian wake model. Participants were provided with a wake model that outputs annual energy production (AEP) for an input set of wind turbine locations. Participants used an optimization method of their choosing to find an optimal wind farm layout. Case study 2 looked at trade-offs in performance resulting from variation in both physics model and optimization strategy. For case study 2, participants calculated AEP using a wake model of their choice while also using their chosen optimization method. Participants then used their wake model to calculate the AEP of all other participants’ optimized layouts. Results for case study 1 show that the best optimal wind farm layouts in this study were achieved by participants who used gradient-based optimization methods. A front-runner emerged with the Sparse Nonlinear OPTimizer plus Wake Expansion Continua-tion (SNOPT+WEC) optimization method, which consistently discovered the highest submitted AEP. For case study 2, two participants found a similar layout that was judged to be superior by all five participants. It is unclear if the better solution resulted from an improved optimization process, or a wake model that was more amenable to optimization. © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1008	a36682113800	Dykes K.	p616	False	Conference	254	Benefits of two turbine rotor diameters and hub heights in the same wind farm	Significant turbine-wake interactions greatly reduce power output in a wind farm. If different turbine hub heights and rotor diameters are included in the same wind farm, the wake interference in the farm will be reduced, resulting in a lower cost of energy (COE) than a farm with identical turbines. In this paper, we present a method to model wind farm COE in farms with hub heights and rotor diameters that vary across the wind farm. We also demonstrate how to optimize these wind farms to minimize COE. The results show that COE can be greatly reduced in wind farms with non-homogeneous turbines, especially when the turbines are spaced close together. For a unidirectional wind rose, including different turbine design in the wind farm has a similar decrease in COE to spreading the wind turbines farther apart. When the rotor diameter and hub height of the wind turbines in a farm are optimized uniformly, a COE decrease of 4% to 13% (depending on the grid spacing and wind shear exponent) is achieved compared to the baseline. When the rotor diameter and turbine heights are optimized non-uniformly, with two different diameters and heights throughout the farm, there is a COE decrease of 22% to 41% compared to the baseline. For a more spread wind rose with a dominant probability from the west, there is a COE decrease between 3% and 10% for uniformly optimized rotor diameter and height compared to the baseline. With two optimized rotor diameters and heights through the farm, a COE decrease of 3% to 19% is achieved. For a similar wind rose shifted such that the dominant wind direction is from the northwest, a COE decrease between 3% and 10% results from uniformly optimized wind turbines compared to the baseline. A COE decrease of 3% to 17% compared to the baseline occurs with two different turbines are optimized throughout the wind farm. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1008	a36682113800	Dykes K.	p836	False	Conference	364	Gradient-based optimization of wind farms with different turbine heights	Turbine wakes reduce power production in a wind farm. Current wind farms are generally built with turbines that are all the same height, but if wind farms included turbines with different tower heights, the cost of energy may be reduced. We used gradient-based optimization to demonstrate a method to optimize wind farms with varied hub heights. Our study includes a modified version of the FLORIS wake model that accommodates three-dimensional wakes integrated with a tower structural model. Our purpose was to design a process to minimize the cost of energy of a wind farm through layout optimization and varying turbine hub heights. Results indicate that when a farm is optimized for layout and height with two separate height groups, COE can be lowered by as much as 5-9%, compared to a similar layout and height optimization where all the towers are the same. The COE has the best improvement in farms with high turbine density and low wind shear exponent. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1009	a56245452300	Annoni J.	p334	False	Conference	110	Comparison of wind farm layout optimization results using a simple wake model and gradient-based optimization to large-eddy simulations	The models used during wind farm layout optimization use simplifying assumptions that can alter the design space. Some characteristics of the simple models may negatively influence the resulting layouts. In this paper, we perform wind farm layout optimization using a simple wake model and compare the resulting improvements to large-eddy simulation (LES) results to confirm that the layout was actually improved. We begin by describing the models used, including changes specific for use with gradient-based optimization. We then compare our models’ output to previously published model and LES results. Using the models described, we performed gradient-based wind farm layout optimization using exact gradients. Power production for the original and optimized layouts were recalculated using LES. The model and LES results were then compared. The simple models predicted an improvement in annual energy production (AEP) of 7.4%, while the LES reported an AEP improvement of 9.9%. We concluded that the improvements found by optimizing with the simple models are not just an artifact of the model characteristics, but are real improvements. © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1009	a56245452300	Annoni J.	p836	False	Conference	364	Gradient-based optimization of wind farms with different turbine heights	Turbine wakes reduce power production in a wind farm. Current wind farms are generally built with turbines that are all the same height, but if wind farms included turbines with different tower heights, the cost of energy may be reduced. We used gradient-based optimization to demonstrate a method to optimize wind farms with varied hub heights. Our study includes a modified version of the FLORIS wake model that accommodates three-dimensional wakes integrated with a tower structural model. Our purpose was to design a process to minimize the cost of energy of a wind farm through layout optimization and varying turbine hub heights. Results indicate that when a farm is optimized for layout and height with two separate height groups, COE can be lowered by as much as 5-9%, compared to a similar layout and height optimization where all the towers are the same. The COE has the best improvement in farms with high turbine density and low wind shear exponent. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1010	a35310092900	Fleming P.	p334	False	Conference	110	Comparison of wind farm layout optimization results using a simple wake model and gradient-based optimization to large-eddy simulations	The models used during wind farm layout optimization use simplifying assumptions that can alter the design space. Some characteristics of the simple models may negatively influence the resulting layouts. In this paper, we perform wind farm layout optimization using a simple wake model and compare the resulting improvements to large-eddy simulation (LES) results to confirm that the layout was actually improved. We begin by describing the models used, including changes specific for use with gradient-based optimization. We then compare our models’ output to previously published model and LES results. Using the models described, we performed gradient-based wind farm layout optimization using exact gradients. Power production for the original and optimized layouts were recalculated using LES. The model and LES results were then compared. The simple models predicted an improvement in annual energy production (AEP) of 7.4%, while the LES reported an AEP improvement of 9.9%. We concluded that the improvements found by optimizing with the simple models are not just an artifact of the model characteristics, but are real improvements. © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1010	a35310092900	Fleming P.	p836	False	Conference	364	Gradient-based optimization of wind farms with different turbine heights	Turbine wakes reduce power production in a wind farm. Current wind farms are generally built with turbines that are all the same height, but if wind farms included turbines with different tower heights, the cost of energy may be reduced. We used gradient-based optimization to demonstrate a method to optimize wind farms with varied hub heights. Our study includes a modified version of the FLORIS wake model that accommodates three-dimensional wakes integrated with a tower structural model. Our purpose was to design a process to minimize the cost of energy of a wind farm through layout optimization and varying turbine hub heights. Results indicate that when a farm is optimized for layout and height with two separate height groups, COE can be lowered by as much as 5-9%, compared to a similar layout and height optimization where all the towers are the same. The COE has the best improvement in farms with high turbine density and low wind shear exponent. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1011	a57214589312	Thorum A.	p335	True	Conference	111	Thermal properties of thin film uranium oxides and thorium oxides	Uranium and thorium oxides have critical roles as fuels in existing nuclear power plants, as well as in proposed reactor concepts. The thermal conductivity of these materials determines their ability to transfer heat from the reactor core to the surrounding coolant. Additionally, these actinide compounds are of interest in condensed matter physics because of the 5f orbitals and unique electron interaction, coupling, and scattering events that can occur. Because of the radioactivity of thorium and uranium, thin film measurements of actinide materials are used to limit the amount of operator exposure, but standard thermal characterization methods are not well suited for thin films. This paper presents the process of depositing thin film UOx and ThOx samples of nm-μm thicknesses and the results of thermal property measurements. Thin films were deposited on silicon and glass substrates via dc-magnetron sputtering using an argon/oxygen mixture as the working gas. The thermal properties of the films were measured by the Thermal Conductivity Microscope (TCM). This uses one laser to generate thermal waves and a second laser to measure the magnitude and phases of the thermal waves to obtain the conductivity of materials. The results of the research show that the UOx film properties are lower than bulk values and that the role of the substrate has a considerable effect on determining the measured properties. Future work aims at improving the deposition process. Epitaxial film growth is planned. Additional understanding of thermal property measurements is targeted. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
1012	a57215007775	Page L.	p335	False	Conference	111	Thermal properties of thin film uranium oxides and thorium oxides	Uranium and thorium oxides have critical roles as fuels in existing nuclear power plants, as well as in proposed reactor concepts. The thermal conductivity of these materials determines their ability to transfer heat from the reactor core to the surrounding coolant. Additionally, these actinide compounds are of interest in condensed matter physics because of the 5f orbitals and unique electron interaction, coupling, and scattering events that can occur. Because of the radioactivity of thorium and uranium, thin film measurements of actinide materials are used to limit the amount of operator exposure, but standard thermal characterization methods are not well suited for thin films. This paper presents the process of depositing thin film UOx and ThOx samples of nm-μm thicknesses and the results of thermal property measurements. Thin films were deposited on silicon and glass substrates via dc-magnetron sputtering using an argon/oxygen mixture as the working gas. The thermal properties of the films were measured by the Thermal Conductivity Microscope (TCM). This uses one laser to generate thermal waves and a second laser to measure the magnitude and phases of the thermal waves to obtain the conductivity of materials. The results of the research show that the UOx film properties are lower than bulk values and that the role of the substrate has a considerable effect on determining the measured properties. Future work aims at improving the deposition process. Epitaxial film growth is planned. Additional understanding of thermal property measurements is targeted. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
1013	a36126203400	Hua Z.	p335	False	Conference	111	Thermal properties of thin film uranium oxides and thorium oxides	Uranium and thorium oxides have critical roles as fuels in existing nuclear power plants, as well as in proposed reactor concepts. The thermal conductivity of these materials determines their ability to transfer heat from the reactor core to the surrounding coolant. Additionally, these actinide compounds are of interest in condensed matter physics because of the 5f orbitals and unique electron interaction, coupling, and scattering events that can occur. Because of the radioactivity of thorium and uranium, thin film measurements of actinide materials are used to limit the amount of operator exposure, but standard thermal characterization methods are not well suited for thin films. This paper presents the process of depositing thin film UOx and ThOx samples of nm-μm thicknesses and the results of thermal property measurements. Thin films were deposited on silicon and glass substrates via dc-magnetron sputtering using an argon/oxygen mixture as the working gas. The thermal properties of the films were measured by the Thermal Conductivity Microscope (TCM). This uses one laser to generate thermal waves and a second laser to measure the magnitude and phases of the thermal waves to obtain the conductivity of materials. The results of the research show that the UOx film properties are lower than bulk values and that the role of the substrate has a considerable effect on determining the measured properties. Future work aims at improving the deposition process. Epitaxial film growth is planned. Additional understanding of thermal property measurements is targeted. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
1014	a7102843798	Hurley D.	p335	False	Conference	111	Thermal properties of thin film uranium oxides and thorium oxides	Uranium and thorium oxides have critical roles as fuels in existing nuclear power plants, as well as in proposed reactor concepts. The thermal conductivity of these materials determines their ability to transfer heat from the reactor core to the surrounding coolant. Additionally, these actinide compounds are of interest in condensed matter physics because of the 5f orbitals and unique electron interaction, coupling, and scattering events that can occur. Because of the radioactivity of thorium and uranium, thin film measurements of actinide materials are used to limit the amount of operator exposure, but standard thermal characterization methods are not well suited for thin films. This paper presents the process of depositing thin film UOx and ThOx samples of nm-μm thicknesses and the results of thermal property measurements. Thin films were deposited on silicon and glass substrates via dc-magnetron sputtering using an argon/oxygen mixture as the working gas. The thermal properties of the films were measured by the Thermal Conductivity Microscope (TCM). This uses one laser to generate thermal waves and a second laser to measure the magnitude and phases of the thermal waves to obtain the conductivity of materials. The results of the research show that the UOx film properties are lower than bulk values and that the role of the substrate has a considerable effect on determining the measured properties. Future work aims at improving the deposition process. Epitaxial film growth is planned. Additional understanding of thermal property measurements is targeted. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
1015	a57214451592	Yayoglu Y.E.	p336	True	Conference	112	Effects of laser ablation parameters to pattern high purity magnesium surfaces	Magnesium and magnesium-based alloys have relatively low weight and desirable mechanical properties for many applications in multiple industries including aerospace and automotive. In the past decade, due to its biocompatible nature, the medical field has expressed significant interest in magnesium for biodegradable implant applications. However, utilization of magnesium-based alloys in surgical implant applications is strictly limited by magnesium’s high vulnerability to corrosion causing premature disintegration inside the human body. Hydrophobic (non-wetting) behavior of metal surfaces has been proven to be beneficial for corrosion protection in academic literature. One way of achieving hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces on metal surfaces without using non-biocompatible coatings is creating uniform microstructures that would alter the wetting characteristics of the surface. This work focuses on creating uniform pillar shaped micro-patterns on smooth pure magnesium surfaces by utilizing a picosecond laser (λ = 355 nm). The study reports the effects of average laser power, partial laser beam overlap and number of laser scans on the height, steepness, roughness of the resultant micro-pillars. Information gathered from this study could be useful in creating more complex or finer micro-structures on magnesium and its alloys to alter their wetting or corrosion characteristics using laser ablation which is a fast, repeatable and an un-convoluted process. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
1016	a6603114735	Gallant N.D.	p336	False	Conference	112	Effects of laser ablation parameters to pattern high purity magnesium surfaces	Magnesium and magnesium-based alloys have relatively low weight and desirable mechanical properties for many applications in multiple industries including aerospace and automotive. In the past decade, due to its biocompatible nature, the medical field has expressed significant interest in magnesium for biodegradable implant applications. However, utilization of magnesium-based alloys in surgical implant applications is strictly limited by magnesium’s high vulnerability to corrosion causing premature disintegration inside the human body. Hydrophobic (non-wetting) behavior of metal surfaces has been proven to be beneficial for corrosion protection in academic literature. One way of achieving hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces on metal surfaces without using non-biocompatible coatings is creating uniform microstructures that would alter the wetting characteristics of the surface. This work focuses on creating uniform pillar shaped micro-patterns on smooth pure magnesium surfaces by utilizing a picosecond laser (λ = 355 nm). The study reports the effects of average laser power, partial laser beam overlap and number of laser scans on the height, steepness, roughness of the resultant micro-pillars. Information gathered from this study could be useful in creating more complex or finer micro-structures on magnesium and its alloys to alter their wetting or corrosion characteristics using laser ablation which is a fast, repeatable and an un-convoluted process. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
1017	a8641604600	Toomey R.	p336	False	Conference	112	Effects of laser ablation parameters to pattern high purity magnesium surfaces	Magnesium and magnesium-based alloys have relatively low weight and desirable mechanical properties for many applications in multiple industries including aerospace and automotive. In the past decade, due to its biocompatible nature, the medical field has expressed significant interest in magnesium for biodegradable implant applications. However, utilization of magnesium-based alloys in surgical implant applications is strictly limited by magnesium’s high vulnerability to corrosion causing premature disintegration inside the human body. Hydrophobic (non-wetting) behavior of metal surfaces has been proven to be beneficial for corrosion protection in academic literature. One way of achieving hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces on metal surfaces without using non-biocompatible coatings is creating uniform microstructures that would alter the wetting characteristics of the surface. This work focuses on creating uniform pillar shaped micro-patterns on smooth pure magnesium surfaces by utilizing a picosecond laser (λ = 355 nm). The study reports the effects of average laser power, partial laser beam overlap and number of laser scans on the height, steepness, roughness of the resultant micro-pillars. Information gathered from this study could be useful in creating more complex or finer micro-structures on magnesium and its alloys to alter their wetting or corrosion characteristics using laser ablation which is a fast, repeatable and an un-convoluted process. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
1018	a23027991800	List M.G.	p337	False	Conference	113	Radial variation in distortion transfer and generation in a highly loaded fan stage from near-stall to choke	Understanding distortion transfer and generation through fan and compressor blade rows is able to assist in blade design and performance prediction. Using full annulus URANS simulations, the effects of distortion as it passes through the rotor of a transonic fan at five radial locations (10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% span) are analyzed. The inlet distortion profile is a 90-degree sector with a 15% total pressure deficit. Fourier distortion descriptors are used in this study to quantitatively describe distortion transfer and generation. Results are presented and compared for three operating points (near-stall, design, and choke). These results are used to explain the relationship between inlet total pressure distortion, pressure-induced swirl, total pressure distortion transfer, total temperature distortion generation, and circumferential rotor power variation. It is shown that very large changes in pressure-induced swirl and distortion transfer and generation occur between near-stall and design, but only small changes are seen between design and choke. The greatest changes are shown to be near the tip. Local power variations are shown to correlate with total pressure distortion transfer and total temperature distortion generation. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
1018	a23027991800	List M.G.	p595	False	Conference	238	Radial variation in distortion transfer and generation through a highly loaded fan stage	An important consideration for fan and compressor design is quantifying distortion transfer and generation blade row by blade row. Detailed information about the magnitude of distortion and the shape of the distortion profile and how it changes through blade rows increases the understanding of flow physics and helps predict aerodynamic performance. Using full annulus URANS simulations, this paper analyzes what happens to distortion as it passes through the rotor and stator blade rows at 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90% span. Fourier distortion descriptors are used in this study to quantitatively describe distortion transfer and generation. With these descriptors, evidence of pressure-induced swirl is shown at the fan inlet. It is also shown that although there is very little distortion at the 10% span of the inlet, after passing through the rotor blade row the 10% span has the greatest amount of total pressure and total temperature distortion. This radial migration of distortion is attributed to the high hade angle of the hub. The total pressure and total temperature profiles have significant circumferential phase shifts after passing through the rotor and slight phase shifts after passing through the stator. In general, the calculated phase shifts are greatest at the 10% and 90% spans, the nearest locations to the hub and the tip clearance gap, respectively. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1018	a23027991800	List M.G.	p833	False	Conference	361	Fourier descriptors for improved analysis of distortion transfer and generation	For fan/compressor design, quantifying distortion transfer and generation bladerow by bladerow through a fan/compressor is important to understand the flow physics and predict performance. What is needed are descriptors capable of describing distortion profiles with both high and low distortion content and account for the reshaping of distortion profiles. Four key parameters were identified as desirable to quantitatively capture distortion transfer, generation and effects on performance: distortion magnitude, shape, severity and phase. A set of distortion descriptors based on Fourier analysis are shown to quantitatively capture distortion magnitude, shape and phase change across bladerows. These Fourier descriptors are modal amplitude, total amplitude, and phase shift. When used together, these Fourier descriptors can be used to qualitatively describe any conceivable profile shape for any parameter. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
1019	a7103035939	Rossiter J.A.	p338	True	Conference	114	Evaluation and demonstration of take home laboratory kit	This paper discusses some of the reasons for producing take home laboratory kits. This is then supplemented by detailed presentation of three different types of take home kit, alongside the motivations for their design and an evaluation of their efficacy with students. © 2019, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1020	a57212228353	Pope S.A.	p338	False	Conference	114	Evaluation and demonstration of take home laboratory kit	This paper discusses some of the reasons for producing take home laboratory kits. This is then supplemented by detailed presentation of three different types of take home kit, alongside the motivations for their design and an evaluation of their efficacy with students. © 2019, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1021	a7404957607	Jones B.L.	p338	False	Conference	114	Evaluation and demonstration of take home laboratory kit	This paper discusses some of the reasons for producing take home laboratory kits. This is then supplemented by detailed presentation of three different types of take home kit, alongside the motivations for their design and an evaluation of their efficacy with students. © 2019, IFAC (International Federation of Automatic Control) Hosting by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1022	a57203578595	Baptista A.	p339	True	Journal	193	A Proposed Test to Evaluate Efflorescence Potential of Ceramic Blocks	Masonry is susceptible to efflorescence, which in itself is an aesthetic problem, but the condition of efflorescence indicates that water is moving through the masonry in unintended ways and the presence of uncontrolled water can lead to serious issues, including structural problems. In this paper, the results obtained from a proposed test method to evaluate the potential of efflorescence of ceramic blocks are compared to that obtained using the method described in ASTM C67. The proposed method was developed because until 2017 there was no Brazilian Standard to evaluate the efflorescence potential for brick and structural clay tile. The method uses 2 × 2 × 20-cm specimens immersed in 5-cm of distilled water for 5 days in recipients covered with a rubber membrane. The method uses smaller samples than the standard method and has a 5-day instead of 7-day duration. Ceramic blocks from ten manufacturers from different Brazilian regions were used in this study. Results from the standard test method indicated that blocks from three manufacturers were susceptible to efflorescence while the results from the proposed method indicated that the blocks were not susceptible to efflorescence. The discrepancy in results may have been caused by the very small size of the specimens and the large amount of water in the containers used in the proposed method. The amount of soluble salts in the small specimens may not have been enough to detect their presence and the soluble salts in the submerged part of a specimen may have simply dissolved by the water. © 2019, RILEM.
1023	a57203572508	Carneiro A.	p339	False	Journal	193	A Proposed Test to Evaluate Efflorescence Potential of Ceramic Blocks	Masonry is susceptible to efflorescence, which in itself is an aesthetic problem, but the condition of efflorescence indicates that water is moving through the masonry in unintended ways and the presence of uncontrolled water can lead to serious issues, including structural problems. In this paper, the results obtained from a proposed test method to evaluate the potential of efflorescence of ceramic blocks are compared to that obtained using the method described in ASTM C67. The proposed method was developed because until 2017 there was no Brazilian Standard to evaluate the efflorescence potential for brick and structural clay tile. The method uses 2 × 2 × 20-cm specimens immersed in 5-cm of distilled water for 5 days in recipients covered with a rubber membrane. The method uses smaller samples than the standard method and has a 5-day instead of 7-day duration. Ceramic blocks from ten manufacturers from different Brazilian regions were used in this study. Results from the standard test method indicated that blocks from three manufacturers were susceptible to efflorescence while the results from the proposed method indicated that the blocks were not susceptible to efflorescence. The discrepancy in results may have been caused by the very small size of the specimens and the large amount of water in the containers used in the proposed method. The amount of soluble salts in the small specimens may not have been enough to detect their presence and the soluble salts in the submerged part of a specimen may have simply dissolved by the water. © 2019, RILEM.
1024	a55849943100	Lundgreen R.	p340	True	Journal	96	Increasing Inducer Stability and Suction Performance With a Stability Control Device	An inducer is used as the first stage of high suction performance pump. It pressurizes the fluid to delay the onset of cavitation, which can adversely affect performance in a centrifugal pump. In this paper, the performance of a water pump inducer has been explored with and without the implementation of a stability control device (SCD). This device is an inlet cover bleed system that removes high-energy fluid near the blade leading edge and reinjects it back upstream. The research was conducted by running multiphase, time-accurate computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations at the design flow coefficient and at low, off-design flow coefficients. The suction performance and stability for the same inducer with and without the implementation of the SCD has been explored. An improvement in stability and suction performance was observed when the SCD was implemented. Without the SCD, the inducer developed backflow at the blade tip, which led to rotating cavitation and larger rotordynamic forces. With the SCD, no significant cavitation instabilities developed, and the rotordynamic forces remained small. The lack of cavitation instabilities also allowed the inducer to operate at lower inlet pressures, increasing the suction performance of the inducer. Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
1025	a35338971800	Bai H.	p341	True	Journal	194	Relative Heading Estimation and Its Application in Target Handoff in GPS-Denied Environments	In this paper, we address the problem of target handoff between two fixed wing aircrafts that do not have access to Global Positioning Systems. The problem requires estimating the relative pose between the vehicles. We assume that onboard inertial measurement units can provide roll and pitch estimates of the aircraft attitude. We examine the observability of other relative states needed to do the handoff problem. In particular, we consider two different scenarios. In the first scenario, we assume that the relative position between the aircrafts is measured, as would be the case for a radar or a lidar sensor. We assume that the two aircrafts do not exchange their airspeed and turn rate information. Under mild assumptions, we show that the relative heading between the two aircrafts is observable. In the second scenario, we assume that only the bearing angle between the two aircrafts is measured, as would be the case for a vision sensor. We prove state observability for maneuvers that are relevant to target tracking and handoff. We also present an estimation algorithm that uses a bank of extended Kalman filters to estimate the relative states. Simulation results with full vehicle dynamics demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. © 1993-2012 IEEE.
1026	a57207260622	Starick T.	p342	True	Conference	115	One-dimensional turbulence modelling of a lifted methane/air jet flame in a vitiated coflow	The present preliminary numerical study investigates a lifted methane/air jet flame in a vitiated coflow by means of the map-based, stochastic One-Dimensional Turbulence (ODT) model. In the considered configuration, a jet flame issues from a central nozzle into a vitiated coflow of hot combustion products from an array of lean H2/air flames. Centreline profiles for mixture fraction, temperature and mass fraction of O2 and OH obtained from ODT simulations with a planar and cylindrical formulation are shown and compared to measurements from Cabra et al. (2005). Additionally, two-dimensional renderings of the jet flame and scatter plots of temperature versus mixture fraction and OH mass fraction versus mixture fraction are provided. Although the application of ODT for reactive flows in jet configurations is not novel, the chosen lifted jet flame in a vitiated coflow represents a challenge for the model. The accurate representation of the subtle interactions of the hot coflow products with the cold unburnt jet flow are crucial for the reaction and autoignition of the jet (Cabra et al., 2005). Considering the reduced order of the model and the taken assumptions, the achieved results reasonably match with the measurement data. © 2019 International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena, TSFP. All rights reserved.
1027	a24336460200	Schmidt H.	p342	False	Conference	115	One-dimensional turbulence modelling of a lifted methane/air jet flame in a vitiated coflow	The present preliminary numerical study investigates a lifted methane/air jet flame in a vitiated coflow by means of the map-based, stochastic One-Dimensional Turbulence (ODT) model. In the considered configuration, a jet flame issues from a central nozzle into a vitiated coflow of hot combustion products from an array of lean H2/air flames. Centreline profiles for mixture fraction, temperature and mass fraction of O2 and OH obtained from ODT simulations with a planar and cylindrical formulation are shown and compared to measurements from Cabra et al. (2005). Additionally, two-dimensional renderings of the jet flame and scatter plots of temperature versus mixture fraction and OH mass fraction versus mixture fraction are provided. Although the application of ODT for reactive flows in jet configurations is not novel, the chosen lifted jet flame in a vitiated coflow represents a challenge for the model. The accurate representation of the subtle interactions of the hot coflow products with the cold unburnt jet flow are crucial for the reaction and autoignition of the jet (Cabra et al., 2005). Considering the reduced order of the model and the taken assumptions, the achieved results reasonably match with the measurement data. © 2019 International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena, TSFP. All rights reserved.
1027	a24336460200	Schmidt H.	p467	False	Journal	228	One-dimensional turbulence modeling for cylindrical and spherical flows: model formulation and application	The one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model resolves a full range of time and length scales and is computationally efficient. ODT has been applied to a wide range of complex multi-scale flows, such as turbulent combustion. Previous ODT comparisons to experimental data have focused mainly on planar flows. Applications to cylindrical flows, such as round jets, have been based on rough analogies, e.g., by exploiting the fortuitous consistency of the similarity scalings of temporally developing planar jets and spatially developing round jets. To obtain a more systematic treatment, a new formulation of the ODT model in cylindrical and spherical coordinates is presented here. The model is written in terms of a geometric factor so that planar, cylindrical, and spherical configurations are represented in the same way. Temporal and spatial versions of the model are presented. A Lagrangian finite-volume implementation is used with a dynamically adaptive mesh. The adaptive mesh facilitates the implementation of cylindrical and spherical versions of the triplet map, which is used to model turbulent advection (eddy events) in the one-dimensional flow coordinate. In cylindrical and spherical coordinates, geometric stretching of the three triplet map images occurs due to the radial dependence of volume, with the stretching being strongest near the centerline. Two triplet map variants, TMA and TMB, are presented. In TMA, the three map images have the same volume, but different radial segment lengths. In TMB, the three map images have the same radial segment lengths, but different segment volumes. Cylindrical results are presented for temporal pipe flow, a spatial nonreacting jet, and a spatial nonreacting jet flame. These results compare very well to direct numerical simulation for the pipe flow, and to experimental data for the jets. The nonreacting jet treatment overpredicts velocity fluctuations near the centerline, due to the geometric stretching of the triplet maps and its effect on the eddy event rate distribution. TMB performs better than TMA. A hybrid planar-TMB (PTMB) approach is also presented, which further improves the results. TMA, TMB, and PTMB are nearly identical in the pipe flow where the key dynamics occur near the wall away from the centerline. The jet flame illustrates effects of variable density and viscosity, including dilatational effects. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
1028	a57195960835	Nittala S.	p343	True	Conference	116	Changes in perceptions of ethical climate among undergraduate engineering students	Promoting ethical conduct and social responsibility among undergraduate engineering graduates has been an ongoing challenge for many universities around the world. Among many factors shaping such commitments, the ethical climate within engineering degree programs specifically and universities more generally seems especially pertinent. Yet there remains a lack of research on, and understanding about, engineering students' perceptions of ethical climate, including how this changes over time and impacts their professional formation and values. This paper draws on an NSF-funded, mixed-methods, longitudinal research project conducted across four U.S. universities. The larger project aims to investigate perceptions and attitudes around ethics, social responsibility, and related concepts among engineering students. In this paper, we more specifically explore various facets of ethical climate across the three schools through a mixed-method explanatory study. We focus on quantitative survey measures (n=257) and qualitative interview data (n=33) collected from engineering students during their first and final years of college. We more specifically shed light on three main research objectives. First, we investigate how engineering students perceive ethical climate across the four universities. Second, we explore how students' perceptions of ethical climate change over time. Third, we look at how specific experiences may contribute to students' ethical climate perceptions, including changes over time. This study will appeal to engineering educators, policymakers and researchers who are interested in research on ethics, social responsibility, and related topics. By providing foundational insights about students' perceptions of ethical climate, we hope to inform strategies to improve the ethical climate at universities and ethical commitments of engineers. © 2020 SEFI 47th Annual Conference: Varietas Delectat... Complexity is the New Normality, Proceedings. All rights reserved.
1028	a57195960835	Nittala S.	p490	True	Conference	182	Investigating influences on first-year engineering students' views of ethics and social responsibility	According to current ABET accreditation requirements, engineering students need to become aware of the social contexts of engineering and develop ethical and professional responsibilities during their undergraduate training. Concerns also persist about the moral and ethical commitments of engineers once they enter the workplace, as underscored by a number of recent ethics scandals involving engineers and technology. The education of ethically adept engineers therefore remains a pertinent issue for the engineering education community. Yet there remains relatively little research on how students' prior experiences shape their ethical perspectives. Specifically, there is a lack of understanding of the role of pre-college and early college experiences and other influences in shaping first-year engineering students' views on ethics. This paper reports select results from an NSF-funded project aiming to address some of these gaps in the literature. This longitudinal study was conducted across four universities and focused on the ethical development of undergraduate engineering students. Preliminary analysis of interviews from the first phase of this study identified a number of major themes in the data set, two of which are important to highlight here: 1) influences on students' ethical perspectives (e.g., academic curricular, extracurricular activities, family, etc.) and 2) learned outcomes, defined as insights, learning, or realizations related to ethics, morality, and values. Deeper investigation of the relationship between specific influences and students' insights related to ethics can provide a better understanding of first-year engineering students' baseline ethical development. The goal of this paper is to characterize what specific ethical lessons are gained through various types of experiences, as well as to glean how this learning and growth occurs. Data for this study was drawn from 66 interview transcripts and consisted of sections coded simultaneously for influences and learned outcomes. The cross-coded data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The types of influences impacting students' ethical learning, and exemplars of how students report their lived experiences and ethical realizations, are discussed through the lens of what they learned and the mechanisms through which they gained these understandings. Our analysis suggests that several pre-college (e.g., extracurricular activities, service/volunteer roles and social experiences) and early college experiences (e.g., academic courses, part-time employment) play a critical role in shaping students' ethical perspectives. We more specifically present our findings organized around eight types of experiences and influences, which are in turn related to three categories of learned outcomes and three types of learning mechanisms. As we discuss in more detail below, the results of this study will likely be of interest to engineering educators, policymakers, and researchers with an interest in administering and studying high-impact ethics interventions for undergraduate engineering students. More specifically, our results underscore the importance of being more aware of how students' background perspectives and experiences likely play important roles in enabling or disabling their further ethical development. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1029	a57203300120	Howland S.	p343	False	Conference	116	Changes in perceptions of ethical climate among undergraduate engineering students	Promoting ethical conduct and social responsibility among undergraduate engineering graduates has been an ongoing challenge for many universities around the world. Among many factors shaping such commitments, the ethical climate within engineering degree programs specifically and universities more generally seems especially pertinent. Yet there remains a lack of research on, and understanding about, engineering students' perceptions of ethical climate, including how this changes over time and impacts their professional formation and values. This paper draws on an NSF-funded, mixed-methods, longitudinal research project conducted across four U.S. universities. The larger project aims to investigate perceptions and attitudes around ethics, social responsibility, and related concepts among engineering students. In this paper, we more specifically explore various facets of ethical climate across the three schools through a mixed-method explanatory study. We focus on quantitative survey measures (n=257) and qualitative interview data (n=33) collected from engineering students during their first and final years of college. We more specifically shed light on three main research objectives. First, we investigate how engineering students perceive ethical climate across the four universities. Second, we explore how students' perceptions of ethical climate change over time. Third, we look at how specific experiences may contribute to students' ethical climate perceptions, including changes over time. This study will appeal to engineering educators, policymakers and researchers who are interested in research on ethics, social responsibility, and related topics. By providing foundational insights about students' perceptions of ethical climate, we hope to inform strategies to improve the ethical climate at universities and ethical commitments of engineers. © 2020 SEFI 47th Annual Conference: Varietas Delectat... Complexity is the New Normality, Proceedings. All rights reserved.
1029	a57203300120	Howland S.	p490	False	Conference	182	Investigating influences on first-year engineering students' views of ethics and social responsibility	According to current ABET accreditation requirements, engineering students need to become aware of the social contexts of engineering and develop ethical and professional responsibilities during their undergraduate training. Concerns also persist about the moral and ethical commitments of engineers once they enter the workplace, as underscored by a number of recent ethics scandals involving engineers and technology. The education of ethically adept engineers therefore remains a pertinent issue for the engineering education community. Yet there remains relatively little research on how students' prior experiences shape their ethical perspectives. Specifically, there is a lack of understanding of the role of pre-college and early college experiences and other influences in shaping first-year engineering students' views on ethics. This paper reports select results from an NSF-funded project aiming to address some of these gaps in the literature. This longitudinal study was conducted across four universities and focused on the ethical development of undergraduate engineering students. Preliminary analysis of interviews from the first phase of this study identified a number of major themes in the data set, two of which are important to highlight here: 1) influences on students' ethical perspectives (e.g., academic curricular, extracurricular activities, family, etc.) and 2) learned outcomes, defined as insights, learning, or realizations related to ethics, morality, and values. Deeper investigation of the relationship between specific influences and students' insights related to ethics can provide a better understanding of first-year engineering students' baseline ethical development. The goal of this paper is to characterize what specific ethical lessons are gained through various types of experiences, as well as to glean how this learning and growth occurs. Data for this study was drawn from 66 interview transcripts and consisted of sections coded simultaneously for influences and learned outcomes. The cross-coded data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The types of influences impacting students' ethical learning, and exemplars of how students report their lived experiences and ethical realizations, are discussed through the lens of what they learned and the mechanisms through which they gained these understandings. Our analysis suggests that several pre-college (e.g., extracurricular activities, service/volunteer roles and social experiences) and early college experiences (e.g., academic courses, part-time employment) play a critical role in shaping students' ethical perspectives. We more specifically present our findings organized around eight types of experiences and influences, which are in turn related to three categories of learned outcomes and three types of learning mechanisms. As we discuss in more detail below, the results of this study will likely be of interest to engineering educators, policymakers, and researchers with an interest in administering and studying high-impact ethics interventions for undergraduate engineering students. More specifically, our results underscore the importance of being more aware of how students' background perspectives and experiences likely play important roles in enabling or disabling their further ethical development. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1029	a57203300120	Howland S.	p491	True	Conference	183	A longitudinal study of social and ethical responsibility among undergraduate engineering students: Comparing baseline and midpoint survey results	In addition to developing technically competent engineers, engineering programs aim to prepare students to be professionally and ethically responsible. Universities have sought to integrate ethics instruction into their curricula through a variety of learning experiences. However, there is a lack of research on foundational understandings of social and ethical responsibility among engineering students, including how their perceptions change over time and following participation in specific types of learning experiences. This study uses a longitudinal mixed-methods study design, collecting and analyzing quantitative and qualitative data from engineering students over the course of their four years as undergraduate students. This paper reports insights gained by a repeat survey of student perceptions of ethics and social responsibility. Our analysis compares student responses (n=319) to a survey administered during their first year of college and again in their junior year (approximately fifth-semester), including variations based on student affiliations and demographics (e.g., comparisons among universities, genders, importance of religion, and other relevant factors) and learning experiences (e.g., service-learning programs, ethics courses, extracurricular organizations, etc.). These mid-point findings contribute to our understandings of the trajectories of students' perceptions and perspectives and are beginning to reveal some specific experiences and contexts that are having the largest measurable impacts on the participating students. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1030	a13607032600	Jesiek B.	p343	False	Conference	116	Changes in perceptions of ethical climate among undergraduate engineering students	Promoting ethical conduct and social responsibility among undergraduate engineering graduates has been an ongoing challenge for many universities around the world. Among many factors shaping such commitments, the ethical climate within engineering degree programs specifically and universities more generally seems especially pertinent. Yet there remains a lack of research on, and understanding about, engineering students' perceptions of ethical climate, including how this changes over time and impacts their professional formation and values. This paper draws on an NSF-funded, mixed-methods, longitudinal research project conducted across four U.S. universities. The larger project aims to investigate perceptions and attitudes around ethics, social responsibility, and related concepts among engineering students. In this paper, we more specifically explore various facets of ethical climate across the three schools through a mixed-method explanatory study. We focus on quantitative survey measures (n=257) and qualitative interview data (n=33) collected from engineering students during their first and final years of college. We more specifically shed light on three main research objectives. First, we investigate how engineering students perceive ethical climate across the four universities. Second, we explore how students' perceptions of ethical climate change over time. Third, we look at how specific experiences may contribute to students' ethical climate perceptions, including changes over time. This study will appeal to engineering educators, policymakers and researchers who are interested in research on ethics, social responsibility, and related topics. By providing foundational insights about students' perceptions of ethical climate, we hope to inform strategies to improve the ethical climate at universities and ethical commitments of engineers. © 2020 SEFI 47th Annual Conference: Varietas Delectat... Complexity is the New Normality, Proceedings. All rights reserved.
1030	a13607032600	Jesiek B.	p490	False	Conference	182	Investigating influences on first-year engineering students' views of ethics and social responsibility	According to current ABET accreditation requirements, engineering students need to become aware of the social contexts of engineering and develop ethical and professional responsibilities during their undergraduate training. Concerns also persist about the moral and ethical commitments of engineers once they enter the workplace, as underscored by a number of recent ethics scandals involving engineers and technology. The education of ethically adept engineers therefore remains a pertinent issue for the engineering education community. Yet there remains relatively little research on how students' prior experiences shape their ethical perspectives. Specifically, there is a lack of understanding of the role of pre-college and early college experiences and other influences in shaping first-year engineering students' views on ethics. This paper reports select results from an NSF-funded project aiming to address some of these gaps in the literature. This longitudinal study was conducted across four universities and focused on the ethical development of undergraduate engineering students. Preliminary analysis of interviews from the first phase of this study identified a number of major themes in the data set, two of which are important to highlight here: 1) influences on students' ethical perspectives (e.g., academic curricular, extracurricular activities, family, etc.) and 2) learned outcomes, defined as insights, learning, or realizations related to ethics, morality, and values. Deeper investigation of the relationship between specific influences and students' insights related to ethics can provide a better understanding of first-year engineering students' baseline ethical development. The goal of this paper is to characterize what specific ethical lessons are gained through various types of experiences, as well as to glean how this learning and growth occurs. Data for this study was drawn from 66 interview transcripts and consisted of sections coded simultaneously for influences and learned outcomes. The cross-coded data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The types of influences impacting students' ethical learning, and exemplars of how students report their lived experiences and ethical realizations, are discussed through the lens of what they learned and the mechanisms through which they gained these understandings. Our analysis suggests that several pre-college (e.g., extracurricular activities, service/volunteer roles and social experiences) and early college experiences (e.g., academic courses, part-time employment) play a critical role in shaping students' ethical perspectives. We more specifically present our findings organized around eight types of experiences and influences, which are in turn related to three categories of learned outcomes and three types of learning mechanisms. As we discuss in more detail below, the results of this study will likely be of interest to engineering educators, policymakers, and researchers with an interest in administering and studying high-impact ethics interventions for undergraduate engineering students. More specifically, our results underscore the importance of being more aware of how students' background perspectives and experiences likely play important roles in enabling or disabling their further ethical development. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1030	a13607032600	Jesiek B.	p491	False	Conference	183	A longitudinal study of social and ethical responsibility among undergraduate engineering students: Comparing baseline and midpoint survey results	In addition to developing technically competent engineers, engineering programs aim to prepare students to be professionally and ethically responsible. Universities have sought to integrate ethics instruction into their curricula through a variety of learning experiences. However, there is a lack of research on foundational understandings of social and ethical responsibility among engineering students, including how their perceptions change over time and following participation in specific types of learning experiences. This study uses a longitudinal mixed-methods study design, collecting and analyzing quantitative and qualitative data from engineering students over the course of their four years as undergraduate students. This paper reports insights gained by a repeat survey of student perceptions of ethics and social responsibility. Our analysis compares student responses (n=319) to a survey administered during their first year of college and again in their junior year (approximately fifth-semester), including variations based on student affiliations and demographics (e.g., comparisons among universities, genders, importance of religion, and other relevant factors) and learning experiences (e.g., service-learning programs, ethics courses, extracurricular organizations, etc.). These mid-point findings contribute to our understandings of the trajectories of students' perceptions and perspectives and are beginning to reveal some specific experiences and contexts that are having the largest measurable impacts on the participating students. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1030	a13607032600	Jesiek B.	p738	True	Conference	319	Investigating engineering students' understandings of social and ethical responsibility: Coding framework and initial findings	[No abstract available]
1031	a57209399640	Tyler J.	p344	False	Conference	117	“Something isn't secure, but I'm not sure how that translates into a problem”: Promoting autonomy by designing for understanding in Signal	Security designs that presume enacting secure behaviors to be beneficial in all circumstances discount the impact of response cost on users' lives and assume that all data is equally worth protecting. However, this has the effect of reducing user autonomy by diminishing the role personal values and priorities play in the decision-making process. In this study, we demonstrate an alternative approach that emphasizes users' comprehension over compliance, with the goal of helping users to make more informed decisions regarding their own security. To this end, we conducted a three-phase redesign of the warning notifications surrounding the authentication ceremony in Signal. Our results show how improved comprehension can be achieved while still promoting favorable privacy outcomes among users. Our experience reaffirms existing arguments that users should be empowered to make personal trade-offs between perceived risk and response cost. We also find that system trust is a major factor in users' interpretation of system determinations of risk, and that properly communicating risk requires an understanding of user perceptions of the larger security ecosystem in whole. © is held by the author/owner.
1032	a57212167791	Gatrell C.	p344	False	Conference	117	“Something isn't secure, but I'm not sure how that translates into a problem”: Promoting autonomy by designing for understanding in Signal	Security designs that presume enacting secure behaviors to be beneficial in all circumstances discount the impact of response cost on users' lives and assume that all data is equally worth protecting. However, this has the effect of reducing user autonomy by diminishing the role personal values and priorities play in the decision-making process. In this study, we demonstrate an alternative approach that emphasizes users' comprehension over compliance, with the goal of helping users to make more informed decisions regarding their own security. To this end, we conducted a three-phase redesign of the warning notifications surrounding the authentication ceremony in Signal. Our results show how improved comprehension can be achieved while still promoting favorable privacy outcomes among users. Our experience reaffirms existing arguments that users should be empowered to make personal trade-offs between perceived risk and response cost. We also find that system trust is a major factor in users' interpretation of system determinations of risk, and that properly communicating risk requires an understanding of user perceptions of the larger security ecosystem in whole. © is held by the author/owner.
1033	a57209394752	Howard D.	p344	False	Conference	117	“Something isn't secure, but I'm not sure how that translates into a problem”: Promoting autonomy by designing for understanding in Signal	Security designs that presume enacting secure behaviors to be beneficial in all circumstances discount the impact of response cost on users' lives and assume that all data is equally worth protecting. However, this has the effect of reducing user autonomy by diminishing the role personal values and priorities play in the decision-making process. In this study, we demonstrate an alternative approach that emphasizes users' comprehension over compliance, with the goal of helping users to make more informed decisions regarding their own security. To this end, we conducted a three-phase redesign of the warning notifications surrounding the authentication ceremony in Signal. Our results show how improved comprehension can be achieved while still promoting favorable privacy outcomes among users. Our experience reaffirms existing arguments that users should be empowered to make personal trade-offs between perceived risk and response cost. We also find that system trust is a major factor in users' interpretation of system determinations of risk, and that properly communicating risk requires an understanding of user perceptions of the larger security ecosystem in whole. © is held by the author/owner.
1034	a57211217749	Gibbons J.D.	p345	True	Conference	118	A methodology for analyzing intersection safety	This paper summarizes the development of the Utah intersection crash prediction model (UICPM) and the intersection safety analysis methodology (ISAM). The UICPM is a Bayesian generalized linear model that creates distributions of the expected number of crashes at each intersection, compares the actual number of crashes to the distribution, and ranks the intersections based on safety concern. The ISAM is the process that was developed to execute the UICPM. The first step is to prepare the model input by combining the roadway and crash data files. Crashes are assigned to intersections if they are located with the functional area of an intersection. The second step is to execute the UICPM using the R graphical user interface (GUI) tool and R software. The third step is to create a two-page intersection safety analysis report (ISAR) for intersections of interest and maps of the state, regions, and counties to visualize the model results. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1035	a57203661821	Lusk P.C.	p346	True	Journal	195	Safe2Ditch: Emergency landing for small unmanned aircraft systems	Emergency landing is a critical safety feature for the expected increase of autonomous vehicles in the airspace. This paper presents Safe2Ditch, an autonomous crash management system for landing small unmanned aerial vehicles in populated environments. Using a prepopulated database, the highest-rated landing site is selected. As the vehicle progresses toward the selected landing site, a camera is used to image the area around the landing site. Using a recently developed visual multiple target tracker, moving ground obstacles are tracked and geolocated using a flat Earth model. These inertial target estimates are used to revise the landing site and allow the vehicle to land quickly in the presence of non-cooperative obstacles. The complete system is demonstrated through 2000 Monte Carlo simulations and 16 hardware flight tests. Copyright © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1035	a57203661821	Lusk P.C.	p452	False	Conference	158	Autonomous target following with monocular camera on UAS using Recursive-RANSAC tracker	This paper presents a vision-based target tracking and following system using a monocular camera on an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). The R-RANSAC tracker tracks multiple moving objects in the camera field of view and the proposed controller is capable of following a particular target selected by a user while keeping the target in the center of the image. The main contribution of this paper is that multiple objects can be tracked without imposing restrictions such as color, shape, etc. Also, the hardware test shows that the system is able to follow a target autonomously in a real-world outdoor environment. The proposed algorithm is validated on a 3DR X-8 multirotor platform using a downward facing camera. © 2018 IEEE.
1035	a57203661821	Lusk P.C.	p461	True	Conference	166	Visual Multiple Target Tracking from a Descending Aerial Platform	A real-time visual multiple target tracker is demonstrated onboard a descending multirotor. Measurements of moving ground targets are generated using the Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi (KLT) tracking method. Homography-based image registration is used to align the measurements into the same coordinate frame, allowing for the detection of independently moving objects. The recently developed Recursive-RANSAC algorithm uses the visual measurements to estimate targets in clutter. Altitude-dependent tuning increases track continuity and coverage during the descent of the vehicle. The algorithm requires no operator interaction and increases the situation awareness of the unmanned aerial system. Real-time tracking efficiency is analyzed on GPUs and CPUs. Tracking results are presented and discussed using the MOTA and MOTP metrics. © 2018 AACC.
1036	a46961076700	Glaab P.C.	p346	False	Journal	195	Safe2Ditch: Emergency landing for small unmanned aircraft systems	Emergency landing is a critical safety feature for the expected increase of autonomous vehicles in the airspace. This paper presents Safe2Ditch, an autonomous crash management system for landing small unmanned aerial vehicles in populated environments. Using a prepopulated database, the highest-rated landing site is selected. As the vehicle progresses toward the selected landing site, a camera is used to image the area around the landing site. Using a recently developed visual multiple target tracker, moving ground obstacles are tracked and geolocated using a flat Earth model. These inertial target estimates are used to revise the landing site and allow the vehicle to land quickly in the presence of non-cooperative obstacles. The complete system is demonstrated through 2000 Monte Carlo simulations and 16 hardware flight tests. Copyright © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1037	a7801515665	Glaab L.J.	p346	False	Journal	195	Safe2Ditch: Emergency landing for small unmanned aircraft systems	Emergency landing is a critical safety feature for the expected increase of autonomous vehicles in the airspace. This paper presents Safe2Ditch, an autonomous crash management system for landing small unmanned aerial vehicles in populated environments. Using a prepopulated database, the highest-rated landing site is selected. As the vehicle progresses toward the selected landing site, a camera is used to image the area around the landing site. Using a recently developed visual multiple target tracker, moving ground obstacles are tracked and geolocated using a flat Earth model. These inertial target estimates are used to revise the landing site and allow the vehicle to land quickly in the presence of non-cooperative obstacles. The complete system is demonstrated through 2000 Monte Carlo simulations and 16 hardware flight tests. Copyright © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1038	a57208012133	Wagstaff K.B.	p349	False	Conference	121	Passive Force-Deflection Curves for Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) and Lightweight Cellular Concrete (LCC)	Contractors are increasingly requesting to use flowable fill (CLSM) or lightweight cellular concrete (LCC) to replace compacted granular backfill at bridge abutments because they can be placed more rapidly. In addition, LCC reduces the settlement of the underlying soils which is attractive to engineers. To evaluate the passive force-deflection curves for these materials, large-scale lab tests were performed with LCC and CLSM backfills in addition to a granular backfill for comparison. The response of the LCC was similar to that of the granular backfill with somewhat higher peak force developing at about 2.5% of the wall height. Although the stiffness was about twice as high as the granular backfill, the post-peak reduction was less than that for the granular fill. In contrast, the CLSM had a stiffness about 10 times higher than the granular fill and reached the peak value at a deflection equal to 1% of the wall height. The CLSM experienced a rapid decease in strength of about 60% after the peak strength was reached. The ductility of the LCC makes it a more suitable material for seismic loading with higher displacement demands. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1039	a57208012227	Black R.	p349	False	Conference	121	Passive Force-Deflection Curves for Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) and Lightweight Cellular Concrete (LCC)	Contractors are increasingly requesting to use flowable fill (CLSM) or lightweight cellular concrete (LCC) to replace compacted granular backfill at bridge abutments because they can be placed more rapidly. In addition, LCC reduces the settlement of the underlying soils which is attractive to engineers. To evaluate the passive force-deflection curves for these materials, large-scale lab tests were performed with LCC and CLSM backfills in addition to a granular backfill for comparison. The response of the LCC was similar to that of the granular backfill with somewhat higher peak force developing at about 2.5% of the wall height. Although the stiffness was about twice as high as the granular backfill, the post-peak reduction was less than that for the granular fill. In contrast, the CLSM had a stiffness about 10 times higher than the granular fill and reached the peak value at a deflection equal to 1% of the wall height. The CLSM experienced a rapid decease in strength of about 60% after the peak strength was reached. The ductility of the LCC makes it a more suitable material for seismic loading with higher displacement demands. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1040	a55698505100	Black J.A.	p350	True	Journal	196	Enhanced Detection of Single Viruses On-Chip via Hydrodynamic Focusing	Planar optofluidics provide a powerful tool for facilitating chip-scale light-matter interactions. Silicon-based liquid core waveguides have been shown to offer single molecule sensitivity for efficient detection of bioparticles. Recently, a PDMS based planar optofluidic platform was introduced that opens the way to rapid development and prototyping of unique structures, taking advantage of the positive attributes of silicon dioxide-based optofluidics and PDMS based microfluidics. Here, hydrodynamic focusing is integrated into a PDMS based optofluidic chip to enhance the detection of single H1N1 viruses on-chip. Chip-plane focusing is provided by a system of microfluidic channels to force the particles towards a region of high optical collection efficiency. Focusing is demonstrated and enhanced detection is quantified using fluorescent polystyrene beads where the coefficient of variation is found to decrease by a factor of 4 with the addition of hydrodynamic focusing. The mean signal amplitude of fluorescently tagged single H1N1 viruses is found to increase with the addition of focusing by a factor of 1.64. © 1995-2012 IEEE.
1040	a55698505100	Black J.A.	p608	False	Conference	246	3D hydrodynamic focusing for optofluidics using a stacked channel design	We present a 3D hydrodynamic focusing design suitable for optofluidic devices allowing planar fabrication and velocity independent particle focusing. Simulations are presented and fabrication outlined with evidence that stacked SU8 layers are suitable building blocks. © OSA 2018.
1041	a57203308821	Hueros R.A.R.	p350	False	Journal	196	Enhanced Detection of Single Viruses On-Chip via Hydrodynamic Focusing	Planar optofluidics provide a powerful tool for facilitating chip-scale light-matter interactions. Silicon-based liquid core waveguides have been shown to offer single molecule sensitivity for efficient detection of bioparticles. Recently, a PDMS based planar optofluidic platform was introduced that opens the way to rapid development and prototyping of unique structures, taking advantage of the positive attributes of silicon dioxide-based optofluidics and PDMS based microfluidics. Here, hydrodynamic focusing is integrated into a PDMS based optofluidic chip to enhance the detection of single H1N1 viruses on-chip. Chip-plane focusing is provided by a system of microfluidic channels to force the particles towards a region of high optical collection efficiency. Focusing is demonstrated and enhanced detection is quantified using fluorescent polystyrene beads where the coefficient of variation is found to decrease by a factor of 4 with the addition of hydrodynamic focusing. The mean signal amplitude of fluorescently tagged single H1N1 viruses is found to increase with the addition of focusing by a factor of 1.64. © 1995-2012 IEEE.
1042	a55326143600	Parks J.W.	p350	False	Journal	196	Enhanced Detection of Single Viruses On-Chip via Hydrodynamic Focusing	Planar optofluidics provide a powerful tool for facilitating chip-scale light-matter interactions. Silicon-based liquid core waveguides have been shown to offer single molecule sensitivity for efficient detection of bioparticles. Recently, a PDMS based planar optofluidic platform was introduced that opens the way to rapid development and prototyping of unique structures, taking advantage of the positive attributes of silicon dioxide-based optofluidics and PDMS based microfluidics. Here, hydrodynamic focusing is integrated into a PDMS based optofluidic chip to enhance the detection of single H1N1 viruses on-chip. Chip-plane focusing is provided by a system of microfluidic channels to force the particles towards a region of high optical collection efficiency. Focusing is demonstrated and enhanced detection is quantified using fluorescent polystyrene beads where the coefficient of variation is found to decrease by a factor of 4 with the addition of hydrodynamic focusing. The mean signal amplitude of fluorescently tagged single H1N1 viruses is found to increase with the addition of focusing by a factor of 1.64. © 1995-2012 IEEE.
1042	a55326143600	Parks J.W.	p407	False	Journal	217	Integration of sample preparation and analysis into an optofluidic chip for multi-target disease detection	Detection of molecular biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity from biological samples requires both sophisticated sample preparation and subsequent analysis. These tasks are often carried out on separate platforms which increases required sample volumes and the risk of errors, sample loss, and contamination. Here, we present an optofluidic platform which combines an optical detection section with single nucleic acid strand sensitivity, and a sample processing unit capable of on-chip, specific extraction and labeling of nucleic acid and protein targets in complex biological matrices. First, on-chip labeling and detection of individual lambda DNA molecules down to concentrations of 8 fM is demonstrated. Subsequently, we demonstrate the simultaneous capture, fluorescence tagging and detection of both Zika specific nucleic acid and NS-1 protein targets in both buffer and human serum. We show that the dual DNA and protein assay allows for successful differentiation and diagnosis of Zika against cross-reacting species like dengue. © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2018.
1042	a55326143600	Parks J.W.	p840	False	Conference	367	Multimodal multiplexing of single-virus detection using multi-mode interference waveguides	Multi-mode interference waveguides are used to implement simultaneous spectral and spatial multiplex fluorescence analysis in liquid-core waveguide channels. A six-times multiplex identification of single influenza viruses is demonstrated with two excitation colors and threechannels. © 2017 OSA.
1043	a57212351859	Goodson M.	p353	True	Conference	124	Do capstone students really understand the needs of the customer?: Observations on students’ blind spots left by early program curriculum	Student capstone teams have varying degrees of success in meeting the expectations of their project sponsors. Keeping sponsors happy is important to these programs in order to ensure continued support from these industry representatives, so finding ways to improve project outcomes is critical. In order to find blind spots that students may have been left with after their first 6-7 weeks of instruction, we conducted structured interviews with students in capstone programs at Brigham Young University and the US Air Force Academy. These interviews were then transcribed, coded, and analyzed for themes that may have been well understood or misunderstood by students. We found that a significant number of students had not understood concepts such as a design being more than a prototype, that sponsors have expectations for the tradeoffs between product cost and performance, or that they need to be thinking about how their designs might be deployed. It was also interesting to note that most students also reported feeling confident in their understanding despite their apparent lack thereof, indicating that these could represent major blind spots for students. We propose that developing methods for teaching these principles early on will help students see more clearly what their end goals need to be, and thus help them be more successful in delivering desirable designs. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
1044	a7404766197	Anderson M.	p353	False	Conference	124	Do capstone students really understand the needs of the customer?: Observations on students’ blind spots left by early program curriculum	Student capstone teams have varying degrees of success in meeting the expectations of their project sponsors. Keeping sponsors happy is important to these programs in order to ensure continued support from these industry representatives, so finding ways to improve project outcomes is critical. In order to find blind spots that students may have been left with after their first 6-7 weeks of instruction, we conducted structured interviews with students in capstone programs at Brigham Young University and the US Air Force Academy. These interviews were then transcribed, coded, and analyzed for themes that may have been well understood or misunderstood by students. We found that a significant number of students had not understood concepts such as a design being more than a prototype, that sponsors have expectations for the tradeoffs between product cost and performance, or that they need to be thinking about how their designs might be deployed. It was also interesting to note that most students also reported feeling confident in their understanding despite their apparent lack thereof, indicating that these could represent major blind spots for students. We propose that developing methods for teaching these principles early on will help students see more clearly what their end goals need to be, and thus help them be more successful in delivering desirable designs. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
1044	a7404766197	Anderson M.	p354	False	Conference	125	The technology/tactics (TEC/TAC) plot: Explicit representation of user actions in the product design space	The initial phases of the design process – including interactions with stakeholders, ideation of concept candidates, and the selection of the best candidates – have a large impact on the success of a project as a whole. They also tend to be the most unstructured portion of the project, and are often marginalized by teams who assume they already understand stakeholder needs and the best solution paths to pursue. Design researchers have developed methods shown to increase the creativity and divergent thinking of the design team during these initial phases of design. Nevertheless, these methods often rely on only a vague or amorphous representation of the design space (the set of all possible concepts the design team could feasibly select to meet the objective of the project). In this paper, we introduce a particular design-space structure that can help teams ideate and evaluate their ideation, thus improving the early phases of the design process. The design space presented here is a vector space with a basis of technology (the physical product people will use) and tactics (the procedure for using the product). Also presented are definitions, principles, and sub-theories that facilitate the creation and use of technology-tactics plots to represent the design space. Considering the design space in this structured way, the design team can gain valuable insights that improve the effectiveness of the initial stages of design, and may yield additional benefits to the design process as a whole, if further developed. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
1045	a57212271159	Stapleton T.	p354	True	Conference	125	The technology/tactics (TEC/TAC) plot: Explicit representation of user actions in the product design space	The initial phases of the design process – including interactions with stakeholders, ideation of concept candidates, and the selection of the best candidates – have a large impact on the success of a project as a whole. They also tend to be the most unstructured portion of the project, and are often marginalized by teams who assume they already understand stakeholder needs and the best solution paths to pursue. Design researchers have developed methods shown to increase the creativity and divergent thinking of the design team during these initial phases of design. Nevertheless, these methods often rely on only a vague or amorphous representation of the design space (the set of all possible concepts the design team could feasibly select to meet the objective of the project). In this paper, we introduce a particular design-space structure that can help teams ideate and evaluate their ideation, thus improving the early phases of the design process. The design space presented here is a vector space with a basis of technology (the physical product people will use) and tactics (the procedure for using the product). Also presented are definitions, principles, and sub-theories that facilitate the creation and use of technology-tactics plots to represent the design space. Considering the design space in this structured way, the design team can gain valuable insights that improve the effectiveness of the initial stages of design, and may yield additional benefits to the design process as a whole, if further developed. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
1046	a57205765859	Owens T.	p354	False	Conference	125	The technology/tactics (TEC/TAC) plot: Explicit representation of user actions in the product design space	The initial phases of the design process – including interactions with stakeholders, ideation of concept candidates, and the selection of the best candidates – have a large impact on the success of a project as a whole. They also tend to be the most unstructured portion of the project, and are often marginalized by teams who assume they already understand stakeholder needs and the best solution paths to pursue. Design researchers have developed methods shown to increase the creativity and divergent thinking of the design team during these initial phases of design. Nevertheless, these methods often rely on only a vague or amorphous representation of the design space (the set of all possible concepts the design team could feasibly select to meet the objective of the project). In this paper, we introduce a particular design-space structure that can help teams ideate and evaluate their ideation, thus improving the early phases of the design process. The design space presented here is a vector space with a basis of technology (the physical product people will use) and tactics (the procedure for using the product). Also presented are definitions, principles, and sub-theories that facilitate the creation and use of technology-tactics plots to represent the design space. Considering the design space in this structured way, the design team can gain valuable insights that improve the effectiveness of the initial stages of design, and may yield additional benefits to the design process as a whole, if further developed. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
1046	a57205765859	Owens T.	p360	False	Journal	190	A CAD assembly simplification approach with ray casting	We present novel methods for the removal of interior bodies from complex assemblies using ray casting. These methods locate and preserve bodies that represent the high-fidelity exterior surface of an assembly while removing all interior bodies that do not contribute to the exterior assembly surface. In so doing we create parts that can accurately be used for assembly packaging and other tasks without sufiering from the ineficiencies that come from working with the full assembly. We further present an analysis of the process on assemblies of known properties and several use cases with simplification results. Finally, we present directions for future research that could enhance this work. © 2019 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1047	a7201511283	Webb B.W.	p355	True	Journal	197	The spectral line weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (SLW) model for prediction of radiative transfer in molecular gases	This review documents the history and theoretical development of the Spectral Line Weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (SLW) model. The SLW model is a so-called global engineering model for prediction of radiation transfer in gaseous media. The model bases the gas radiative properties on local thermodynamic properties (temperature, species concentration, etc.), and has been developed for use with any arbitrary solver of the Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE). This review first presents the fundamental groundwork for the SLW model, followed by the detailed theoretical development of the model with associated publication references. The model was first formulated for isothermal, homogeneous single-component gases. As part of this formulation a new gas property distribution function, the Absorption Line Blackbody Distribution Function (ALBDF) was proposed, and the ALBDF has been generated from detailed spectroscopic databases for H2O, CO2, and CO over a range of gas temperature, mole fraction (where appropriate), and total pressure. The SLW model was then extended to treat non-isothermal, non-homogeneous gases, mixtures of gas species, and model application in scenarios featuring non-gray particulates and/or boundaries. In all of its development the SLW model has been rigorously tested against benchmark line-by-line spectral integration solutions of the RTE using the same spectroscopic database as used in the generation of the ALBDF. Work continues on the refinement of the SLW model, enhancing its accuracy in prediction of radiative transfer. Finally, this review will summarize work-to-date utilizing the SLW model in coupled heat transfer scenarios—comprehensive combustion simulations, combined natural convection and radiation, etc. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
1047	a7201511283	Webb B.W.	p398	False	Conference	145	Locally correlated slw model for prediction of gas radiation in non-uniform media	Following previous theoretical development based on the assumption of a rank correlated/comonotonic spectrum, the Locally Correlated SLW (LC-SLW) method is outlined. The relationship between the LC-SLW method and the RC-SLW method is established, and their performance in prediction of radiative transfer is compared. Despite the fact that the RC-SLW model demonstrates better overall accuracy, the LC-SLW model generally proves more accurate in regions of higher gas temperature. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1047	a7201511283	Webb B.W.	p399	False	Conference	146	Accuracy of engineering methods for radiative transfer in CO2-H2O mixtures at high temperature	The aim of the paper is to evaluate a set of recently proposed engineering methods of gas radiation. For this purpose, a 3D stochastic ray tracing code was developed to treat realistic geometries. Model parameters based on the same LBL dataset were constructed for all approximate methods. Comparisons consist of two steps: 1/ a set of rays randomly spread over the unit sphere is chosen and narrow band models are assessed against LBL calculations. The most accurate narrow band method is chosen as the reference, 2/ all models are then compared with the chosen reference. For the cases considered in this paper, it was found that: 1/ the l-distribution approach is more accurate than Ck methods and can be used as the reference; 2/ the RC-SLW model provides very accurate predictions; 3/ the WSGG technique, which is the fastest method considered in this work, provides acceptable estimations, even in highly non-isothermal situations. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1047	a7201511283	Webb B.W.	p400	False	Conference	147	Assessment of engineering gas radiative property models in high pressure turbulent jet diffusion flames	This article is a part of a more general study which aims to determine the most relevant engineering gas radiative property models to be applied in the simulations of combustion problems. Two versions of the full-spectrum CK (FSCK) model, the Rank-Correlated full-spectrum kdistribution/ Spectral-Line-Weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (RC FSK/SLW) and a new version of the Weighted-Sum-of-Grey-Gases (WSGG) model are compared with the Narrow-Band CK (NBCK) model in four turbulent axisymmetric jet diffusion flames fueled either by hydrogen or methane at atmospheric and higher pressures. As a first step, these comparisons are performed in decoupled radiative heat transfer calculations with the thermal fields being prescribed. The databases and coefficients associated to these different models are determined from a unique Line-By-Line database in order to allow a relevant comparison. Model results suggest that the SLW/FSK methods coupled to the Cai's scheme (JQSRT 141 (2014) 65-92) or the Rank-Correlated spectrum (JQSRT 214 (2018) 120-32) and databases generated from accurate LBL database are the most mature gas radiative property models to be implemented in CFD code dealing with combustion problems involving complex geometry and gas-soot mixtures. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1047	a7201511283	Webb B.W.	p472	False	Journal	259	Radiative properties of gases	Radiation transfer in high-temperature gas systems is critical in many engineering applications. Understanding the fundamental physical phenomena associated with radiative transfer in these environments is thus critical to predicting the physical phenomena. This chapter seeks to present the fundamental physics of radiative transfer in high-temperature gases and review the viable methods for predicting the associated radiative transfer. The general physical statements of gas radiation are first formulated. It is shown that the principal properties of molecular gases needed for the radiative transfer equation are the gas spectral absorption cross section and the spectral absorption coefficient. Radiation constants and equations are explicitly written in terms of wavenumber for gas radiation. The fundamentals of the physical nature of gas radiation are presented to contextualize the spectral properties - what defines positions, strength, and shape of spectral lines at given temperature and pressure. The chapter provides the information needed to find and to read spectroscopic databases such as HITRAN and HITEMP and how to use the compiled data to assemble the gas absorption spectra for both the gas absorption cross section and the gas absorption coefficient. The principles of narrow band models and global models of gas radiation are formulated. The statistical narrow band model with Malkmus' distribution function of line strength for an array of Lorentz lines is presented, and its application for modeling of radiation transfer in nonuniform media is explained. The wide range of global models of gas radiation starting from gray model and weightedsum- of-gray-gases model and their development into more advanced models such as SLW, ADF, and FSK is described. While more detailed attention is given to the SLW model, its relation to the FSK and ADF models is outlined. Finally, the application of global models for prediction of radiative transfer in nonuniform gaseous medium is presented. © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018. All rights reserved.
1047	a7201511283	Webb B.W.	p877	False	Conference	393	The scaled SLW model of gas radiation in non-uniform media	The Scaled SLW model for prediction of radiation transfer in non-uniform gaseous media is presented. Construction of the scaled spectral model is described. The model development yields a scaling coefficient which, unlike previous scaled model approaches, is calculated by explicit expressions in terms of the first and minus first moments of absorption cross-section. The Scaled SLW model complements the previously developed correlated SLW models. The proposed scaled model is suitable for engineering applications in comprehensive heat and mass transfer problems. © 2017, Begell House Inc. All Rights Reserved.
1048	a6602191934	Solovjov V.P.	p355	False	Journal	197	The spectral line weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (SLW) model for prediction of radiative transfer in molecular gases	This review documents the history and theoretical development of the Spectral Line Weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (SLW) model. The SLW model is a so-called global engineering model for prediction of radiation transfer in gaseous media. The model bases the gas radiative properties on local thermodynamic properties (temperature, species concentration, etc.), and has been developed for use with any arbitrary solver of the Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE). This review first presents the fundamental groundwork for the SLW model, followed by the detailed theoretical development of the model with associated publication references. The model was first formulated for isothermal, homogeneous single-component gases. As part of this formulation a new gas property distribution function, the Absorption Line Blackbody Distribution Function (ALBDF) was proposed, and the ALBDF has been generated from detailed spectroscopic databases for H2O, CO2, and CO over a range of gas temperature, mole fraction (where appropriate), and total pressure. The SLW model was then extended to treat non-isothermal, non-homogeneous gases, mixtures of gas species, and model application in scenarios featuring non-gray particulates and/or boundaries. In all of its development the SLW model has been rigorously tested against benchmark line-by-line spectral integration solutions of the RTE using the same spectroscopic database as used in the generation of the ALBDF. Work continues on the refinement of the SLW model, enhancing its accuracy in prediction of radiative transfer. Finally, this review will summarize work-to-date utilizing the SLW model in coupled heat transfer scenarios—comprehensive combustion simulations, combined natural convection and radiation, etc. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
1048	a6602191934	Solovjov V.P.	p398	True	Conference	145	Locally correlated slw model for prediction of gas radiation in non-uniform media	Following previous theoretical development based on the assumption of a rank correlated/comonotonic spectrum, the Locally Correlated SLW (LC-SLW) method is outlined. The relationship between the LC-SLW method and the RC-SLW method is established, and their performance in prediction of radiative transfer is compared. Despite the fact that the RC-SLW model demonstrates better overall accuracy, the LC-SLW model generally proves more accurate in regions of higher gas temperature. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1048	a6602191934	Solovjov V.P.	p399	False	Conference	146	Accuracy of engineering methods for radiative transfer in CO2-H2O mixtures at high temperature	The aim of the paper is to evaluate a set of recently proposed engineering methods of gas radiation. For this purpose, a 3D stochastic ray tracing code was developed to treat realistic geometries. Model parameters based on the same LBL dataset were constructed for all approximate methods. Comparisons consist of two steps: 1/ a set of rays randomly spread over the unit sphere is chosen and narrow band models are assessed against LBL calculations. The most accurate narrow band method is chosen as the reference, 2/ all models are then compared with the chosen reference. For the cases considered in this paper, it was found that: 1/ the l-distribution approach is more accurate than Ck methods and can be used as the reference; 2/ the RC-SLW model provides very accurate predictions; 3/ the WSGG technique, which is the fastest method considered in this work, provides acceptable estimations, even in highly non-isothermal situations. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1048	a6602191934	Solovjov V.P.	p400	False	Conference	147	Assessment of engineering gas radiative property models in high pressure turbulent jet diffusion flames	This article is a part of a more general study which aims to determine the most relevant engineering gas radiative property models to be applied in the simulations of combustion problems. Two versions of the full-spectrum CK (FSCK) model, the Rank-Correlated full-spectrum kdistribution/ Spectral-Line-Weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (RC FSK/SLW) and a new version of the Weighted-Sum-of-Grey-Gases (WSGG) model are compared with the Narrow-Band CK (NBCK) model in four turbulent axisymmetric jet diffusion flames fueled either by hydrogen or methane at atmospheric and higher pressures. As a first step, these comparisons are performed in decoupled radiative heat transfer calculations with the thermal fields being prescribed. The databases and coefficients associated to these different models are determined from a unique Line-By-Line database in order to allow a relevant comparison. Model results suggest that the SLW/FSK methods coupled to the Cai's scheme (JQSRT 141 (2014) 65-92) or the Rank-Correlated spectrum (JQSRT 214 (2018) 120-32) and databases generated from accurate LBL database are the most mature gas radiative property models to be implemented in CFD code dealing with combustion problems involving complex geometry and gas-soot mixtures. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1048	a6602191934	Solovjov V.P.	p472	True	Journal	259	Radiative properties of gases	Radiation transfer in high-temperature gas systems is critical in many engineering applications. Understanding the fundamental physical phenomena associated with radiative transfer in these environments is thus critical to predicting the physical phenomena. This chapter seeks to present the fundamental physics of radiative transfer in high-temperature gases and review the viable methods for predicting the associated radiative transfer. The general physical statements of gas radiation are first formulated. It is shown that the principal properties of molecular gases needed for the radiative transfer equation are the gas spectral absorption cross section and the spectral absorption coefficient. Radiation constants and equations are explicitly written in terms of wavenumber for gas radiation. The fundamentals of the physical nature of gas radiation are presented to contextualize the spectral properties - what defines positions, strength, and shape of spectral lines at given temperature and pressure. The chapter provides the information needed to find and to read spectroscopic databases such as HITRAN and HITEMP and how to use the compiled data to assemble the gas absorption spectra for both the gas absorption cross section and the gas absorption coefficient. The principles of narrow band models and global models of gas radiation are formulated. The statistical narrow band model with Malkmus' distribution function of line strength for an array of Lorentz lines is presented, and its application for modeling of radiation transfer in nonuniform media is explained. The wide range of global models of gas radiation starting from gray model and weightedsum- of-gray-gases model and their development into more advanced models such as SLW, ADF, and FSK is described. While more detailed attention is given to the SLW model, its relation to the FSK and ADF models is outlined. Finally, the application of global models for prediction of radiative transfer in nonuniform gaseous medium is presented. © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018. All rights reserved.
1048	a6602191934	Solovjov V.P.	p877	True	Conference	393	The scaled SLW model of gas radiation in non-uniform media	The Scaled SLW model for prediction of radiation transfer in non-uniform gaseous media is presented. Construction of the scaled spectral model is described. The model development yields a scaling coefficient which, unlike previous scaled model approaches, is calculated by explicit expressions in terms of the first and minus first moments of absorption cross-section. The Scaled SLW model complements the previously developed correlated SLW models. The proposed scaled model is suitable for engineering applications in comprehensive heat and mass transfer problems. © 2017, Begell House Inc. All Rights Reserved.
1049	a57193878725	André F.	p355	False	Journal	197	The spectral line weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (SLW) model for prediction of radiative transfer in molecular gases	This review documents the history and theoretical development of the Spectral Line Weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (SLW) model. The SLW model is a so-called global engineering model for prediction of radiation transfer in gaseous media. The model bases the gas radiative properties on local thermodynamic properties (temperature, species concentration, etc.), and has been developed for use with any arbitrary solver of the Radiative Transfer Equation (RTE). This review first presents the fundamental groundwork for the SLW model, followed by the detailed theoretical development of the model with associated publication references. The model was first formulated for isothermal, homogeneous single-component gases. As part of this formulation a new gas property distribution function, the Absorption Line Blackbody Distribution Function (ALBDF) was proposed, and the ALBDF has been generated from detailed spectroscopic databases for H2O, CO2, and CO over a range of gas temperature, mole fraction (where appropriate), and total pressure. The SLW model was then extended to treat non-isothermal, non-homogeneous gases, mixtures of gas species, and model application in scenarios featuring non-gray particulates and/or boundaries. In all of its development the SLW model has been rigorously tested against benchmark line-by-line spectral integration solutions of the RTE using the same spectroscopic database as used in the generation of the ALBDF. Work continues on the refinement of the SLW model, enhancing its accuracy in prediction of radiative transfer. Finally, this review will summarize work-to-date utilizing the SLW model in coupled heat transfer scenarios—comprehensive combustion simulations, combined natural convection and radiation, etc. © 2019 Elsevier Inc.
1049	a57193878725	André F.	p398	False	Conference	145	Locally correlated slw model for prediction of gas radiation in non-uniform media	Following previous theoretical development based on the assumption of a rank correlated/comonotonic spectrum, the Locally Correlated SLW (LC-SLW) method is outlined. The relationship between the LC-SLW method and the RC-SLW method is established, and their performance in prediction of radiative transfer is compared. Despite the fact that the RC-SLW model demonstrates better overall accuracy, the LC-SLW model generally proves more accurate in regions of higher gas temperature. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1049	a57193878725	André F.	p399	True	Conference	146	Accuracy of engineering methods for radiative transfer in CO2-H2O mixtures at high temperature	The aim of the paper is to evaluate a set of recently proposed engineering methods of gas radiation. For this purpose, a 3D stochastic ray tracing code was developed to treat realistic geometries. Model parameters based on the same LBL dataset were constructed for all approximate methods. Comparisons consist of two steps: 1/ a set of rays randomly spread over the unit sphere is chosen and narrow band models are assessed against LBL calculations. The most accurate narrow band method is chosen as the reference, 2/ all models are then compared with the chosen reference. For the cases considered in this paper, it was found that: 1/ the l-distribution approach is more accurate than Ck methods and can be used as the reference; 2/ the RC-SLW model provides very accurate predictions; 3/ the WSGG technique, which is the fastest method considered in this work, provides acceptable estimations, even in highly non-isothermal situations. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1049	a57193878725	André F.	p400	False	Conference	147	Assessment of engineering gas radiative property models in high pressure turbulent jet diffusion flames	This article is a part of a more general study which aims to determine the most relevant engineering gas radiative property models to be applied in the simulations of combustion problems. Two versions of the full-spectrum CK (FSCK) model, the Rank-Correlated full-spectrum kdistribution/ Spectral-Line-Weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (RC FSK/SLW) and a new version of the Weighted-Sum-of-Grey-Gases (WSGG) model are compared with the Narrow-Band CK (NBCK) model in four turbulent axisymmetric jet diffusion flames fueled either by hydrogen or methane at atmospheric and higher pressures. As a first step, these comparisons are performed in decoupled radiative heat transfer calculations with the thermal fields being prescribed. The databases and coefficients associated to these different models are determined from a unique Line-By-Line database in order to allow a relevant comparison. Model results suggest that the SLW/FSK methods coupled to the Cai's scheme (JQSRT 141 (2014) 65-92) or the Rank-Correlated spectrum (JQSRT 214 (2018) 120-32) and databases generated from accurate LBL database are the most mature gas radiative property models to be implemented in CFD code dealing with combustion problems involving complex geometry and gas-soot mixtures. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1049	a57193878725	André F.	p472	False	Journal	259	Radiative properties of gases	Radiation transfer in high-temperature gas systems is critical in many engineering applications. Understanding the fundamental physical phenomena associated with radiative transfer in these environments is thus critical to predicting the physical phenomena. This chapter seeks to present the fundamental physics of radiative transfer in high-temperature gases and review the viable methods for predicting the associated radiative transfer. The general physical statements of gas radiation are first formulated. It is shown that the principal properties of molecular gases needed for the radiative transfer equation are the gas spectral absorption cross section and the spectral absorption coefficient. Radiation constants and equations are explicitly written in terms of wavenumber for gas radiation. The fundamentals of the physical nature of gas radiation are presented to contextualize the spectral properties - what defines positions, strength, and shape of spectral lines at given temperature and pressure. The chapter provides the information needed to find and to read spectroscopic databases such as HITRAN and HITEMP and how to use the compiled data to assemble the gas absorption spectra for both the gas absorption cross section and the gas absorption coefficient. The principles of narrow band models and global models of gas radiation are formulated. The statistical narrow band model with Malkmus' distribution function of line strength for an array of Lorentz lines is presented, and its application for modeling of radiation transfer in nonuniform media is explained. The wide range of global models of gas radiation starting from gray model and weightedsum- of-gray-gases model and their development into more advanced models such as SLW, ADF, and FSK is described. While more detailed attention is given to the SLW model, its relation to the FSK and ADF models is outlined. Finally, the application of global models for prediction of radiative transfer in nonuniform gaseous medium is presented. © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018. All rights reserved.
1049	a57193878725	André F.	p877	False	Conference	393	The scaled SLW model of gas radiation in non-uniform media	The Scaled SLW model for prediction of radiation transfer in non-uniform gaseous media is presented. Construction of the scaled spectral model is described. The model development yields a scaling coefficient which, unlike previous scaled model approaches, is calculated by explicit expressions in terms of the first and minus first moments of absorption cross-section. The Scaled SLW model complements the previously developed correlated SLW models. The proposed scaled model is suitable for engineering applications in comprehensive heat and mass transfer problems. © 2017, Begell House Inc. All Rights Reserved.
1050	a57210949030	Patterson C.	p356	False	Conference	126	Closed-Loop PID Re-Tuning in a Digital Twin by Re-Playing Past Setpoint and Load Disturbance Data	[No abstract available]
1051	a7404901361	Kelly J.D.	p356	False	Conference	126	Closed-Loop PID Re-Tuning in a Digital Twin by Re-Playing Past Setpoint and Load Disturbance Data	[No abstract available]
1052	a57210375461	Ba Q.	p357	True	Journal	198	Measurements and modeling of fluid flow and thermal processes in an industrial precalciner	Precalciner performance is crucial to the production rate and lifespan of cement kiln systems. The gas-solid flow and pulverized coal combustion processes in an industrial precalciner were numerically modeled to understand the flow patterns and thermal processes in the system. The gas and meal flow rates and properties were measured on-site to determine the boundary conditions for the simulations and to validate the models. The upward swirl of the gas flow in the furnace helped disperse the particles and extend their duration in the precalciner. The O2 and CO2 concentration distributions indicated that the coal particles were well dispersed and fully combusted. The calculations showed that the precalciner outlet temperature was too high which reduces the thermal efficiency and may damage the preheater installed just after the precalciner. Finally, an optimized precalciner was proposed to improve the temperature distribution. The present work can be used for improving the design of industrial precalciners. © 2019, Global Digital Central. All rights reserved.
1053	a55861508600	Li X.	p357	False	Journal	198	Measurements and modeling of fluid flow and thermal processes in an industrial precalciner	Precalciner performance is crucial to the production rate and lifespan of cement kiln systems. The gas-solid flow and pulverized coal combustion processes in an industrial precalciner were numerically modeled to understand the flow patterns and thermal processes in the system. The gas and meal flow rates and properties were measured on-site to determine the boundary conditions for the simulations and to validate the models. The upward swirl of the gas flow in the furnace helped disperse the particles and extend their duration in the precalciner. The O2 and CO2 concentration distributions indicated that the coal particles were well dispersed and fully combusted. The calculations showed that the precalciner outlet temperature was too high which reduces the thermal efficiency and may damage the preheater installed just after the precalciner. Finally, an optimized precalciner was proposed to improve the temperature distribution. The present work can be used for improving the design of industrial precalciners. © 2019, Global Digital Central. All rights reserved.
1054	a56484754900	Cheng L.	p357	False	Journal	198	Measurements and modeling of fluid flow and thermal processes in an industrial precalciner	Precalciner performance is crucial to the production rate and lifespan of cement kiln systems. The gas-solid flow and pulverized coal combustion processes in an industrial precalciner were numerically modeled to understand the flow patterns and thermal processes in the system. The gas and meal flow rates and properties were measured on-site to determine the boundary conditions for the simulations and to validate the models. The upward swirl of the gas flow in the furnace helped disperse the particles and extend their duration in the precalciner. The O2 and CO2 concentration distributions indicated that the coal particles were well dispersed and fully combusted. The calculations showed that the precalciner outlet temperature was too high which reduces the thermal efficiency and may damage the preheater installed just after the precalciner. Finally, an optimized precalciner was proposed to improve the temperature distribution. The present work can be used for improving the design of industrial precalciners. © 2019, Global Digital Central. All rights reserved.
1055	a6506942267	Lofthouse V.	p358	False	Journal	199	Using a Product's Sustainability Space as a Design Exploration Tool	Sustainable design is often practiced and assessed through the consideration of three essential areas: economic sustainability, environmental sustainability, and social sustainability. For even the simplest of products, the complexities of these three areas and their tradeoffs cause decision-making transparency to be lost in most practical situations. The existing field of multiobjective optimization offers a natural framework to define and explore a given design space. In this paper, a method for defining a product's sustainability space (defined by economic, environmental, and social sustainability objectives) is outlined and used to explore the tradeoffs within the space, thus offering both the design team and the decision makers a means of better understanding the sustainability tradeoffs. This paper concludes that sustainable product development can indeed benefit from tradeoff characterization using multiobjective optimization techniques - even when using only basic models of sustainability. Interestingly, the unique characteristics of the three essential sustainable development areas lead to an alternative view of some traditional multiobjective optimization concepts, such as weak-Pareto optimality. The sustainable redesign of a machine to drill boreholes for water wells is presented as a practical example for method demonstration and discussion. Copyright © The Author(s) 2019.
1056	a6602562656	Bhamra T.	p358	False	Journal	199	Using a Product's Sustainability Space as a Design Exploration Tool	Sustainable design is often practiced and assessed through the consideration of three essential areas: economic sustainability, environmental sustainability, and social sustainability. For even the simplest of products, the complexities of these three areas and their tradeoffs cause decision-making transparency to be lost in most practical situations. The existing field of multiobjective optimization offers a natural framework to define and explore a given design space. In this paper, a method for defining a product's sustainability space (defined by economic, environmental, and social sustainability objectives) is outlined and used to explore the tradeoffs within the space, thus offering both the design team and the decision makers a means of better understanding the sustainability tradeoffs. This paper concludes that sustainable product development can indeed benefit from tradeoff characterization using multiobjective optimization techniques - even when using only basic models of sustainability. Interestingly, the unique characteristics of the three essential sustainable development areas lead to an alternative view of some traditional multiobjective optimization concepts, such as weak-Pareto optimality. The sustainable redesign of a machine to drill boreholes for water wells is presented as a practical example for method demonstration and discussion. Copyright © The Author(s) 2019.
1057	a57202112010	Downing T.	p359	False	Journal	200	Broadband antireflective light-blocking layer using nanoparticle suspension in photoresist with high-resolution patterning	Background: Many MEMS and optical sensor devices can benefit from layers that block transmission and suppress reflection of light across the visible spectrum. Because these devices can include complicated topography, many existing methods for depositing antireflective layers are difficult, impractical, or unusable. Aim: To create a light-blocking antireflective layer that works well with complicated MEMS and sensor devices, a layer should be made that is cheap, simple, and can be deposited and patterned with high resolution at low temperatures. Approach: Light blocking is achieved using an aluminum layer. Suppressing reflection is achieved by mixing aluminum oxide nanoparticles in photoresist to create a layer that partially absorbs and partially scatters light. Results: The combination of a layer of metal and a layer of nanoparticles and photoresist completely blocks transmission of light and significantly reduces reflections across the visible spectrum, particularly for shorter wavelengths. The layer is also patternable to sizes as small as a few microns with high resolution. Conclusion: By combining a metal layer and a layer of nanoparticles in photoresist, a simple, cheap, and effective light-blocking antireflective layer can be created that is compatible with planar devices with complex topography. © 2019 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1057	a57202112010	Downing T.	p522	False	Journal	262	Antireflective light-blocking layers using a liquid top matte coating	Methods exist for the creation of antireflective thin film layers; however, many of these methods depend on the use of high temperatures, harsh chemical etches, or are made with difficult pattern materials, rendering them unusable for many applications. In addition, most methods of light blocking are specifically designed to increase light coupling and absorption in the substrate, making them incompatible with some applications that also require blocking transmission of light. A method of forming a simple, patternable light-blocking layer that drastically reduces both transmission and reflection of light without dependence on processes that could damage underlying structures using a light scattering matte coating over a partially antireflective thin film light-blocking layer is presented. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1058	a57202120923	Anderson S.	p359	False	Journal	200	Broadband antireflective light-blocking layer using nanoparticle suspension in photoresist with high-resolution patterning	Background: Many MEMS and optical sensor devices can benefit from layers that block transmission and suppress reflection of light across the visible spectrum. Because these devices can include complicated topography, many existing methods for depositing antireflective layers are difficult, impractical, or unusable. Aim: To create a light-blocking antireflective layer that works well with complicated MEMS and sensor devices, a layer should be made that is cheap, simple, and can be deposited and patterned with high resolution at low temperatures. Approach: Light blocking is achieved using an aluminum layer. Suppressing reflection is achieved by mixing aluminum oxide nanoparticles in photoresist to create a layer that partially absorbs and partially scatters light. Results: The combination of a layer of metal and a layer of nanoparticles and photoresist completely blocks transmission of light and significantly reduces reflections across the visible spectrum, particularly for shorter wavelengths. The layer is also patternable to sizes as small as a few microns with high resolution. Conclusion: By combining a metal layer and a layer of nanoparticles in photoresist, a simple, cheap, and effective light-blocking antireflective layer can be created that is compatible with planar devices with complex topography. © 2019 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1058	a57202120923	Anderson S.	p522	False	Journal	262	Antireflective light-blocking layers using a liquid top matte coating	Methods exist for the creation of antireflective thin film layers; however, many of these methods depend on the use of high temperatures, harsh chemical etches, or are made with difficult pattern materials, rendering them unusable for many applications. In addition, most methods of light blocking are specifically designed to increase light coupling and absorption in the substrate, making them incompatible with some applications that also require blocking transmission of light. A method of forming a simple, patternable light-blocking layer that drastically reduces both transmission and reflection of light without dependence on processes that could damage underlying structures using a light scattering matte coating over a partially antireflective thin film light-blocking layer is presented. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1059	a57193360481	Wright L.	p360	True	Journal	190	A CAD assembly simplification approach with ray casting	We present novel methods for the removal of interior bodies from complex assemblies using ray casting. These methods locate and preserve bodies that represent the high-fidelity exterior surface of an assembly while removing all interior bodies that do not contribute to the exterior assembly surface. In so doing we create parts that can accurately be used for assembly packaging and other tasks without sufiering from the ineficiencies that come from working with the full assembly. We further present an analysis of the process on assemblies of known properties and several use cases with simplification results. Finally, we present directions for future research that could enhance this work. © 2019 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1059	a57193360481	Wright L.	p420	False	Journal	230	Exploration and evaluation of CAD modeling in virtual reality	Virtual reality (VR) technology has experienced a recent surge in popularity over the past few years and is finding more applications beyond entertainment. Three dimensional modeling is an application in which integration with VR technology is still in the development stage. The focus of this research is to evaluate the feasibility for computer-aided design in VR and to identify the best set of features for virtual reality modeling and practices in this new domain. A platform for testing CAD in VR is developed through the integration of CAD software with a game engine and compared against traditional CAD methods through testing. Modeling capabilities included previews, creating solid rectangular prisms and spheres, lock to grid, and cuts of similar shapes. User testing with four different models (i.e. chair, maze, truck, sculpture) and survey responses suggest respectively that design in virtual reality promoted greater creativity in modeling, allowed for a greater feature creation rate, and that a slight majority of test participants preferred modeling in VR compared to traditional CAD applications. © 2018, © 2018 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1059	a57193360481	Wright L.	p700	False	Journal	339	A multi-user computer-aided design competition: Experimental findings and analysis of team-member dynamics	A competition for teams of three students using a prototype multi-user computer-aided design (MUCAD) tool was held to investigate various hypotheses regarding the performance of teams in such a setting. By comparing models from the competition to the same model in a single-user CAD environment, it is seen that use of a MUCAD system can significantly increase the value-added per unit of calendar time for a modeling effort. An investigation was also made into the causes of the performance differences among the various MUCAD teams which participated in the competition. Analysis of the results shows that teams that encouraged effective forms of communication and teams whose members scored similarly on the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Visualization of Rotations (PSVT:R) performed better than other teams. Areas of future research in analyzing teams in MUCAD environments are suggested. Copyright © 2017 by ASME.
1060	a57205767010	Haskell M.	p360	False	Journal	190	A CAD assembly simplification approach with ray casting	We present novel methods for the removal of interior bodies from complex assemblies using ray casting. These methods locate and preserve bodies that represent the high-fidelity exterior surface of an assembly while removing all interior bodies that do not contribute to the exterior assembly surface. In so doing we create parts that can accurately be used for assembly packaging and other tasks without sufiering from the ineficiencies that come from working with the full assembly. We further present an analysis of the process on assemblies of known properties and several use cases with simplification results. Finally, we present directions for future research that could enhance this work. © 2019 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1061	a57205762391	Bowman E.	p360	False	Journal	190	A CAD assembly simplification approach with ray casting	We present novel methods for the removal of interior bodies from complex assemblies using ray casting. These methods locate and preserve bodies that represent the high-fidelity exterior surface of an assembly while removing all interior bodies that do not contribute to the exterior assembly surface. In so doing we create parts that can accurately be used for assembly packaging and other tasks without sufiering from the ineficiencies that come from working with the full assembly. We further present an analysis of the process on assemblies of known properties and several use cases with simplification results. Finally, we present directions for future research that could enhance this work. © 2019 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1062	a35435170000	Lingwall B.N.	p361	False	Journal	201	Overestimation of liquefaction hazard in areas of low to moderate seismicity due to improper characterization of probabilistic seismic loading	This study evaluates the impact of characterizing probabilistic ground motions for liquefaction hazard analysis (defined and quantified in this paper as liquefaction triggering and free-field post-liquefaction settlements) in areas of low to moderate seismicity. Both pseudo-probabilistic and probabilistic (i.e., performance-based) methods are assessed and compared. Results of the comparative study suggest that pseudo-probabilistic methods can significantly overestimate liquefaction hazards in areas of low seismicity. Performance-based probabilistic methods are shown to predict between 5.2 cm and 16.5 cm (approximately 36–47%) less post-liquefaction free-field settlement on average than pseudo-probabilistic methods in areas of low seismicity at a return period of 2475 years, and to predict 9 cm to 19.7cm (approximately 96%) less post-liquefaction free-field settlement on average than pseudo-probabilistic methods at a return period of 475 years. Soil site classification is shown to have substantial impact on the estimated liquefaction hazards in areas of low seismicity due to soil amplification, potentially increasing design accelerations by up to 56%. Consequences of inconsistencies regarding design ground motions in current seismic design provisions are also discussed. To avoid potential for overpredicting liquefaction hazards, engineers should apply a performance-based approach when assessing liquefaction triggering and its effects in areas of low to moderate seismicity. © 2018 The Authors
1063	a55665473200	Youd T.L.	p361	False	Journal	201	Overestimation of liquefaction hazard in areas of low to moderate seismicity due to improper characterization of probabilistic seismic loading	This study evaluates the impact of characterizing probabilistic ground motions for liquefaction hazard analysis (defined and quantified in this paper as liquefaction triggering and free-field post-liquefaction settlements) in areas of low to moderate seismicity. Both pseudo-probabilistic and probabilistic (i.e., performance-based) methods are assessed and compared. Results of the comparative study suggest that pseudo-probabilistic methods can significantly overestimate liquefaction hazards in areas of low seismicity. Performance-based probabilistic methods are shown to predict between 5.2 cm and 16.5 cm (approximately 36–47%) less post-liquefaction free-field settlement on average than pseudo-probabilistic methods in areas of low seismicity at a return period of 2475 years, and to predict 9 cm to 19.7cm (approximately 96%) less post-liquefaction free-field settlement on average than pseudo-probabilistic methods at a return period of 475 years. Soil site classification is shown to have substantial impact on the estimated liquefaction hazards in areas of low seismicity due to soil amplification, potentially increasing design accelerations by up to 56%. Consequences of inconsistencies regarding design ground motions in current seismic design provisions are also discussed. To avoid potential for overpredicting liquefaction hazards, engineers should apply a performance-based approach when assessing liquefaction triggering and its effects in areas of low to moderate seismicity. © 2018 The Authors
1063	a55665473200	Youd T.L.	p594	False	Conference	237	Evaluation and optimization of dynamic cone penetration test (DPT) for assessment of liquefaction in gravelly soils	The dynamic cone penetration test (DPT) developed in China has been correlated with liquefaction resistance in gravelly soils based on field performance data from the Mw7.9 Wenchuan, China earthquake. The DPT consists of a 74 mm diameter cone tip driven by a 120 kg hammer with a free fall height of 1 m. To expand the data base, DPT soundings were performed at the Pence Ranch and Larter Ranch sites where gravelly soil liquefied during the 1983 Mw6.9 Borah Peak earthquake. DPT testing was performed using an automatic hammer with the energy specified in the Chinese standard and with an SPT hammer. In general, comparisons suggest that standard energy corrections developed for the SPT can be used for the DPT. The DPT correctly predicted liquefaction and non-liquefaction at these two test sites. Liquefaction resistance from the DPT (30% probability) also correlated reasonably well with that from Becker penetration testing (BPT). Copyright © 2018 Association of State Dam Safety Officials, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
1063	a55665473200	Youd T.L.	p838	False	Conference	365	Probabilistic Lateral Spread Evaluation for Long, Linear Infrastructure Using Performance-Based Reference Parameter Maps	The design of long, linear infrastructure such as pipelines, levees, roads, and canals can be challenging in areas of moderate to high seismicity due to numerous seismic and geologic hazards that can be encountered along proposed alignments. One of the most challenging earthquake-related hazards in the design of large infrastructure is liquefaction-induced lateral spread displacement. This paper presents a new simplified probabilistic approach to estimate lateral spread displacements at targeted return periods across large geographic areas using performance-based lateral spread displacement reference parameter maps and (if available) site-specific geotechnical information. The approach is demonstrated on a hypothetical pipeline extending from Rock Springs, Wyoming, to West Bountiful, Utah, in the United States. Advantages and limitations of the proposed approach are discussed. The results of the demonstrative calculation show how the approach can be used to identify areas where additional geotechnical investigations might be needed, and how probabilistic lateral spread displacements can be easily predicted along numerous proposed alignments of the pipeline once geotechnical subsurface investigation and ground surveys become available. © 2017 ASCE.
1064	a57204677450	Blonquist J.	p361	False	Journal	201	Overestimation of liquefaction hazard in areas of low to moderate seismicity due to improper characterization of probabilistic seismic loading	This study evaluates the impact of characterizing probabilistic ground motions for liquefaction hazard analysis (defined and quantified in this paper as liquefaction triggering and free-field post-liquefaction settlements) in areas of low to moderate seismicity. Both pseudo-probabilistic and probabilistic (i.e., performance-based) methods are assessed and compared. Results of the comparative study suggest that pseudo-probabilistic methods can significantly overestimate liquefaction hazards in areas of low seismicity. Performance-based probabilistic methods are shown to predict between 5.2 cm and 16.5 cm (approximately 36–47%) less post-liquefaction free-field settlement on average than pseudo-probabilistic methods in areas of low seismicity at a return period of 2475 years, and to predict 9 cm to 19.7cm (approximately 96%) less post-liquefaction free-field settlement on average than pseudo-probabilistic methods at a return period of 475 years. Soil site classification is shown to have substantial impact on the estimated liquefaction hazards in areas of low seismicity due to soil amplification, potentially increasing design accelerations by up to 56%. Consequences of inconsistencies regarding design ground motions in current seismic design provisions are also discussed. To avoid potential for overpredicting liquefaction hazards, engineers should apply a performance-based approach when assessing liquefaction triggering and its effects in areas of low to moderate seismicity. © 2018 The Authors
1065	a57204677555	Liang J.H.	p361	False	Journal	201	Overestimation of liquefaction hazard in areas of low to moderate seismicity due to improper characterization of probabilistic seismic loading	This study evaluates the impact of characterizing probabilistic ground motions for liquefaction hazard analysis (defined and quantified in this paper as liquefaction triggering and free-field post-liquefaction settlements) in areas of low to moderate seismicity. Both pseudo-probabilistic and probabilistic (i.e., performance-based) methods are assessed and compared. Results of the comparative study suggest that pseudo-probabilistic methods can significantly overestimate liquefaction hazards in areas of low seismicity. Performance-based probabilistic methods are shown to predict between 5.2 cm and 16.5 cm (approximately 36–47%) less post-liquefaction free-field settlement on average than pseudo-probabilistic methods in areas of low seismicity at a return period of 2475 years, and to predict 9 cm to 19.7cm (approximately 96%) less post-liquefaction free-field settlement on average than pseudo-probabilistic methods at a return period of 475 years. Soil site classification is shown to have substantial impact on the estimated liquefaction hazards in areas of low seismicity due to soil amplification, potentially increasing design accelerations by up to 56%. Consequences of inconsistencies regarding design ground motions in current seismic design provisions are also discussed. To avoid potential for overpredicting liquefaction hazards, engineers should apply a performance-based approach when assessing liquefaction triggering and its effects in areas of low to moderate seismicity. © 2018 The Authors
1066	a57204472177	Rowberry H.C.	p362	False	Journal	202	Strategies for Removing Common Mode Failures from TMR Designs Deployed on SRAM FPGAs	Triple modular redundancy (TMR) with repair has proven to be an effective strategy for mitigating the effects of single-event upsets within the configuration memory of static random access memory field-programmable gate arrays. Applying TMR to the design successfully reduces the design's neutron cross section by 80×. The effectiveness of TMR, however, is limited by the presence of single bits in the configuration memory which cause more than one TMR domain to fail simultaneously. We present three strategies to mitigate against these failures and improve the effectiveness of TMR: incremental routing, incremental placement, and striping. These techniques were tested using both fault injection and a wide spectrum neutron beam with the best technique offering a 400× reduction to the design's sensitive neutron cross section. An analysis from the radiation test shows that no single bits caused failure and that multicell upsets were the main cause of failure for these mitigation strategies. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
1067	a56530707600	Noyce S.G.	p363	True	Journal	203	High surface-area carbon microcantilevers	Microscale porous carbon mechanical resonators were formed using carbon nanotube templated microfabrication. These cantilever resonators exhibited nanoscale porosity resulting in a high surface area to volume ratio which could enable sensitive analyte detection in air. These resonators were shown to be mechanically robust and the porosity could be controllably varied resulting in densities from 102 to 103 kg m-3, with pore diameters on the order of hundreds of nanometers. Cantilevers with lengths ranging from 500 μm to 5 mm were clamped in a fixture for mechanical resonance testing where quality factors from 102 to 103 were observed at atmospheric pressure in air. © 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
1068	a54790496100	Craighead H.G.	p363	False	Journal	203	High surface-area carbon microcantilevers	Microscale porous carbon mechanical resonators were formed using carbon nanotube templated microfabrication. These cantilever resonators exhibited nanoscale porosity resulting in a high surface area to volume ratio which could enable sensitive analyte detection in air. These resonators were shown to be mechanically robust and the porosity could be controllably varied resulting in densities from 102 to 103 kg m-3, with pore diameters on the order of hundreds of nanometers. Cantilevers with lengths ranging from 500 μm to 5 mm were clamped in a fixture for mechanical resonance testing where quality factors from 102 to 103 were observed at atmospheric pressure in air. © 2019 The Royal Society of Chemistry.
1069	a26427694400	Jolly S.	p364	True	Conference	127	Experimental characterization of leaky-mode spatial light modulators fabricated via direct laser writing	We have previously presented a novel spatial light modulator appropriate for use in transparent, flat-panel holographic display applications. Our architecture consists of an anisotropic leaky-mode coupler and integrated Bragg reflection grating as a monolithic device implemented in lithium niobate and is fabricated using direct femtosecond laser writing techniques. In this paper, we present a methodology for the experimental characterization of holographically-reconstructed point spread functions from sample devices. © 2019 SPIE.
1069	a26427694400	Jolly S.	p641	True	Conference	273	Progress in transparent flat-panel holographic displays enabled by guided-wave acousto-optics	We have previously introduced a monolithic, integrated optical platform for transparent, flat-panel holographic displays suitable for near-to-eye displays in augmented reality systems. This platform employs a guided-wave acousto-optic spatial light modulator implemented in lithium niobate in conjunction with an integrated Bragg-regime reflection volume hologram. In this paper, we depict analysis of three key system attributes that inform and influence the display system performance: 1) single-axis diffraction-driven astigmatism, 2) strobed illumination to enforce acousto-optic grating stationarity, and 3) acousto-optically driven spatial Nyquist rate. Copyright © 2018 SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1069	a26427694400	Jolly S.	p878	True	Conference	394	Near-to-eye electroholography via guided-wave acousto-optics for augmented reality	Near-to-eye holographic displays act to directly project wavefronts into a viewer's eye in order to recreate 3-D scenes for augmented or virtual reality applications. Recently, several solutions for near-to-eye electroholography have been proposed based on digital spatial light modulators in conjunction with supporting optics, such as holographic waveguides for light delivery; however, such schemes are limited by the inherent low space-bandwidth product available with current digital SLMs. In this paper, we depict a fully monolithic, integrated optical platform for transparent near-to-eye holographic display requiring no supporting optics. Our solution employs a guided-wave acousto-optic spatial light modulator implemented in lithium niobate in conjunction with an integrated Bragg-regime reflection volume hologram. © 2017 SPIE.
1070	a57190256209	Datta B.	p364	False	Conference	127	Experimental characterization of leaky-mode spatial light modulators fabricated via direct laser writing	We have previously presented a novel spatial light modulator appropriate for use in transparent, flat-panel holographic display applications. Our architecture consists of an anisotropic leaky-mode coupler and integrated Bragg reflection grating as a monolithic device implemented in lithium niobate and is fabricated using direct femtosecond laser writing techniques. In this paper, we present a methodology for the experimental characterization of holographically-reconstructed point spread functions from sample devices. © 2019 SPIE.
1070	a57190256209	Datta B.	p641	False	Conference	273	Progress in transparent flat-panel holographic displays enabled by guided-wave acousto-optics	We have previously introduced a monolithic, integrated optical platform for transparent, flat-panel holographic displays suitable for near-to-eye displays in augmented reality systems. This platform employs a guided-wave acousto-optic spatial light modulator implemented in lithium niobate in conjunction with an integrated Bragg-regime reflection volume hologram. In this paper, we depict analysis of three key system attributes that inform and influence the display system performance: 1) single-axis diffraction-driven astigmatism, 2) strobed illumination to enforce acousto-optic grating stationarity, and 3) acousto-optically driven spatial Nyquist rate. Copyright © 2018 SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1070	a57190256209	Datta B.	p878	False	Conference	394	Near-to-eye electroholography via guided-wave acousto-optics for augmented reality	Near-to-eye holographic displays act to directly project wavefronts into a viewer's eye in order to recreate 3-D scenes for augmented or virtual reality applications. Recently, several solutions for near-to-eye electroholography have been proposed based on digital spatial light modulators in conjunction with supporting optics, such as holographic waveguides for light delivery; however, such schemes are limited by the inherent low space-bandwidth product available with current digital SLMs. In this paper, we depict a fully monolithic, integrated optical platform for transparent near-to-eye holographic display requiring no supporting optics. Our solution employs a guided-wave acousto-optic spatial light modulator implemented in lithium niobate in conjunction with an integrated Bragg-regime reflection volume hologram. © 2017 SPIE.
1071	a57191107247	Parthiban V.	p364	False	Conference	127	Experimental characterization of leaky-mode spatial light modulators fabricated via direct laser writing	We have previously presented a novel spatial light modulator appropriate for use in transparent, flat-panel holographic display applications. Our architecture consists of an anisotropic leaky-mode coupler and integrated Bragg reflection grating as a monolithic device implemented in lithium niobate and is fabricated using direct femtosecond laser writing techniques. In this paper, we present a methodology for the experimental characterization of holographically-reconstructed point spread functions from sample devices. © 2019 SPIE.
1072	a55664291100	Michael Bove V.	p364	False	Conference	127	Experimental characterization of leaky-mode spatial light modulators fabricated via direct laser writing	We have previously presented a novel spatial light modulator appropriate for use in transparent, flat-panel holographic display applications. Our architecture consists of an anisotropic leaky-mode coupler and integrated Bragg reflection grating as a monolithic device implemented in lithium niobate and is fabricated using direct femtosecond laser writing techniques. In this paper, we present a methodology for the experimental characterization of holographically-reconstructed point spread functions from sample devices. © 2019 SPIE.
1073	a7202317282	Katayama I.	p365	True	Conference	128	Multi-timescale pump-probe spectroscopy using time-encoding and time-stretching methods	To investigate changes of ultrafast dynamics during irreversible phase change in phase change materials Ge2Sb2Te5, we performed high-repetition-rate singleshot pump-probe spectroscopy using a combination of time-encoding and timestretching methods. By measuring the pump-probe traces while ramping the pump intensity, we observed a clear change in the ultrafast pump-probe dynamics after the phase change. Correlation between the ultrafast dynamics in the femtosecond timescale and the amount of phase change observed in millisecond timescale indicates that accumulation of the excited states in the sample plays an important role in the acceleration of the phase change. The result clearly demonstrates the usefulness of our method, which could be applied to the investigation of multi-timescale dynamics in various irreversible phenomena. Improved signal-to-noise ratio and the variable time-window of the single-shot pumpprobe measurements were also demonstrated using a grating pair and a chirped fiber Bragg grating. © COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1073	a7202317282	Katayama I.	p388	False	Conference	140	High-acquisition-rate single-shot pump-probe measurement using chirped-fiber Bragg gratings	Multi-timescale dynamics, from femtoseconds to milliseconds, for irreversible phenomena have been of fundamental importance in understanding mechanisms of chaotic phenomena, electronic bunch evaluation of an accelerator, photoinduced phase transitions, laser ablation, etc. Recently, several groups reported high acquisition rate single-shot methods using chirped-pulse single-shot detections and photonic time-stretching [1-3]. In these works, however, the long fiber with the length of several km was used to temporally stretch the time-encoded spectrum by the group velocity dispersion, but his long distance degrades the signal-to-noise ratio due to propagation losses of the probe pulses through the fiber, thus limiting the observable phenomena. © 2019 IEEE
1074	a57192070840	Kobayashi M.	p365	False	Conference	128	Multi-timescale pump-probe spectroscopy using time-encoding and time-stretching methods	To investigate changes of ultrafast dynamics during irreversible phase change in phase change materials Ge2Sb2Te5, we performed high-repetition-rate singleshot pump-probe spectroscopy using a combination of time-encoding and timestretching methods. By measuring the pump-probe traces while ramping the pump intensity, we observed a clear change in the ultrafast pump-probe dynamics after the phase change. Correlation between the ultrafast dynamics in the femtosecond timescale and the amount of phase change observed in millisecond timescale indicates that accumulation of the excited states in the sample plays an important role in the acceleration of the phase change. The result clearly demonstrates the usefulness of our method, which could be applied to the investigation of multi-timescale dynamics in various irreversible phenomena. Improved signal-to-noise ratio and the variable time-window of the single-shot pumpprobe measurements were also demonstrated using a grating pair and a chirped fiber Bragg grating. © COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1074	a57192070840	Kobayashi M.	p388	True	Conference	140	High-acquisition-rate single-shot pump-probe measurement using chirped-fiber Bragg gratings	Multi-timescale dynamics, from femtoseconds to milliseconds, for irreversible phenomena have been of fundamental importance in understanding mechanisms of chaotic phenomena, electronic bunch evaluation of an accelerator, photoinduced phase transitions, laser ablation, etc. Recently, several groups reported high acquisition rate single-shot methods using chirped-pulse single-shot detections and photonic time-stretching [1-3]. In these works, however, the long fiber with the length of several km was used to temporally stretch the time-encoded spectrum by the group velocity dispersion, but his long distance degrades the signal-to-noise ratio due to propagation losses of the probe pulses through the fiber, thus limiting the observable phenomena. © 2019 IEEE
1075	a57201700890	Gubaev K.	p366	True	Journal	204	Accelerating high-throughput searches for new alloys with active learning of interatomic potentials	We propose an approach to materials prediction that uses a machine-learning interatomic potential to approximate quantum-mechanical energies and an active learning algorithm for the automatic selection of an optimal training dataset. Our approach significantly reduces the amount of density functional theory (DFT) calculations needed, resorting to DFT only to produce the training data, while structural optimization is performed using the interatomic potentials. Our approach is not limited to one (or a small number of) lattice types (as is the case for cluster expansion, for example) and can predict structures with lattice types not present in the training dataset. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm by predicting the convex hull for the following three systems: Cu-Pd, Co-Nb-V, and Al-Ni-Ti. Our method is three to four orders of magnitude faster than conventional high-throughput DFT calculations and explores a wider range of materials space. In all three systems, we found unreported stable structures compared to the AFLOW database. Because our method is much cheaper and explores much more of materials space than high-throughput methods or cluster expansion, and because our interatomic potentials have a systematically improvable accuracy compared to empirical potentials such as embedded atom model, it will have a significant impact in the discovery of new alloy phases, particularly those with three or more components. © 2018
1076	a57195574701	Podryabinkin E.V.	p366	False	Journal	204	Accelerating high-throughput searches for new alloys with active learning of interatomic potentials	We propose an approach to materials prediction that uses a machine-learning interatomic potential to approximate quantum-mechanical energies and an active learning algorithm for the automatic selection of an optimal training dataset. Our approach significantly reduces the amount of density functional theory (DFT) calculations needed, resorting to DFT only to produce the training data, while structural optimization is performed using the interatomic potentials. Our approach is not limited to one (or a small number of) lattice types (as is the case for cluster expansion, for example) and can predict structures with lattice types not present in the training dataset. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm by predicting the convex hull for the following three systems: Cu-Pd, Co-Nb-V, and Al-Ni-Ti. Our method is three to four orders of magnitude faster than conventional high-throughput DFT calculations and explores a wider range of materials space. In all three systems, we found unreported stable structures compared to the AFLOW database. Because our method is much cheaper and explores much more of materials space than high-throughput methods or cluster expansion, and because our interatomic potentials have a systematically improvable accuracy compared to empirical potentials such as embedded atom model, it will have a significant impact in the discovery of new alloy phases, particularly those with three or more components. © 2018
1077	a57215333932	Khah F.S.	p368	True	Conference	130	Development and testing of an innovative architectural programming simulation as a precursor to target value design	More than half of international construction projects are underperforming. Poorly defined scope of work has been ranked as the one of the highest reasons for poor performance over which owners and construction stakeholders have control. An owner's requirements and expectations are specified during the programming phase of a project and these define a design's scope of work. One focus of Target Value Design (TVD) is making owner's value a primary driver of design by improving project definition during programming-thus optimizing the design phase. While the number of published research articles praising TVD has been increasing, there is a dearth of information regarding the application of architectural programming (AP) to Target Value Design exercises, which engage stakeholders in a design decision making process called Choosing by Advantages (CBA). CBA first requires identification of attributes that are of value to an owner. The purpose of this research was to explore the importance of architectural programming in helping to identify key attributes of value to an owner, and to report on a lean game designed and preliminarily validated by the authors to investigate the accuracy and perception of attribute identification through AP as represented by the game. © 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, IGLC 2019. All rights reserved.
1078	a34868658300	Rybkowski Z.K.	p368	False	Conference	130	Development and testing of an innovative architectural programming simulation as a precursor to target value design	More than half of international construction projects are underperforming. Poorly defined scope of work has been ranked as the one of the highest reasons for poor performance over which owners and construction stakeholders have control. An owner's requirements and expectations are specified during the programming phase of a project and these define a design's scope of work. One focus of Target Value Design (TVD) is making owner's value a primary driver of design by improving project definition during programming-thus optimizing the design phase. While the number of published research articles praising TVD has been increasing, there is a dearth of information regarding the application of architectural programming (AP) to Target Value Design exercises, which engage stakeholders in a design decision making process called Choosing by Advantages (CBA). CBA first requires identification of attributes that are of value to an owner. The purpose of this research was to explore the importance of architectural programming in helping to identify key attributes of value to an owner, and to report on a lean game designed and preliminarily validated by the authors to investigate the accuracy and perception of attribute identification through AP as represented by the game. © 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, IGLC 2019. All rights reserved.
1078	a34868658300	Rybkowski Z.K.	p832	False	Conference	360	Delivery methods and social network analysis of unethical behavior in the construction industry	The construction industry accounts for about one-third of gross capital formation and is ranked as one of the most corrupt. It is a multifaceted industry with unregulated transactions in which illicit behavior can be difficult to detect. The effects of corruption go beyond demoralization associated with bribery, it can lead to substandard quality of infrastructure and insufficient funds available for project maintenance. There are a multitude of reasons identified as possible causes for unethical conduct. A few researchers cited corruption as a result of an unethical decision. Prior research concerning corruption in construction has called for several main strategies: enhanced transparency, ethical codes, project governance, and audit and information technology. However, strategies to combat corruption may not be sufficient. This research first presents an overview of unethical conduct in the industry. Then it examines the ethics in the industry followed by types of relationships and their structure which may be conducive to unethical conduct within the framework of different delivery methods. Finally, an argument is made regarding the importance of strength of relationships in curbing unethical conduct.
1079	a57215305002	Ray Pentecost A.	p368	False	Conference	130	Development and testing of an innovative architectural programming simulation as a precursor to target value design	More than half of international construction projects are underperforming. Poorly defined scope of work has been ranked as the one of the highest reasons for poor performance over which owners and construction stakeholders have control. An owner's requirements and expectations are specified during the programming phase of a project and these define a design's scope of work. One focus of Target Value Design (TVD) is making owner's value a primary driver of design by improving project definition during programming-thus optimizing the design phase. While the number of published research articles praising TVD has been increasing, there is a dearth of information regarding the application of architectural programming (AP) to Target Value Design exercises, which engage stakeholders in a design decision making process called Choosing by Advantages (CBA). CBA first requires identification of attributes that are of value to an owner. The purpose of this research was to explore the importance of architectural programming in helping to identify key attributes of value to an owner, and to report on a lean game designed and preliminarily validated by the authors to investigate the accuracy and perception of attribute identification through AP as represented by the game. © 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, IGLC 2019. All rights reserved.
1080	a7410171017	Smith J.P.	p368	False	Conference	130	Development and testing of an innovative architectural programming simulation as a precursor to target value design	More than half of international construction projects are underperforming. Poorly defined scope of work has been ranked as the one of the highest reasons for poor performance over which owners and construction stakeholders have control. An owner's requirements and expectations are specified during the programming phase of a project and these define a design's scope of work. One focus of Target Value Design (TVD) is making owner's value a primary driver of design by improving project definition during programming-thus optimizing the design phase. While the number of published research articles praising TVD has been increasing, there is a dearth of information regarding the application of architectural programming (AP) to Target Value Design exercises, which engage stakeholders in a design decision making process called Choosing by Advantages (CBA). CBA first requires identification of attributes that are of value to an owner. The purpose of this research was to explore the importance of architectural programming in helping to identify key attributes of value to an owner, and to report on a lean game designed and preliminarily validated by the authors to investigate the accuracy and perception of attribute identification through AP as represented by the game. © 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, IGLC 2019. All rights reserved.
1080	a7410171017	Smith J.P.	p438	False	Journal	243	Identification and Prioritization of Critical Subject Matter within Mechanical Systems Curriculum in Construction Management Education	In order for students graduating with construction-related undergraduate degrees to provide immediate and effective benefit to their employers, program curricula must accurately reflect the needs of the industry. One area of the typical construction management curriculum that receives a varying level of emphasis and consideration amongst accredited programs is Mechanical Systems. Similarly, the wide range of possible topics and concepts relevant to mechanical systems receive varying levels of attention. The purpose of this research was to identify what mechanical system topics and concepts were perceived by industry partners as being most important for graduating construction students to know. Construction industry professionals were surveyed to determine what topics they believed warranted prioritization in mechanical system courses. Results indicate that topics related to Contract Administration (e.g., plan and specification reading, MEP coordination, submittal review, etc.) and How HVAC Systems Work (e.g., differences between HVAC system types, HVAC equipment, etc.) were comparatively the most important topics for students to have a knowledge of. Instructors of mechanical systems classes should use these findings to determine what major subject areas to focus on, and allocate time to the various specific concepts appropriately within the constraints of their individual program. © 2018, © 2018 Associated Schools of Construction.
1080	a7410171017	Smith J.P.	p831	True	Conference	359	Implementation of lean practices among finishing contractors in the US	Many parties to the construction process have implemented lean construction practices to improve efficiency within their respective scopes of work. Academics have researched a wide range of these applications in an effort to assess barriers, benefits, and other associated impacts. One area of construction that is currently under-represented in lean literature is finishing contractors. The purpose of this paper was to assess lean implementation by finishing contractors in the US. 33% of the sample of contractors specializing in the finishing methods reported implementation of some level of lean practices. For those attempting lean, the most common tool being utilized was Last Planner System. The same group reported that implementation was driven by a desire to improve efficiency by cutting costs and reducing schedules. Non-practicing respondents indicated that the primary barrier to implementation was a lack of knowledge in the area.
1080	a7410171017	Smith J.P.	p832	False	Conference	360	Delivery methods and social network analysis of unethical behavior in the construction industry	The construction industry accounts for about one-third of gross capital formation and is ranked as one of the most corrupt. It is a multifaceted industry with unregulated transactions in which illicit behavior can be difficult to detect. The effects of corruption go beyond demoralization associated with bribery, it can lead to substandard quality of infrastructure and insufficient funds available for project maintenance. There are a multitude of reasons identified as possible causes for unethical conduct. A few researchers cited corruption as a result of an unethical decision. Prior research concerning corruption in construction has called for several main strategies: enhanced transparency, ethical codes, project governance, and audit and information technology. However, strategies to combat corruption may not be sufficient. This research first presents an overview of unethical conduct in the industry. Then it examines the ethics in the industry followed by types of relationships and their structure which may be conducive to unethical conduct within the framework of different delivery methods. Finally, an argument is made regarding the importance of strength of relationships in curbing unethical conduct.
1081	a57215336161	Muir R.	p368	False	Conference	130	Development and testing of an innovative architectural programming simulation as a precursor to target value design	More than half of international construction projects are underperforming. Poorly defined scope of work has been ranked as the one of the highest reasons for poor performance over which owners and construction stakeholders have control. An owner's requirements and expectations are specified during the programming phase of a project and these define a design's scope of work. One focus of Target Value Design (TVD) is making owner's value a primary driver of design by improving project definition during programming-thus optimizing the design phase. While the number of published research articles praising TVD has been increasing, there is a dearth of information regarding the application of architectural programming (AP) to Target Value Design exercises, which engage stakeholders in a design decision making process called Choosing by Advantages (CBA). CBA first requires identification of attributes that are of value to an owner. The purpose of this research was to explore the importance of architectural programming in helping to identify key attributes of value to an owner, and to report on a lean game designed and preliminarily validated by the authors to investigate the accuracy and perception of attribute identification through AP as represented by the game. © 27th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction, IGLC 2019. All rights reserved.
1082	a57201360985	Terry J.S.	p369	True	Conference	131	Adaptive control of large-scale soft robot manipulators with unknown payloads	The compliance and other nonlinear dynamics of large-scale soft robots makes effective control difficult. This is especially true when working with unknown payloads or when the system dynamics change over time which is likely to happen for soft robots. In this paper, we present a novel method of coupling model reference adaptive control (MRAC) with model predictive control (MPC) for platforms with antagonistic pneumatic actuators. We demonstrate its utility on a fully inflatable, six degreeof-freedom pneumatically actuated soft robot manipulator that is over two meters long. Specifically, we compare control performance with no integral controller, with an integral controller, and with MRAC when running a nominal model predictive controller with significant weight attached to the end effector. © 2019 ASME.
1083	a57212351343	Whitaker J.	p369	False	Conference	131	Adaptive control of large-scale soft robot manipulators with unknown payloads	The compliance and other nonlinear dynamics of large-scale soft robots makes effective control difficult. This is especially true when working with unknown payloads or when the system dynamics change over time which is likely to happen for soft robots. In this paper, we present a novel method of coupling model reference adaptive control (MRAC) with model predictive control (MPC) for platforms with antagonistic pneumatic actuators. We demonstrate its utility on a fully inflatable, six degreeof-freedom pneumatically actuated soft robot manipulator that is over two meters long. Specifically, we compare control performance with no integral controller, with an integral controller, and with MRAC when running a nominal model predictive controller with significant weight attached to the end effector. © 2019 ASME.
1084	a57194859276	Vaughn A.B.	p370	False	Conference	132	Three-way spectral decompositions of high-performance military aircraft noise	High-performance military aircraft noise contains large- and fine-scale turbulent mixing noise and broadband shock-associated noise. A three-way spectral decomposition quantifies the contribution from each noise type in the sound of a tied-down F-35B aircraft on a linear ground-based array spanning 35–152 deg. This large spatial aperture allows for detailed investigation into the spatial variation in broadband shock-associated noise and fine- and large-scale turbulent mixing noise. The spectral models used in the decomposition capture the main features of the measured spectra with three exceptions: 1) that the F-35B engine noise contains multiple spectral peaks in the maximum radiation region, 2) that the nonlinear propagation increases the high-frequency spectral levels, and 3) that the low-frequency levels in the maximum radiation region are less than those predicted by the large-scale similarity spectrum. The F-35B broadband shock-associated noise has the same characteristic shape and variation in peak frequency as overexpanded, laboratory-scale jets. However, the peak level and width exhibit different trends than laboratory-scale broadband shock-associated noise and those recently reported for the F/A-18E aircraft. The strengths and limitations of current models to represent the spatial variation in the spectral content of F-35B noise can guide research efforts to more fully understand the sound radiation. Copyright © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1084	a57194859276	Vaughn A.B.	p373	True	Conference	134	Crackle-related beamforming of military jet aircraft noise	Crackle is a perceptual feature of supersonic jet noise that is related to the presence of acoustic shocks. This study investigates the apparent source locations of events related to crackle for a high-performance military jet aircraft using an event-based, time-domain beamforming method. This method utilizes the cross correlation between adjacent microphones to determine the angle of propagation of an ensemble of shock-related events within the time waveform. This angle of propagation is then traced back towards the source to find the apparent source location. Based on the angle of propagation, derivative skewness, and overall sound pressure level, the microphone pairs along the array can be sorted into six groups. With increasing engine condition, groups related to the presence of crackle tend to shift downstream and broaden, in qualitative agreement with the general aeroacoustic source locations. However, a comparison with near-field acoustical holography shows that the apparent source region of crackle-related events appears upstream of the overall energy at intermediate power but appear to converge at maximum afterburner. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1084	a57194859276	Vaughn A.B.	p862	False	Conference	383	Level-educed wavepacket representation of Mach 1.8 laboratory-scale jet noise	The search for an equivalent acoustic source model for high-speed jet noise has recently focused on wavepacket representations. A wavepacket is defined as a spatially extended source with an axial amplitude distribution that grows, saturates and decays, an axial phase relationship that produces directional noise, and correlation lengths longer than the integral length scales of the turbulent structures. This definition of a wavepacket has the same characteristics as the large-scale turbulent mixing noise; if the turbulent mixing noise can be isolated, the associate equivalent acoustic wavepacket—defined as a pressure fluctuation on a cylinder around the jet nozzle—can be found. An estimate of the frequencydependent, spatial variation in the large-scale turbulent mixing noise comes from a similarity spectra decomposition of the measured autospectral density, which in turn leads to data-educed wavenumber axial spectra associated with the frequency-dependent equivalent wavepackets. This wavepacket eduction technique has been applied to acoustical measurements of an unheated, Mach 1.8 jet in the near and far fields. At both locations, the resulting frequency-dependent, data-educed wavenumber spectra exhibit different types of self-similarity for low and high frequency regimes that become apparent when the axial wavenumber is scaled by the acoustic wavenumber, with a transition band between the two regimes. As expected, the data-educed wavenumber spectra can be used to predict field levels in the dominant radiation lobe. Addition of an uncorrelated source distribution, derived from the similarity spectra decomposition associated with the fine-scale turbulent mixing noise, creates a model that accounts for the sideline levels. This field-prediction ability of the wavepacket-plus-uncorrelated-distribution model is tested using the near and far field measurements. When predicting the field at the other location, the model’s average error is less than 2 dB for St = 0.04-0.25 but increases for larger St because the apparent directivity changes from near to far field, likely due to the frequency dependence of the extended source region. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1085	a15766049500	Swift S.H.	p370	False	Conference	132	Three-way spectral decompositions of high-performance military aircraft noise	High-performance military aircraft noise contains large- and fine-scale turbulent mixing noise and broadband shock-associated noise. A three-way spectral decomposition quantifies the contribution from each noise type in the sound of a tied-down F-35B aircraft on a linear ground-based array spanning 35–152 deg. This large spatial aperture allows for detailed investigation into the spatial variation in broadband shock-associated noise and fine- and large-scale turbulent mixing noise. The spectral models used in the decomposition capture the main features of the measured spectra with three exceptions: 1) that the F-35B engine noise contains multiple spectral peaks in the maximum radiation region, 2) that the nonlinear propagation increases the high-frequency spectral levels, and 3) that the low-frequency levels in the maximum radiation region are less than those predicted by the large-scale similarity spectrum. The F-35B broadband shock-associated noise has the same characteristic shape and variation in peak frequency as overexpanded, laboratory-scale jets. However, the peak level and width exhibit different trends than laboratory-scale broadband shock-associated noise and those recently reported for the F/A-18E aircraft. The strengths and limitations of current models to represent the spatial variation in the spectral content of F-35B noise can guide research efforts to more fully understand the sound radiation. Copyright © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1085	a15766049500	Swift S.H.	p373	False	Conference	134	Crackle-related beamforming of military jet aircraft noise	Crackle is a perceptual feature of supersonic jet noise that is related to the presence of acoustic shocks. This study investigates the apparent source locations of events related to crackle for a high-performance military jet aircraft using an event-based, time-domain beamforming method. This method utilizes the cross correlation between adjacent microphones to determine the angle of propagation of an ensemble of shock-related events within the time waveform. This angle of propagation is then traced back towards the source to find the apparent source location. Based on the angle of propagation, derivative skewness, and overall sound pressure level, the microphone pairs along the array can be sorted into six groups. With increasing engine condition, groups related to the presence of crackle tend to shift downstream and broaden, in qualitative agreement with the general aeroacoustic source locations. However, a comparison with near-field acoustical holography shows that the apparent source region of crackle-related events appears upstream of the overall energy at intermediate power but appear to converge at maximum afterburner. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1085	a15766049500	Swift S.H.	p623	True	Conference	259	Spatiotemporal correlation analysis of jet noise from a round-nozzle supersonic aircraft	Spatiotemporal analysis of noise from a tethered F-35B provides insight into the spatial, spectral and temporal relationships within the sound field. Six engine power conditions ranging from 25% to 150% engine thrust request were measured using a 71-microphone linear ground array located approximately 8 m from the estimated shear layer. Mixing noise trends with engine power for the round-nozzle F-35B are similar to those of a nominally rectangular-nozzle high-performance jet aircraft [Harker et al, AIAA, 2016]. Cross-correlation and coherence measures are used to corroborate and confirm identifications of fine- and large-scale turbulent mixing noise contributions from a concurrent study of the F-35B dataset [Neilsen et al., AIAA, 2018]. The relationships observed between multiple spatiospectral lobes seen in the maximum radiation regions of prior and concurrent high-performance aircraft noise studies [Leete et al., AIAA, 2018] are confirmed and expanded upon. Correlograms help identify how the multiple spatiospectral lobes have different apparent phase speeds across the array, corresponding to different directionality, some components of which also change with engine power. Increased overlap of lobes with increased engine power appears to drive global decreases in field coherence. Finally, the structure of the spatiospectral lobes appears to be more visible in nondimensionalized coherence length than in the spectrum itself. Broadband shock-associated noise (BBSAN) is found in the upstream direction at engine powers of 75% engine thrust request and above. Coherence is also used to separate BBSAN from jet mixing noise because the BBSAN is coherent within the relevant frequency range while adjacent fine-scale mixing noise is not. However, correlation and coherence analyses show that the upstream BBSAN signature is related to sound received in the peak radiation region dominated by the spatiospectral lobes. Possible links between the shock-associated noise and the spatiospectral lobes are discussed. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1085	a15766049500	Swift S.H.	p626	False	Conference	262	Comparison of noise from high-performance military aircraft for ground run-up and flyover operations	While the majority of jet noise analysis takes place with a static jet or aircraft, airbase and community military jet noise exposure happens for the most part when the aircraft is in flight. Comparisons between flyover and ground run-up measurements for high-performance military aircraft have not been previously published. This paper presents comparisons between static ground run-up and flyover measurements for the F-35 operating at 150% Engine Thrust Request. The overall sound pressure levels and spectra are shown for the two scenarios, as well as indicators of nonlinear propagation and shock content, specifically the derivative skewness and average steepening factor. The overall sound pressure level is reduced in the peak radiation direction aft of the aircraft but increased in the forward direction. The peak frequency of the noise is relatively unaffected by flight effects, though the amplitude of each frequency may vary. The increase in level in the forward direction results in shock formation that is absent during ground run-up measurements. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1086	a7202538835	Downing J.M.	p370	False	Conference	132	Three-way spectral decompositions of high-performance military aircraft noise	High-performance military aircraft noise contains large- and fine-scale turbulent mixing noise and broadband shock-associated noise. A three-way spectral decomposition quantifies the contribution from each noise type in the sound of a tied-down F-35B aircraft on a linear ground-based array spanning 35–152 deg. This large spatial aperture allows for detailed investigation into the spatial variation in broadband shock-associated noise and fine- and large-scale turbulent mixing noise. The spectral models used in the decomposition capture the main features of the measured spectra with three exceptions: 1) that the F-35B engine noise contains multiple spectral peaks in the maximum radiation region, 2) that the nonlinear propagation increases the high-frequency spectral levels, and 3) that the low-frequency levels in the maximum radiation region are less than those predicted by the large-scale similarity spectrum. The F-35B broadband shock-associated noise has the same characteristic shape and variation in peak frequency as overexpanded, laboratory-scale jets. However, the peak level and width exhibit different trends than laboratory-scale broadband shock-associated noise and those recently reported for the F/A-18E aircraft. The strengths and limitations of current models to represent the spatial variation in the spectral content of F-35B noise can guide research efforts to more fully understand the sound radiation. Copyright © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1086	a7202538835	Downing J.M.	p373	False	Conference	134	Crackle-related beamforming of military jet aircraft noise	Crackle is a perceptual feature of supersonic jet noise that is related to the presence of acoustic shocks. This study investigates the apparent source locations of events related to crackle for a high-performance military jet aircraft using an event-based, time-domain beamforming method. This method utilizes the cross correlation between adjacent microphones to determine the angle of propagation of an ensemble of shock-related events within the time waveform. This angle of propagation is then traced back towards the source to find the apparent source location. Based on the angle of propagation, derivative skewness, and overall sound pressure level, the microphone pairs along the array can be sorted into six groups. With increasing engine condition, groups related to the presence of crackle tend to shift downstream and broaden, in qualitative agreement with the general aeroacoustic source locations. However, a comparison with near-field acoustical holography shows that the apparent source region of crackle-related events appears upstream of the overall energy at intermediate power but appear to converge at maximum afterburner. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1086	a7202538835	Downing J.M.	p623	False	Conference	259	Spatiotemporal correlation analysis of jet noise from a round-nozzle supersonic aircraft	Spatiotemporal analysis of noise from a tethered F-35B provides insight into the spatial, spectral and temporal relationships within the sound field. Six engine power conditions ranging from 25% to 150% engine thrust request were measured using a 71-microphone linear ground array located approximately 8 m from the estimated shear layer. Mixing noise trends with engine power for the round-nozzle F-35B are similar to those of a nominally rectangular-nozzle high-performance jet aircraft [Harker et al, AIAA, 2016]. Cross-correlation and coherence measures are used to corroborate and confirm identifications of fine- and large-scale turbulent mixing noise contributions from a concurrent study of the F-35B dataset [Neilsen et al., AIAA, 2018]. The relationships observed between multiple spatiospectral lobes seen in the maximum radiation regions of prior and concurrent high-performance aircraft noise studies [Leete et al., AIAA, 2018] are confirmed and expanded upon. Correlograms help identify how the multiple spatiospectral lobes have different apparent phase speeds across the array, corresponding to different directionality, some components of which also change with engine power. Increased overlap of lobes with increased engine power appears to drive global decreases in field coherence. Finally, the structure of the spatiospectral lobes appears to be more visible in nondimensionalized coherence length than in the spectrum itself. Broadband shock-associated noise (BBSAN) is found in the upstream direction at engine powers of 75% engine thrust request and above. Coherence is also used to separate BBSAN from jet mixing noise because the BBSAN is coherent within the relevant frequency range while adjacent fine-scale mixing noise is not. However, correlation and coherence analyses show that the upstream BBSAN signature is related to sound received in the peak radiation region dominated by the spatiospectral lobes. Possible links between the shock-associated noise and the spatiospectral lobes are discussed. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1086	a7202538835	Downing J.M.	p626	False	Conference	262	Comparison of noise from high-performance military aircraft for ground run-up and flyover operations	While the majority of jet noise analysis takes place with a static jet or aircraft, airbase and community military jet noise exposure happens for the most part when the aircraft is in flight. Comparisons between flyover and ground run-up measurements for high-performance military aircraft have not been previously published. This paper presents comparisons between static ground run-up and flyover measurements for the F-35 operating at 150% Engine Thrust Request. The overall sound pressure levels and spectra are shown for the two scenarios, as well as indicators of nonlinear propagation and shock content, specifically the derivative skewness and average steepening factor. The overall sound pressure level is reduced in the peak radiation direction aft of the aircraft but increased in the forward direction. The peak frequency of the noise is relatively unaffected by flight effects, though the amplitude of each frequency may vary. The increase in level in the forward direction results in shock formation that is absent during ground run-up measurements. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1087	a15044701600	James M.M.	p370	False	Conference	132	Three-way spectral decompositions of high-performance military aircraft noise	High-performance military aircraft noise contains large- and fine-scale turbulent mixing noise and broadband shock-associated noise. A three-way spectral decomposition quantifies the contribution from each noise type in the sound of a tied-down F-35B aircraft on a linear ground-based array spanning 35–152 deg. This large spatial aperture allows for detailed investigation into the spatial variation in broadband shock-associated noise and fine- and large-scale turbulent mixing noise. The spectral models used in the decomposition capture the main features of the measured spectra with three exceptions: 1) that the F-35B engine noise contains multiple spectral peaks in the maximum radiation region, 2) that the nonlinear propagation increases the high-frequency spectral levels, and 3) that the low-frequency levels in the maximum radiation region are less than those predicted by the large-scale similarity spectrum. The F-35B broadband shock-associated noise has the same characteristic shape and variation in peak frequency as overexpanded, laboratory-scale jets. However, the peak level and width exhibit different trends than laboratory-scale broadband shock-associated noise and those recently reported for the F/A-18E aircraft. The strengths and limitations of current models to represent the spatial variation in the spectral content of F-35B noise can guide research efforts to more fully understand the sound radiation. Copyright © 2019 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1087	a15044701600	James M.M.	p373	False	Conference	134	Crackle-related beamforming of military jet aircraft noise	Crackle is a perceptual feature of supersonic jet noise that is related to the presence of acoustic shocks. This study investigates the apparent source locations of events related to crackle for a high-performance military jet aircraft using an event-based, time-domain beamforming method. This method utilizes the cross correlation between adjacent microphones to determine the angle of propagation of an ensemble of shock-related events within the time waveform. This angle of propagation is then traced back towards the source to find the apparent source location. Based on the angle of propagation, derivative skewness, and overall sound pressure level, the microphone pairs along the array can be sorted into six groups. With increasing engine condition, groups related to the presence of crackle tend to shift downstream and broaden, in qualitative agreement with the general aeroacoustic source locations. However, a comparison with near-field acoustical holography shows that the apparent source region of crackle-related events appears upstream of the overall energy at intermediate power but appear to converge at maximum afterburner. © 2019, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1087	a15044701600	James M.M.	p623	False	Conference	259	Spatiotemporal correlation analysis of jet noise from a round-nozzle supersonic aircraft	Spatiotemporal analysis of noise from a tethered F-35B provides insight into the spatial, spectral and temporal relationships within the sound field. Six engine power conditions ranging from 25% to 150% engine thrust request were measured using a 71-microphone linear ground array located approximately 8 m from the estimated shear layer. Mixing noise trends with engine power for the round-nozzle F-35B are similar to those of a nominally rectangular-nozzle high-performance jet aircraft [Harker et al, AIAA, 2016]. Cross-correlation and coherence measures are used to corroborate and confirm identifications of fine- and large-scale turbulent mixing noise contributions from a concurrent study of the F-35B dataset [Neilsen et al., AIAA, 2018]. The relationships observed between multiple spatiospectral lobes seen in the maximum radiation regions of prior and concurrent high-performance aircraft noise studies [Leete et al., AIAA, 2018] are confirmed and expanded upon. Correlograms help identify how the multiple spatiospectral lobes have different apparent phase speeds across the array, corresponding to different directionality, some components of which also change with engine power. Increased overlap of lobes with increased engine power appears to drive global decreases in field coherence. Finally, the structure of the spatiospectral lobes appears to be more visible in nondimensionalized coherence length than in the spectrum itself. Broadband shock-associated noise (BBSAN) is found in the upstream direction at engine powers of 75% engine thrust request and above. Coherence is also used to separate BBSAN from jet mixing noise because the BBSAN is coherent within the relevant frequency range while adjacent fine-scale mixing noise is not. However, correlation and coherence analyses show that the upstream BBSAN signature is related to sound received in the peak radiation region dominated by the spatiospectral lobes. Possible links between the shock-associated noise and the spatiospectral lobes are discussed. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1087	a15044701600	James M.M.	p624	False	Conference	260	Dependence of high-performance military aircraft noise on frequency and engine power	To further understand the unique characteristics of military aircraft noise, the sound field in the vicinity of a tied-down F-35B was measured for various engine powers, from 25% to 150% Engine Thrust Request (ETR). Synchronous measurements along a linear ground array approximately parallel to the shear layer were used to image the entire field through multisource statistically optimized near-field acoustical holography (M-SONAH). The field in the direction of maximum radiation consists of multiple lobes in the spatiospectral domain, which are manifest as multiple local maxima in space for a fixed frequency or multiple peaks in the spectra at a fixed location. Multiple lobes are observed at non-afterburning and afterburning engine conditions. As frequency increases for a given engine power, lobes appear towards the sideline and shift aft until they disappear beyond the measurement aperture and new lobe(s) take their place. As engine power is increased at a fixed frequency, the forwardmost lobe increases in its relative contribution to the field, which is a major contributing factor to the forward shift in overall directivity with increasing engine power. Field reconstructions and data in the forward direction outside of the region of maximum radiation show the presence of broadband shock-associated noise (BBSAN) for 75% ETR and above. Reconstructions along the nozzle lipline of the jet indicate the BBSAN originates from approximately the same region as the sources for the main radiation direction. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1087	a15044701600	James M.M.	p625	False	Conference	261	Inclusion of broadband shock-associated noise in spectral decomposition of noise from highperformance military aircraft	Attempts to reduce the noise from high-performance military aircraft requires an understanding of the different jet noise generation mechanisms. The primary noise sources originate from interactions between turbulent mixing noise associated with large and finescale turbulent structures and the ambient air. A nonideally expanded jet also contains broadband shock-associated noise. A three-way decomposition of the spectral density measured near a tied-down F-35B quantifies the contribution from each type of noise. The decomposition is performed on noise from a ground-based, linear array of microphones, approximately 8 m from the estimated shear layer, which spanned an angular aperture of 35° to 152° (relative to engine inlet). This large spatial aperture allows for a detailed investigation into the spatial variation in broadband shock-associated noise and fine and large-scale turbulent mixing noise. The spectral decompositions match the measured spectral levels with three main exceptions: 1) the F-35B noise contains multiple spectral peaks in the maximum radiation region, 2) nonlinear propagation increases the high-frequency spectral levels, and 3) the low-frequency levels in the maximum radiation region are less than those predicted by the large-scale similarity spectrum. The main peak of the F-35B broadband shock-associated noise, evident from 35°-70°, has the same characteristic shape and variation in peak frequency as overexpanded, laboratory-scale jets. The F-35B broadband shockassociated noise peak level and width exhibit different trends than laboratory-scale BBSAN and those recently reported for the F/A-18E [Tam et al., Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 422, 2018, pp. 92-111]. The strengths and limitations of current models to represent the spatial variation in the spectral content of F-35B noise can guide research efforts to more fully understand the sound radiation from high-performance military aircraft. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1087	a15044701600	James M.M.	p626	False	Conference	262	Comparison of noise from high-performance military aircraft for ground run-up and flyover operations	While the majority of jet noise analysis takes place with a static jet or aircraft, airbase and community military jet noise exposure happens for the most part when the aircraft is in flight. Comparisons between flyover and ground run-up measurements for high-performance military aircraft have not been previously published. This paper presents comparisons between static ground run-up and flyover measurements for the F-35 operating at 150% Engine Thrust Request. The overall sound pressure levels and spectra are shown for the two scenarios, as well as indicators of nonlinear propagation and shock content, specifically the derivative skewness and average steepening factor. The overall sound pressure level is reduced in the peak radiation direction aft of the aircraft but increased in the forward direction. The peak frequency of the noise is relatively unaffected by flight effects, though the amplitude of each frequency may vary. The increase in level in the forward direction results in shock formation that is absent during ground run-up measurements. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1087	a15044701600	James M.M.	p861	False	Conference	382	Acoustic shock formation in noise propagation during ground run-up operations of military aircraft	A distinctive feature of many propagating, high-amplitude jet noise waveforms is the presence of acoustic shocks. Metrics indicative of shock presence, specifically the skewness of the time derivative of the waveform, the average steepening factor, and a new wavelet-based metric called the shock energy fraction (SEF), are used to quantify the strength and prevalence of acoustic shocks within waveforms recorded 10-305 m from a tethered military aircraft. The derivative skewness is more sensitive to the presence of the largest and steepest shocks, while the ASF and SEF tend to emphasize aggregate behavior of the entire waveform. These metrics are applied at engine conditions ranging from 50% to 150% engine thrust request, over a wide range of angles and distances, to assess the growth and decay of shock waves. The responses of these metrics point to significant shock formation occurring through nonlinear propagation out to 76 m from the microphone array reference position. Although these strongest shocks decay, the metrics point to continued nonlinear propagation in the far-field, out to 305 m. Many of these features are accurately characterized using a nonlinear propagation scheme based on the Burgers equation, but this scheme fails to account for multipath interference and significant atmospheric effects over the long propagation distances, resulting in an overestimation of nonlinearity metrics. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1087	a15044701600	James M.M.	p863	False	Conference	384	Beamforming-based wavepacket model for noise environment predictions of tactical aircraft	Jet noise consists of extended, partially correlated sources such that a single-wavepacket source representation is inadequate. A multiple-wavepacket (MWP) model provides an analytical framework for jet-noise-like radiation to simulate jet noise field levels as well as the corresponding spatial coherence properties within the field. Here, a beamforming method with regularization is applied to noise measured by a linear array near a high-performance military aircraft. Beamforming results are decomposed into a reduced-order MWP model and the predicted radiation is validated in terms of level and coherence properties using benchmark measurements. Sound levels and coherence lengths generated by the beamforming results show good agreement with benchmark measurements over a range of frequencies that contribute significantly to the overall radiation. The MWP model is shown to predict full-scale specific features such as multilobe directivity patterns, and the addition of an uncorrelated distribution (UD) model adequately predicts the sideline radiation that is otherwise difficult to reproduce from wavepacket radiation. The MWP model predicted radiation characteristics are an improvement over single-wavepacket models, which do not incorporate spatiotemporal features of the radiation. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1087	a15044701600	James M.M.	p865	False	Conference	386	Preliminary investigation of multilobe fighter jet noise sources using acoustical holography	An understanding of jet noise source mechanisms can facilitate targeted noise reduction efforts. This understanding has been enhanced with acoustic imaging technologies, such as near-field acoustical holography (NAH). In this study, multisource statistically optimized NAH (M-SONAH) was used to image the sound field near a tethered F-35 aircraft at multiple frequencies. A linear microphone array, placed along the ground, spanned the length of the jet exhaust plume. A multisource model of the sound field was included in the algorithm to incorporate the effects of the ground reflection on the measurement. Narrowband reconstructions elucidated fine details of the radiation patterns, such as multilobe radiation patterns (which may supersede “dual-lobe” patterns shown in previous studies), and broadband shock-associated noise. [Work supported by F-35 JPO.] © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1088	a57203579114	Barreto D.	p371	False	Journal	193	The Sobrado Vallim Rehabilitation Project	This paper presents the assessment of the historical two story Sobrado Vallim building located in Bananal, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The Sobrado Vallim was built as the house of the local coffee Baron. Since being unoccupied by the family, the building has served as a school and as the City Hall; more recently the building has housed a local community association. The first story is formed by rammed earth walls supporting a wood floor. The walls on the second floor are built with adobe blocks, and several wood columns embedded into the walls support the wood roof trusses. The building has been unoccupied for several years and a temporary shoring system has been designed and installed to prevent possible collapse. The analyses included measuring and defining the building structural elements to determine their capacity. The rammed earth walls compression strength was determined using flatjacks. Samples of the adobe blocks were obtained so that their physical and mechanical properties could be determined through laboratory testing. Thermography was used to assess the wood elements condition. The proposed structural solution was to maintain the shell of the building and construct a steel frame structure within the existing elements. The steel frame would reduce the span and partially support the roof trusses at their mid-length. The ends of the wood trusses would still bear on the existing second floor walls. The proposed solution reduced significantly the loads on the existing elements, allowing the form the building to be maintained. © 2019, RILEM.
1089	a57203573476	Carilho M.	p371	False	Journal	193	The Sobrado Vallim Rehabilitation Project	This paper presents the assessment of the historical two story Sobrado Vallim building located in Bananal, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The Sobrado Vallim was built as the house of the local coffee Baron. Since being unoccupied by the family, the building has served as a school and as the City Hall; more recently the building has housed a local community association. The first story is formed by rammed earth walls supporting a wood floor. The walls on the second floor are built with adobe blocks, and several wood columns embedded into the walls support the wood roof trusses. The building has been unoccupied for several years and a temporary shoring system has been designed and installed to prevent possible collapse. The analyses included measuring and defining the building structural elements to determine their capacity. The rammed earth walls compression strength was determined using flatjacks. Samples of the adobe blocks were obtained so that their physical and mechanical properties could be determined through laboratory testing. Thermography was used to assess the wood elements condition. The proposed structural solution was to maintain the shell of the building and construct a steel frame structure within the existing elements. The steel frame would reduce the span and partially support the roof trusses at their mid-length. The ends of the wood trusses would still bear on the existing second floor walls. The proposed solution reduced significantly the loads on the existing elements, allowing the form the building to be maintained. © 2019, RILEM.
1090	a57203570620	Domschke V.	p371	False	Journal	193	The Sobrado Vallim Rehabilitation Project	This paper presents the assessment of the historical two story Sobrado Vallim building located in Bananal, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The Sobrado Vallim was built as the house of the local coffee Baron. Since being unoccupied by the family, the building has served as a school and as the City Hall; more recently the building has housed a local community association. The first story is formed by rammed earth walls supporting a wood floor. The walls on the second floor are built with adobe blocks, and several wood columns embedded into the walls support the wood roof trusses. The building has been unoccupied for several years and a temporary shoring system has been designed and installed to prevent possible collapse. The analyses included measuring and defining the building structural elements to determine their capacity. The rammed earth walls compression strength was determined using flatjacks. Samples of the adobe blocks were obtained so that their physical and mechanical properties could be determined through laboratory testing. Thermography was used to assess the wood elements condition. The proposed structural solution was to maintain the shell of the building and construct a steel frame structure within the existing elements. The steel frame would reduce the span and partially support the roof trusses at their mid-length. The ends of the wood trusses would still bear on the existing second floor walls. The proposed solution reduced significantly the loads on the existing elements, allowing the form the building to be maintained. © 2019, RILEM.
1091	a57216989927	Tilahun L.E.	p372	False	Conference	133	Expanding the far UV range of aluminum-coated mirrors for space-based observations to reflect hydrogen Lyman lines via fluoride multilayers	While no solid barrier layer is transparent below ~103nm, simulations show that ~9.5nm LiF on 8.5nm MgF2 on Al could reflect some hydrogen Lyman lines better than a single fluoride layer does. Experiments are promising. © OSA 2019 © 2019 The Author(s)
1092	a57211502145	Gabriel Richardson J.	p372	False	Conference	133	Expanding the far UV range of aluminum-coated mirrors for space-based observations to reflect hydrogen Lyman lines via fluoride multilayers	While no solid barrier layer is transparent below ~103nm, simulations show that ~9.5nm LiF on 8.5nm MgF2 on Al could reflect some hydrogen Lyman lines better than a single fluoride layer does. Experiments are promising. © OSA 2019 © 2019 The Author(s)
1093	a6507803480	Steven Turley R.	p372	False	Conference	133	Expanding the far UV range of aluminum-coated mirrors for space-based observations to reflect hydrogen Lyman lines via fluoride multilayers	While no solid barrier layer is transparent below ~103nm, simulations show that ~9.5nm LiF on 8.5nm MgF2 on Al could reflect some hydrogen Lyman lines better than a single fluoride layer does. Experiments are promising. © OSA 2019 © 2019 The Author(s)
1094	a24330327900	Vance A.	p375	True	Conference	136	The fog of warnings: How non-essential notifications blur with security warnings	Adherence to security warnings continues to be an important problem in information security. Although users may fail to heed a security warning for a variety of reasons, a major contributor is habituation, which is decreased response to repeated stimulation. However, the scope of this problem may actually be much broader than previously thought because of the neurobiological phenomenon of generalization. Whereas habituation describes a diminished response with repetitions of the same stimulus, generalization occurs when habituation to one stimulus carries over to other novel stimuli that are similar in appearance. Generalization has important implications for the domains of usable security and human-computer interaction. Because a basic principle of user interface design is visual consistency, generalization suggests that through exposure to frequent non-security-related notifications (e.g., dialogs, alerts, confirmations, etc.) that share a similar look and feel, users may become deeply habituated to critical security warnings that they have never seen before. Further, with the increasing number of notifications in our lives across a range of mobile, Internet of Things, and computing devices, the accumulated effect of generalization may be substantial. However, this problem has not been empirically examined before. This paper contributes by measuring the impacts of generalization in terms of (1) diminished attention via mouse cursor tracking and (2) users' ability to behaviorally adhere to security warnings. Through an online experiment, we find that: • Habituation to a frequent non-security-related notification does carry over to a one-time security warning. • Generalization of habituation is manifest both in (1) decreased attention to warnings and (2) lower warning adherence behavior. • The carry-over effect, most importantly, is due to generalization, and not fatigue. • The degree that generalization occurs depends on the similarity in look and feel between a notification and warning. These findings open new avenues of research and provide guidance to software developers for creating warnings that are more resistant to the effects of generalization of habituation, thereby improving users' security warning adherence. © is held by the author/owner.
1095	a55634592700	Eargle D.	p375	False	Conference	136	The fog of warnings: How non-essential notifications blur with security warnings	Adherence to security warnings continues to be an important problem in information security. Although users may fail to heed a security warning for a variety of reasons, a major contributor is habituation, which is decreased response to repeated stimulation. However, the scope of this problem may actually be much broader than previously thought because of the neurobiological phenomenon of generalization. Whereas habituation describes a diminished response with repetitions of the same stimulus, generalization occurs when habituation to one stimulus carries over to other novel stimuli that are similar in appearance. Generalization has important implications for the domains of usable security and human-computer interaction. Because a basic principle of user interface design is visual consistency, generalization suggests that through exposure to frequent non-security-related notifications (e.g., dialogs, alerts, confirmations, etc.) that share a similar look and feel, users may become deeply habituated to critical security warnings that they have never seen before. Further, with the increasing number of notifications in our lives across a range of mobile, Internet of Things, and computing devices, the accumulated effect of generalization may be substantial. However, this problem has not been empirically examined before. This paper contributes by measuring the impacts of generalization in terms of (1) diminished attention via mouse cursor tracking and (2) users' ability to behaviorally adhere to security warnings. Through an online experiment, we find that: • Habituation to a frequent non-security-related notification does carry over to a one-time security warning. • Generalization of habituation is manifest both in (1) decreased attention to warnings and (2) lower warning adherence behavior. • The carry-over effect, most importantly, is due to generalization, and not fatigue. • The degree that generalization occurs depends on the similarity in look and feel between a notification and warning. These findings open new avenues of research and provide guidance to software developers for creating warnings that are more resistant to the effects of generalization of habituation, thereby improving users' security warning adherence. © is held by the author/owner.
1096	a36713489900	Jenkins J.L.	p375	False	Conference	136	The fog of warnings: How non-essential notifications blur with security warnings	Adherence to security warnings continues to be an important problem in information security. Although users may fail to heed a security warning for a variety of reasons, a major contributor is habituation, which is decreased response to repeated stimulation. However, the scope of this problem may actually be much broader than previously thought because of the neurobiological phenomenon of generalization. Whereas habituation describes a diminished response with repetitions of the same stimulus, generalization occurs when habituation to one stimulus carries over to other novel stimuli that are similar in appearance. Generalization has important implications for the domains of usable security and human-computer interaction. Because a basic principle of user interface design is visual consistency, generalization suggests that through exposure to frequent non-security-related notifications (e.g., dialogs, alerts, confirmations, etc.) that share a similar look and feel, users may become deeply habituated to critical security warnings that they have never seen before. Further, with the increasing number of notifications in our lives across a range of mobile, Internet of Things, and computing devices, the accumulated effect of generalization may be substantial. However, this problem has not been empirically examined before. This paper contributes by measuring the impacts of generalization in terms of (1) diminished attention via mouse cursor tracking and (2) users' ability to behaviorally adhere to security warnings. Through an online experiment, we find that: • Habituation to a frequent non-security-related notification does carry over to a one-time security warning. • Generalization of habituation is manifest both in (1) decreased attention to warnings and (2) lower warning adherence behavior. • The carry-over effect, most importantly, is due to generalization, and not fatigue. • The degree that generalization occurs depends on the similarity in look and feel between a notification and warning. These findings open new avenues of research and provide guidance to software developers for creating warnings that are more resistant to the effects of generalization of habituation, thereby improving users' security warning adherence. © is held by the author/owner.
1097	a35725132100	Brock Kirwan C.	p375	False	Conference	136	The fog of warnings: How non-essential notifications blur with security warnings	Adherence to security warnings continues to be an important problem in information security. Although users may fail to heed a security warning for a variety of reasons, a major contributor is habituation, which is decreased response to repeated stimulation. However, the scope of this problem may actually be much broader than previously thought because of the neurobiological phenomenon of generalization. Whereas habituation describes a diminished response with repetitions of the same stimulus, generalization occurs when habituation to one stimulus carries over to other novel stimuli that are similar in appearance. Generalization has important implications for the domains of usable security and human-computer interaction. Because a basic principle of user interface design is visual consistency, generalization suggests that through exposure to frequent non-security-related notifications (e.g., dialogs, alerts, confirmations, etc.) that share a similar look and feel, users may become deeply habituated to critical security warnings that they have never seen before. Further, with the increasing number of notifications in our lives across a range of mobile, Internet of Things, and computing devices, the accumulated effect of generalization may be substantial. However, this problem has not been empirically examined before. This paper contributes by measuring the impacts of generalization in terms of (1) diminished attention via mouse cursor tracking and (2) users' ability to behaviorally adhere to security warnings. Through an online experiment, we find that: • Habituation to a frequent non-security-related notification does carry over to a one-time security warning. • Generalization of habituation is manifest both in (1) decreased attention to warnings and (2) lower warning adherence behavior. • The carry-over effect, most importantly, is due to generalization, and not fatigue. • The degree that generalization occurs depends on the similarity in look and feel between a notification and warning. These findings open new avenues of research and provide guidance to software developers for creating warnings that are more resistant to the effects of generalization of habituation, thereby improving users' security warning adherence. © is held by the author/owner.
1098	a36986090000	Anderson B.B.	p375	False	Conference	136	The fog of warnings: How non-essential notifications blur with security warnings	Adherence to security warnings continues to be an important problem in information security. Although users may fail to heed a security warning for a variety of reasons, a major contributor is habituation, which is decreased response to repeated stimulation. However, the scope of this problem may actually be much broader than previously thought because of the neurobiological phenomenon of generalization. Whereas habituation describes a diminished response with repetitions of the same stimulus, generalization occurs when habituation to one stimulus carries over to other novel stimuli that are similar in appearance. Generalization has important implications for the domains of usable security and human-computer interaction. Because a basic principle of user interface design is visual consistency, generalization suggests that through exposure to frequent non-security-related notifications (e.g., dialogs, alerts, confirmations, etc.) that share a similar look and feel, users may become deeply habituated to critical security warnings that they have never seen before. Further, with the increasing number of notifications in our lives across a range of mobile, Internet of Things, and computing devices, the accumulated effect of generalization may be substantial. However, this problem has not been empirically examined before. This paper contributes by measuring the impacts of generalization in terms of (1) diminished attention via mouse cursor tracking and (2) users' ability to behaviorally adhere to security warnings. Through an online experiment, we find that: • Habituation to a frequent non-security-related notification does carry over to a one-time security warning. • Generalization of habituation is manifest both in (1) decreased attention to warnings and (2) lower warning adherence behavior. • The carry-over effect, most importantly, is due to generalization, and not fatigue. • The degree that generalization occurs depends on the similarity in look and feel between a notification and warning. These findings open new avenues of research and provide guidance to software developers for creating warnings that are more resistant to the effects of generalization of habituation, thereby improving users' security warning adherence. © is held by the author/owner.
1099	a57193722976	Nascimento M.R.	p376	True	Journal	205	Testing and analysis of masonry hollow clay block prisms filled with mortar	In some design situations, in construction systems with structural masonry, an increase in the capacity of the walls is required, which can be achieved with the filling of empty cells of masonry blocks with grout. The Brazilian technical standard for clay masonry blocks aiming at attaining greater agility and flexibility in the construction process allows the use of bedding mortar instead of grout to fill the cells of the blocks. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of prisms filled with bedding mortar. Six classes of mortar and one type of clay block with nominal resistance of 6 MPa were studied. The results of the compressive strength of the prisms indicate the viability of using bedding mortar with the same structural function as grout. This article presents also an analytical study to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of clay block prisms filled with mortar. Analyses were conducted using general-purpose, nonlinear finite element software that simulates structural behaviour under different loading scenarios. A three-dimensional model of the prisms was developed using eight-node brick elements for both block and mortar with nonlinear properties assigned to each material. Copyright © 2019 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
1100	a7005521036	Roman H.R.	p376	False	Journal	205	Testing and analysis of masonry hollow clay block prisms filled with mortar	In some design situations, in construction systems with structural masonry, an increase in the capacity of the walls is required, which can be achieved with the filling of empty cells of masonry blocks with grout. The Brazilian technical standard for clay masonry blocks aiming at attaining greater agility and flexibility in the construction process allows the use of bedding mortar instead of grout to fill the cells of the blocks. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of prisms filled with bedding mortar. Six classes of mortar and one type of clay block with nominal resistance of 6 MPa were studied. The results of the compressive strength of the prisms indicate the viability of using bedding mortar with the same structural function as grout. This article presents also an analytical study to evaluate the mechanical behaviour of clay block prisms filled with mortar. Analyses were conducted using general-purpose, nonlinear finite element software that simulates structural behaviour under different loading scenarios. A three-dimensional model of the prisms was developed using eight-node brick elements for both block and mortar with nonlinear properties assigned to each material. Copyright © 2019 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.
1100	a7005521036	Roman H.R.	p389	False	Journal	212	Numerical analyses of mortar incorporating the variation in Poisson’s ratio with increasing axial load	The work presented herein evaluated the influence of compressive strength and confinement on the stress-strain behaviour of axially loaded mortar specimens by means of experimental and numerical analyses. Two mortars were tested, with volume proportions of cement: Lime: Sand of 1:0.5:4 and 1:1:6. From these two specimen heights, 50 and 140mm, with diameter of 45mm, resulting in diameter/height ratios of 1.0 and 0.3, were manufactured. The experimental results indicated that the confinement and strength of the mortar influence its stress-strain behaviour, the larger the confinement, the more, nonlinear the behaviour. In addition, the results indicated that the Poisson’s ratio and tangent modulus of elasticity vary with increasing applied load. Two numerical models were tested using the same finite element mesh, boundary conditions and load. The first model was based on the Total Strain Smeared Crack Model and the second model accounted for the observations from the experimental phase with a nonlinear “elastic phased” analysis, which updates the modulus of elasticity and the Poisson’s ratio at each new phase. The tangent modulus of elasticity was calculated directly from the experimental results while the Poisson’s ratio was approximated using the model proposed by OTTOSEN [16]. The numerical model based on the total strain smeared crack was not able to reproduce the behaviour of the compressed mortar near failure while the phased model presented satisfactory results, even close to failure, when cracking is significant. © 2019, International Masonry Society. All rights reserved.
1100	a7005521036	Roman H.R.	p644	False	Conference	276	Numerical analyses of mortar incorporating the variation in poisson's ratio with increasing axial load	This work evaluated the influence of compressive strength and confinement on the stress-strain behavior of axial loaded mortar specimens by means of experimental and numerical analyses. Two mortars were tested, with volume proportions of cement, lime and sand of 1:0.5:4 and 1:1:6. Two specimen heights, 50 and 140 mm, with diameter of 45 mm, resulting in diameter/height ratios of 1.0 and 0.3, respectively were used. The experimental results indicated that the confinement and strength of the mortar influence its stress-strain behavior: the larger the confinement, the more the non-linear behavior. In addition, the results indicated that the Poisson's ratio and the tangent modulus of elasticity vary with increasing applied load. A numerical model was developed that accounted for the observations from the experimental phase with a nonlinear elastic phased analysis, which updates the modulus of elasticity and the Poisson's ratio at each new phase. The tangent modulus of elasticity was calculated directly from the experimental results while the Poisson's ratio was approximated using the model proposed by Ottosen. The numerical model presented satisfactory results, even close to the failure, when cracking is significant. © 2018 The International Masonry Society (IMS).
1101	a55557218000	Abut F.	p377	True	Journal	206	A robust ensemble feature selector based on rank aggregation for developing new VO2max prediction models using support vector machines	This paper proposes a new ensemble feature selector, called the majority voting feature selector (MVFS), for developing new maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) prediction models using a support vector machine (SVM). The approach is based on rank aggregation, which meaningfully utilizes the correlation among the relevance ranks of predictor variables given by three state-of-the-art feature selectors: Relief-F, minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR), and maximum likelihood feature selection (MLFS). By applying the SVM combined with MVFS on a self-created dataset containing maximal and submaximal exercise data from 185 college students, several new hybrid VO2max prediction models have been created. To compare the performance of the proposed ensemble approach on prediction of VO2max, SVM-based models with individual combinations of Relief-F, mRMR, and MLFS as well as with other alternative ensemble feature selectors from the literature have also been developed. The results reveal that MVFS outperforms other individual and ensemble feature selectors and yields up to 8.76% increment and 11.15% decrement rates in multiple correlation coefficients (Rs) and root mean square errors (RMSEs), respectively. Furthermore, in addition to reconfirming the relevance of sex, age, and maximal heart rate in predicting VO2max, which were previously reported in the literature, it is revealed that submaximal heart rates and exercise times at 1.5-mile distance are two further discriminative predictors of VO2max. The results have also been compared to those obtained by a general regression neural network and single decision tree combined with MVFS, and it is shown that the SVM exhibits much better performance than other methods for prediction of VO2max. © TÜBİTAK
1101	a55557218000	Abut F.	p529	False	Conference	190	Predicting the maximum endurance time for left-side bridge exercise using machine learning methods and hybrid data	This study was carried out with the intention to create new models to predict the maximum endurance time for the left-side bridge exercise using machine learning methods and hybrid data. Particularly, four different methods including Multilayer Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Network (MFANN), Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN), Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) and Single Decision Tree (SDT) have been used for model development. The dataset used to create the prediction models includes physiological, exercise and questionnaire data related to individuals who performed the left-side bridge exercise and completed the Perceived Activity Rating (PAR) and Perceived Functional Ability (PFA) questionnaires. To evaluate the performance of the models, two well-known metrics, namely Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Multiple Correlation Coefficient (R) have been used, whereas the generalization errors have been assessed using 10-fold cross validation. The best prediction performance among the models has been obtained by using MFANN along with the predictor variables gender, age, body mass index (BMI), the times to reach a rate of perceived exertion values of 7 and 8 (RPE-7 and RPE-8, respectively) and PAR, producing the lowest RMSE and the highest R with 10.61 seconds (s) and 0.92, respectively. © 2017 IEEE.
1102	a7102443026	Akay M.F.	p377	False	Journal	206	A robust ensemble feature selector based on rank aggregation for developing new VO2max prediction models using support vector machines	This paper proposes a new ensemble feature selector, called the majority voting feature selector (MVFS), for developing new maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) prediction models using a support vector machine (SVM). The approach is based on rank aggregation, which meaningfully utilizes the correlation among the relevance ranks of predictor variables given by three state-of-the-art feature selectors: Relief-F, minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR), and maximum likelihood feature selection (MLFS). By applying the SVM combined with MVFS on a self-created dataset containing maximal and submaximal exercise data from 185 college students, several new hybrid VO2max prediction models have been created. To compare the performance of the proposed ensemble approach on prediction of VO2max, SVM-based models with individual combinations of Relief-F, mRMR, and MLFS as well as with other alternative ensemble feature selectors from the literature have also been developed. The results reveal that MVFS outperforms other individual and ensemble feature selectors and yields up to 8.76% increment and 11.15% decrement rates in multiple correlation coefficients (Rs) and root mean square errors (RMSEs), respectively. Furthermore, in addition to reconfirming the relevance of sex, age, and maximal heart rate in predicting VO2max, which were previously reported in the literature, it is revealed that submaximal heart rates and exercise times at 1.5-mile distance are two further discriminative predictors of VO2max. The results have also been compared to those obtained by a general regression neural network and single decision tree combined with MVFS, and it is shown that the SVM exhibits much better performance than other methods for prediction of VO2max. © TÜBİTAK
1102	a7102443026	Akay M.F.	p529	True	Conference	190	Predicting the maximum endurance time for left-side bridge exercise using machine learning methods and hybrid data	This study was carried out with the intention to create new models to predict the maximum endurance time for the left-side bridge exercise using machine learning methods and hybrid data. Particularly, four different methods including Multilayer Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Network (MFANN), Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN), Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) and Single Decision Tree (SDT) have been used for model development. The dataset used to create the prediction models includes physiological, exercise and questionnaire data related to individuals who performed the left-side bridge exercise and completed the Perceived Activity Rating (PAR) and Perceived Functional Ability (PFA) questionnaires. To evaluate the performance of the models, two well-known metrics, namely Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Multiple Correlation Coefficient (R) have been used, whereas the generalization errors have been assessed using 10-fold cross validation. The best prediction performance among the models has been obtained by using MFANN along with the predictor variables gender, age, body mass index (BMI), the times to reach a rate of perceived exertion values of 7 and 8 (RPE-7 and RPE-8, respectively) and PAR, producing the lowest RMSE and the highest R with 10.61 seconds (s) and 0.92, respectively. © 2017 IEEE.
1103	a7403558004	George J.	p377	False	Journal	206	A robust ensemble feature selector based on rank aggregation for developing new VO2max prediction models using support vector machines	This paper proposes a new ensemble feature selector, called the majority voting feature selector (MVFS), for developing new maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) prediction models using a support vector machine (SVM). The approach is based on rank aggregation, which meaningfully utilizes the correlation among the relevance ranks of predictor variables given by three state-of-the-art feature selectors: Relief-F, minimum redundancy maximum relevance (mRMR), and maximum likelihood feature selection (MLFS). By applying the SVM combined with MVFS on a self-created dataset containing maximal and submaximal exercise data from 185 college students, several new hybrid VO2max prediction models have been created. To compare the performance of the proposed ensemble approach on prediction of VO2max, SVM-based models with individual combinations of Relief-F, mRMR, and MLFS as well as with other alternative ensemble feature selectors from the literature have also been developed. The results reveal that MVFS outperforms other individual and ensemble feature selectors and yields up to 8.76% increment and 11.15% decrement rates in multiple correlation coefficients (Rs) and root mean square errors (RMSEs), respectively. Furthermore, in addition to reconfirming the relevance of sex, age, and maximal heart rate in predicting VO2max, which were previously reported in the literature, it is revealed that submaximal heart rates and exercise times at 1.5-mile distance are two further discriminative predictors of VO2max. The results have also been compared to those obtained by a general regression neural network and single decision tree combined with MVFS, and it is shown that the SVM exhibits much better performance than other methods for prediction of VO2max. © TÜBİTAK
1103	a7403558004	George J.	p529	False	Conference	190	Predicting the maximum endurance time for left-side bridge exercise using machine learning methods and hybrid data	This study was carried out with the intention to create new models to predict the maximum endurance time for the left-side bridge exercise using machine learning methods and hybrid data. Particularly, four different methods including Multilayer Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Network (MFANN), Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN), Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) and Single Decision Tree (SDT) have been used for model development. The dataset used to create the prediction models includes physiological, exercise and questionnaire data related to individuals who performed the left-side bridge exercise and completed the Perceived Activity Rating (PAR) and Perceived Functional Ability (PFA) questionnaires. To evaluate the performance of the models, two well-known metrics, namely Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Multiple Correlation Coefficient (R) have been used, whereas the generalization errors have been assessed using 10-fold cross validation. The best prediction performance among the models has been obtained by using MFANN along with the predictor variables gender, age, body mass index (BMI), the times to reach a rate of perceived exertion values of 7 and 8 (RPE-7 and RPE-8, respectively) and PAR, producing the lowest RMSE and the highest R with 10.61 seconds (s) and 0.92, respectively. © 2017 IEEE.
1104	a56790117900	Yellowhorse A.D.	p380	True	Conference	138	Regular 2D and 3D linkage-based origami tessellations	Linkage origami is one effective approach for addressing stiffness and accommodating panels of finite size in origami models and tessellations. However, successfully implementing linkage origami in tessellations can be challenging. In this work, multiple theorems are presented that provide criteria for designing origami units or cells that can be assembled into arbitrarily large tessellations. The application of these theorems is demonstrated through examples of tessellations in two and three dimensions. Copyright © 2019 ASME.
1104	a56790117900	Yellowhorse A.D.	p446	True	Journal	250	Deployable lenticular stiffeners for origami-inspired mechanisms	Light-weight origami-inspired mechanisms can provide advantages in deployable space systems and other applications. However, a significant challenge in their design is ensuring that they are sufficiently stiff. Compliant, deployable stiffeners utilizing a profile that approximates the Euler Spiral are proposed as one possible solution. It is shown that a structure with this specific profile, called a lenticular stiffener, permits stiffeners to be flattened using a force applied at their edge. Formulas for calculating the increase in stiffness are developed. Relations needed to design the deployment behavior of the stiffeners are also derived. Finally, advantages of different configurations of stiffeners are evaluated. These results are verified through simulation and experiments. © 2018 Taylor & Francis.
1104	a56790117900	Yellowhorse A.D.	p580	True	Conference	225	Three approaches for managing stiffness in origami-inspired mechanisms	Ensuring that deployable mechanisms are sufficiently rigid is a major challenge due to their large size relative to their mass. This paper examines three basic types of stiffener that can be applied to light, origami-inspired structures to manage their stiffness. These stiffeners are modeled analytically to enable prediction and optimization of their behavior. The results obtained from this analysis are compared to results from a finite-element analysis and experimental data. After verifying these models, the advantages and disadvantages of each stiffener type are considered. This comparison will facilitate stiffener selection for future engineering applications. Copyright © 2018 ASME
1104	a56790117900	Yellowhorse A.D.	p817	True	Conference	352	Optimization of origami-based tubes for lightweight deployable structures	Tubular origami may provide both the needed deployment displacement and sufficient strength to be useful as deployable structures. This paper reviews origami tube-based deployable mechanisms and a structural optimization of FEA models is performed. Symmetric and non-symmetric 4-sided tubes are evaluated. Panel geometries and thicknesses are varied to produce rigidly foldable origami-tube-based mechanisms that are both strong and lightweight. The mechanical properties of these tubes over various deployment lengths are discussed. Three different configurations of this mechanism are compared and the advantages of each are discussed. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
1105	a57193911152	Fernquest S.	p382	True	Journal	208	Compositional MRI of the Hip: Reproducibility, Effect of Joint Unloading, and Comparison of T2 Relaxometry with Delayed Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage	Objective: Our aim was to compare T2 with delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) in the hip and assess the reproducibility and effect of joint unloading on T2 mapping. Design: Ten individuals at high risk of developing hip osteoarthritis (SibKids) underwent contemporaneous T2 mapping and dGEMRIC in the hip (10 hips). Twelve healthy volunteers underwent T2 mapping of both hips (24 hips) at time points 25, 35, 45, and 55 minutes post offloading. Acetabular and femoral cartilage was manually segmented into regions of interest. The relationship between T2 and dGEMRIC values from anatomically corresponding regions of interests was quantified using Pearson’s correlation. The reproducibility of image analysis for T2 and dGEMRIC, and reproducibility of image acquisition for T2, was quantified using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), root mean square coefficient of variance (RMSCoV), smallest detectable difference (SDD), and Bland-Altman plots. The paired t test was used to determine if difference existed in T2 values at different unloading times. Results: T2 values correlated most strongly with dGEMRIC values in diseased cartilage (r = −0.61, P = <0.001). T2 image analysis (segmentation) reproducibility was ICC = 0.96 to 0.98, RMSCoV = 3.5% to 5.2%, and SDD = 2.2 to 3.5 ms. T2 values at 25 minutes unloading were not significantly different to longer unloading times (P = 0.132). SDD for T2 image acquisition reproducibility was 7.1 to 7.4 ms. Conclusions: T2 values in the hip correlate well with dGEMRIC in areas of cartilage damage. T2 shows high reproducibility and values do not change beyond 25 minutes of joint unloading. © The Author(s) 2019.
1105	a57193911152	Fernquest S.	p701	False	Journal	343	Diagnostic and prognostic value of delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) in early osteoarthritis of the hip	Background Delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) can detect glycosaminoglycan loss in the acetabular cartilage of asymptomatic individuals with cam morphology. The aims of this study were to explore the relationship between cam morphology and dGEMRIC values, and to explore whether baseline dGEMRIC can predict the development of radiographic hip osteoarthritis. Methods Prospective cohort (SibKids) study with clinical, radiographic, and MRI assessment at baseline and five-year follow-up (n = 34). The dGEMRIC values of cartilage regions were correlated with measures of cam morphology. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to baseline variables to predict radiographic loss of joint space width. Results Superolateral acetabular cartilage dGEMRIC values were significantly lower in participants with cam morphology (P < 0.001), defined as an alpha angle greater than 60°. There was a negative correlation between alpha angle and the dGEMRIC value of adjacent acetabular cartilage. This relationship was strongest superoanteriorly (r = −0.697 P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between baseline dGEMRIC and the magnitude of joint space width narrowing (r = 0.398 P = 0.030). ROC analysis of combined baseline variables (positive impingement test, alpha angle, dGEMRIC ratio) gave an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.75 for predicting joint space width narrowing greater than 0.5 mm within 5 years. Conclusions The size and position of cam morphology determines the severity and location of progressive cartilage damage, supporting the biomechanical aetiology of femoroacetabular impingement. Baseline dGEMRIC is able to predict the development of radiographic osteoarthritis. Compositional MRI offers the potential to identify patients who may benefit from early intervention to prevent the development of osteoarthritis. © 2017 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
1106	a55780846900	Palmer A.	p382	False	Journal	208	Compositional MRI of the Hip: Reproducibility, Effect of Joint Unloading, and Comparison of T2 Relaxometry with Delayed Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage	Objective: Our aim was to compare T2 with delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) in the hip and assess the reproducibility and effect of joint unloading on T2 mapping. Design: Ten individuals at high risk of developing hip osteoarthritis (SibKids) underwent contemporaneous T2 mapping and dGEMRIC in the hip (10 hips). Twelve healthy volunteers underwent T2 mapping of both hips (24 hips) at time points 25, 35, 45, and 55 minutes post offloading. Acetabular and femoral cartilage was manually segmented into regions of interest. The relationship between T2 and dGEMRIC values from anatomically corresponding regions of interests was quantified using Pearson’s correlation. The reproducibility of image analysis for T2 and dGEMRIC, and reproducibility of image acquisition for T2, was quantified using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), root mean square coefficient of variance (RMSCoV), smallest detectable difference (SDD), and Bland-Altman plots. The paired t test was used to determine if difference existed in T2 values at different unloading times. Results: T2 values correlated most strongly with dGEMRIC values in diseased cartilage (r = −0.61, P = <0.001). T2 image analysis (segmentation) reproducibility was ICC = 0.96 to 0.98, RMSCoV = 3.5% to 5.2%, and SDD = 2.2 to 3.5 ms. T2 values at 25 minutes unloading were not significantly different to longer unloading times (P = 0.132). SDD for T2 image acquisition reproducibility was 7.1 to 7.4 ms. Conclusions: T2 values in the hip correlate well with dGEMRIC in areas of cartilage damage. T2 shows high reproducibility and values do not change beyond 25 minutes of joint unloading. © The Author(s) 2019.
1106	a55780846900	Palmer A.	p701	True	Journal	343	Diagnostic and prognostic value of delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) in early osteoarthritis of the hip	Background Delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) can detect glycosaminoglycan loss in the acetabular cartilage of asymptomatic individuals with cam morphology. The aims of this study were to explore the relationship between cam morphology and dGEMRIC values, and to explore whether baseline dGEMRIC can predict the development of radiographic hip osteoarthritis. Methods Prospective cohort (SibKids) study with clinical, radiographic, and MRI assessment at baseline and five-year follow-up (n = 34). The dGEMRIC values of cartilage regions were correlated with measures of cam morphology. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to baseline variables to predict radiographic loss of joint space width. Results Superolateral acetabular cartilage dGEMRIC values were significantly lower in participants with cam morphology (P < 0.001), defined as an alpha angle greater than 60°. There was a negative correlation between alpha angle and the dGEMRIC value of adjacent acetabular cartilage. This relationship was strongest superoanteriorly (r = −0.697 P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between baseline dGEMRIC and the magnitude of joint space width narrowing (r = 0.398 P = 0.030). ROC analysis of combined baseline variables (positive impingement test, alpha angle, dGEMRIC ratio) gave an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.75 for predicting joint space width narrowing greater than 0.5 mm within 5 years. Conclusions The size and position of cam morphology determines the severity and location of progressive cartilage damage, supporting the biomechanical aetiology of femoroacetabular impingement. Baseline dGEMRIC is able to predict the development of radiographic osteoarthritis. Compositional MRI offers the potential to identify patients who may benefit from early intervention to prevent the development of osteoarthritis. © 2017 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
1107	a57203303999	Gammer B.	p382	False	Journal	208	Compositional MRI of the Hip: Reproducibility, Effect of Joint Unloading, and Comparison of T2 Relaxometry with Delayed Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage	Objective: Our aim was to compare T2 with delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) in the hip and assess the reproducibility and effect of joint unloading on T2 mapping. Design: Ten individuals at high risk of developing hip osteoarthritis (SibKids) underwent contemporaneous T2 mapping and dGEMRIC in the hip (10 hips). Twelve healthy volunteers underwent T2 mapping of both hips (24 hips) at time points 25, 35, 45, and 55 minutes post offloading. Acetabular and femoral cartilage was manually segmented into regions of interest. The relationship between T2 and dGEMRIC values from anatomically corresponding regions of interests was quantified using Pearson’s correlation. The reproducibility of image analysis for T2 and dGEMRIC, and reproducibility of image acquisition for T2, was quantified using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), root mean square coefficient of variance (RMSCoV), smallest detectable difference (SDD), and Bland-Altman plots. The paired t test was used to determine if difference existed in T2 values at different unloading times. Results: T2 values correlated most strongly with dGEMRIC values in diseased cartilage (r = −0.61, P = <0.001). T2 image analysis (segmentation) reproducibility was ICC = 0.96 to 0.98, RMSCoV = 3.5% to 5.2%, and SDD = 2.2 to 3.5 ms. T2 values at 25 minutes unloading were not significantly different to longer unloading times (P = 0.132). SDD for T2 image acquisition reproducibility was 7.1 to 7.4 ms. Conclusions: T2 values in the hip correlate well with dGEMRIC in areas of cartilage damage. T2 shows high reproducibility and values do not change beyond 25 minutes of joint unloading. © The Author(s) 2019.
1108	a57217139231	Hirons E.	p382	False	Journal	208	Compositional MRI of the Hip: Reproducibility, Effect of Joint Unloading, and Comparison of T2 Relaxometry with Delayed Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage	Objective: Our aim was to compare T2 with delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) in the hip and assess the reproducibility and effect of joint unloading on T2 mapping. Design: Ten individuals at high risk of developing hip osteoarthritis (SibKids) underwent contemporaneous T2 mapping and dGEMRIC in the hip (10 hips). Twelve healthy volunteers underwent T2 mapping of both hips (24 hips) at time points 25, 35, 45, and 55 minutes post offloading. Acetabular and femoral cartilage was manually segmented into regions of interest. The relationship between T2 and dGEMRIC values from anatomically corresponding regions of interests was quantified using Pearson’s correlation. The reproducibility of image analysis for T2 and dGEMRIC, and reproducibility of image acquisition for T2, was quantified using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), root mean square coefficient of variance (RMSCoV), smallest detectable difference (SDD), and Bland-Altman plots. The paired t test was used to determine if difference existed in T2 values at different unloading times. Results: T2 values correlated most strongly with dGEMRIC values in diseased cartilage (r = −0.61, P = <0.001). T2 image analysis (segmentation) reproducibility was ICC = 0.96 to 0.98, RMSCoV = 3.5% to 5.2%, and SDD = 2.2 to 3.5 ms. T2 values at 25 minutes unloading were not significantly different to longer unloading times (P = 0.132). SDD for T2 image acquisition reproducibility was 7.1 to 7.4 ms. Conclusions: T2 values in the hip correlate well with dGEMRIC in areas of cartilage damage. T2 shows high reproducibility and values do not change beyond 25 minutes of joint unloading. © The Author(s) 2019.
1109	a14064679200	Kendrick B.	p382	False	Journal	208	Compositional MRI of the Hip: Reproducibility, Effect of Joint Unloading, and Comparison of T2 Relaxometry with Delayed Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage	Objective: Our aim was to compare T2 with delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) in the hip and assess the reproducibility and effect of joint unloading on T2 mapping. Design: Ten individuals at high risk of developing hip osteoarthritis (SibKids) underwent contemporaneous T2 mapping and dGEMRIC in the hip (10 hips). Twelve healthy volunteers underwent T2 mapping of both hips (24 hips) at time points 25, 35, 45, and 55 minutes post offloading. Acetabular and femoral cartilage was manually segmented into regions of interest. The relationship between T2 and dGEMRIC values from anatomically corresponding regions of interests was quantified using Pearson’s correlation. The reproducibility of image analysis for T2 and dGEMRIC, and reproducibility of image acquisition for T2, was quantified using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), root mean square coefficient of variance (RMSCoV), smallest detectable difference (SDD), and Bland-Altman plots. The paired t test was used to determine if difference existed in T2 values at different unloading times. Results: T2 values correlated most strongly with dGEMRIC values in diseased cartilage (r = −0.61, P = <0.001). T2 image analysis (segmentation) reproducibility was ICC = 0.96 to 0.98, RMSCoV = 3.5% to 5.2%, and SDD = 2.2 to 3.5 ms. T2 values at 25 minutes unloading were not significantly different to longer unloading times (P = 0.132). SDD for T2 image acquisition reproducibility was 7.1 to 7.4 ms. Conclusions: T2 values in the hip correlate well with dGEMRIC in areas of cartilage damage. T2 shows high reproducibility and values do not change beyond 25 minutes of joint unloading. © The Author(s) 2019.
1110	a7405891981	Taylor A.	p382	False	Journal	208	Compositional MRI of the Hip: Reproducibility, Effect of Joint Unloading, and Comparison of T2 Relaxometry with Delayed Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage	Objective: Our aim was to compare T2 with delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) in the hip and assess the reproducibility and effect of joint unloading on T2 mapping. Design: Ten individuals at high risk of developing hip osteoarthritis (SibKids) underwent contemporaneous T2 mapping and dGEMRIC in the hip (10 hips). Twelve healthy volunteers underwent T2 mapping of both hips (24 hips) at time points 25, 35, 45, and 55 minutes post offloading. Acetabular and femoral cartilage was manually segmented into regions of interest. The relationship between T2 and dGEMRIC values from anatomically corresponding regions of interests was quantified using Pearson’s correlation. The reproducibility of image analysis for T2 and dGEMRIC, and reproducibility of image acquisition for T2, was quantified using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), root mean square coefficient of variance (RMSCoV), smallest detectable difference (SDD), and Bland-Altman plots. The paired t test was used to determine if difference existed in T2 values at different unloading times. Results: T2 values correlated most strongly with dGEMRIC values in diseased cartilage (r = −0.61, P = <0.001). T2 image analysis (segmentation) reproducibility was ICC = 0.96 to 0.98, RMSCoV = 3.5% to 5.2%, and SDD = 2.2 to 3.5 ms. T2 values at 25 minutes unloading were not significantly different to longer unloading times (P = 0.132). SDD for T2 image acquisition reproducibility was 7.1 to 7.4 ms. Conclusions: T2 values in the hip correlate well with dGEMRIC in areas of cartilage damage. T2 shows high reproducibility and values do not change beyond 25 minutes of joint unloading. © The Author(s) 2019.
1111	a57201739935	De Berker H.	p382	False	Journal	208	Compositional MRI of the Hip: Reproducibility, Effect of Joint Unloading, and Comparison of T2 Relaxometry with Delayed Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage	Objective: Our aim was to compare T2 with delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) in the hip and assess the reproducibility and effect of joint unloading on T2 mapping. Design: Ten individuals at high risk of developing hip osteoarthritis (SibKids) underwent contemporaneous T2 mapping and dGEMRIC in the hip (10 hips). Twelve healthy volunteers underwent T2 mapping of both hips (24 hips) at time points 25, 35, 45, and 55 minutes post offloading. Acetabular and femoral cartilage was manually segmented into regions of interest. The relationship between T2 and dGEMRIC values from anatomically corresponding regions of interests was quantified using Pearson’s correlation. The reproducibility of image analysis for T2 and dGEMRIC, and reproducibility of image acquisition for T2, was quantified using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), root mean square coefficient of variance (RMSCoV), smallest detectable difference (SDD), and Bland-Altman plots. The paired t test was used to determine if difference existed in T2 values at different unloading times. Results: T2 values correlated most strongly with dGEMRIC values in diseased cartilage (r = −0.61, P = <0.001). T2 image analysis (segmentation) reproducibility was ICC = 0.96 to 0.98, RMSCoV = 3.5% to 5.2%, and SDD = 2.2 to 3.5 ms. T2 values at 25 minutes unloading were not significantly different to longer unloading times (P = 0.132). SDD for T2 image acquisition reproducibility was 7.1 to 7.4 ms. Conclusions: T2 values in the hip correlate well with dGEMRIC in areas of cartilage damage. T2 shows high reproducibility and values do not change beyond 25 minutes of joint unloading. © The Author(s) 2019.
1112	a6508339625	Bangerter N.	p382	False	Journal	208	Compositional MRI of the Hip: Reproducibility, Effect of Joint Unloading, and Comparison of T2 Relaxometry with Delayed Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage	Objective: Our aim was to compare T2 with delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) in the hip and assess the reproducibility and effect of joint unloading on T2 mapping. Design: Ten individuals at high risk of developing hip osteoarthritis (SibKids) underwent contemporaneous T2 mapping and dGEMRIC in the hip (10 hips). Twelve healthy volunteers underwent T2 mapping of both hips (24 hips) at time points 25, 35, 45, and 55 minutes post offloading. Acetabular and femoral cartilage was manually segmented into regions of interest. The relationship between T2 and dGEMRIC values from anatomically corresponding regions of interests was quantified using Pearson’s correlation. The reproducibility of image analysis for T2 and dGEMRIC, and reproducibility of image acquisition for T2, was quantified using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), root mean square coefficient of variance (RMSCoV), smallest detectable difference (SDD), and Bland-Altman plots. The paired t test was used to determine if difference existed in T2 values at different unloading times. Results: T2 values correlated most strongly with dGEMRIC values in diseased cartilage (r = −0.61, P = <0.001). T2 image analysis (segmentation) reproducibility was ICC = 0.96 to 0.98, RMSCoV = 3.5% to 5.2%, and SDD = 2.2 to 3.5 ms. T2 values at 25 minutes unloading were not significantly different to longer unloading times (P = 0.132). SDD for T2 image acquisition reproducibility was 7.1 to 7.4 ms. Conclusions: T2 values in the hip correlate well with dGEMRIC in areas of cartilage damage. T2 shows high reproducibility and values do not change beyond 25 minutes of joint unloading. © The Author(s) 2019.
1112	a6508339625	Bangerter N.	p701	False	Journal	343	Diagnostic and prognostic value of delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) in early osteoarthritis of the hip	Background Delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) can detect glycosaminoglycan loss in the acetabular cartilage of asymptomatic individuals with cam morphology. The aims of this study were to explore the relationship between cam morphology and dGEMRIC values, and to explore whether baseline dGEMRIC can predict the development of radiographic hip osteoarthritis. Methods Prospective cohort (SibKids) study with clinical, radiographic, and MRI assessment at baseline and five-year follow-up (n = 34). The dGEMRIC values of cartilage regions were correlated with measures of cam morphology. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to baseline variables to predict radiographic loss of joint space width. Results Superolateral acetabular cartilage dGEMRIC values were significantly lower in participants with cam morphology (P < 0.001), defined as an alpha angle greater than 60°. There was a negative correlation between alpha angle and the dGEMRIC value of adjacent acetabular cartilage. This relationship was strongest superoanteriorly (r = −0.697 P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between baseline dGEMRIC and the magnitude of joint space width narrowing (r = 0.398 P = 0.030). ROC analysis of combined baseline variables (positive impingement test, alpha angle, dGEMRIC ratio) gave an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.75 for predicting joint space width narrowing greater than 0.5 mm within 5 years. Conclusions The size and position of cam morphology determines the severity and location of progressive cartilage damage, supporting the biomechanical aetiology of femoroacetabular impingement. Baseline dGEMRIC is able to predict the development of radiographic osteoarthritis. Compositional MRI offers the potential to identify patients who may benefit from early intervention to prevent the development of osteoarthritis. © 2017 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
1113	a57213262958	Carr A.	p382	False	Journal	208	Compositional MRI of the Hip: Reproducibility, Effect of Joint Unloading, and Comparison of T2 Relaxometry with Delayed Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage	Objective: Our aim was to compare T2 with delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) in the hip and assess the reproducibility and effect of joint unloading on T2 mapping. Design: Ten individuals at high risk of developing hip osteoarthritis (SibKids) underwent contemporaneous T2 mapping and dGEMRIC in the hip (10 hips). Twelve healthy volunteers underwent T2 mapping of both hips (24 hips) at time points 25, 35, 45, and 55 minutes post offloading. Acetabular and femoral cartilage was manually segmented into regions of interest. The relationship between T2 and dGEMRIC values from anatomically corresponding regions of interests was quantified using Pearson’s correlation. The reproducibility of image analysis for T2 and dGEMRIC, and reproducibility of image acquisition for T2, was quantified using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), root mean square coefficient of variance (RMSCoV), smallest detectable difference (SDD), and Bland-Altman plots. The paired t test was used to determine if difference existed in T2 values at different unloading times. Results: T2 values correlated most strongly with dGEMRIC values in diseased cartilage (r = −0.61, P = <0.001). T2 image analysis (segmentation) reproducibility was ICC = 0.96 to 0.98, RMSCoV = 3.5% to 5.2%, and SDD = 2.2 to 3.5 ms. T2 values at 25 minutes unloading were not significantly different to longer unloading times (P = 0.132). SDD for T2 image acquisition reproducibility was 7.1 to 7.4 ms. Conclusions: T2 values in the hip correlate well with dGEMRIC in areas of cartilage damage. T2 shows high reproducibility and values do not change beyond 25 minutes of joint unloading. © The Author(s) 2019.
1113	a57213262958	Carr A.	p701	False	Journal	343	Diagnostic and prognostic value of delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) in early osteoarthritis of the hip	Background Delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) can detect glycosaminoglycan loss in the acetabular cartilage of asymptomatic individuals with cam morphology. The aims of this study were to explore the relationship between cam morphology and dGEMRIC values, and to explore whether baseline dGEMRIC can predict the development of radiographic hip osteoarthritis. Methods Prospective cohort (SibKids) study with clinical, radiographic, and MRI assessment at baseline and five-year follow-up (n = 34). The dGEMRIC values of cartilage regions were correlated with measures of cam morphology. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to baseline variables to predict radiographic loss of joint space width. Results Superolateral acetabular cartilage dGEMRIC values were significantly lower in participants with cam morphology (P < 0.001), defined as an alpha angle greater than 60°. There was a negative correlation between alpha angle and the dGEMRIC value of adjacent acetabular cartilage. This relationship was strongest superoanteriorly (r = −0.697 P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between baseline dGEMRIC and the magnitude of joint space width narrowing (r = 0.398 P = 0.030). ROC analysis of combined baseline variables (positive impingement test, alpha angle, dGEMRIC ratio) gave an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.75 for predicting joint space width narrowing greater than 0.5 mm within 5 years. Conclusions The size and position of cam morphology determines the severity and location of progressive cartilage damage, supporting the biomechanical aetiology of femoroacetabular impingement. Baseline dGEMRIC is able to predict the development of radiographic osteoarthritis. Compositional MRI offers the potential to identify patients who may benefit from early intervention to prevent the development of osteoarthritis. © 2017 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
1114	a6506674242	Glyn-Jones S.	p382	False	Journal	208	Compositional MRI of the Hip: Reproducibility, Effect of Joint Unloading, and Comparison of T2 Relaxometry with Delayed Gadolinium-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage	Objective: Our aim was to compare T2 with delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) in the hip and assess the reproducibility and effect of joint unloading on T2 mapping. Design: Ten individuals at high risk of developing hip osteoarthritis (SibKids) underwent contemporaneous T2 mapping and dGEMRIC in the hip (10 hips). Twelve healthy volunteers underwent T2 mapping of both hips (24 hips) at time points 25, 35, 45, and 55 minutes post offloading. Acetabular and femoral cartilage was manually segmented into regions of interest. The relationship between T2 and dGEMRIC values from anatomically corresponding regions of interests was quantified using Pearson’s correlation. The reproducibility of image analysis for T2 and dGEMRIC, and reproducibility of image acquisition for T2, was quantified using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), root mean square coefficient of variance (RMSCoV), smallest detectable difference (SDD), and Bland-Altman plots. The paired t test was used to determine if difference existed in T2 values at different unloading times. Results: T2 values correlated most strongly with dGEMRIC values in diseased cartilage (r = −0.61, P = <0.001). T2 image analysis (segmentation) reproducibility was ICC = 0.96 to 0.98, RMSCoV = 3.5% to 5.2%, and SDD = 2.2 to 3.5 ms. T2 values at 25 minutes unloading were not significantly different to longer unloading times (P = 0.132). SDD for T2 image acquisition reproducibility was 7.1 to 7.4 ms. Conclusions: T2 values in the hip correlate well with dGEMRIC in areas of cartilage damage. T2 shows high reproducibility and values do not change beyond 25 minutes of joint unloading. © The Author(s) 2019.
1114	a6506674242	Glyn-Jones S.	p701	False	Journal	343	Diagnostic and prognostic value of delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) in early osteoarthritis of the hip	Background Delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) can detect glycosaminoglycan loss in the acetabular cartilage of asymptomatic individuals with cam morphology. The aims of this study were to explore the relationship between cam morphology and dGEMRIC values, and to explore whether baseline dGEMRIC can predict the development of radiographic hip osteoarthritis. Methods Prospective cohort (SibKids) study with clinical, radiographic, and MRI assessment at baseline and five-year follow-up (n = 34). The dGEMRIC values of cartilage regions were correlated with measures of cam morphology. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to baseline variables to predict radiographic loss of joint space width. Results Superolateral acetabular cartilage dGEMRIC values were significantly lower in participants with cam morphology (P < 0.001), defined as an alpha angle greater than 60°. There was a negative correlation between alpha angle and the dGEMRIC value of adjacent acetabular cartilage. This relationship was strongest superoanteriorly (r = −0.697 P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between baseline dGEMRIC and the magnitude of joint space width narrowing (r = 0.398 P = 0.030). ROC analysis of combined baseline variables (positive impingement test, alpha angle, dGEMRIC ratio) gave an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.75 for predicting joint space width narrowing greater than 0.5 mm within 5 years. Conclusions The size and position of cam morphology determines the severity and location of progressive cartilage damage, supporting the biomechanical aetiology of femoroacetabular impingement. Baseline dGEMRIC is able to predict the development of radiographic osteoarthritis. Compositional MRI offers the potential to identify patients who may benefit from early intervention to prevent the development of osteoarthritis. © 2017 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
1115	a57191362366	Zimmerman T.K.	p383	False	Journal	209	Developable mechanisms on developable surfaces	The trend toward smaller mechanism footprints and volumes, while maintaining the ability to perform complex tasks, presents the opportunity for exploration of hypercompact mechanical systems integrated with curved surfaces. Developable surfaces are shapes that a flat sheet can take without tearing or stretching, and they represent a wide range of manufactured surfaces. This work introduces “developable mechanisms” as devices that emerge from or conform to developable surfaces. They are made possible by aligning hinge axes with developable surface ruling lines to enable mobility. Because rigid-link motion depends on the relative orientation of hinge axes and not link geometry, links can take the shape of the corresponding developable surface. Mechanisms are classified by their associated surface type, and these relationships are defined and demonstrated by example. Developable mechanisms show promise for meeting unfilled needs using systems not previously envisioned. © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved.
1115	a57191362366	Zimmerman T.K.	p409	False	Journal	219	Regional Stiffness Reduction Using Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints for Flexible Printed Circuit Board Design	Flexible printed circuit boards (PCBs) make it possible for engineers to design devices that use space efficiently and can undergo changes in shape and configuration. However, they also suffer from tradeoffs due to nonideal material properties. Here, a method is presented that allows engineers to introduce regions of flexibility in otherwise rigid PCB substrates. This method employs geometric features to reduce local stiffness in the PCB, rather than reducing the global stiffness by material selection. Analytical and finite element models are presented to calculate the maximum stresses caused by deflection. An example device is produced and tested to verify the models. Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
1115	a57191362366	Zimmerman T.K.	p455	True	Conference	161	Modified Material Properties in Curved Panels Through Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints	Compliant joints have a number of advantages that make them suitable for highly constrained design problems. While much work has been done on the design of compliant joints manufactured from planar sheet materials, this work focuses on the design of cylindrically-curved joints. A method for using lamina emergent torsional (LET) joints to increase energy storage efficiency in curved sheet materials is presented. A numerical model is provided for predicting the stiffness and maximum applied moment of a curved LET joint. Predicted curved LET joint stiffnesses and maximum moments are utilized to create shape factors that produce an effective modulus of elasticity and an effective modulus of resilience. For a given case, the effective modulus of elasticity is shown to decrease by about three orders of magnitude while the effective resilience decreases by approximately one order of magnitude. Designers can use this information to tailor materials to fit design requirements or to select alternative materials that were previously unsuited for an application. © 2018 IEEE.
1116	a57194018623	Calvin J.J.	p384	True	Journal	210	Review of surface water interactions with metal oxide nanoparticles	Surface water can affect the properties of metal oxide nanoparticles. Investigations on several systems revealed that nanoparticles have different thermodynamic properties than their bulk counterparts due to adsorbed water on their surfaces. Some thermodynamically metastable phases of bulk metal oxides become stable when reduced to the nanoscale, partially due to interactions between high energy surfaces and surface water. Water adsorption microcalorimetry and high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry, low-temperature specific heat calorimetry, and inelastic neutron scattering are used to understand the interactions of surface water with metal oxide nanoparticles. Computational methods, such as molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations, have been used to study these interactions. Investigations on titania, cassiterite, and alumina illustrate the insights gained by these measurements. The energetics of water on metal oxide surfaces are different from those of either liquid water or hexagonal ice, and there is substantial variation in water interactions on different metal oxide surfaces. Copyright © Materials Research Society 2019.
1117	a57205236255	Rosen P.F.	p384	False	Journal	210	Review of surface water interactions with metal oxide nanoparticles	Surface water can affect the properties of metal oxide nanoparticles. Investigations on several systems revealed that nanoparticles have different thermodynamic properties than their bulk counterparts due to adsorbed water on their surfaces. Some thermodynamically metastable phases of bulk metal oxides become stable when reduced to the nanoscale, partially due to interactions between high energy surfaces and surface water. Water adsorption microcalorimetry and high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry, low-temperature specific heat calorimetry, and inelastic neutron scattering are used to understand the interactions of surface water with metal oxide nanoparticles. Computational methods, such as molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations, have been used to study these interactions. Investigations on titania, cassiterite, and alumina illustrate the insights gained by these measurements. The energetics of water on metal oxide surfaces are different from those of either liquid water or hexagonal ice, and there is substantial variation in water interactions on different metal oxide surfaces. Copyright © Materials Research Society 2019.
1118	a57194101278	Ross N.L.	p384	False	Journal	210	Review of surface water interactions with metal oxide nanoparticles	Surface water can affect the properties of metal oxide nanoparticles. Investigations on several systems revealed that nanoparticles have different thermodynamic properties than their bulk counterparts due to adsorbed water on their surfaces. Some thermodynamically metastable phases of bulk metal oxides become stable when reduced to the nanoscale, partially due to interactions between high energy surfaces and surface water. Water adsorption microcalorimetry and high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry, low-temperature specific heat calorimetry, and inelastic neutron scattering are used to understand the interactions of surface water with metal oxide nanoparticles. Computational methods, such as molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations, have been used to study these interactions. Investigations on titania, cassiterite, and alumina illustrate the insights gained by these measurements. The energetics of water on metal oxide surfaces are different from those of either liquid water or hexagonal ice, and there is substantial variation in water interactions on different metal oxide surfaces. Copyright © Materials Research Society 2019.
1119	a35392647700	Navrotsky A.	p384	False	Journal	210	Review of surface water interactions with metal oxide nanoparticles	Surface water can affect the properties of metal oxide nanoparticles. Investigations on several systems revealed that nanoparticles have different thermodynamic properties than their bulk counterparts due to adsorbed water on their surfaces. Some thermodynamically metastable phases of bulk metal oxides become stable when reduced to the nanoscale, partially due to interactions between high energy surfaces and surface water. Water adsorption microcalorimetry and high-temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry, low-temperature specific heat calorimetry, and inelastic neutron scattering are used to understand the interactions of surface water with metal oxide nanoparticles. Computational methods, such as molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations, have been used to study these interactions. Investigations on titania, cassiterite, and alumina illustrate the insights gained by these measurements. The energetics of water on metal oxide surfaces are different from those of either liquid water or hexagonal ice, and there is substantial variation in water interactions on different metal oxide surfaces. Copyright © Materials Research Society 2019.
1120	a57204968964	Bohman M.	p385	True	Journal	202	Microcontroller compiler-assisted software fault tolerance	Commercial off-the-shelf microcontrollers can be useful for noncritical processing on spaceborne platforms. These microprocessors can be inexpensive and consume small amounts of power. However, the software running on these processors is vulnerable to radiation upsets. In this paper, we present a fully automated, configurable, software-based tool to increase the reliability of microprocessors in high-radiation environments. This tool consists of a set of open-source LLVM compiler passes to automatically implement software-based mitigation techniques. We duplicate or triplicate computations and insert voting mechanisms into software during the compilation process, allowing for runtime error correction. While the techniques we implement are not novel, previous work has typically been closed source, processor architecture dependent, not automated, and not tested in real high-radiation environments. In contrast, the compiler passes presented in this paper are publicly available, highly customizable, and are platform independent and language independent. We have tested our modified software using both fault injection and through neutron beam radiation on a Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller. When tested by a neutron beam, we were able to decrease the cross section of programs by 17-29 × , increasing mean-work-to-failure by 4-7 ×. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
1121	a57205645397	Anderson J.	p386	False	Journal	202	Selective hardening for neural networks in FPGAs	Neural networks are becoming an attractive solution for automatizing vehicles in the automotive, military, and aerospace markets. Thanks to their low-cost, low-power consumption, and flexibility, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are among the promising devices to implement neural networks. Unfortunately, FPGAs are also known to be susceptible to radiation-induced errors. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of radiation-induced errors in the output correctness of two neural networks [Iris Flower artificial neural network (ANN) and Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) convolutional neural network (CNN)] implemented in static random-access memory-based FPGAs. In particular, we notice that radiation can induce errors that modify the output of the network with or without affecting the neural network's functionality. We call the former critical errors and the latter tolerable errors. Through exhaustive fault injection, we identify the portions of Iris Flower ANN and MNIST CNN implementation on FPGAs that are more likely, once corrupted, to generate a critical or a tolerable error. Based on this analysis, we propose a selective hardening strategy that triplicates only the most vulnerable layers of the neural network. With neutron radiation testing, our selective hardening solution was able to mask 40% of faults with a marginal 8% overhead in one of our tested neural networks. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
1121	a57205645397	Anderson J.	p404	True	Conference	150	Neutron Radiation Beam Results for the Xilinx UltraScale+ MPSoC	The paper summarizes the single-event upset (SEU) results obtained from neutron testing on the UltraScale+ MPSoC ZU9EG device. This complex device contains a large amount of programmable logic and multiple processor cores. Tests were performed on the programmable logic and the processing system simultaneously. Estimates of the single-event upset neutron cross section were obtained for the programmable logic CRAM, BRAM, OCM memory, and cache memories. During the test, no processor crashes or silent data corruptions were observed. In addition, a processor failure cross section was estimated for several software benchmark operating on the various processor cores. Several FPGA CRAM scrubbers were tested including an external JTAG, the Xilinx 'SEM' IP, and the use of the PCAP operating in baremetal. In parallel with these tests, single-event induced high current events were monitored using an external power supply and monitoring scripts. © 2018 IEEE.
1121	a57205645397	Anderson J.	p405	False	Conference	151	Single-Event Characterization of 16 nm FinFET Xilinx UltraScale+ Devices with Heavy Ion and Neutron Irradiation	This study examines the single-event response of Xilinx 16nm FinFET UltraScale+ FPGA and MPSoC device families. Heavy-ion single-event latch-up, single-event upsets in configuration SRAM, BlockRAM™ memories, and flip-flops, and neutron-induced single-event latch-up results are provided. © 2018 IEEE.
1122	a55353164900	Cazzaniga C.	p386	False	Journal	202	Selective hardening for neural networks in FPGAs	Neural networks are becoming an attractive solution for automatizing vehicles in the automotive, military, and aerospace markets. Thanks to their low-cost, low-power consumption, and flexibility, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are among the promising devices to implement neural networks. Unfortunately, FPGAs are also known to be susceptible to radiation-induced errors. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of radiation-induced errors in the output correctness of two neural networks [Iris Flower artificial neural network (ANN) and Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) convolutional neural network (CNN)] implemented in static random-access memory-based FPGAs. In particular, we notice that radiation can induce errors that modify the output of the network with or without affecting the neural network's functionality. We call the former critical errors and the latter tolerable errors. Through exhaustive fault injection, we identify the portions of Iris Flower ANN and MNIST CNN implementation on FPGAs that are more likely, once corrupted, to generate a critical or a tolerable error. Based on this analysis, we propose a selective hardening strategy that triplicates only the most vulnerable layers of the neural network. With neutron radiation testing, our selective hardening solution was able to mask 40% of faults with a marginal 8% overhead in one of our tested neural networks. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
1123	a7101816954	Frost C.	p386	False	Journal	202	Selective hardening for neural networks in FPGAs	Neural networks are becoming an attractive solution for automatizing vehicles in the automotive, military, and aerospace markets. Thanks to their low-cost, low-power consumption, and flexibility, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are among the promising devices to implement neural networks. Unfortunately, FPGAs are also known to be susceptible to radiation-induced errors. In this paper, we evaluate the effects of radiation-induced errors in the output correctness of two neural networks [Iris Flower artificial neural network (ANN) and Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) convolutional neural network (CNN)] implemented in static random-access memory-based FPGAs. In particular, we notice that radiation can induce errors that modify the output of the network with or without affecting the neural network's functionality. We call the former critical errors and the latter tolerable errors. Through exhaustive fault injection, we identify the portions of Iris Flower ANN and MNIST CNN implementation on FPGAs that are more likely, once corrupted, to generate a critical or a tolerable error. Based on this analysis, we propose a selective hardening strategy that triplicates only the most vulnerable layers of the neural network. With neutron radiation testing, our selective hardening solution was able to mask 40% of faults with a marginal 8% overhead in one of our tested neural networks. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
1124	a57200527971	Elston E.	p387	False	Journal	211	Adhesion testing of printed inks while varying the surface treatment of polymer substrates	Additive manufacturing with conductive materials enables new approaches to printed electronics that are unachievable by standard electronics manufacturing processes. In particular, electronics can be embedded directly into structural components in nearly arbitrary 3D space. While these methods incorporate many of the same materials, the new processing methods require standard test methods to compare materials, processing conditions, and determine design limits. This work demonstrates a test method to quantitatively measure the adhesion failure of printed inks deposited on a substrate without changing the ink printing conditions. The proposed method is an adaption of single lap shear testing in which the lap joint is created by bonding the second substrate to the ink after curing. It was found that the interfacial shear strengths are independent of the adhesives used to attach cured conductive ink to the second substrate. In addition, chemical surface treatments of flame and plasma and mechanical sand-blasting increase the interfacial shear strengths by ~25% and 80%, respectively, while altering the adhesive failure mode to cohesive failure for most cases. This work also shows extruded substrates with undulated features increase adhesion strength; therefore, in addition to surface treatments, the geometric freedom of additive manufacturing (AM) could be leveraged to design surface features for enhanced adhesion. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
1125	a11440678000	Schrand A.	p387	False	Journal	211	Adhesion testing of printed inks while varying the surface treatment of polymer substrates	Additive manufacturing with conductive materials enables new approaches to printed electronics that are unachievable by standard electronics manufacturing processes. In particular, electronics can be embedded directly into structural components in nearly arbitrary 3D space. While these methods incorporate many of the same materials, the new processing methods require standard test methods to compare materials, processing conditions, and determine design limits. This work demonstrates a test method to quantitatively measure the adhesion failure of printed inks deposited on a substrate without changing the ink printing conditions. The proposed method is an adaption of single lap shear testing in which the lap joint is created by bonding the second substrate to the ink after curing. It was found that the interfacial shear strengths are independent of the adhesives used to attach cured conductive ink to the second substrate. In addition, chemical surface treatments of flame and plasma and mechanical sand-blasting increase the interfacial shear strengths by ~25% and 80%, respectively, while altering the adhesive failure mode to cohesive failure for most cases. This work also shows extruded substrates with undulated features increase adhesion strength; therefore, in addition to surface treatments, the geometric freedom of additive manufacturing (AM) could be leveraged to design surface features for enhanced adhesion. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
1126	a24337245000	Arashida Y.	p388	False	Conference	140	High-acquisition-rate single-shot pump-probe measurement using chirped-fiber Bragg gratings	Multi-timescale dynamics, from femtoseconds to milliseconds, for irreversible phenomena have been of fundamental importance in understanding mechanisms of chaotic phenomena, electronic bunch evaluation of an accelerator, photoinduced phase transitions, laser ablation, etc. Recently, several groups reported high acquisition rate single-shot methods using chirped-pulse single-shot detections and photonic time-stretching [1-3]. In these works, however, the long fiber with the length of several km was used to temporally stretch the time-encoded spectrum by the group velocity dispersion, but his long distance degrades the signal-to-noise ratio due to propagation losses of the probe pulses through the fiber, thus limiting the observable phenomena. © 2019 IEEE
1127	a56023819400	Yamashita G.	p388	False	Conference	140	High-acquisition-rate single-shot pump-probe measurement using chirped-fiber Bragg gratings	Multi-timescale dynamics, from femtoseconds to milliseconds, for irreversible phenomena have been of fundamental importance in understanding mechanisms of chaotic phenomena, electronic bunch evaluation of an accelerator, photoinduced phase transitions, laser ablation, etc. Recently, several groups reported high acquisition rate single-shot methods using chirped-pulse single-shot detections and photonic time-stretching [1-3]. In these works, however, the long fiber with the length of several km was used to temporally stretch the time-encoded spectrum by the group velocity dispersion, but his long distance degrades the signal-to-noise ratio due to propagation losses of the probe pulses through the fiber, thus limiting the observable phenomena. © 2019 IEEE
1128	a10639240900	Matsubara E.	p388	False	Conference	140	High-acquisition-rate single-shot pump-probe measurement using chirped-fiber Bragg gratings	Multi-timescale dynamics, from femtoseconds to milliseconds, for irreversible phenomena have been of fundamental importance in understanding mechanisms of chaotic phenomena, electronic bunch evaluation of an accelerator, photoinduced phase transitions, laser ablation, etc. Recently, several groups reported high acquisition rate single-shot methods using chirped-pulse single-shot detections and photonic time-stretching [1-3]. In these works, however, the long fiber with the length of several km was used to temporally stretch the time-encoded spectrum by the group velocity dispersion, but his long distance degrades the signal-to-noise ratio due to propagation losses of the probe pulses through the fiber, thus limiting the observable phenomena. © 2019 IEEE
1129	a11043349200	Ashida M.	p388	False	Conference	140	High-acquisition-rate single-shot pump-probe measurement using chirped-fiber Bragg gratings	Multi-timescale dynamics, from femtoseconds to milliseconds, for irreversible phenomena have been of fundamental importance in understanding mechanisms of chaotic phenomena, electronic bunch evaluation of an accelerator, photoinduced phase transitions, laser ablation, etc. Recently, several groups reported high acquisition rate single-shot methods using chirped-pulse single-shot detections and photonic time-stretching [1-3]. In these works, however, the long fiber with the length of several km was used to temporally stretch the time-encoded spectrum by the group velocity dispersion, but his long distance degrades the signal-to-noise ratio due to propagation losses of the probe pulses through the fiber, thus limiting the observable phenomena. © 2019 IEEE
1130	a54782837300	Lübeck A.	p389	True	Journal	212	Numerical analyses of mortar incorporating the variation in Poisson’s ratio with increasing axial load	The work presented herein evaluated the influence of compressive strength and confinement on the stress-strain behaviour of axially loaded mortar specimens by means of experimental and numerical analyses. Two mortars were tested, with volume proportions of cement: Lime: Sand of 1:0.5:4 and 1:1:6. From these two specimen heights, 50 and 140mm, with diameter of 45mm, resulting in diameter/height ratios of 1.0 and 0.3, were manufactured. The experimental results indicated that the confinement and strength of the mortar influence its stress-strain behaviour, the larger the confinement, the more, nonlinear the behaviour. In addition, the results indicated that the Poisson’s ratio and tangent modulus of elasticity vary with increasing applied load. Two numerical models were tested using the same finite element mesh, boundary conditions and load. The first model was based on the Total Strain Smeared Crack Model and the second model accounted for the observations from the experimental phase with a nonlinear “elastic phased” analysis, which updates the modulus of elasticity and the Poisson’s ratio at each new phase. The tangent modulus of elasticity was calculated directly from the experimental results while the Poisson’s ratio was approximated using the model proposed by OTTOSEN [16]. The numerical model based on the total strain smeared crack was not able to reproduce the behaviour of the compressed mortar near failure while the phased model presented satisfactory results, even close to failure, when cracking is significant. © 2019, International Masonry Society. All rights reserved.
1130	a54782837300	Lübeck A.	p644	True	Conference	276	Numerical analyses of mortar incorporating the variation in poisson's ratio with increasing axial load	This work evaluated the influence of compressive strength and confinement on the stress-strain behavior of axial loaded mortar specimens by means of experimental and numerical analyses. Two mortars were tested, with volume proportions of cement, lime and sand of 1:0.5:4 and 1:1:6. Two specimen heights, 50 and 140 mm, with diameter of 45 mm, resulting in diameter/height ratios of 1.0 and 0.3, respectively were used. The experimental results indicated that the confinement and strength of the mortar influence its stress-strain behavior: the larger the confinement, the more the non-linear behavior. In addition, the results indicated that the Poisson's ratio and the tangent modulus of elasticity vary with increasing applied load. A numerical model was developed that accounted for the observations from the experimental phase with a nonlinear elastic phased analysis, which updates the modulus of elasticity and the Poisson's ratio at each new phase. The tangent modulus of elasticity was calculated directly from the experimental results while the Poisson's ratio was approximated using the model proposed by Ottosen. The numerical model presented satisfactory results, even close to the failure, when cracking is significant. © 2018 The International Masonry Society (IMS).
1131	a8048702500	Mohamad G.	p389	False	Journal	212	Numerical analyses of mortar incorporating the variation in Poisson’s ratio with increasing axial load	The work presented herein evaluated the influence of compressive strength and confinement on the stress-strain behaviour of axially loaded mortar specimens by means of experimental and numerical analyses. Two mortars were tested, with volume proportions of cement: Lime: Sand of 1:0.5:4 and 1:1:6. From these two specimen heights, 50 and 140mm, with diameter of 45mm, resulting in diameter/height ratios of 1.0 and 0.3, were manufactured. The experimental results indicated that the confinement and strength of the mortar influence its stress-strain behaviour, the larger the confinement, the more, nonlinear the behaviour. In addition, the results indicated that the Poisson’s ratio and tangent modulus of elasticity vary with increasing applied load. Two numerical models were tested using the same finite element mesh, boundary conditions and load. The first model was based on the Total Strain Smeared Crack Model and the second model accounted for the observations from the experimental phase with a nonlinear “elastic phased” analysis, which updates the modulus of elasticity and the Poisson’s ratio at each new phase. The tangent modulus of elasticity was calculated directly from the experimental results while the Poisson’s ratio was approximated using the model proposed by OTTOSEN [16]. The numerical model based on the total strain smeared crack was not able to reproduce the behaviour of the compressed mortar near failure while the phased model presented satisfactory results, even close to failure, when cracking is significant. © 2019, International Masonry Society. All rights reserved.
1131	a8048702500	Mohamad G.	p644	False	Conference	276	Numerical analyses of mortar incorporating the variation in poisson's ratio with increasing axial load	This work evaluated the influence of compressive strength and confinement on the stress-strain behavior of axial loaded mortar specimens by means of experimental and numerical analyses. Two mortars were tested, with volume proportions of cement, lime and sand of 1:0.5:4 and 1:1:6. Two specimen heights, 50 and 140 mm, with diameter of 45 mm, resulting in diameter/height ratios of 1.0 and 0.3, respectively were used. The experimental results indicated that the confinement and strength of the mortar influence its stress-strain behavior: the larger the confinement, the more the non-linear behavior. In addition, the results indicated that the Poisson's ratio and the tangent modulus of elasticity vary with increasing applied load. A numerical model was developed that accounted for the observations from the experimental phase with a nonlinear elastic phased analysis, which updates the modulus of elasticity and the Poisson's ratio at each new phase. The tangent modulus of elasticity was calculated directly from the experimental results while the Poisson's ratio was approximated using the model proposed by Ottosen. The numerical model presented satisfactory results, even close to the failure, when cracking is significant. © 2018 The International Masonry Society (IMS).
1131	a8048702500	Mohamad G.	p775	True	Journal	382	Strength, behavior, and failure mode of hollow concrete masonry constructed with mortars of different strengths	This study reports the failure modes of hollow concrete masonry prisms, taking into account the block and mortar stress-strain behavior. An extensive and detailed experimental program has been conducted on three-block high stack-bonded prisms, built using a combination of one hollow block type and three mortars with different strengths. Based on the results of the experiments, masonry failure was assessed. The main conclusion of this is that the mortar in all cases governs the masonry failure mechanism. The ratio between the masonry and block moduli of elasticity, which can be used as a measure of loss of stiffness, indicates that masonry built with a strong mortar behaves almost as a homogenous material. The typical failure mode observed during testing for this type of masonry was due to tensile stresses developed in the block. A crack developed at and propagated instantly through the block face until reaching the mortar bed joint; the crack then propagated through the head joint causing a localized split at the interface between block and mortar. For masonry built with two different weak mortars, as the stress/strength ratio increased, the ratio between the masonry and mortar moduli of elasticity decreased to 0.32 and 0.55, for the weak and the weaker mortar respectively. The observed failure mode, however, was independent of how weak the mortar was since, for both cases, the masonry failed due to localized mortar crushing. Another conclusion from the study presented herein is that a robust and reliable prediction of the masonry compressive strength requires the use of the nonlinear stress-strain relationship of the component materials. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
1132	a57207228809	Milani A.S.	p389	False	Journal	212	Numerical analyses of mortar incorporating the variation in Poisson’s ratio with increasing axial load	The work presented herein evaluated the influence of compressive strength and confinement on the stress-strain behaviour of axially loaded mortar specimens by means of experimental and numerical analyses. Two mortars were tested, with volume proportions of cement: Lime: Sand of 1:0.5:4 and 1:1:6. From these two specimen heights, 50 and 140mm, with diameter of 45mm, resulting in diameter/height ratios of 1.0 and 0.3, were manufactured. The experimental results indicated that the confinement and strength of the mortar influence its stress-strain behaviour, the larger the confinement, the more, nonlinear the behaviour. In addition, the results indicated that the Poisson’s ratio and tangent modulus of elasticity vary with increasing applied load. Two numerical models were tested using the same finite element mesh, boundary conditions and load. The first model was based on the Total Strain Smeared Crack Model and the second model accounted for the observations from the experimental phase with a nonlinear “elastic phased” analysis, which updates the modulus of elasticity and the Poisson’s ratio at each new phase. The tangent modulus of elasticity was calculated directly from the experimental results while the Poisson’s ratio was approximated using the model proposed by OTTOSEN [16]. The numerical model based on the total strain smeared crack was not able to reproduce the behaviour of the compressed mortar near failure while the phased model presented satisfactory results, even close to failure, when cracking is significant. © 2019, International Masonry Society. All rights reserved.
1132	a57207228809	Milani A.S.	p644	False	Conference	276	Numerical analyses of mortar incorporating the variation in poisson's ratio with increasing axial load	This work evaluated the influence of compressive strength and confinement on the stress-strain behavior of axial loaded mortar specimens by means of experimental and numerical analyses. Two mortars were tested, with volume proportions of cement, lime and sand of 1:0.5:4 and 1:1:6. Two specimen heights, 50 and 140 mm, with diameter of 45 mm, resulting in diameter/height ratios of 1.0 and 0.3, respectively were used. The experimental results indicated that the confinement and strength of the mortar influence its stress-strain behavior: the larger the confinement, the more the non-linear behavior. In addition, the results indicated that the Poisson's ratio and the tangent modulus of elasticity vary with increasing applied load. A numerical model was developed that accounted for the observations from the experimental phase with a nonlinear elastic phased analysis, which updates the modulus of elasticity and the Poisson's ratio at each new phase. The tangent modulus of elasticity was calculated directly from the experimental results while the Poisson's ratio was approximated using the model proposed by Ottosen. The numerical model presented satisfactory results, even close to the failure, when cracking is significant. © 2018 The International Masonry Society (IMS).
1133	a13411176900	Gou Y.	p390	True	Journal	213	A design approach to fully compliant multistable mechanisms employing a single bistable mechanism	A fully compliant multistable mechanism is a monolithic structure that is capable of staying at multiple positions without power input, and has many applications including switches, valves, positioners. However, it is difficult to design such a mechanism because of the complexities of the multistable behavior, the practical stress limits and the buckling constraints. This paper discusses the design approach for fully compliant multistable mechanisms which employs a single bistable mechanism and several end-effectors connected in series. The force-displacement characteristics of the end-effectors are derived using the pseudo-rigid-body model. The design approach to the fully compliant multistable mechanism is provided to determine the design parameters for the flexible segments considering the critical buckling load and the bending strength. Two design examples are presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the approach. © 2019, © 2019 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
1134	a57205595555	Peterson S.	p391	True	Conference	141	When official systems overload: A framework for finding social media calls for help during evacuations	During large-scale disasters it is not uncommon for Public Safety Answering Points (e.g., 9-1-1) to encounter service disruptions or become overloaded due to call volume. As observed in the two past United States hurricane seasons, citizens are increasingly turning to social media whether as a consequence of their inability to reach 9-1-1, or as a preferential means of communications. Relying on past research that has examined social media use in disasters, combined with the practical knowledge of the first-hand disaster response experiences, this paper develops a knowledge-driven framework containing parameters useful in identifying patterns of shared information on social media when citizens need help. This effort explores the feasibility of determining differences, similarities, common themes, and time-specific discoveries of social media calls for help associated with hurricane evacuations. At a future date, validation of this framework will be demonstrated using datasets from multiple disasters. The results will lead to recommendations on how the framework can be modified to make it applicable as a generic disaster-type characterization tool. © 2019 Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM. All rights reserved.
1135	a9336961600	Stephens K.K.	p391	False	Conference	141	When official systems overload: A framework for finding social media calls for help during evacuations	During large-scale disasters it is not uncommon for Public Safety Answering Points (e.g., 9-1-1) to encounter service disruptions or become overloaded due to call volume. As observed in the two past United States hurricane seasons, citizens are increasingly turning to social media whether as a consequence of their inability to reach 9-1-1, or as a preferential means of communications. Relying on past research that has examined social media use in disasters, combined with the practical knowledge of the first-hand disaster response experiences, this paper develops a knowledge-driven framework containing parameters useful in identifying patterns of shared information on social media when citizens need help. This effort explores the feasibility of determining differences, similarities, common themes, and time-specific discoveries of social media calls for help associated with hurricane evacuations. At a future date, validation of this framework will be demonstrated using datasets from multiple disasters. The results will lead to recommendations on how the framework can be modified to make it applicable as a generic disaster-type characterization tool. © 2019 Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM. All rights reserved.
1136	a16425686200	Hughes A.	p391	False	Conference	141	When official systems overload: A framework for finding social media calls for help during evacuations	During large-scale disasters it is not uncommon for Public Safety Answering Points (e.g., 9-1-1) to encounter service disruptions or become overloaded due to call volume. As observed in the two past United States hurricane seasons, citizens are increasingly turning to social media whether as a consequence of their inability to reach 9-1-1, or as a preferential means of communications. Relying on past research that has examined social media use in disasters, combined with the practical knowledge of the first-hand disaster response experiences, this paper develops a knowledge-driven framework containing parameters useful in identifying patterns of shared information on social media when citizens need help. This effort explores the feasibility of determining differences, similarities, common themes, and time-specific discoveries of social media calls for help associated with hurricane evacuations. At a future date, validation of this framework will be demonstrated using datasets from multiple disasters. The results will lead to recommendations on how the framework can be modified to make it applicable as a generic disaster-type characterization tool. © 2019 Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM. All rights reserved.
1136	a16425686200	Hughes A.	p395	False	Conference	144	Requirements for software to support the use of social media in emergency management: A Delphi study	Social Media contain a wealth of information that could improve the situational awareness of Emergency Managers during a crisis, but many barriers stand in the way. These include information overload, making it impossible to deal with the flood of raw posts, and lack of trust in unverified crowdsourced data. The purpose of this project is to build a communications bridge between emergency responders and technologists who can provide the advances needed to realize social media's full potential. We are employing a Delphi study survey design, which is a technique for exploring and developing consensus among a group of experts around a particular topic. Participants include emergency managers and technologists with experience in software to support the use of social media in crisis response, from many countries. The topics of the study are described and preliminary, partial results presented for Round 1 of the study, based on 33 responses. © 2019 Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM. All rights reserved.
1137	a57217471535	Purohit H.	p391	False	Conference	141	When official systems overload: A framework for finding social media calls for help during evacuations	During large-scale disasters it is not uncommon for Public Safety Answering Points (e.g., 9-1-1) to encounter service disruptions or become overloaded due to call volume. As observed in the two past United States hurricane seasons, citizens are increasingly turning to social media whether as a consequence of their inability to reach 9-1-1, or as a preferential means of communications. Relying on past research that has examined social media use in disasters, combined with the practical knowledge of the first-hand disaster response experiences, this paper develops a knowledge-driven framework containing parameters useful in identifying patterns of shared information on social media when citizens need help. This effort explores the feasibility of determining differences, similarities, common themes, and time-specific discoveries of social media calls for help associated with hurricane evacuations. At a future date, validation of this framework will be demonstrated using datasets from multiple disasters. The results will lead to recommendations on how the framework can be modified to make it applicable as a generic disaster-type characterization tool. © 2019 Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM. All rights reserved.
1138	a56577741600	Sen U.	p392	True	Journal	170	Orthogonal liquid-jet impingement on wettability-patterned impermeable substrates	Liquid-jet impingement on flat impermeable substrates is important for a multitude of applications ranging from electronic-equipment cooling to fuel atomization and erosion of solid surfaces. On a wettable horizontal surface, where a sufficient downstream liquid depth can be sustained after axisymmetric impingement, the jet forms a thin film on the substrate up to a radial distance where the film height suddenly increases, forming a hydraulic jump. On a superhydrophobic surface, where a downstream liquid depth is not naturally sustained, the thin film expands and breaks up into droplets, which are subsequently ejected in a random fashion outward, as carried by their radial momentum. In the present work, a facile, scalable, wettability-patterning approach is presented for delaying or even eliminating droplet breakup in the case of jet impingement on horizontal superhydrophobic surfaces. Analytical expressions for predicting the hydraulic jump and droplet breakup locations are developed to designate the proper wettability patterns that facilitate alteration and control of the postimpingement liquid behavior. The axisymmetric model is extended to evaluate the radial variation of the competing forces responsible for film breakup, and a design criterion for the effective wettability patterns is proposed. © 2019 American Physical Society.
1139	a55807316700	Chatterjee S.	p392	False	Journal	170	Orthogonal liquid-jet impingement on wettability-patterned impermeable substrates	Liquid-jet impingement on flat impermeable substrates is important for a multitude of applications ranging from electronic-equipment cooling to fuel atomization and erosion of solid surfaces. On a wettable horizontal surface, where a sufficient downstream liquid depth can be sustained after axisymmetric impingement, the jet forms a thin film on the substrate up to a radial distance where the film height suddenly increases, forming a hydraulic jump. On a superhydrophobic surface, where a downstream liquid depth is not naturally sustained, the thin film expands and breaks up into droplets, which are subsequently ejected in a random fashion outward, as carried by their radial momentum. In the present work, a facile, scalable, wettability-patterning approach is presented for delaying or even eliminating droplet breakup in the case of jet impingement on horizontal superhydrophobic surfaces. Analytical expressions for predicting the hydraulic jump and droplet breakup locations are developed to designate the proper wettability patterns that facilitate alteration and control of the postimpingement liquid behavior. The axisymmetric model is extended to evaluate the radial variation of the competing forces responsible for film breakup, and a design criterion for the effective wettability patterns is proposed. © 2019 American Physical Society.
1140	a7102317656	Ganguly R.	p392	False	Journal	170	Orthogonal liquid-jet impingement on wettability-patterned impermeable substrates	Liquid-jet impingement on flat impermeable substrates is important for a multitude of applications ranging from electronic-equipment cooling to fuel atomization and erosion of solid surfaces. On a wettable horizontal surface, where a sufficient downstream liquid depth can be sustained after axisymmetric impingement, the jet forms a thin film on the substrate up to a radial distance where the film height suddenly increases, forming a hydraulic jump. On a superhydrophobic surface, where a downstream liquid depth is not naturally sustained, the thin film expands and breaks up into droplets, which are subsequently ejected in a random fashion outward, as carried by their radial momentum. In the present work, a facile, scalable, wettability-patterning approach is presented for delaying or even eliminating droplet breakup in the case of jet impingement on horizontal superhydrophobic surfaces. Analytical expressions for predicting the hydraulic jump and droplet breakup locations are developed to designate the proper wettability patterns that facilitate alteration and control of the postimpingement liquid behavior. The axisymmetric model is extended to evaluate the radial variation of the competing forces responsible for film breakup, and a design criterion for the effective wettability patterns is proposed. © 2019 American Physical Society.
1141	a57200514682	Yu L.	p392	False	Journal	170	Orthogonal liquid-jet impingement on wettability-patterned impermeable substrates	Liquid-jet impingement on flat impermeable substrates is important for a multitude of applications ranging from electronic-equipment cooling to fuel atomization and erosion of solid surfaces. On a wettable horizontal surface, where a sufficient downstream liquid depth can be sustained after axisymmetric impingement, the jet forms a thin film on the substrate up to a radial distance where the film height suddenly increases, forming a hydraulic jump. On a superhydrophobic surface, where a downstream liquid depth is not naturally sustained, the thin film expands and breaks up into droplets, which are subsequently ejected in a random fashion outward, as carried by their radial momentum. In the present work, a facile, scalable, wettability-patterning approach is presented for delaying or even eliminating droplet breakup in the case of jet impingement on horizontal superhydrophobic surfaces. Analytical expressions for predicting the hydraulic jump and droplet breakup locations are developed to designate the proper wettability patterns that facilitate alteration and control of the postimpingement liquid behavior. The axisymmetric model is extended to evaluate the radial variation of the competing forces responsible for film breakup, and a design criterion for the effective wettability patterns is proposed. © 2019 American Physical Society.
1142	a7003388995	Megaridis C.M.	p392	False	Journal	170	Orthogonal liquid-jet impingement on wettability-patterned impermeable substrates	Liquid-jet impingement on flat impermeable substrates is important for a multitude of applications ranging from electronic-equipment cooling to fuel atomization and erosion of solid surfaces. On a wettable horizontal surface, where a sufficient downstream liquid depth can be sustained after axisymmetric impingement, the jet forms a thin film on the substrate up to a radial distance where the film height suddenly increases, forming a hydraulic jump. On a superhydrophobic surface, where a downstream liquid depth is not naturally sustained, the thin film expands and breaks up into droplets, which are subsequently ejected in a random fashion outward, as carried by their radial momentum. In the present work, a facile, scalable, wettability-patterning approach is presented for delaying or even eliminating droplet breakup in the case of jet impingement on horizontal superhydrophobic surfaces. Analytical expressions for predicting the hydraulic jump and droplet breakup locations are developed to designate the proper wettability patterns that facilitate alteration and control of the postimpingement liquid behavior. The axisymmetric model is extended to evaluate the radial variation of the competing forces responsible for film breakup, and a design criterion for the effective wettability patterns is proposed. © 2019 American Physical Society.
1143	a16229559200	Banik J.A.	p393	False	Conference	142	Folding approaches for tensioned precision planar shell structures	An origami-based engineering approach is applied to the folding design of tensioned precision space structures. Tension is a viable means of stiffening a flat antenna aperture, especially when stowed volume is paramount. Three folding patterns are described, and the design guidelines are developed. Deployment kinematics follow the simplicity of a single-degree-of-freedom mechanism for two of the three patterns. The panels are rigid, and articulations occur along the prescribed lines. These deployment architectures are compatible with storable tubular extendible member booms, articulated trusses, or continuous longeron coilable trusses, all commonly used to deploy spacecraft structures. High areal packaging densities were demonstrated: 1.0 m2∕l for a diamond pattern with a high deployed aspect ratio and 0.5 m2∕l for spiral and serpentine patterns compatible with high and low deployed aspect ratios. A double-layer material hinge method is also presented and used to enable the structures to fold, deploy, and be tensioned to a planar state. Copyright © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1143	a16229559200	Banik J.A.	p634	False	Conference	269	Folding approaches for tensioned precision planar shell structures	An origami-based engineering approach is applied to the folding design of tensioned precision space structures. Tension is a viable means of stiffening a flat antenna aperture especially when stowed volume is paramount. Three folding patterns are introduced and the design guidelines are developed. Deployment kinematics follow the simplicity of a single degree of freedom mechanism for two of the three patterns. The panels are rigid, and articulations occur along the prescribed lines. These deployment architectures are compatible with storable tubular extendible member booms, articulated trusses, or continuous longeron coilable trusses, all commonly used to deploy spacecraft structures. High areal packaging densities were demonstrated: 1.0 m2/L for a diamond pattern with a high deployed aspect ratio and 0.5 m2/L for spiral and serpentine patterns compatible with high and low deployed aspect ratios. A double-layer material hinge method is also presented and used to enable the structures to fold, deploy, and be tensioned to a planar state. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1144	a57207993531	Villa J.M.	p394	False	Conference	143	Mexico City Basin Effects: Past, Present, and Future	Seismic hazard in Mexico City governed by site effects. The M8.1 1985 subduction zone earthquake, which caused significant damage and loss of thousands of lives at 350 km epicentral distance, has become the quintessential example of the role that site effects can play in modifying the amplitude, frequency, and duration of ground shaking; and in aggravating the catastrophic consequences of earthquakes. We here present observations and analyses of the M7.1 September 19, 2017, event that -while triggered by an intraplate rupture at approximately half the epicentral distance of the 1985 event relative to Mexico City -caused severe structural damage to a few tens of buildings located in a relatively narrow zone between the hill and lake zones of the basin, known as the transition zone. We show that the M 7.1 mainshock exposed the vulnerabilities of the pre-1985 building code in the transition zone; but more importantly highlighted the improvement of the 1987 building code revision in terms of the performance of modern high-rise buildings that suffered catastrophic consequences during the 1985 Michoácan earthquake sequence. We next analyze several records collected at stations in the basin over the past 20 years. We highlight the importance of three-dimensional heterogeneity of the basin sediments, the coupling between hydrological setting and site response and their evolution with time, and the energy interaction between the deep basin edge and the shallow clay layers. Results presented are the collective effort of the GEER teams that were deployed to perform post-earthquake reconnaissance in the affected regions of the epicentral area and in Mexico City after the M 7.1 September 19, 2017, earthquake sequence. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1145	a56560118600	Ayoubi P.	p394	False	Conference	143	Mexico City Basin Effects: Past, Present, and Future	Seismic hazard in Mexico City governed by site effects. The M8.1 1985 subduction zone earthquake, which caused significant damage and loss of thousands of lives at 350 km epicentral distance, has become the quintessential example of the role that site effects can play in modifying the amplitude, frequency, and duration of ground shaking; and in aggravating the catastrophic consequences of earthquakes. We here present observations and analyses of the M7.1 September 19, 2017, event that -while triggered by an intraplate rupture at approximately half the epicentral distance of the 1985 event relative to Mexico City -caused severe structural damage to a few tens of buildings located in a relatively narrow zone between the hill and lake zones of the basin, known as the transition zone. We show that the M 7.1 mainshock exposed the vulnerabilities of the pre-1985 building code in the transition zone; but more importantly highlighted the improvement of the 1987 building code revision in terms of the performance of modern high-rise buildings that suffered catastrophic consequences during the 1985 Michoácan earthquake sequence. We next analyze several records collected at stations in the basin over the past 20 years. We highlight the importance of three-dimensional heterogeneity of the basin sediments, the coupling between hydrological setting and site response and their evolution with time, and the energy interaction between the deep basin edge and the shallow clay layers. Results presented are the collective effort of the GEER teams that were deployed to perform post-earthquake reconnaissance in the affected regions of the epicentral area and in Mexico City after the M 7.1 September 19, 2017, earthquake sequence. © 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1146	a57214608701	Roxanne Hiltz S.	p395	True	Conference	144	Requirements for software to support the use of social media in emergency management: A Delphi study	Social Media contain a wealth of information that could improve the situational awareness of Emergency Managers during a crisis, but many barriers stand in the way. These include information overload, making it impossible to deal with the flood of raw posts, and lack of trust in unverified crowdsourced data. The purpose of this project is to build a communications bridge between emergency responders and technologists who can provide the advances needed to realize social media's full potential. We are employing a Delphi study survey design, which is a technique for exploring and developing consensus among a group of experts around a particular topic. Participants include emergency managers and technologists with experience in software to support the use of social media in crisis response, from many countries. The topics of the study are described and preliminary, partial results presented for Round 1 of the study, based on 33 responses. © 2019 Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM. All rights reserved.
1147	a55598006500	Imran M.	p395	False	Conference	144	Requirements for software to support the use of social media in emergency management: A Delphi study	Social Media contain a wealth of information that could improve the situational awareness of Emergency Managers during a crisis, but many barriers stand in the way. These include information overload, making it impossible to deal with the flood of raw posts, and lack of trust in unverified crowdsourced data. The purpose of this project is to build a communications bridge between emergency responders and technologists who can provide the advances needed to realize social media's full potential. We are employing a Delphi study survey design, which is a technique for exploring and developing consensus among a group of experts around a particular topic. Participants include emergency managers and technologists with experience in software to support the use of social media in crisis response, from many countries. The topics of the study are described and preliminary, partial results presented for Round 1 of the study, based on 33 responses. © 2019 Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM. All rights reserved.
1148	a23668489900	Plotnick L.	p395	False	Conference	144	Requirements for software to support the use of social media in emergency management: A Delphi study	Social Media contain a wealth of information that could improve the situational awareness of Emergency Managers during a crisis, but many barriers stand in the way. These include information overload, making it impossible to deal with the flood of raw posts, and lack of trust in unverified crowdsourced data. The purpose of this project is to build a communications bridge between emergency responders and technologists who can provide the advances needed to realize social media's full potential. We are employing a Delphi study survey design, which is a technique for exploring and developing consensus among a group of experts around a particular topic. Participants include emergency managers and technologists with experience in software to support the use of social media in crisis response, from many countries. The topics of the study are described and preliminary, partial results presented for Round 1 of the study, based on 33 responses. © 2019 Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM. All rights reserved.
1149	a15848894300	Power R.	p395	False	Conference	144	Requirements for software to support the use of social media in emergency management: A Delphi study	Social Media contain a wealth of information that could improve the situational awareness of Emergency Managers during a crisis, but many barriers stand in the way. These include information overload, making it impossible to deal with the flood of raw posts, and lack of trust in unverified crowdsourced data. The purpose of this project is to build a communications bridge between emergency responders and technologists who can provide the advances needed to realize social media's full potential. We are employing a Delphi study survey design, which is a technique for exploring and developing consensus among a group of experts around a particular topic. Participants include emergency managers and technologists with experience in software to support the use of social media in crisis response, from many countries. The topics of the study are described and preliminary, partial results presented for Round 1 of the study, based on 33 responses. © 2019 Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM. All rights reserved.
1150	a57209871741	Turoff M.	p395	False	Conference	144	Requirements for software to support the use of social media in emergency management: A Delphi study	Social Media contain a wealth of information that could improve the situational awareness of Emergency Managers during a crisis, but many barriers stand in the way. These include information overload, making it impossible to deal with the flood of raw posts, and lack of trust in unverified crowdsourced data. The purpose of this project is to build a communications bridge between emergency responders and technologists who can provide the advances needed to realize social media's full potential. We are employing a Delphi study survey design, which is a technique for exploring and developing consensus among a group of experts around a particular topic. Participants include emergency managers and technologists with experience in software to support the use of social media in crisis response, from many countries. The topics of the study are described and preliminary, partial results presented for Round 1 of the study, based on 33 responses. © 2019 Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management, ISCRAM. All rights reserved.
1151	a35380198000	Sato Y.	p396	False	Journal	214	Preface	[No abstract available]
1151	a35380198000	Sato Y.	p885	False	Journal	411	Preface	[No abstract available]
1152	a57200723881	Yan D.	p396	False	Journal	214	Preface	[No abstract available]
1152	a57200723881	Yan D.	p885	False	Journal	411	Preface	[No abstract available]
1153	a7401952672	Rodríguez E.	p397	True	Journal	215	The winds and currents mission concept	The Winds and Currents Mission (WaCM) is a proposed approach to meet the need identified by the NRC Decadal Survey for the simultaneous measurements of ocean vector winds and currents. WaCM features a Ka-band pencil-beam Doppler scatterometer able to map ocean winds and currents globally. We review the principles behind the WaCM measurement and the requirements driving the mission. We then present an overview of the WaCM observatory and tie its capabilities to other OceanObs reviews and measurement approaches. © 2019 Rodríguez, Bourassa, Chelton, Farrar, Long, Perkovic-Martin and Samelson.
1154	a35556946600	Bourassa M.	p397	False	Journal	215	The winds and currents mission concept	The Winds and Currents Mission (WaCM) is a proposed approach to meet the need identified by the NRC Decadal Survey for the simultaneous measurements of ocean vector winds and currents. WaCM features a Ka-band pencil-beam Doppler scatterometer able to map ocean winds and currents globally. We review the principles behind the WaCM measurement and the requirements driving the mission. We then present an overview of the WaCM observatory and tie its capabilities to other OceanObs reviews and measurement approaches. © 2019 Rodríguez, Bourassa, Chelton, Farrar, Long, Perkovic-Martin and Samelson.
1155	a7004590414	Chelton D.	p397	False	Journal	215	The winds and currents mission concept	The Winds and Currents Mission (WaCM) is a proposed approach to meet the need identified by the NRC Decadal Survey for the simultaneous measurements of ocean vector winds and currents. WaCM features a Ka-band pencil-beam Doppler scatterometer able to map ocean winds and currents globally. We review the principles behind the WaCM measurement and the requirements driving the mission. We then present an overview of the WaCM observatory and tie its capabilities to other OceanObs reviews and measurement approaches. © 2019 Rodríguez, Bourassa, Chelton, Farrar, Long, Perkovic-Martin and Samelson.
1156	a43261827400	Thomas Farrar J.	p397	False	Journal	215	The winds and currents mission concept	The Winds and Currents Mission (WaCM) is a proposed approach to meet the need identified by the NRC Decadal Survey for the simultaneous measurements of ocean vector winds and currents. WaCM features a Ka-band pencil-beam Doppler scatterometer able to map ocean winds and currents globally. We review the principles behind the WaCM measurement and the requirements driving the mission. We then present an overview of the WaCM observatory and tie its capabilities to other OceanObs reviews and measurement approaches. © 2019 Rodríguez, Bourassa, Chelton, Farrar, Long, Perkovic-Martin and Samelson.
1157	a55428435400	Perkovic-Martin D.	p397	False	Journal	215	The winds and currents mission concept	The Winds and Currents Mission (WaCM) is a proposed approach to meet the need identified by the NRC Decadal Survey for the simultaneous measurements of ocean vector winds and currents. WaCM features a Ka-band pencil-beam Doppler scatterometer able to map ocean winds and currents globally. We review the principles behind the WaCM measurement and the requirements driving the mission. We then present an overview of the WaCM observatory and tie its capabilities to other OceanObs reviews and measurement approaches. © 2019 Rodríguez, Bourassa, Chelton, Farrar, Long, Perkovic-Martin and Samelson.
1158	a7004611313	Samelson R.	p397	False	Journal	215	The winds and currents mission concept	The Winds and Currents Mission (WaCM) is a proposed approach to meet the need identified by the NRC Decadal Survey for the simultaneous measurements of ocean vector winds and currents. WaCM features a Ka-band pencil-beam Doppler scatterometer able to map ocean winds and currents globally. We review the principles behind the WaCM measurement and the requirements driving the mission. We then present an overview of the WaCM observatory and tie its capabilities to other OceanObs reviews and measurement approaches. © 2019 Rodríguez, Bourassa, Chelton, Farrar, Long, Perkovic-Martin and Samelson.
1159	a7004507225	Lemonnier D.	p398	False	Conference	145	Locally correlated slw model for prediction of gas radiation in non-uniform media	Following previous theoretical development based on the assumption of a rank correlated/comonotonic spectrum, the Locally Correlated SLW (LC-SLW) method is outlined. The relationship between the LC-SLW method and the RC-SLW method is established, and their performance in prediction of radiative transfer is compared. Despite the fact that the RC-SLW model demonstrates better overall accuracy, the LC-SLW model generally proves more accurate in regions of higher gas temperature. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1159	a7004507225	Lemonnier D.	p877	False	Conference	393	The scaled SLW model of gas radiation in non-uniform media	The Scaled SLW model for prediction of radiation transfer in non-uniform gaseous media is presented. Construction of the scaled spectral model is described. The model development yields a scaling coefficient which, unlike previous scaled model approaches, is calculated by explicit expressions in terms of the first and minus first moments of absorption cross-section. The Scaled SLW model complements the previously developed correlated SLW models. The proposed scaled model is suitable for engineering applications in comprehensive heat and mass transfer problems. © 2017, Begell House Inc. All Rights Reserved.
1160	a57193568214	Coelho F.	p399	False	Conference	146	Accuracy of engineering methods for radiative transfer in CO2-H2O mixtures at high temperature	The aim of the paper is to evaluate a set of recently proposed engineering methods of gas radiation. For this purpose, a 3D stochastic ray tracing code was developed to treat realistic geometries. Model parameters based on the same LBL dataset were constructed for all approximate methods. Comparisons consist of two steps: 1/ a set of rays randomly spread over the unit sphere is chosen and narrow band models are assessed against LBL calculations. The most accurate narrow band method is chosen as the reference, 2/ all models are then compared with the chosen reference. For the cases considered in this paper, it was found that: 1/ the l-distribution approach is more accurate than Ck methods and can be used as the reference; 2/ the RC-SLW model provides very accurate predictions; 3/ the WSGG technique, which is the fastest method considered in this work, provides acceptable estimations, even in highly non-isothermal situations. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1160	a57193568214	Coelho F.	p400	False	Conference	147	Assessment of engineering gas radiative property models in high pressure turbulent jet diffusion flames	This article is a part of a more general study which aims to determine the most relevant engineering gas radiative property models to be applied in the simulations of combustion problems. Two versions of the full-spectrum CK (FSCK) model, the Rank-Correlated full-spectrum kdistribution/ Spectral-Line-Weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (RC FSK/SLW) and a new version of the Weighted-Sum-of-Grey-Gases (WSGG) model are compared with the Narrow-Band CK (NBCK) model in four turbulent axisymmetric jet diffusion flames fueled either by hydrogen or methane at atmospheric and higher pressures. As a first step, these comparisons are performed in decoupled radiative heat transfer calculations with the thermal fields being prescribed. The databases and coefficients associated to these different models are determined from a unique Line-By-Line database in order to allow a relevant comparison. Model results suggest that the SLW/FSK methods coupled to the Cai's scheme (JQSRT 141 (2014) 65-92) or the Rank-Correlated spectrum (JQSRT 214 (2018) 120-32) and databases generated from accurate LBL database are the most mature gas radiative property models to be implemented in CFD code dealing with combustion problems involving complex geometry and gas-soot mixtures. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1161	a6506341914	Consalvi J.-L.	p399	False	Conference	146	Accuracy of engineering methods for radiative transfer in CO2-H2O mixtures at high temperature	The aim of the paper is to evaluate a set of recently proposed engineering methods of gas radiation. For this purpose, a 3D stochastic ray tracing code was developed to treat realistic geometries. Model parameters based on the same LBL dataset were constructed for all approximate methods. Comparisons consist of two steps: 1/ a set of rays randomly spread over the unit sphere is chosen and narrow band models are assessed against LBL calculations. The most accurate narrow band method is chosen as the reference, 2/ all models are then compared with the chosen reference. For the cases considered in this paper, it was found that: 1/ the l-distribution approach is more accurate than Ck methods and can be used as the reference; 2/ the RC-SLW model provides very accurate predictions; 3/ the WSGG technique, which is the fastest method considered in this work, provides acceptable estimations, even in highly non-isothermal situations. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1161	a6506341914	Consalvi J.-L.	p400	True	Conference	147	Assessment of engineering gas radiative property models in high pressure turbulent jet diffusion flames	This article is a part of a more general study which aims to determine the most relevant engineering gas radiative property models to be applied in the simulations of combustion problems. Two versions of the full-spectrum CK (FSCK) model, the Rank-Correlated full-spectrum kdistribution/ Spectral-Line-Weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (RC FSK/SLW) and a new version of the Weighted-Sum-of-Grey-Gases (WSGG) model are compared with the Narrow-Band CK (NBCK) model in four turbulent axisymmetric jet diffusion flames fueled either by hydrogen or methane at atmospheric and higher pressures. As a first step, these comparisons are performed in decoupled radiative heat transfer calculations with the thermal fields being prescribed. The databases and coefficients associated to these different models are determined from a unique Line-By-Line database in order to allow a relevant comparison. Model results suggest that the SLW/FSK methods coupled to the Cai's scheme (JQSRT 141 (2014) 65-92) or the Rank-Correlated spectrum (JQSRT 214 (2018) 120-32) and databases generated from accurate LBL database are the most mature gas radiative property models to be implemented in CFD code dealing with combustion problems involving complex geometry and gas-soot mixtures. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1162	a7005053199	Franca F.	p399	False	Conference	146	Accuracy of engineering methods for radiative transfer in CO2-H2O mixtures at high temperature	The aim of the paper is to evaluate a set of recently proposed engineering methods of gas radiation. For this purpose, a 3D stochastic ray tracing code was developed to treat realistic geometries. Model parameters based on the same LBL dataset were constructed for all approximate methods. Comparisons consist of two steps: 1/ a set of rays randomly spread over the unit sphere is chosen and narrow band models are assessed against LBL calculations. The most accurate narrow band method is chosen as the reference, 2/ all models are then compared with the chosen reference. For the cases considered in this paper, it was found that: 1/ the l-distribution approach is more accurate than Ck methods and can be used as the reference; 2/ the RC-SLW model provides very accurate predictions; 3/ the WSGG technique, which is the fastest method considered in this work, provides acceptable estimations, even in highly non-isothermal situations. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1162	a7005053199	Franca F.	p400	False	Conference	147	Assessment of engineering gas radiative property models in high pressure turbulent jet diffusion flames	This article is a part of a more general study which aims to determine the most relevant engineering gas radiative property models to be applied in the simulations of combustion problems. Two versions of the full-spectrum CK (FSCK) model, the Rank-Correlated full-spectrum kdistribution/ Spectral-Line-Weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (RC FSK/SLW) and a new version of the Weighted-Sum-of-Grey-Gases (WSGG) model are compared with the Narrow-Band CK (NBCK) model in four turbulent axisymmetric jet diffusion flames fueled either by hydrogen or methane at atmospheric and higher pressures. As a first step, these comparisons are performed in decoupled radiative heat transfer calculations with the thermal fields being prescribed. The databases and coefficients associated to these different models are determined from a unique Line-By-Line database in order to allow a relevant comparison. Model results suggest that the SLW/FSK methods coupled to the Cai's scheme (JQSRT 141 (2014) 65-92) or the Rank-Correlated spectrum (JQSRT 214 (2018) 120-32) and databases generated from accurate LBL database are the most mature gas radiative property models to be implemented in CFD code dealing with combustion problems involving complex geometry and gas-soot mixtures. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1163	a55671352500	Galtier M.	p399	False	Conference	146	Accuracy of engineering methods for radiative transfer in CO2-H2O mixtures at high temperature	The aim of the paper is to evaluate a set of recently proposed engineering methods of gas radiation. For this purpose, a 3D stochastic ray tracing code was developed to treat realistic geometries. Model parameters based on the same LBL dataset were constructed for all approximate methods. Comparisons consist of two steps: 1/ a set of rays randomly spread over the unit sphere is chosen and narrow band models are assessed against LBL calculations. The most accurate narrow band method is chosen as the reference, 2/ all models are then compared with the chosen reference. For the cases considered in this paper, it was found that: 1/ the l-distribution approach is more accurate than Ck methods and can be used as the reference; 2/ the RC-SLW model provides very accurate predictions; 3/ the WSGG technique, which is the fastest method considered in this work, provides acceptable estimations, even in highly non-isothermal situations. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1163	a55671352500	Galtier M.	p400	False	Conference	147	Assessment of engineering gas radiative property models in high pressure turbulent jet diffusion flames	This article is a part of a more general study which aims to determine the most relevant engineering gas radiative property models to be applied in the simulations of combustion problems. Two versions of the full-spectrum CK (FSCK) model, the Rank-Correlated full-spectrum kdistribution/ Spectral-Line-Weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (RC FSK/SLW) and a new version of the Weighted-Sum-of-Grey-Gases (WSGG) model are compared with the Narrow-Band CK (NBCK) model in four turbulent axisymmetric jet diffusion flames fueled either by hydrogen or methane at atmospheric and higher pressures. As a first step, these comparisons are performed in decoupled radiative heat transfer calculations with the thermal fields being prescribed. The databases and coefficients associated to these different models are determined from a unique Line-By-Line database in order to allow a relevant comparison. Model results suggest that the SLW/FSK methods coupled to the Cai's scheme (JQSRT 141 (2014) 65-92) or the Rank-Correlated spectrum (JQSRT 214 (2018) 120-32) and databases generated from accurate LBL database are the most mature gas radiative property models to be implemented in CFD code dealing with combustion problems involving complex geometry and gas-soot mixtures. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1164	a22952048100	Nmira F.	p399	False	Conference	146	Accuracy of engineering methods for radiative transfer in CO2-H2O mixtures at high temperature	The aim of the paper is to evaluate a set of recently proposed engineering methods of gas radiation. For this purpose, a 3D stochastic ray tracing code was developed to treat realistic geometries. Model parameters based on the same LBL dataset were constructed for all approximate methods. Comparisons consist of two steps: 1/ a set of rays randomly spread over the unit sphere is chosen and narrow band models are assessed against LBL calculations. The most accurate narrow band method is chosen as the reference, 2/ all models are then compared with the chosen reference. For the cases considered in this paper, it was found that: 1/ the l-distribution approach is more accurate than Ck methods and can be used as the reference; 2/ the RC-SLW model provides very accurate predictions; 3/ the WSGG technique, which is the fastest method considered in this work, provides acceptable estimations, even in highly non-isothermal situations. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1164	a22952048100	Nmira F.	p400	False	Conference	147	Assessment of engineering gas radiative property models in high pressure turbulent jet diffusion flames	This article is a part of a more general study which aims to determine the most relevant engineering gas radiative property models to be applied in the simulations of combustion problems. Two versions of the full-spectrum CK (FSCK) model, the Rank-Correlated full-spectrum kdistribution/ Spectral-Line-Weighted-sum-of-gray-gases (RC FSK/SLW) and a new version of the Weighted-Sum-of-Grey-Gases (WSGG) model are compared with the Narrow-Band CK (NBCK) model in four turbulent axisymmetric jet diffusion flames fueled either by hydrogen or methane at atmospheric and higher pressures. As a first step, these comparisons are performed in decoupled radiative heat transfer calculations with the thermal fields being prescribed. The databases and coefficients associated to these different models are determined from a unique Line-By-Line database in order to allow a relevant comparison. Model results suggest that the SLW/FSK methods coupled to the Cai's scheme (JQSRT 141 (2014) 65-92) or the Rank-Correlated spectrum (JQSRT 214 (2018) 120-32) and databases generated from accurate LBL database are the most mature gas radiative property models to be implemented in CFD code dealing with combustion problems involving complex geometry and gas-soot mixtures. © Begell House Inc. 2020.
1165	a6507447149	Pastusek P.	p401	True	Conference	148	Creating open source models, test cases, and data for oilfield drilling challenges	The drilling industry has substantially improved performance based on knowledge from physics-based, statistical, and empirical models of components and systems. However, most models and source code have been recreated multiple times, which requires significant effort and energy with little additional benefit or step-wise improvements. The authors propose that it is time to form a coalition of industry and academic leaders to support an open source effort for drilling, to encourage the reuse of continuously improving models and coding efforts. The vision for this guiding coalition is to 1) set up a repository for source code, data, benchmarks, and documentation, 2) encourage good coding practices, 3) review and comment on the models and data submitted, 4) test, use and improve the code, 5) propose and collect anonymized real data, 6) attract talent and support to the effort, and 7) mentor those getting started. Those interested to add their time and talent to the cause may publish their results through peer-reviewed literature. Several online meetings are planned to create this coalition, establish a charter, and layout the guiding principles. Multiple support avenues are proposed to sustain the effort such as: annual user group meetings, create a SPE Technical Section, and initiating a Joint Industry Program (JIP). The Open Porous Media Initiative is just one example of how this could be organized and maintained. As a starting point, this paper reviews existing published drilling models and highlights the similarities and differences for commonly used drillstring hydraulics, dynamics, directional, and bit-rock interaction models. The key requirements for re-usability of the models and code are: 1) The model itself must be available as open source, well documented with the objective and expected outcomes, include commented code, and shared in a publicly available repository which can be updated, 2) A user's guide must include how to run the core software, how to extend software capabilities, i.e., plug in new features or elements, 3) Include a "theory" manual to explain the fundamental principles, the base equations, any assumptions, and the known limitations, 4) Data examples and formatting requirements to cover a diversity of drilling operations, and 5) Test cases to benchmark the performance and output of different proposed models. In May 2018 at "The 4th International Colloquium on Non-linear dynamics and control of deep drilling systems," the keynote question was, "Is it time to start using open source models?" The answer is "yes". Modeling the drilling process is done to help drill a round, ledge free hole, without patterns, with minimum vibration, minimum unplanned dog legs, that reaches all geological targets, in one run per section, and in the least time possible. An open source repository for drilling will speed up the rate of learning and automation efforts to achieve this goal throughout the entire well execution workflow, including planning, BHA design, real-time operations, and post well analysis. Copyright 2019, SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
1166	a23012428800	Payette G.	p401	False	Conference	148	Creating open source models, test cases, and data for oilfield drilling challenges	The drilling industry has substantially improved performance based on knowledge from physics-based, statistical, and empirical models of components and systems. However, most models and source code have been recreated multiple times, which requires significant effort and energy with little additional benefit or step-wise improvements. The authors propose that it is time to form a coalition of industry and academic leaders to support an open source effort for drilling, to encourage the reuse of continuously improving models and coding efforts. The vision for this guiding coalition is to 1) set up a repository for source code, data, benchmarks, and documentation, 2) encourage good coding practices, 3) review and comment on the models and data submitted, 4) test, use and improve the code, 5) propose and collect anonymized real data, 6) attract talent and support to the effort, and 7) mentor those getting started. Those interested to add their time and talent to the cause may publish their results through peer-reviewed literature. Several online meetings are planned to create this coalition, establish a charter, and layout the guiding principles. Multiple support avenues are proposed to sustain the effort such as: annual user group meetings, create a SPE Technical Section, and initiating a Joint Industry Program (JIP). The Open Porous Media Initiative is just one example of how this could be organized and maintained. As a starting point, this paper reviews existing published drilling models and highlights the similarities and differences for commonly used drillstring hydraulics, dynamics, directional, and bit-rock interaction models. The key requirements for re-usability of the models and code are: 1) The model itself must be available as open source, well documented with the objective and expected outcomes, include commented code, and shared in a publicly available repository which can be updated, 2) A user's guide must include how to run the core software, how to extend software capabilities, i.e., plug in new features or elements, 3) Include a "theory" manual to explain the fundamental principles, the base equations, any assumptions, and the known limitations, 4) Data examples and formatting requirements to cover a diversity of drilling operations, and 5) Test cases to benchmark the performance and output of different proposed models. In May 2018 at "The 4th International Colloquium on Non-linear dynamics and control of deep drilling systems," the keynote question was, "Is it time to start using open source models?" The answer is "yes". Modeling the drilling process is done to help drill a round, ledge free hole, without patterns, with minimum vibration, minimum unplanned dog legs, that reaches all geological targets, in one run per section, and in the least time possible. An open source repository for drilling will speed up the rate of learning and automation efforts to achieve this goal throughout the entire well execution workflow, including planning, BHA design, real-time operations, and post well analysis. Copyright 2019, SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
1167	a56642521500	Shor R.	p401	False	Conference	148	Creating open source models, test cases, and data for oilfield drilling challenges	The drilling industry has substantially improved performance based on knowledge from physics-based, statistical, and empirical models of components and systems. However, most models and source code have been recreated multiple times, which requires significant effort and energy with little additional benefit or step-wise improvements. The authors propose that it is time to form a coalition of industry and academic leaders to support an open source effort for drilling, to encourage the reuse of continuously improving models and coding efforts. The vision for this guiding coalition is to 1) set up a repository for source code, data, benchmarks, and documentation, 2) encourage good coding practices, 3) review and comment on the models and data submitted, 4) test, use and improve the code, 5) propose and collect anonymized real data, 6) attract talent and support to the effort, and 7) mentor those getting started. Those interested to add their time and talent to the cause may publish their results through peer-reviewed literature. Several online meetings are planned to create this coalition, establish a charter, and layout the guiding principles. Multiple support avenues are proposed to sustain the effort such as: annual user group meetings, create a SPE Technical Section, and initiating a Joint Industry Program (JIP). The Open Porous Media Initiative is just one example of how this could be organized and maintained. As a starting point, this paper reviews existing published drilling models and highlights the similarities and differences for commonly used drillstring hydraulics, dynamics, directional, and bit-rock interaction models. The key requirements for re-usability of the models and code are: 1) The model itself must be available as open source, well documented with the objective and expected outcomes, include commented code, and shared in a publicly available repository which can be updated, 2) A user's guide must include how to run the core software, how to extend software capabilities, i.e., plug in new features or elements, 3) Include a "theory" manual to explain the fundamental principles, the base equations, any assumptions, and the known limitations, 4) Data examples and formatting requirements to cover a diversity of drilling operations, and 5) Test cases to benchmark the performance and output of different proposed models. In May 2018 at "The 4th International Colloquium on Non-linear dynamics and control of deep drilling systems," the keynote question was, "Is it time to start using open source models?" The answer is "yes". Modeling the drilling process is done to help drill a round, ledge free hole, without patterns, with minimum vibration, minimum unplanned dog legs, that reaches all geological targets, in one run per section, and in the least time possible. An open source repository for drilling will speed up the rate of learning and automation efforts to achieve this goal throughout the entire well execution workflow, including planning, BHA design, real-time operations, and post well analysis. Copyright 2019, SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
1168	a24780432200	Cayeux E.	p401	False	Conference	148	Creating open source models, test cases, and data for oilfield drilling challenges	The drilling industry has substantially improved performance based on knowledge from physics-based, statistical, and empirical models of components and systems. However, most models and source code have been recreated multiple times, which requires significant effort and energy with little additional benefit or step-wise improvements. The authors propose that it is time to form a coalition of industry and academic leaders to support an open source effort for drilling, to encourage the reuse of continuously improving models and coding efforts. The vision for this guiding coalition is to 1) set up a repository for source code, data, benchmarks, and documentation, 2) encourage good coding practices, 3) review and comment on the models and data submitted, 4) test, use and improve the code, 5) propose and collect anonymized real data, 6) attract talent and support to the effort, and 7) mentor those getting started. Those interested to add their time and talent to the cause may publish their results through peer-reviewed literature. Several online meetings are planned to create this coalition, establish a charter, and layout the guiding principles. Multiple support avenues are proposed to sustain the effort such as: annual user group meetings, create a SPE Technical Section, and initiating a Joint Industry Program (JIP). The Open Porous Media Initiative is just one example of how this could be organized and maintained. As a starting point, this paper reviews existing published drilling models and highlights the similarities and differences for commonly used drillstring hydraulics, dynamics, directional, and bit-rock interaction models. The key requirements for re-usability of the models and code are: 1) The model itself must be available as open source, well documented with the objective and expected outcomes, include commented code, and shared in a publicly available repository which can be updated, 2) A user's guide must include how to run the core software, how to extend software capabilities, i.e., plug in new features or elements, 3) Include a "theory" manual to explain the fundamental principles, the base equations, any assumptions, and the known limitations, 4) Data examples and formatting requirements to cover a diversity of drilling operations, and 5) Test cases to benchmark the performance and output of different proposed models. In May 2018 at "The 4th International Colloquium on Non-linear dynamics and control of deep drilling systems," the keynote question was, "Is it time to start using open source models?" The answer is "yes". Modeling the drilling process is done to help drill a round, ledge free hole, without patterns, with minimum vibration, minimum unplanned dog legs, that reaches all geological targets, in one run per section, and in the least time possible. An open source repository for drilling will speed up the rate of learning and automation efforts to achieve this goal throughout the entire well execution workflow, including planning, BHA design, real-time operations, and post well analysis. Copyright 2019, SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
1169	a55233755100	Aarsnes U.J.	p401	False	Conference	148	Creating open source models, test cases, and data for oilfield drilling challenges	The drilling industry has substantially improved performance based on knowledge from physics-based, statistical, and empirical models of components and systems. However, most models and source code have been recreated multiple times, which requires significant effort and energy with little additional benefit or step-wise improvements. The authors propose that it is time to form a coalition of industry and academic leaders to support an open source effort for drilling, to encourage the reuse of continuously improving models and coding efforts. The vision for this guiding coalition is to 1) set up a repository for source code, data, benchmarks, and documentation, 2) encourage good coding practices, 3) review and comment on the models and data submitted, 4) test, use and improve the code, 5) propose and collect anonymized real data, 6) attract talent and support to the effort, and 7) mentor those getting started. Those interested to add their time and talent to the cause may publish their results through peer-reviewed literature. Several online meetings are planned to create this coalition, establish a charter, and layout the guiding principles. Multiple support avenues are proposed to sustain the effort such as: annual user group meetings, create a SPE Technical Section, and initiating a Joint Industry Program (JIP). The Open Porous Media Initiative is just one example of how this could be organized and maintained. As a starting point, this paper reviews existing published drilling models and highlights the similarities and differences for commonly used drillstring hydraulics, dynamics, directional, and bit-rock interaction models. The key requirements for re-usability of the models and code are: 1) The model itself must be available as open source, well documented with the objective and expected outcomes, include commented code, and shared in a publicly available repository which can be updated, 2) A user's guide must include how to run the core software, how to extend software capabilities, i.e., plug in new features or elements, 3) Include a "theory" manual to explain the fundamental principles, the base equations, any assumptions, and the known limitations, 4) Data examples and formatting requirements to cover a diversity of drilling operations, and 5) Test cases to benchmark the performance and output of different proposed models. In May 2018 at "The 4th International Colloquium on Non-linear dynamics and control of deep drilling systems," the keynote question was, "Is it time to start using open source models?" The answer is "yes". Modeling the drilling process is done to help drill a round, ledge free hole, without patterns, with minimum vibration, minimum unplanned dog legs, that reaches all geological targets, in one run per section, and in the least time possible. An open source repository for drilling will speed up the rate of learning and automation efforts to achieve this goal throughout the entire well execution workflow, including planning, BHA design, real-time operations, and post well analysis. Copyright 2019, SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
1170	a7801636116	Menand S.	p401	False	Conference	148	Creating open source models, test cases, and data for oilfield drilling challenges	The drilling industry has substantially improved performance based on knowledge from physics-based, statistical, and empirical models of components and systems. However, most models and source code have been recreated multiple times, which requires significant effort and energy with little additional benefit or step-wise improvements. The authors propose that it is time to form a coalition of industry and academic leaders to support an open source effort for drilling, to encourage the reuse of continuously improving models and coding efforts. The vision for this guiding coalition is to 1) set up a repository for source code, data, benchmarks, and documentation, 2) encourage good coding practices, 3) review and comment on the models and data submitted, 4) test, use and improve the code, 5) propose and collect anonymized real data, 6) attract talent and support to the effort, and 7) mentor those getting started. Those interested to add their time and talent to the cause may publish their results through peer-reviewed literature. Several online meetings are planned to create this coalition, establish a charter, and layout the guiding principles. Multiple support avenues are proposed to sustain the effort such as: annual user group meetings, create a SPE Technical Section, and initiating a Joint Industry Program (JIP). The Open Porous Media Initiative is just one example of how this could be organized and maintained. As a starting point, this paper reviews existing published drilling models and highlights the similarities and differences for commonly used drillstring hydraulics, dynamics, directional, and bit-rock interaction models. The key requirements for re-usability of the models and code are: 1) The model itself must be available as open source, well documented with the objective and expected outcomes, include commented code, and shared in a publicly available repository which can be updated, 2) A user's guide must include how to run the core software, how to extend software capabilities, i.e., plug in new features or elements, 3) Include a "theory" manual to explain the fundamental principles, the base equations, any assumptions, and the known limitations, 4) Data examples and formatting requirements to cover a diversity of drilling operations, and 5) Test cases to benchmark the performance and output of different proposed models. In May 2018 at "The 4th International Colloquium on Non-linear dynamics and control of deep drilling systems," the keynote question was, "Is it time to start using open source models?" The answer is "yes". Modeling the drilling process is done to help drill a round, ledge free hole, without patterns, with minimum vibration, minimum unplanned dog legs, that reaches all geological targets, in one run per section, and in the least time possible. An open source repository for drilling will speed up the rate of learning and automation efforts to achieve this goal throughout the entire well execution workflow, including planning, BHA design, real-time operations, and post well analysis. Copyright 2019, SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
1171	a7101973402	Macpherson J.	p401	False	Conference	148	Creating open source models, test cases, and data for oilfield drilling challenges	The drilling industry has substantially improved performance based on knowledge from physics-based, statistical, and empirical models of components and systems. However, most models and source code have been recreated multiple times, which requires significant effort and energy with little additional benefit or step-wise improvements. The authors propose that it is time to form a coalition of industry and academic leaders to support an open source effort for drilling, to encourage the reuse of continuously improving models and coding efforts. The vision for this guiding coalition is to 1) set up a repository for source code, data, benchmarks, and documentation, 2) encourage good coding practices, 3) review and comment on the models and data submitted, 4) test, use and improve the code, 5) propose and collect anonymized real data, 6) attract talent and support to the effort, and 7) mentor those getting started. Those interested to add their time and talent to the cause may publish their results through peer-reviewed literature. Several online meetings are planned to create this coalition, establish a charter, and layout the guiding principles. Multiple support avenues are proposed to sustain the effort such as: annual user group meetings, create a SPE Technical Section, and initiating a Joint Industry Program (JIP). The Open Porous Media Initiative is just one example of how this could be organized and maintained. As a starting point, this paper reviews existing published drilling models and highlights the similarities and differences for commonly used drillstring hydraulics, dynamics, directional, and bit-rock interaction models. The key requirements for re-usability of the models and code are: 1) The model itself must be available as open source, well documented with the objective and expected outcomes, include commented code, and shared in a publicly available repository which can be updated, 2) A user's guide must include how to run the core software, how to extend software capabilities, i.e., plug in new features or elements, 3) Include a "theory" manual to explain the fundamental principles, the base equations, any assumptions, and the known limitations, 4) Data examples and formatting requirements to cover a diversity of drilling operations, and 5) Test cases to benchmark the performance and output of different proposed models. In May 2018 at "The 4th International Colloquium on Non-linear dynamics and control of deep drilling systems," the keynote question was, "Is it time to start using open source models?" The answer is "yes". Modeling the drilling process is done to help drill a round, ledge free hole, without patterns, with minimum vibration, minimum unplanned dog legs, that reaches all geological targets, in one run per section, and in the least time possible. An open source repository for drilling will speed up the rate of learning and automation efforts to achieve this goal throughout the entire well execution workflow, including planning, BHA design, real-time operations, and post well analysis. Copyright 2019, SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
1172	a35368447500	Gandikota R.	p401	False	Conference	148	Creating open source models, test cases, and data for oilfield drilling challenges	The drilling industry has substantially improved performance based on knowledge from physics-based, statistical, and empirical models of components and systems. However, most models and source code have been recreated multiple times, which requires significant effort and energy with little additional benefit or step-wise improvements. The authors propose that it is time to form a coalition of industry and academic leaders to support an open source effort for drilling, to encourage the reuse of continuously improving models and coding efforts. The vision for this guiding coalition is to 1) set up a repository for source code, data, benchmarks, and documentation, 2) encourage good coding practices, 3) review and comment on the models and data submitted, 4) test, use and improve the code, 5) propose and collect anonymized real data, 6) attract talent and support to the effort, and 7) mentor those getting started. Those interested to add their time and talent to the cause may publish their results through peer-reviewed literature. Several online meetings are planned to create this coalition, establish a charter, and layout the guiding principles. Multiple support avenues are proposed to sustain the effort such as: annual user group meetings, create a SPE Technical Section, and initiating a Joint Industry Program (JIP). The Open Porous Media Initiative is just one example of how this could be organized and maintained. As a starting point, this paper reviews existing published drilling models and highlights the similarities and differences for commonly used drillstring hydraulics, dynamics, directional, and bit-rock interaction models. The key requirements for re-usability of the models and code are: 1) The model itself must be available as open source, well documented with the objective and expected outcomes, include commented code, and shared in a publicly available repository which can be updated, 2) A user's guide must include how to run the core software, how to extend software capabilities, i.e., plug in new features or elements, 3) Include a "theory" manual to explain the fundamental principles, the base equations, any assumptions, and the known limitations, 4) Data examples and formatting requirements to cover a diversity of drilling operations, and 5) Test cases to benchmark the performance and output of different proposed models. In May 2018 at "The 4th International Colloquium on Non-linear dynamics and control of deep drilling systems," the keynote question was, "Is it time to start using open source models?" The answer is "yes". Modeling the drilling process is done to help drill a round, ledge free hole, without patterns, with minimum vibration, minimum unplanned dog legs, that reaches all geological targets, in one run per section, and in the least time possible. An open source repository for drilling will speed up the rate of learning and automation efforts to achieve this goal throughout the entire well execution workflow, including planning, BHA design, real-time operations, and post well analysis. Copyright 2019, SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
1173	a7801530241	Behounek M.	p401	False	Conference	148	Creating open source models, test cases, and data for oilfield drilling challenges	The drilling industry has substantially improved performance based on knowledge from physics-based, statistical, and empirical models of components and systems. However, most models and source code have been recreated multiple times, which requires significant effort and energy with little additional benefit or step-wise improvements. The authors propose that it is time to form a coalition of industry and academic leaders to support an open source effort for drilling, to encourage the reuse of continuously improving models and coding efforts. The vision for this guiding coalition is to 1) set up a repository for source code, data, benchmarks, and documentation, 2) encourage good coding practices, 3) review and comment on the models and data submitted, 4) test, use and improve the code, 5) propose and collect anonymized real data, 6) attract talent and support to the effort, and 7) mentor those getting started. Those interested to add their time and talent to the cause may publish their results through peer-reviewed literature. Several online meetings are planned to create this coalition, establish a charter, and layout the guiding principles. Multiple support avenues are proposed to sustain the effort such as: annual user group meetings, create a SPE Technical Section, and initiating a Joint Industry Program (JIP). The Open Porous Media Initiative is just one example of how this could be organized and maintained. As a starting point, this paper reviews existing published drilling models and highlights the similarities and differences for commonly used drillstring hydraulics, dynamics, directional, and bit-rock interaction models. The key requirements for re-usability of the models and code are: 1) The model itself must be available as open source, well documented with the objective and expected outcomes, include commented code, and shared in a publicly available repository which can be updated, 2) A user's guide must include how to run the core software, how to extend software capabilities, i.e., plug in new features or elements, 3) Include a "theory" manual to explain the fundamental principles, the base equations, any assumptions, and the known limitations, 4) Data examples and formatting requirements to cover a diversity of drilling operations, and 5) Test cases to benchmark the performance and output of different proposed models. In May 2018 at "The 4th International Colloquium on Non-linear dynamics and control of deep drilling systems," the keynote question was, "Is it time to start using open source models?" The answer is "yes". Modeling the drilling process is done to help drill a round, ledge free hole, without patterns, with minimum vibration, minimum unplanned dog legs, that reaches all geological targets, in one run per section, and in the least time possible. An open source repository for drilling will speed up the rate of learning and automation efforts to achieve this goal throughout the entire well execution workflow, including planning, BHA design, real-time operations, and post well analysis. Copyright 2019, SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
1174	a56689651300	Harmer R.	p401	False	Conference	148	Creating open source models, test cases, and data for oilfield drilling challenges	The drilling industry has substantially improved performance based on knowledge from physics-based, statistical, and empirical models of components and systems. However, most models and source code have been recreated multiple times, which requires significant effort and energy with little additional benefit or step-wise improvements. The authors propose that it is time to form a coalition of industry and academic leaders to support an open source effort for drilling, to encourage the reuse of continuously improving models and coding efforts. The vision for this guiding coalition is to 1) set up a repository for source code, data, benchmarks, and documentation, 2) encourage good coding practices, 3) review and comment on the models and data submitted, 4) test, use and improve the code, 5) propose and collect anonymized real data, 6) attract talent and support to the effort, and 7) mentor those getting started. Those interested to add their time and talent to the cause may publish their results through peer-reviewed literature. Several online meetings are planned to create this coalition, establish a charter, and layout the guiding principles. Multiple support avenues are proposed to sustain the effort such as: annual user group meetings, create a SPE Technical Section, and initiating a Joint Industry Program (JIP). The Open Porous Media Initiative is just one example of how this could be organized and maintained. As a starting point, this paper reviews existing published drilling models and highlights the similarities and differences for commonly used drillstring hydraulics, dynamics, directional, and bit-rock interaction models. The key requirements for re-usability of the models and code are: 1) The model itself must be available as open source, well documented with the objective and expected outcomes, include commented code, and shared in a publicly available repository which can be updated, 2) A user's guide must include how to run the core software, how to extend software capabilities, i.e., plug in new features or elements, 3) Include a "theory" manual to explain the fundamental principles, the base equations, any assumptions, and the known limitations, 4) Data examples and formatting requirements to cover a diversity of drilling operations, and 5) Test cases to benchmark the performance and output of different proposed models. In May 2018 at "The 4th International Colloquium on Non-linear dynamics and control of deep drilling systems," the keynote question was, "Is it time to start using open source models?" The answer is "yes". Modeling the drilling process is done to help drill a round, ledge free hole, without patterns, with minimum vibration, minimum unplanned dog legs, that reaches all geological targets, in one run per section, and in the least time possible. An open source repository for drilling will speed up the rate of learning and automation efforts to achieve this goal throughout the entire well execution workflow, including planning, BHA design, real-time operations, and post well analysis. Copyright 2019, SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
1175	a7005786977	Detournay E.	p401	False	Conference	148	Creating open source models, test cases, and data for oilfield drilling challenges	The drilling industry has substantially improved performance based on knowledge from physics-based, statistical, and empirical models of components and systems. However, most models and source code have been recreated multiple times, which requires significant effort and energy with little additional benefit or step-wise improvements. The authors propose that it is time to form a coalition of industry and academic leaders to support an open source effort for drilling, to encourage the reuse of continuously improving models and coding efforts. The vision for this guiding coalition is to 1) set up a repository for source code, data, benchmarks, and documentation, 2) encourage good coding practices, 3) review and comment on the models and data submitted, 4) test, use and improve the code, 5) propose and collect anonymized real data, 6) attract talent and support to the effort, and 7) mentor those getting started. Those interested to add their time and talent to the cause may publish their results through peer-reviewed literature. Several online meetings are planned to create this coalition, establish a charter, and layout the guiding principles. Multiple support avenues are proposed to sustain the effort such as: annual user group meetings, create a SPE Technical Section, and initiating a Joint Industry Program (JIP). The Open Porous Media Initiative is just one example of how this could be organized and maintained. As a starting point, this paper reviews existing published drilling models and highlights the similarities and differences for commonly used drillstring hydraulics, dynamics, directional, and bit-rock interaction models. The key requirements for re-usability of the models and code are: 1) The model itself must be available as open source, well documented with the objective and expected outcomes, include commented code, and shared in a publicly available repository which can be updated, 2) A user's guide must include how to run the core software, how to extend software capabilities, i.e., plug in new features or elements, 3) Include a "theory" manual to explain the fundamental principles, the base equations, any assumptions, and the known limitations, 4) Data examples and formatting requirements to cover a diversity of drilling operations, and 5) Test cases to benchmark the performance and output of different proposed models. In May 2018 at "The 4th International Colloquium on Non-linear dynamics and control of deep drilling systems," the keynote question was, "Is it time to start using open source models?" The answer is "yes". Modeling the drilling process is done to help drill a round, ledge free hole, without patterns, with minimum vibration, minimum unplanned dog legs, that reaches all geological targets, in one run per section, and in the least time possible. An open source repository for drilling will speed up the rate of learning and automation efforts to achieve this goal throughout the entire well execution workflow, including planning, BHA design, real-time operations, and post well analysis. Copyright 2019, SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
1176	a7801609389	Illerhaus R.	p401	False	Conference	148	Creating open source models, test cases, and data for oilfield drilling challenges	The drilling industry has substantially improved performance based on knowledge from physics-based, statistical, and empirical models of components and systems. However, most models and source code have been recreated multiple times, which requires significant effort and energy with little additional benefit or step-wise improvements. The authors propose that it is time to form a coalition of industry and academic leaders to support an open source effort for drilling, to encourage the reuse of continuously improving models and coding efforts. The vision for this guiding coalition is to 1) set up a repository for source code, data, benchmarks, and documentation, 2) encourage good coding practices, 3) review and comment on the models and data submitted, 4) test, use and improve the code, 5) propose and collect anonymized real data, 6) attract talent and support to the effort, and 7) mentor those getting started. Those interested to add their time and talent to the cause may publish their results through peer-reviewed literature. Several online meetings are planned to create this coalition, establish a charter, and layout the guiding principles. Multiple support avenues are proposed to sustain the effort such as: annual user group meetings, create a SPE Technical Section, and initiating a Joint Industry Program (JIP). The Open Porous Media Initiative is just one example of how this could be organized and maintained. As a starting point, this paper reviews existing published drilling models and highlights the similarities and differences for commonly used drillstring hydraulics, dynamics, directional, and bit-rock interaction models. The key requirements for re-usability of the models and code are: 1) The model itself must be available as open source, well documented with the objective and expected outcomes, include commented code, and shared in a publicly available repository which can be updated, 2) A user's guide must include how to run the core software, how to extend software capabilities, i.e., plug in new features or elements, 3) Include a "theory" manual to explain the fundamental principles, the base equations, any assumptions, and the known limitations, 4) Data examples and formatting requirements to cover a diversity of drilling operations, and 5) Test cases to benchmark the performance and output of different proposed models. In May 2018 at "The 4th International Colloquium on Non-linear dynamics and control of deep drilling systems," the keynote question was, "Is it time to start using open source models?" The answer is "yes". Modeling the drilling process is done to help drill a round, ledge free hole, without patterns, with minimum vibration, minimum unplanned dog legs, that reaches all geological targets, in one run per section, and in the least time possible. An open source repository for drilling will speed up the rate of learning and automation efforts to achieve this goal throughout the entire well execution workflow, including planning, BHA design, real-time operations, and post well analysis. Copyright 2019, SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
1177	a55922401500	Liu Y.	p401	False	Conference	148	Creating open source models, test cases, and data for oilfield drilling challenges	The drilling industry has substantially improved performance based on knowledge from physics-based, statistical, and empirical models of components and systems. However, most models and source code have been recreated multiple times, which requires significant effort and energy with little additional benefit or step-wise improvements. The authors propose that it is time to form a coalition of industry and academic leaders to support an open source effort for drilling, to encourage the reuse of continuously improving models and coding efforts. The vision for this guiding coalition is to 1) set up a repository for source code, data, benchmarks, and documentation, 2) encourage good coding practices, 3) review and comment on the models and data submitted, 4) test, use and improve the code, 5) propose and collect anonymized real data, 6) attract talent and support to the effort, and 7) mentor those getting started. Those interested to add their time and talent to the cause may publish their results through peer-reviewed literature. Several online meetings are planned to create this coalition, establish a charter, and layout the guiding principles. Multiple support avenues are proposed to sustain the effort such as: annual user group meetings, create a SPE Technical Section, and initiating a Joint Industry Program (JIP). The Open Porous Media Initiative is just one example of how this could be organized and maintained. As a starting point, this paper reviews existing published drilling models and highlights the similarities and differences for commonly used drillstring hydraulics, dynamics, directional, and bit-rock interaction models. The key requirements for re-usability of the models and code are: 1) The model itself must be available as open source, well documented with the objective and expected outcomes, include commented code, and shared in a publicly available repository which can be updated, 2) A user's guide must include how to run the core software, how to extend software capabilities, i.e., plug in new features or elements, 3) Include a "theory" manual to explain the fundamental principles, the base equations, any assumptions, and the known limitations, 4) Data examples and formatting requirements to cover a diversity of drilling operations, and 5) Test cases to benchmark the performance and output of different proposed models. In May 2018 at "The 4th International Colloquium on Non-linear dynamics and control of deep drilling systems," the keynote question was, "Is it time to start using open source models?" The answer is "yes". Modeling the drilling process is done to help drill a round, ledge free hole, without patterns, with minimum vibration, minimum unplanned dog legs, that reaches all geological targets, in one run per section, and in the least time possible. An open source repository for drilling will speed up the rate of learning and automation efforts to achieve this goal throughout the entire well execution workflow, including planning, BHA design, real-time operations, and post well analysis. Copyright 2019, SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
1178	a57191525048	Allender E.J.	p402	True	Journal	216	Traverses for the ISECG-GER design reference mission for humans on the lunar surface	This study explores the Design Reference Mission (DRM) architecture developed by Hufenbach et al. (2015) as a prelude to the release of the 2018 Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) developed by the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG). The focus of this study is the exploration of the south polar region of the Moon, a region that has not been visited by any human missions, yet exhibits a multitude of scientifically important locations – the investigation of which will address long standing questions in lunar research. This DRM architecture involves five landing sites (Malapert massif, South Pole/Shackleton crater, Schrödinger basin, Antoniadi crater, and the South Pole-Aitken basin center), to be visited in sequential years by crew, beginning in 2028. Two Lunar Electric Rovers (LER) are proposed to be tele-robotically operated between sites to rendez-vous with crew at the time of the next landing. With engineering parameters in mind we explore the feasibility of tele-robotic operation of these LERs between lunar landing sites, and identify potential high interest sampling locations en-route. Additionally, in-depth sample collection and return traverses are identified for each individual landing site across key geologic terrains that also detail crew Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA). Exploration at and between landing sites is designed to address a suite of National Research Council (2007) scientific concepts. © 2018 COSPAR
1179	a41262329300	Orgel C.	p402	False	Journal	216	Traverses for the ISECG-GER design reference mission for humans on the lunar surface	This study explores the Design Reference Mission (DRM) architecture developed by Hufenbach et al. (2015) as a prelude to the release of the 2018 Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) developed by the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG). The focus of this study is the exploration of the south polar region of the Moon, a region that has not been visited by any human missions, yet exhibits a multitude of scientifically important locations – the investigation of which will address long standing questions in lunar research. This DRM architecture involves five landing sites (Malapert massif, South Pole/Shackleton crater, Schrödinger basin, Antoniadi crater, and the South Pole-Aitken basin center), to be visited in sequential years by crew, beginning in 2028. Two Lunar Electric Rovers (LER) are proposed to be tele-robotically operated between sites to rendez-vous with crew at the time of the next landing. With engineering parameters in mind we explore the feasibility of tele-robotic operation of these LERs between lunar landing sites, and identify potential high interest sampling locations en-route. Additionally, in-depth sample collection and return traverses are identified for each individual landing site across key geologic terrains that also detail crew Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA). Exploration at and between landing sites is designed to address a suite of National Research Council (2007) scientific concepts. © 2018 COSPAR
1180	a57203758421	Almeida N.V.	p402	False	Journal	216	Traverses for the ISECG-GER design reference mission for humans on the lunar surface	This study explores the Design Reference Mission (DRM) architecture developed by Hufenbach et al. (2015) as a prelude to the release of the 2018 Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) developed by the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG). The focus of this study is the exploration of the south polar region of the Moon, a region that has not been visited by any human missions, yet exhibits a multitude of scientifically important locations – the investigation of which will address long standing questions in lunar research. This DRM architecture involves five landing sites (Malapert massif, South Pole/Shackleton crater, Schrödinger basin, Antoniadi crater, and the South Pole-Aitken basin center), to be visited in sequential years by crew, beginning in 2028. Two Lunar Electric Rovers (LER) are proposed to be tele-robotically operated between sites to rendez-vous with crew at the time of the next landing. With engineering parameters in mind we explore the feasibility of tele-robotic operation of these LERs between lunar landing sites, and identify potential high interest sampling locations en-route. Additionally, in-depth sample collection and return traverses are identified for each individual landing site across key geologic terrains that also detail crew Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA). Exploration at and between landing sites is designed to address a suite of National Research Council (2007) scientific concepts. © 2018 COSPAR
1181	a57203801188	Cook J.	p402	False	Journal	216	Traverses for the ISECG-GER design reference mission for humans on the lunar surface	This study explores the Design Reference Mission (DRM) architecture developed by Hufenbach et al. (2015) as a prelude to the release of the 2018 Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) developed by the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG). The focus of this study is the exploration of the south polar region of the Moon, a region that has not been visited by any human missions, yet exhibits a multitude of scientifically important locations – the investigation of which will address long standing questions in lunar research. This DRM architecture involves five landing sites (Malapert massif, South Pole/Shackleton crater, Schrödinger basin, Antoniadi crater, and the South Pole-Aitken basin center), to be visited in sequential years by crew, beginning in 2028. Two Lunar Electric Rovers (LER) are proposed to be tele-robotically operated between sites to rendez-vous with crew at the time of the next landing. With engineering parameters in mind we explore the feasibility of tele-robotic operation of these LERs between lunar landing sites, and identify potential high interest sampling locations en-route. Additionally, in-depth sample collection and return traverses are identified for each individual landing site across key geologic terrains that also detail crew Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA). Exploration at and between landing sites is designed to address a suite of National Research Council (2007) scientific concepts. © 2018 COSPAR
1182	a57203805526	Ende J.J.	p402	False	Journal	216	Traverses for the ISECG-GER design reference mission for humans on the lunar surface	This study explores the Design Reference Mission (DRM) architecture developed by Hufenbach et al. (2015) as a prelude to the release of the 2018 Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) developed by the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG). The focus of this study is the exploration of the south polar region of the Moon, a region that has not been visited by any human missions, yet exhibits a multitude of scientifically important locations – the investigation of which will address long standing questions in lunar research. This DRM architecture involves five landing sites (Malapert massif, South Pole/Shackleton crater, Schrödinger basin, Antoniadi crater, and the South Pole-Aitken basin center), to be visited in sequential years by crew, beginning in 2028. Two Lunar Electric Rovers (LER) are proposed to be tele-robotically operated between sites to rendez-vous with crew at the time of the next landing. With engineering parameters in mind we explore the feasibility of tele-robotic operation of these LERs between lunar landing sites, and identify potential high interest sampling locations en-route. Additionally, in-depth sample collection and return traverses are identified for each individual landing site across key geologic terrains that also detail crew Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA). Exploration at and between landing sites is designed to address a suite of National Research Council (2007) scientific concepts. © 2018 COSPAR
1183	a57202763603	Kamps O.	p402	False	Journal	216	Traverses for the ISECG-GER design reference mission for humans on the lunar surface	This study explores the Design Reference Mission (DRM) architecture developed by Hufenbach et al. (2015) as a prelude to the release of the 2018 Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) developed by the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG). The focus of this study is the exploration of the south polar region of the Moon, a region that has not been visited by any human missions, yet exhibits a multitude of scientifically important locations – the investigation of which will address long standing questions in lunar research. This DRM architecture involves five landing sites (Malapert massif, South Pole/Shackleton crater, Schrödinger basin, Antoniadi crater, and the South Pole-Aitken basin center), to be visited in sequential years by crew, beginning in 2028. Two Lunar Electric Rovers (LER) are proposed to be tele-robotically operated between sites to rendez-vous with crew at the time of the next landing. With engineering parameters in mind we explore the feasibility of tele-robotic operation of these LERs between lunar landing sites, and identify potential high interest sampling locations en-route. Additionally, in-depth sample collection and return traverses are identified for each individual landing site across key geologic terrains that also detail crew Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA). Exploration at and between landing sites is designed to address a suite of National Research Council (2007) scientific concepts. © 2018 COSPAR
1184	a56116155300	Mazrouei S.	p402	False	Journal	216	Traverses for the ISECG-GER design reference mission for humans on the lunar surface	This study explores the Design Reference Mission (DRM) architecture developed by Hufenbach et al. (2015) as a prelude to the release of the 2018 Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) developed by the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG). The focus of this study is the exploration of the south polar region of the Moon, a region that has not been visited by any human missions, yet exhibits a multitude of scientifically important locations – the investigation of which will address long standing questions in lunar research. This DRM architecture involves five landing sites (Malapert massif, South Pole/Shackleton crater, Schrödinger basin, Antoniadi crater, and the South Pole-Aitken basin center), to be visited in sequential years by crew, beginning in 2028. Two Lunar Electric Rovers (LER) are proposed to be tele-robotically operated between sites to rendez-vous with crew at the time of the next landing. With engineering parameters in mind we explore the feasibility of tele-robotic operation of these LERs between lunar landing sites, and identify potential high interest sampling locations en-route. Additionally, in-depth sample collection and return traverses are identified for each individual landing site across key geologic terrains that also detail crew Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA). Exploration at and between landing sites is designed to address a suite of National Research Council (2007) scientific concepts. © 2018 COSPAR
1185	a57203801050	Slezak T.J.	p402	False	Journal	216	Traverses for the ISECG-GER design reference mission for humans on the lunar surface	This study explores the Design Reference Mission (DRM) architecture developed by Hufenbach et al. (2015) as a prelude to the release of the 2018 Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) developed by the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG). The focus of this study is the exploration of the south polar region of the Moon, a region that has not been visited by any human missions, yet exhibits a multitude of scientifically important locations – the investigation of which will address long standing questions in lunar research. This DRM architecture involves five landing sites (Malapert massif, South Pole/Shackleton crater, Schrödinger basin, Antoniadi crater, and the South Pole-Aitken basin center), to be visited in sequential years by crew, beginning in 2028. Two Lunar Electric Rovers (LER) are proposed to be tele-robotically operated between sites to rendez-vous with crew at the time of the next landing. With engineering parameters in mind we explore the feasibility of tele-robotic operation of these LERs between lunar landing sites, and identify potential high interest sampling locations en-route. Additionally, in-depth sample collection and return traverses are identified for each individual landing site across key geologic terrains that also detail crew Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA). Exploration at and between landing sites is designed to address a suite of National Research Council (2007) scientific concepts. © 2018 COSPAR
1186	a57199854443	Soini A.-J.	p402	False	Journal	216	Traverses for the ISECG-GER design reference mission for humans on the lunar surface	This study explores the Design Reference Mission (DRM) architecture developed by Hufenbach et al. (2015) as a prelude to the release of the 2018 Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) developed by the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG). The focus of this study is the exploration of the south polar region of the Moon, a region that has not been visited by any human missions, yet exhibits a multitude of scientifically important locations – the investigation of which will address long standing questions in lunar research. This DRM architecture involves five landing sites (Malapert massif, South Pole/Shackleton crater, Schrödinger basin, Antoniadi crater, and the South Pole-Aitken basin center), to be visited in sequential years by crew, beginning in 2028. Two Lunar Electric Rovers (LER) are proposed to be tele-robotically operated between sites to rendez-vous with crew at the time of the next landing. With engineering parameters in mind we explore the feasibility of tele-robotic operation of these LERs between lunar landing sites, and identify potential high interest sampling locations en-route. Additionally, in-depth sample collection and return traverses are identified for each individual landing site across key geologic terrains that also detail crew Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA). Exploration at and between landing sites is designed to address a suite of National Research Council (2007) scientific concepts. © 2018 COSPAR
1187	a56979909000	Kring D.A.	p402	False	Journal	216	Traverses for the ISECG-GER design reference mission for humans on the lunar surface	This study explores the Design Reference Mission (DRM) architecture developed by Hufenbach et al. (2015) as a prelude to the release of the 2018 Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) developed by the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG). The focus of this study is the exploration of the south polar region of the Moon, a region that has not been visited by any human missions, yet exhibits a multitude of scientifically important locations – the investigation of which will address long standing questions in lunar research. This DRM architecture involves five landing sites (Malapert massif, South Pole/Shackleton crater, Schrödinger basin, Antoniadi crater, and the South Pole-Aitken basin center), to be visited in sequential years by crew, beginning in 2028. Two Lunar Electric Rovers (LER) are proposed to be tele-robotically operated between sites to rendez-vous with crew at the time of the next landing. With engineering parameters in mind we explore the feasibility of tele-robotic operation of these LERs between lunar landing sites, and identify potential high interest sampling locations en-route. Additionally, in-depth sample collection and return traverses are identified for each individual landing site across key geologic terrains that also detail crew Extra-Vehicular Activity (EVA). Exploration at and between landing sites is designed to address a suite of National Research Council (2007) scientific concepts. © 2018 COSPAR
1188	a57205650285	Leavitt J.C.	p404	False	Conference	150	Neutron Radiation Beam Results for the Xilinx UltraScale+ MPSoC	The paper summarizes the single-event upset (SEU) results obtained from neutron testing on the UltraScale+ MPSoC ZU9EG device. This complex device contains a large amount of programmable logic and multiple processor cores. Tests were performed on the programmable logic and the processing system simultaneously. Estimates of the single-event upset neutron cross section were obtained for the programmable logic CRAM, BRAM, OCM memory, and cache memories. During the test, no processor crashes or silent data corruptions were observed. In addition, a processor failure cross section was estimated for several software benchmark operating on the various processor cores. Several FPGA CRAM scrubbers were tested including an external JTAG, the Xilinx 'SEM' IP, and the use of the PCAP operating in baremetal. In parallel with these tests, single-event induced high current events were monitored using an external power supply and monitoring scripts. © 2018 IEEE.
1189	a56698926600	Lee D.S.	p405	True	Conference	151	Single-Event Characterization of 16 nm FinFET Xilinx UltraScale+ Devices with Heavy Ion and Neutron Irradiation	This study examines the single-event response of Xilinx 16nm FinFET UltraScale+ FPGA and MPSoC device families. Heavy-ion single-event latch-up, single-event upsets in configuration SRAM, BlockRAM™ memories, and flip-flops, and neutron-induced single-event latch-up results are provided. © 2018 IEEE.
1190	a55627591500	King M.	p405	False	Conference	151	Single-Event Characterization of 16 nm FinFET Xilinx UltraScale+ Devices with Heavy Ion and Neutron Irradiation	This study examines the single-event response of Xilinx 16nm FinFET UltraScale+ FPGA and MPSoC device families. Heavy-ion single-event latch-up, single-event upsets in configuration SRAM, BlockRAM™ memories, and flip-flops, and neutron-induced single-event latch-up results are provided. © 2018 IEEE.
1191	a57205652485	Evans W.	p405	False	Conference	151	Single-Event Characterization of 16 nm FinFET Xilinx UltraScale+ Devices with Heavy Ion and Neutron Irradiation	This study examines the single-event response of Xilinx 16nm FinFET UltraScale+ FPGA and MPSoC device families. Heavy-ion single-event latch-up, single-event upsets in configuration SRAM, BlockRAM™ memories, and flip-flops, and neutron-induced single-event latch-up results are provided. © 2018 IEEE.
1192	a57193683516	Rice W.	p405	False	Conference	151	Single-Event Characterization of 16 nm FinFET Xilinx UltraScale+ Devices with Heavy Ion and Neutron Irradiation	This study examines the single-event response of Xilinx 16nm FinFET UltraScale+ FPGA and MPSoC device families. Heavy-ion single-event latch-up, single-event upsets in configuration SRAM, BlockRAM™ memories, and flip-flops, and neutron-induced single-event latch-up results are provided. © 2018 IEEE.
1193	a57202192401	Kim K.M.	p408	True	Journal	218	Evaluating Safety Impacts of Access Management Alternatives with the Surrogate Safety Assessment Model	In a traditional safety impact analysis, it is necessary to have crash data on existing roadway conditions and a few years must pass before accumulating additional crash data to evaluate the safety impact of an improvement. This is a time-consuming approach and there remains uncertainty in the crash data integrity. The surrogate safety assessment model (SSAM) was developed for resolving these issues. With SSAM, a conflict analysis is performed in a simulated environment. A planned improvement alternative is modeled and no physical installation of the alternative is needed. This study evaluated if SSAM can be used to assess the safety of a highway segment in terms of the number and type of conflicts and to compare the safety effects of multiple access management alternatives. An evaluation of the effect of converting a two-way left-turn lane (TWLTL) into a raised median on a section of an urban street was performed using SSAM working on VISSIM simulation’s trajectory files. The analysis showed that a raised median would be much safer than a TWLTL median for the same level of traffic volume, with approximately 32 to 50 percent reduction in the number of crossing conflicts. The analysis showed that about 34,000 to 38,000 veh/day would be the demand level where the median conversion is recommended for the four-lane study section. The study concluded that the combination of a simulation software program with SSAM could be a viable surrogate analysis approach for evaluating and comparing the safety effects of multiple access management alternatives. © National Academy of Sciences: Transportation Research Board 2018.
1194	a57203191415	Russell B.D.	p409	False	Journal	219	Regional Stiffness Reduction Using Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints for Flexible Printed Circuit Board Design	Flexible printed circuit boards (PCBs) make it possible for engineers to design devices that use space efficiently and can undergo changes in shape and configuration. However, they also suffer from tradeoffs due to nonideal material properties. Here, a method is presented that allows engineers to introduce regions of flexibility in otherwise rigid PCB substrates. This method employs geometric features to reduce local stiffness in the PCB, rather than reducing the global stiffness by material selection. Analytical and finite element models are presented to calculate the maximum stresses caused by deflection. An example device is produced and tested to verify the models. Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
1195	a57203142381	Emerson P.	p410	False	Journal	220	Influence of microstructure geometry on pool boiling at superhydrophobic surfaces	Periodically patterned superhydrophobic surfaces with rectangular rib and circular post arrays were utilized as heat transfer surfaces in a boiling apparatus with the water pool undergoing saturated pool boiling. The surface microstructures were geometrically defined by cavity fraction (the ratio of projected cavity area to surface area), pitch (the center to center distance between microfeatures), and feature height. Surface heat flux and surface superheat, the difference between the heated surface and the pool saturation temperature, were measured for each surface. Ten different micropatterned surfaces with post or rib geometries were considered with cavity fraction varying from 0.5 to 0.98, pitch varying from 8 to 40 μm, and microfeature height at 4 μm or 15 μm. The surface heat flux was measured across a range of surface superheats spanning 2–38 K. It is demonstrated for the first time that the transition from nucleate boiling to film boiling on rib patterned surfaces depends strongly on the cavity fraction. Increasing the microstructure height from 4 μm to 15 μm modestly increases the transition temperature. Nucleate boiling is more suppressed on post patterned surfaces than on rib patterned surfaces. Further, the rib structured surfaces exhibit a sudden transition from nucleate to film boiling while the post structured surfaces exhibit a gradual transition, with the vapor film growing slowly across the surface. Once stable film boiling is reached, the surface microstructure negligibly influences the heat flux for all surfaces. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1196	a57204916397	Duffy C.	p411	True	Journal	221	Feasibility of induced pluripotent stem cell therapies for treatment of type 1 diabetes	Despite their potential for treating type 1 diabetes (T1D), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not yet been used successfully in the clinic. In this article, advances in iPSC therapies are reviewed and compared with current methods of treating T1D. Encapsulation of iPSCs is being pursued to address such safety concerns as the possibility of immune rejection or teratoma formation, and provide for retrievability. Issues of material selection, cell differentiation, size of islet aggregates, sites of implantation, animal models, and vascularization are also being addressed. Clinical trials are being conducted to test a variety of new devices with the hope of providing additional therapies for T1D. This review of iPSCs to treat T1D provides a current assessment of the challenges and potential for this proposed new therapy. © Copyright 2018, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2018.
1197	a57204916190	Prugue C.	p411	False	Journal	221	Feasibility of induced pluripotent stem cell therapies for treatment of type 1 diabetes	Despite their potential for treating type 1 diabetes (T1D), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not yet been used successfully in the clinic. In this article, advances in iPSC therapies are reviewed and compared with current methods of treating T1D. Encapsulation of iPSCs is being pursued to address such safety concerns as the possibility of immune rejection or teratoma formation, and provide for retrievability. Issues of material selection, cell differentiation, size of islet aggregates, sites of implantation, animal models, and vascularization are also being addressed. Clinical trials are being conducted to test a variety of new devices with the hope of providing additional therapies for T1D. This review of iPSCs to treat T1D provides a current assessment of the challenges and potential for this proposed new therapy. © Copyright 2018, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2018.
1198	a57204910117	Glew R.	p411	False	Journal	221	Feasibility of induced pluripotent stem cell therapies for treatment of type 1 diabetes	Despite their potential for treating type 1 diabetes (T1D), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not yet been used successfully in the clinic. In this article, advances in iPSC therapies are reviewed and compared with current methods of treating T1D. Encapsulation of iPSCs is being pursued to address such safety concerns as the possibility of immune rejection or teratoma formation, and provide for retrievability. Issues of material selection, cell differentiation, size of islet aggregates, sites of implantation, animal models, and vascularization are also being addressed. Clinical trials are being conducted to test a variety of new devices with the hope of providing additional therapies for T1D. This review of iPSCs to treat T1D provides a current assessment of the challenges and potential for this proposed new therapy. © Copyright 2018, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2018.
1199	a57198809206	Smith T.	p411	False	Journal	221	Feasibility of induced pluripotent stem cell therapies for treatment of type 1 diabetes	Despite their potential for treating type 1 diabetes (T1D), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not yet been used successfully in the clinic. In this article, advances in iPSC therapies are reviewed and compared with current methods of treating T1D. Encapsulation of iPSCs is being pursued to address such safety concerns as the possibility of immune rejection or teratoma formation, and provide for retrievability. Issues of material selection, cell differentiation, size of islet aggregates, sites of implantation, animal models, and vascularization are also being addressed. Clinical trials are being conducted to test a variety of new devices with the hope of providing additional therapies for T1D. This review of iPSCs to treat T1D provides a current assessment of the challenges and potential for this proposed new therapy. © Copyright 2018, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2018.
1200	a57204925116	Howell C.	p411	False	Journal	221	Feasibility of induced pluripotent stem cell therapies for treatment of type 1 diabetes	Despite their potential for treating type 1 diabetes (T1D), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not yet been used successfully in the clinic. In this article, advances in iPSC therapies are reviewed and compared with current methods of treating T1D. Encapsulation of iPSCs is being pursued to address such safety concerns as the possibility of immune rejection or teratoma formation, and provide for retrievability. Issues of material selection, cell differentiation, size of islet aggregates, sites of implantation, animal models, and vascularization are also being addressed. Clinical trials are being conducted to test a variety of new devices with the hope of providing additional therapies for T1D. This review of iPSCs to treat T1D provides a current assessment of the challenges and potential for this proposed new therapy. © Copyright 2018, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2018.
1201	a57204911023	Choi G.	p411	False	Journal	221	Feasibility of induced pluripotent stem cell therapies for treatment of type 1 diabetes	Despite their potential for treating type 1 diabetes (T1D), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have not yet been used successfully in the clinic. In this article, advances in iPSC therapies are reviewed and compared with current methods of treating T1D. Encapsulation of iPSCs is being pursued to address such safety concerns as the possibility of immune rejection or teratoma formation, and provide for retrievability. Issues of material selection, cell differentiation, size of islet aggregates, sites of implantation, animal models, and vascularization are also being addressed. Clinical trials are being conducted to test a variety of new devices with the hope of providing additional therapies for T1D. This review of iPSCs to treat T1D provides a current assessment of the challenges and potential for this proposed new therapy. © Copyright 2018, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers 2018.
1202	a55303499100	Bowen L.	p412	False	Journal	222	A model for multi-input mechanical advantage in origami-based mechanisms	Mechanical advantage is traditionally defined for single-input and single-output rigidbody mechanisms. A generalized approach for identifying single-output mechanical advantage for a multiple-input compliant mechanism, such as many origami-based mechanisms, would prove useful in predicting complex mechanism behavior. While origamibased mechanisms are capable of offering unique solutions to engineering problems, the design process of such mechanisms is complicated by the interaction of motion and forces. This paper presents a model of the mechanical advantage for multi-input compliant mechanisms and explores how modifying the parameters of a model affects their behavior. The model is used to predict the force-deflection behavior of an origami-based mechanism (Oriceps) and is verified with experimental data from magnetic actuation of the mechanism. © 2018 by ASME.
1203	a56577817900	Wilcox E.	p412	False	Journal	222	A model for multi-input mechanical advantage in origami-based mechanisms	Mechanical advantage is traditionally defined for single-input and single-output rigidbody mechanisms. A generalized approach for identifying single-output mechanical advantage for a multiple-input compliant mechanism, such as many origami-based mechanisms, would prove useful in predicting complex mechanism behavior. While origamibased mechanisms are capable of offering unique solutions to engineering problems, the design process of such mechanisms is complicated by the interaction of motion and forces. This paper presents a model of the mechanical advantage for multi-input compliant mechanisms and explores how modifying the parameters of a model affects their behavior. The model is used to predict the force-deflection behavior of an origami-based mechanism (Oriceps) and is verified with experimental data from magnetic actuation of the mechanism. © 2018 by ASME.
1204	a57189623841	Shrager A.	p412	False	Journal	222	A model for multi-input mechanical advantage in origami-based mechanisms	Mechanical advantage is traditionally defined for single-input and single-output rigidbody mechanisms. A generalized approach for identifying single-output mechanical advantage for a multiple-input compliant mechanism, such as many origami-based mechanisms, would prove useful in predicting complex mechanism behavior. While origamibased mechanisms are capable of offering unique solutions to engineering problems, the design process of such mechanisms is complicated by the interaction of motion and forces. This paper presents a model of the mechanical advantage for multi-input compliant mechanisms and explores how modifying the parameters of a model affects their behavior. The model is used to predict the force-deflection behavior of an origami-based mechanism (Oriceps) and is verified with experimental data from magnetic actuation of the mechanism. © 2018 by ASME.
1205	a7003678761	Frecker M.I.	p412	False	Journal	222	A model for multi-input mechanical advantage in origami-based mechanisms	Mechanical advantage is traditionally defined for single-input and single-output rigidbody mechanisms. A generalized approach for identifying single-output mechanical advantage for a multiple-input compliant mechanism, such as many origami-based mechanisms, would prove useful in predicting complex mechanism behavior. While origamibased mechanisms are capable of offering unique solutions to engineering problems, the design process of such mechanisms is complicated by the interaction of motion and forces. This paper presents a model of the mechanical advantage for multi-input compliant mechanisms and explores how modifying the parameters of a model affects their behavior. The model is used to predict the force-deflection behavior of an origami-based mechanism (Oriceps) and is verified with experimental data from magnetic actuation of the mechanism. © 2018 by ASME.
1206	a6602997992	von Lockette P.	p412	False	Journal	222	A model for multi-input mechanical advantage in origami-based mechanisms	Mechanical advantage is traditionally defined for single-input and single-output rigidbody mechanisms. A generalized approach for identifying single-output mechanical advantage for a multiple-input compliant mechanism, such as many origami-based mechanisms, would prove useful in predicting complex mechanism behavior. While origamibased mechanisms are capable of offering unique solutions to engineering problems, the design process of such mechanisms is complicated by the interaction of motion and forces. This paper presents a model of the mechanical advantage for multi-input compliant mechanisms and explores how modifying the parameters of a model affects their behavior. The model is used to predict the force-deflection behavior of an origami-based mechanism (Oriceps) and is verified with experimental data from magnetic actuation of the mechanism. © 2018 by ASME.
1207	a7202539045	Simpson T.W.	p412	False	Journal	222	A model for multi-input mechanical advantage in origami-based mechanisms	Mechanical advantage is traditionally defined for single-input and single-output rigidbody mechanisms. A generalized approach for identifying single-output mechanical advantage for a multiple-input compliant mechanism, such as many origami-based mechanisms, would prove useful in predicting complex mechanism behavior. While origamibased mechanisms are capable of offering unique solutions to engineering problems, the design process of such mechanisms is complicated by the interaction of motion and forces. This paper presents a model of the mechanical advantage for multi-input compliant mechanisms and explores how modifying the parameters of a model affects their behavior. The model is used to predict the force-deflection behavior of an origami-based mechanism (Oriceps) and is verified with experimental data from magnetic actuation of the mechanism. © 2018 by ASME.
1208	a55710750200	Temple K.	p414	False	Journal	224	Spectrum allocations: The aeronautical telemetry story in the USA	Aeronautical telemetry encompasses all the technologies necessary to successfully monitor airborne test articles, such as fixed and rotary wing aircraft, missiles, and drones. Aeronautical telemetry is primarily focused on the final stages of development when the test article performs the maneuvers required to operate in its deployed environment. Necessarily, the test article is 'in the air' while the flight test engineers who monitor its performance are 'on the ground.' The key enabling resource for aeronautical telemetry is spectrum: bandwidth is needed to transmit the measurements from the test article to the ground so flight test engineers can monitor the test, the safety of which is paramount. © 1986-2012 IEEE.
1208	a55710750200	Temple K.	p712	False	Journal	350	Space-Time Coding for Aeronautical Telemetry: Part II - Decoder and System Performance	This paper describes the use of Alamouti-encoded-shaped offset QPSK version TG (SOQPSK-TG) to solve the two-antenna problem in aeronautical telemetry. The Alamouti space-time block code is used to encode the phase states in the complex exponential representation of SOQPSK-TG. Because SOQPSK-TG possesses memory, the Alamouti decoder is a sequence estimator. Maximum likelihood and least squares sequence decoders are derived. To reduce the number of states, the eight-waveform cross-correlated trellis-coded quadrature modulation (XTCQM) approximate representation of SOQPSK-TG is used. A prototype decoder based on the least squares decoder and the estimators described in Part I and operating at a data rate of 10 Mb/s was tested in the laboratory in test flights at the Air Force Test Center, Edwards AFB. The test flights demonstrate that Alamouti-encoded SOQPSK-TG, as described in this paper, using the least squares decoder based on the estimators described in Part I solves the two antenna problem in aeronautical telemetry. © 2017 IEEE.
1208	a55710750200	Temple K.	p886	False	Conference	398	A summary of data-aided equalizer experiments at edwards AFB	This paper summarizes the analysis of bit error rate data captured during flight tests designed to compare data-aided equalizers with SOQPSK-TG to unequalized and currently available blind, adaptive equalizers with SOQPSK-TG. The number of bit errors, on a second-by-second basis, are analyzed. The results are different for each test point. Given the uncertain behavior of the preamble detector for the data-aided equalizer and the differing channel conditions between the data-aided equalizer channel and the conventional serial streaming telemetry channel, we are unable to draw any firm comparative conclusions.
1209	a6508087756	Chalfant T.	p414	False	Journal	224	Spectrum allocations: The aeronautical telemetry story in the USA	Aeronautical telemetry encompasses all the technologies necessary to successfully monitor airborne test articles, such as fixed and rotary wing aircraft, missiles, and drones. Aeronautical telemetry is primarily focused on the final stages of development when the test article performs the maneuvers required to operate in its deployed environment. Necessarily, the test article is 'in the air' while the flight test engineers who monitor its performance are 'on the ground.' The key enabling resource for aeronautical telemetry is spectrum: bandwidth is needed to transmit the measurements from the test article to the ground so flight test engineers can monitor the test, the safety of which is paramount. © 1986-2012 IEEE.
1210	a57207110219	Ernst D.	p414	False	Journal	224	Spectrum allocations: The aeronautical telemetry story in the USA	Aeronautical telemetry encompasses all the technologies necessary to successfully monitor airborne test articles, such as fixed and rotary wing aircraft, missiles, and drones. Aeronautical telemetry is primarily focused on the final stages of development when the test article performs the maneuvers required to operate in its deployed environment. Necessarily, the test article is 'in the air' while the flight test engineers who monitor its performance are 'on the ground.' The key enabling resource for aeronautical telemetry is spectrum: bandwidth is needed to transmit the measurements from the test article to the ground so flight test engineers can monitor the test, the safety of which is paramount. © 1986-2012 IEEE.
1211	a57214580514	Kahn C.	p414	False	Journal	224	Spectrum allocations: The aeronautical telemetry story in the USA	Aeronautical telemetry encompasses all the technologies necessary to successfully monitor airborne test articles, such as fixed and rotary wing aircraft, missiles, and drones. Aeronautical telemetry is primarily focused on the final stages of development when the test article performs the maneuvers required to operate in its deployed environment. Necessarily, the test article is 'in the air' while the flight test engineers who monitor its performance are 'on the ground.' The key enabling resource for aeronautical telemetry is spectrum: bandwidth is needed to transmit the measurements from the test article to the ground so flight test engineers can monitor the test, the safety of which is paramount. © 1986-2012 IEEE.
1212	a57204110218	McGhin R.F. III	p415	True	Journal	225	Submerged hydraulic jump remediation at low-head dams: Partial width deflector design	Low-head dams are capable of creating dangerous countercurrents just downstream from the structure. These dangerous countercurrents are known as submerged hydraulic jumps and are responsible for hundreds of fatalities at numerous low-head dams across the United States. The countercurrent creates high upstream-directed surface velocities across the width of the channel, making it nearly impossible for a trapped individual to escape. This submerged jump can occur for a range of upstream and downstream conditions. A multiple partial width deflector design for the downstream side of the dam was tested in the laboratory to determine effectiveness in completely or partially eliminating the submerged hydraulic jump. The results demonstrate that a dramatic reduction in upstream-directed surface velocities over a wide range of headwater and tailwater conditions is possible. The dam modification is relatively inexpensive, simple to install, and designed such that an individual will likely escape the submerged jump without severe injury or harm. The design is ready for prototype testing. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1213	a56549581200	Kern E.	p415	False	Journal	225	Submerged hydraulic jump remediation at low-head dams: Partial width deflector design	Low-head dams are capable of creating dangerous countercurrents just downstream from the structure. These dangerous countercurrents are known as submerged hydraulic jumps and are responsible for hundreds of fatalities at numerous low-head dams across the United States. The countercurrent creates high upstream-directed surface velocities across the width of the channel, making it nearly impossible for a trapped individual to escape. This submerged jump can occur for a range of upstream and downstream conditions. A multiple partial width deflector design for the downstream side of the dam was tested in the laboratory to determine effectiveness in completely or partially eliminating the submerged hydraulic jump. The results demonstrate that a dramatic reduction in upstream-directed surface velocities over a wide range of headwater and tailwater conditions is possible. The dam modification is relatively inexpensive, simple to install, and designed such that an individual will likely escape the submerged jump without severe injury or harm. The design is ready for prototype testing. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1214	a55259726700	Jensen J.L.	p416	True	Journal	226	Investigating Strategies for Pre-Class Content Learning in a Flipped Classroom	In a flipped classroom model, learning of basic content is shifted before class while in-class time is used for concept application. Empirical and controlled research studies are lacking on the best strategies to provide the necessary pre-class content instruction. In this study, we tested three methods of pre-class content learning—interactive online tutorials, video lectures, and textbook-style readings—while holding the content and the in-class application activities constant. Identical introductory, non-majors biology classes were manipulated at both a public, open-enrollment institution and a private, highly selective institution. We found that video lectures offer a small advantage to overall student learning over interactive tutorials or textbook-style readings. Although our two populations differed in their ability to effectively learn from pre-class activities, through a student-centered flipped classroom approach, students at both institutions demonstrated equal learning gains by the final assessment. Potential reasons for some observed differences are suggested. © 2018, The Author(s).
1215	a55256673100	Holt E.A.	p416	False	Journal	226	Investigating Strategies for Pre-Class Content Learning in a Flipped Classroom	In a flipped classroom model, learning of basic content is shifted before class while in-class time is used for concept application. Empirical and controlled research studies are lacking on the best strategies to provide the necessary pre-class content instruction. In this study, we tested three methods of pre-class content learning—interactive online tutorials, video lectures, and textbook-style readings—while holding the content and the in-class application activities constant. Identical introductory, non-majors biology classes were manipulated at both a public, open-enrollment institution and a private, highly selective institution. We found that video lectures offer a small advantage to overall student learning over interactive tutorials or textbook-style readings. Although our two populations differed in their ability to effectively learn from pre-class activities, through a student-centered flipped classroom approach, students at both institutions demonstrated equal learning gains by the final assessment. Potential reasons for some observed differences are suggested. © 2018, The Author(s).
1216	a57202609763	Sowards J.B.	p416	False	Journal	226	Investigating Strategies for Pre-Class Content Learning in a Flipped Classroom	In a flipped classroom model, learning of basic content is shifted before class while in-class time is used for concept application. Empirical and controlled research studies are lacking on the best strategies to provide the necessary pre-class content instruction. In this study, we tested three methods of pre-class content learning—interactive online tutorials, video lectures, and textbook-style readings—while holding the content and the in-class application activities constant. Identical introductory, non-majors biology classes were manipulated at both a public, open-enrollment institution and a private, highly selective institution. We found that video lectures offer a small advantage to overall student learning over interactive tutorials or textbook-style readings. Although our two populations differed in their ability to effectively learn from pre-class activities, through a student-centered flipped classroom approach, students at both institutions demonstrated equal learning gains by the final assessment. Potential reasons for some observed differences are suggested. © 2018, The Author(s).
1217	a6508265156	Heath Ogden T.	p416	False	Journal	226	Investigating Strategies for Pre-Class Content Learning in a Flipped Classroom	In a flipped classroom model, learning of basic content is shifted before class while in-class time is used for concept application. Empirical and controlled research studies are lacking on the best strategies to provide the necessary pre-class content instruction. In this study, we tested three methods of pre-class content learning—interactive online tutorials, video lectures, and textbook-style readings—while holding the content and the in-class application activities constant. Identical introductory, non-majors biology classes were manipulated at both a public, open-enrollment institution and a private, highly selective institution. We found that video lectures offer a small advantage to overall student learning over interactive tutorials or textbook-style readings. Although our two populations differed in their ability to effectively learn from pre-class activities, through a student-centered flipped classroom approach, students at both institutions demonstrated equal learning gains by the final assessment. Potential reasons for some observed differences are suggested. © 2018, The Author(s).
1218	a56433927200	West R.E.	p416	False	Journal	226	Investigating Strategies for Pre-Class Content Learning in a Flipped Classroom	In a flipped classroom model, learning of basic content is shifted before class while in-class time is used for concept application. Empirical and controlled research studies are lacking on the best strategies to provide the necessary pre-class content instruction. In this study, we tested three methods of pre-class content learning—interactive online tutorials, video lectures, and textbook-style readings—while holding the content and the in-class application activities constant. Identical introductory, non-majors biology classes were manipulated at both a public, open-enrollment institution and a private, highly selective institution. We found that video lectures offer a small advantage to overall student learning over interactive tutorials or textbook-style readings. Although our two populations differed in their ability to effectively learn from pre-class activities, through a student-centered flipped classroom approach, students at both institutions demonstrated equal learning gains by the final assessment. Potential reasons for some observed differences are suggested. © 2018, The Author(s).
1218	a56433927200	West R.E.	p695	False	Journal	338	The need, development, and validation of the innovation test instrument	This study discusses the need, development, and validation of the Innovation Test Instrument (ITI). This article outlines how the researchers identified the content domain of the assessment and created test items. Then, it describes initial validation testing of the instrument. The findings suggest that the ITI is a good first step in creating an innovation assessment because it is more inclusive of both divergent and convergent thinking. In comparison, past innovation assessments have only assessed either divergence or convergence. The ITI still needs further validation and improvement to make strong claims about its ability to determine the effectiveness of an innovation course. © 2017, Virginia Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
1219	a7404022739	Cox J.J.	p417	True	Journal	227	Simulated Microstructural and Compositional Evolution of U-Pu-Zr Alloys Using the Potts-Phase Field Modeling Technique	U-Pu-Zr alloys are considered ideal metallic fuels for experimental breeder reactors because of their superior material properties and potential for increased burnup performance. However, significant constituent redistribution has been observed in these alloys when irradiated, or subject to a thermal gradient, resulting in inhomogeneity of both composition and phase, which, in turn, alters the fuel performance. The hybrid Potts-phase field method is reformulated for ternary alloys in a thermal gradient and utilized to simulate and predict constituent redistribution and phase transformations in the U-Pu-Zr nuclear fuel system. Simulated evolution profiles for the U-16Pu-23Zr (at. pct) alloy show concentric zones that are compared with published experimental results; discrepancies in zone size are attributed to thermal profile differences and assumptions related to the diffusivity values used. Twenty-one alloys, over the entire ternary compositional spectrum, are also simulated to investigate the effects of alloy composition on constituent redistribution and phase transformations. The U-40Pu-20Zr (at. pct) alloy shows the most potential for compositional uniformity and phase homogeneity, throughout a thermal gradient, while remaining in the compositional range of feasible alloys. © 2018, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.
1220	a7003352704	Tikare V.	p417	False	Journal	227	Simulated Microstructural and Compositional Evolution of U-Pu-Zr Alloys Using the Potts-Phase Field Modeling Technique	U-Pu-Zr alloys are considered ideal metallic fuels for experimental breeder reactors because of their superior material properties and potential for increased burnup performance. However, significant constituent redistribution has been observed in these alloys when irradiated, or subject to a thermal gradient, resulting in inhomogeneity of both composition and phase, which, in turn, alters the fuel performance. The hybrid Potts-phase field method is reformulated for ternary alloys in a thermal gradient and utilized to simulate and predict constituent redistribution and phase transformations in the U-Pu-Zr nuclear fuel system. Simulated evolution profiles for the U-16Pu-23Zr (at. pct) alloy show concentric zones that are compared with published experimental results; discrepancies in zone size are attributed to thermal profile differences and assumptions related to the diffusivity values used. Twenty-one alloys, over the entire ternary compositional spectrum, are also simulated to investigate the effects of alloy composition on constituent redistribution and phase transformations. The U-40Pu-20Zr (at. pct) alloy shows the most potential for compositional uniformity and phase homogeneity, throughout a thermal gradient, while remaining in the compositional range of feasible alloys. © 2018, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.
1221	a7102280128	Kurata M.	p417	False	Journal	227	Simulated Microstructural and Compositional Evolution of U-Pu-Zr Alloys Using the Potts-Phase Field Modeling Technique	U-Pu-Zr alloys are considered ideal metallic fuels for experimental breeder reactors because of their superior material properties and potential for increased burnup performance. However, significant constituent redistribution has been observed in these alloys when irradiated, or subject to a thermal gradient, resulting in inhomogeneity of both composition and phase, which, in turn, alters the fuel performance. The hybrid Potts-phase field method is reformulated for ternary alloys in a thermal gradient and utilized to simulate and predict constituent redistribution and phase transformations in the U-Pu-Zr nuclear fuel system. Simulated evolution profiles for the U-16Pu-23Zr (at. pct) alloy show concentric zones that are compared with published experimental results; discrepancies in zone size are attributed to thermal profile differences and assumptions related to the diffusivity values used. Twenty-one alloys, over the entire ternary compositional spectrum, are also simulated to investigate the effects of alloy composition on constituent redistribution and phase transformations. The U-40Pu-20Zr (at. pct) alloy shows the most potential for compositional uniformity and phase homogeneity, throughout a thermal gradient, while remaining in the compositional range of feasible alloys. © 2018, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.
1222	a34976725300	Haut T.	p418	False	Journal	228	The effect of two distinct fast time scales in the rotating, stratified Boussinesq equations: variations from quasi-geostrophy	Inspired by the use of fast singular limits in time-parallel numerical methods for a single fast frequency, we consider the limiting, nonlinear dynamics for a system of partial differential equations when two fast, distinct time scales are present. First-order slow equations are derived via the method of multiple time scales when the two small parameters are related by a rational power. We find that the resultant system depends only on the relationship of the two fast time scales, i.e. which fast time is fastest? Using the theory of cancellation of fast oscillations, we show that with the appropriate assumptions on the nonlinear operator of the full system, this reduced slow system is exactly that which the solution will converge to if each asymptotic limit is considered sequentially. The same result is also obtained via the method of renormalization. The specific example of the rotating, stratified Boussinesq equations is explored in detail, indicating that the most common distinguished limit of this system—quasi-geostrophy, is not the only limiting asymptotic system. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
1223	a6602423274	Wingate B.A.	p418	False	Journal	228	The effect of two distinct fast time scales in the rotating, stratified Boussinesq equations: variations from quasi-geostrophy	Inspired by the use of fast singular limits in time-parallel numerical methods for a single fast frequency, we consider the limiting, nonlinear dynamics for a system of partial differential equations when two fast, distinct time scales are present. First-order slow equations are derived via the method of multiple time scales when the two small parameters are related by a rational power. We find that the resultant system depends only on the relationship of the two fast time scales, i.e. which fast time is fastest? Using the theory of cancellation of fast oscillations, we show that with the appropriate assumptions on the nonlinear operator of the full system, this reduced slow system is exactly that which the solution will converge to if each asymptotic limit is considered sequentially. The same result is also obtained via the method of renormalization. The specific example of the rotating, stratified Boussinesq equations is explored in detail, indicating that the most common distinguished limit of this system—quasi-geostrophy, is not the only limiting asymptotic system. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
1224	a57198044407	Huang X.	p419	True	Journal	229	A cost-effective approach to realization of the efficient methane chemical-looping combustion by using coal fly ash as a support for oxygen carrier	Developing highly reactive, durable and low-cost oxygen carrier (OC) is the key to the advancement of the chemical looping combustion (CLC) technology that is regarded as the most energy-efficient way for the capture of CO2 emitted from fossil fuel combustion. In this study, the byproduct from coal power plant, coal fly ash (FA) was utilized as the support for Cu-based OC in methane CLC. Its performance was investigated with a thermogravimetric analyzer and a lab-scale fixed bed reactor. The results showed the FA is better as a support of OC than the most commonly used Al2O3 in anti-carbon deposition and thus beneficial to the importance of the stability of FA supported OCs. Among all the tested OCs, the Cu-based OC synthesized with FA support and impregnation method demonstrated the best performance, with CH4 conversion of 94–100% and CO2 selectivity of 91–94% in ten cycles at 800–850 °C, and minor deactivation. The characterization of the fresh and spent OCs revealed that the FA support itself could provide 1.0–2.9 wt% active oxygen for fuel combustion, which is enabled by the iron oxide in FA. In addition, the distribution of Cu on the FA support became more uniform on spent OC than on the fresh one. Also, the partially irreversible CuO decomposition into Cu2O during cyclic tests was the main reason for the deactivation of OC. Thus, Use of FA as an OC support is conducive to both development of cost-effective CLC and an environmental-friendly utilization of waste FA. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1225	a55736791400	Wang X.	p419	False	Journal	229	A cost-effective approach to realization of the efficient methane chemical-looping combustion by using coal fly ash as a support for oxygen carrier	Developing highly reactive, durable and low-cost oxygen carrier (OC) is the key to the advancement of the chemical looping combustion (CLC) technology that is regarded as the most energy-efficient way for the capture of CO2 emitted from fossil fuel combustion. In this study, the byproduct from coal power plant, coal fly ash (FA) was utilized as the support for Cu-based OC in methane CLC. Its performance was investigated with a thermogravimetric analyzer and a lab-scale fixed bed reactor. The results showed the FA is better as a support of OC than the most commonly used Al2O3 in anti-carbon deposition and thus beneficial to the importance of the stability of FA supported OCs. Among all the tested OCs, the Cu-based OC synthesized with FA support and impregnation method demonstrated the best performance, with CH4 conversion of 94–100% and CO2 selectivity of 91–94% in ten cycles at 800–850 °C, and minor deactivation. The characterization of the fresh and spent OCs revealed that the FA support itself could provide 1.0–2.9 wt% active oxygen for fuel combustion, which is enabled by the iron oxide in FA. In addition, the distribution of Cu on the FA support became more uniform on spent OC than on the fresh one. Also, the partially irreversible CuO decomposition into Cu2O during cyclic tests was the main reason for the deactivation of OC. Thus, Use of FA as an OC support is conducive to both development of cost-effective CLC and an environmental-friendly utilization of waste FA. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1226	a7601492574	Wang Y.	p419	False	Journal	229	A cost-effective approach to realization of the efficient methane chemical-looping combustion by using coal fly ash as a support for oxygen carrier	Developing highly reactive, durable and low-cost oxygen carrier (OC) is the key to the advancement of the chemical looping combustion (CLC) technology that is regarded as the most energy-efficient way for the capture of CO2 emitted from fossil fuel combustion. In this study, the byproduct from coal power plant, coal fly ash (FA) was utilized as the support for Cu-based OC in methane CLC. Its performance was investigated with a thermogravimetric analyzer and a lab-scale fixed bed reactor. The results showed the FA is better as a support of OC than the most commonly used Al2O3 in anti-carbon deposition and thus beneficial to the importance of the stability of FA supported OCs. Among all the tested OCs, the Cu-based OC synthesized with FA support and impregnation method demonstrated the best performance, with CH4 conversion of 94–100% and CO2 selectivity of 91–94% in ten cycles at 800–850 °C, and minor deactivation. The characterization of the fresh and spent OCs revealed that the FA support itself could provide 1.0–2.9 wt% active oxygen for fuel combustion, which is enabled by the iron oxide in FA. In addition, the distribution of Cu on the FA support became more uniform on spent OC than on the fresh one. Also, the partially irreversible CuO decomposition into Cu2O during cyclic tests was the main reason for the deactivation of OC. Thus, Use of FA as an OC support is conducive to both development of cost-effective CLC and an environmental-friendly utilization of waste FA. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1227	a57203572325	Zhu Y.	p419	False	Journal	229	A cost-effective approach to realization of the efficient methane chemical-looping combustion by using coal fly ash as a support for oxygen carrier	Developing highly reactive, durable and low-cost oxygen carrier (OC) is the key to the advancement of the chemical looping combustion (CLC) technology that is regarded as the most energy-efficient way for the capture of CO2 emitted from fossil fuel combustion. In this study, the byproduct from coal power plant, coal fly ash (FA) was utilized as the support for Cu-based OC in methane CLC. Its performance was investigated with a thermogravimetric analyzer and a lab-scale fixed bed reactor. The results showed the FA is better as a support of OC than the most commonly used Al2O3 in anti-carbon deposition and thus beneficial to the importance of the stability of FA supported OCs. Among all the tested OCs, the Cu-based OC synthesized with FA support and impregnation method demonstrated the best performance, with CH4 conversion of 94–100% and CO2 selectivity of 91–94% in ten cycles at 800–850 °C, and minor deactivation. The characterization of the fresh and spent OCs revealed that the FA support itself could provide 1.0–2.9 wt% active oxygen for fuel combustion, which is enabled by the iron oxide in FA. In addition, the distribution of Cu on the FA support became more uniform on spent OC than on the fresh one. Also, the partially irreversible CuO decomposition into Cu2O during cyclic tests was the main reason for the deactivation of OC. Thus, Use of FA as an OC support is conducive to both development of cost-effective CLC and an environmental-friendly utilization of waste FA. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1228	a57201742316	Feeman S.M.	p420	True	Journal	230	Exploration and evaluation of CAD modeling in virtual reality	Virtual reality (VR) technology has experienced a recent surge in popularity over the past few years and is finding more applications beyond entertainment. Three dimensional modeling is an application in which integration with VR technology is still in the development stage. The focus of this research is to evaluate the feasibility for computer-aided design in VR and to identify the best set of features for virtual reality modeling and practices in this new domain. A platform for testing CAD in VR is developed through the integration of CAD software with a game engine and compared against traditional CAD methods through testing. Modeling capabilities included previews, creating solid rectangular prisms and spheres, lock to grid, and cuts of similar shapes. User testing with four different models (i.e. chair, maze, truck, sculpture) and survey responses suggest respectively that design in virtual reality promoted greater creativity in modeling, allowed for a greater feature creation rate, and that a slight majority of test participants preferred modeling in VR compared to traditional CAD applications. © 2018, © 2018 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1229	a56463982900	Clavijo C.E.	p422	True	Journal	232	Thermally induced atomization during droplet impingement on superheated hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces	This paper presents on thermally induced atomization dynamics during liquid water droplet impingement on superheated hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces. Circular micropillars 4 μm in height with varying center-to-center distances (pitch) of 8 μm, 12 μm and 16 μm, are used to create the superhydrophobic surfaces. The range of surface temperatures explored is 110°C&lt;Ts&lt;337°C. An image processing algorithm was developed to quantify the temporal behavior of thermally induced atomization captured via high-speed photography. Results show thermally induced atomization is initially absent (&lt;1 ms following impact) on all surfaces. The amount of ejected droplets later during droplet spreading is determined as a function of surface structuring and temperature. Atomization ceases when the surface has cooled sufficiently (2.5–4 ms depending on the surface). The maximum amount of atomization for a given scenario is highly dependent on surface temperature and surface microstructure characteristics. At low surface temperatures, atomization increases with increasing surface temperature; however at high surface temperatures atomization decreases with increasing surface temperature. This rise and fall behavior is tantamount to the classical relationship between heat flux and surface temperature for pool boiling. Both droplet impingement and pool boiling depend on vapor bubble formation dynamics and the stability of the so-called Leidenfrost vapor film, which is impacted by surface wettability. Results also show that small surface pitch causes a high atomization intensity, indicating that not all superhydrophobic surfaces sustain Leidenfrost-like behavior at all excess temperatures. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1229	a56463982900	Clavijo C.E.	p825	True	Journal	394	Hydrodynamics of droplet impingement on hot surfaces of varying wettability	This work presents on the hydrodynamics of water droplet impingement on superheated solid surfaces across the entire wettability spectrum: superhydrophilic, hydrophilic, hydrophobic and superhydrophobic. While a large body of work exists on droplet impingement on hydrophilic and superhydrophilic surfaces, impingement on the latter two has been largely neglected and the present results show that dynamics are dramatically different. Experiments ranging in surface temperature from 125°C to 415°C and Weber numbers from 10 to 225 were performed and analyzed using high-speed imaging. Some of the most striking differences are as follows. While atomization is always present for impingement on the hydrophilic and superhydrophilic surfaces at temperatures below the Leidenfrost point, atomization is absent at low Weber numbers and at low excess surface temperatures on the hydrophobic surface. At high surface temperatures, the attraction of vapor bubbles on the hydrophobic surface allows a vapor blanket to form more readily thus leading to Leidenfrost behavior at a much lower temperature than classically observed on a hydrophilic surface. One of the most interesting phenomenon that will be discussed includes what will be described as a “pseudo-Leidenfrost” state for impingement on the superhydrophobic surface. Because water can be suspended at the peaks of the roughness on a superhydrophobic interface, vapor escapes from underneath the droplet thus mimicking Leidenfrost behavior for all excess temperatures. This results in minimal atomization for superhydrophobic impingement over the entire regime explored. Finally, maximum spread diameters for Leidenfrost impingement are tabulated as a function of the Weber number for all surfaces and are shown to be larger on the smooth surfaces than on the textured ones indicating that droplet spreading at the Leidenfrost point is not independent of surface type as previously supposed. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
1230	a55764401200	Stevens K.	p422	False	Journal	232	Thermally induced atomization during droplet impingement on superheated hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces	This paper presents on thermally induced atomization dynamics during liquid water droplet impingement on superheated hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces. Circular micropillars 4 μm in height with varying center-to-center distances (pitch) of 8 μm, 12 μm and 16 μm, are used to create the superhydrophobic surfaces. The range of surface temperatures explored is 110°C&lt;Ts&lt;337°C. An image processing algorithm was developed to quantify the temporal behavior of thermally induced atomization captured via high-speed photography. Results show thermally induced atomization is initially absent (&lt;1 ms following impact) on all surfaces. The amount of ejected droplets later during droplet spreading is determined as a function of surface structuring and temperature. Atomization ceases when the surface has cooled sufficiently (2.5–4 ms depending on the surface). The maximum amount of atomization for a given scenario is highly dependent on surface temperature and surface microstructure characteristics. At low surface temperatures, atomization increases with increasing surface temperature; however at high surface temperatures atomization decreases with increasing surface temperature. This rise and fall behavior is tantamount to the classical relationship between heat flux and surface temperature for pool boiling. Both droplet impingement and pool boiling depend on vapor bubble formation dynamics and the stability of the so-called Leidenfrost vapor film, which is impacted by surface wettability. Results also show that small surface pitch causes a high atomization intensity, indicating that not all superhydrophobic surfaces sustain Leidenfrost-like behavior at all excess temperatures. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1230	a55764401200	Stevens K.	p822	True	Journal	392	Two-phase flow pressure drop in superhydrophobic channels	Superhydrophobic surfaces have been shown to reduce drag in single-phase channel flow; however, little work has been done to characterize their drag-reducing ability found in two-phase flows. Adiabatic, air-water mixtures were used to explore the influence of hydrophobicity on two-phase flows and the hydrodynamics which might be present in flow condensation environments. Pressure drop measurements in a rectangular channel with one superhydrophobic wall (cross-section approximately 0.37 × 10 mm) and three transparent hydrophilic walls were obtained. Data for air/water mixtures with superficial Reynolds numbers ranging from 22–215 and 55–220, respectively, were obtained for superhydrophobic surfaces with three different cavity fractions. Agreement between experimentally obtained two-phase pressure drop data and correlations in the literature for conventional smooth control surfaces was better than 20 percent, which is within the accuracy of the correlations. The data reveal a reduction in the pressure drop for two-phase flow in a channel with a single superhydrophobic wall compared to a control scenario. The observed reduction is approximately 10 percent greater than the reduction that is observed for single-phase flow (relative to a classical channel). © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1231	a6602549459	Chahal J.S.	p423	True	Journal	233	Carlitz–Wan conjecture for permutation polynomials and Weill bound for curves over finite fields	The Carlitz–Wan conjecture, which is now a theorem, asserts that for any positive integer n, there is a constant Cn such that if q is any prime power &gt;Cn with GCD(n,q−1)&gt;1, then there is no permutation polynomial of degree n over the finite field with q elements. From the work of von zur Gathen, it is known that one can take Cn=n4. On the other hand, a conjecture of Mullen, which asserts essentially that one can take Cn=n(n−2) has been shown to be false. In this paper, we use a precise version of Weil bound for the number of points of affine algebraic curves over finite fields to obtain a refinement of the result of von zur Gathen where n4 is replaced by a sharper bound. As a corollary, we show that Mullen's conjecture holds in the affirmative if n(n−2) is replaced by n2(n−2)2. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.
1232	a6602123531	Ghorpade S.R.	p423	False	Journal	233	Carlitz–Wan conjecture for permutation polynomials and Weill bound for curves over finite fields	The Carlitz–Wan conjecture, which is now a theorem, asserts that for any positive integer n, there is a constant Cn such that if q is any prime power &gt;Cn with GCD(n,q−1)&gt;1, then there is no permutation polynomial of degree n over the finite field with q elements. From the work of von zur Gathen, it is known that one can take Cn=n4. On the other hand, a conjecture of Mullen, which asserts essentially that one can take Cn=n(n−2) has been shown to be false. In this paper, we use a precise version of Weil bound for the number of points of affine algebraic curves over finite fields to obtain a refinement of the result of von zur Gathen where n4 is replaced by a sharper bound. As a corollary, we show that Mullen's conjecture holds in the affirmative if n(n−2) is replaced by n2(n−2)2. © 2018 Elsevier Inc.
1233	a57193089338	Frank I.W.	p424	False	Journal	234	Error correction in structured optical receivers	Quantum green machines using integrated optics may enable better communication in photon-starved environments, but fabrication inconsistencies induce unpredictable internal phase errors, making them difficult to construct. We describe and experimentally demonstrate a new method to compensate for arbitrary phase errors by deriving a convex error space and implementing an algorithm to learn a unique codebook of codewords corresponding to each matrix. © 1995-2012 IEEE.
1234	a57201086222	Desrochers C.	p425	True	Journal	235	Column axial load effects on the performance of skewed SMF RBS connections	The selection of an appropriate seismic steel system (braced frame, moment frame, shear wall, etc.) is often influenced by architectural considerations. Moment frame configurations offer the most architectural flexibility, but are somewhat limited by a lack of guidance in the AISC seismic provisions regarding the use of non-orthogonal (skewed) beam-column connections. A recent study investigating laterally skewed moment frame connections indicates adequate seismic performance; however, it was observed that skewed connections increase the potential for column twist and column flange yielding. It is unclear how larger column axial loads present in medium-to-high-rise structures will affect the performance of skewed special moment frame connections. This study investigates the effects of column axial loads on skewed special moment frame connections containing reduced beam sections (RBSs). Detailed finite element analyses are used for all investigations, and several beam-column connection configurations are considered, representing: 3 beam-column geometries (shallow, medium and deep columns); 4 levels of skew at the beam-to-column connection; and 4 levels of applied column axial load. Results indicate that for axial loads less than 50% of the column axial capacity, there is little effect on connection rotation capacity. Beam-skew angle is the main contributor to resulting column twist. With the exception of the deep column geometries that experienced local flange buckling at 50% ΦPn axial load, increased column axial loads have little effect on resulting column flange yielding in skewed RBS moment connections. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1235	a26634282400	Prinz G.S.	p425	False	Journal	235	Column axial load effects on the performance of skewed SMF RBS connections	The selection of an appropriate seismic steel system (braced frame, moment frame, shear wall, etc.) is often influenced by architectural considerations. Moment frame configurations offer the most architectural flexibility, but are somewhat limited by a lack of guidance in the AISC seismic provisions regarding the use of non-orthogonal (skewed) beam-column connections. A recent study investigating laterally skewed moment frame connections indicates adequate seismic performance; however, it was observed that skewed connections increase the potential for column twist and column flange yielding. It is unclear how larger column axial loads present in medium-to-high-rise structures will affect the performance of skewed special moment frame connections. This study investigates the effects of column axial loads on skewed special moment frame connections containing reduced beam sections (RBSs). Detailed finite element analyses are used for all investigations, and several beam-column connection configurations are considered, representing: 3 beam-column geometries (shallow, medium and deep columns); 4 levels of skew at the beam-to-column connection; and 4 levels of applied column axial load. Results indicate that for axial loads less than 50% of the column axial capacity, there is little effect on connection rotation capacity. Beam-skew angle is the main contributor to resulting column twist. With the exception of the deep column geometries that experienced local flange buckling at 50% ΦPn axial load, increased column axial loads have little effect on resulting column flange yielding in skewed RBS moment connections. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1236	a57204595191	Shah D.	p426	True	Journal	236	Tutorial on interpreting x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy survey spectra: Questions and answers on spectra from the atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 on silicon	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has become the most widely used method for chemically analyzing surfaces. In XPS, photoelectrons are generated by irradiating a surface with x rays. As the importance and popularity of XPS have grown, it has drawn users without significant XPS experience, and incorrect and incomplete interpretations of XPS spectra regularly appear in the literature. This tutorial is designed as a tool to guide less experienced users in analyzing XPS survey spectra. Here, the authors examine a series of XPS survey spectra collected during the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 from trimethylaluminum and water precursors. Prior to this, brief explanations of XPS and ALD are presented. This tutorial is structured as a series of questions and answers that the interested reader may choose to engage in. The XPS spectra are scrutinized to extract information about the elements present in the film, the presence of contamination, and the nature of the film growth process. The questions and answers in this tutorial address important fundamental issues common to the interpretation of many XPS survey spectra in the context of ALD. © 2018 Author(s).
1237	a57204607180	Patel D.I.	p426	False	Journal	236	Tutorial on interpreting x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy survey spectra: Questions and answers on spectra from the atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 on silicon	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has become the most widely used method for chemically analyzing surfaces. In XPS, photoelectrons are generated by irradiating a surface with x rays. As the importance and popularity of XPS have grown, it has drawn users without significant XPS experience, and incorrect and incomplete interpretations of XPS spectra regularly appear in the literature. This tutorial is designed as a tool to guide less experienced users in analyzing XPS survey spectra. Here, the authors examine a series of XPS survey spectra collected during the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 from trimethylaluminum and water precursors. Prior to this, brief explanations of XPS and ALD are presented. This tutorial is structured as a series of questions and answers that the interested reader may choose to engage in. The XPS spectra are scrutinized to extract information about the elements present in the film, the presence of contamination, and the nature of the film growth process. The questions and answers in this tutorial address important fundamental issues common to the interpretation of many XPS survey spectra in the context of ALD. © 2018 Author(s).
1238	a56226072000	Roychowdhury T.	p426	False	Journal	236	Tutorial on interpreting x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy survey spectra: Questions and answers on spectra from the atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 on silicon	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has become the most widely used method for chemically analyzing surfaces. In XPS, photoelectrons are generated by irradiating a surface with x rays. As the importance and popularity of XPS have grown, it has drawn users without significant XPS experience, and incorrect and incomplete interpretations of XPS spectra regularly appear in the literature. This tutorial is designed as a tool to guide less experienced users in analyzing XPS survey spectra. Here, the authors examine a series of XPS survey spectra collected during the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 from trimethylaluminum and water precursors. Prior to this, brief explanations of XPS and ALD are presented. This tutorial is structured as a series of questions and answers that the interested reader may choose to engage in. The XPS spectra are scrutinized to extract information about the elements present in the film, the presence of contamination, and the nature of the film growth process. The questions and answers in this tutorial address important fundamental issues common to the interpretation of many XPS survey spectra in the context of ALD. © 2018 Author(s).
1239	a7003631423	Rayner G.B.	p426	False	Journal	236	Tutorial on interpreting x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy survey spectra: Questions and answers on spectra from the atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 on silicon	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has become the most widely used method for chemically analyzing surfaces. In XPS, photoelectrons are generated by irradiating a surface with x rays. As the importance and popularity of XPS have grown, it has drawn users without significant XPS experience, and incorrect and incomplete interpretations of XPS spectra regularly appear in the literature. This tutorial is designed as a tool to guide less experienced users in analyzing XPS survey spectra. Here, the authors examine a series of XPS survey spectra collected during the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 from trimethylaluminum and water precursors. Prior to this, brief explanations of XPS and ALD are presented. This tutorial is structured as a series of questions and answers that the interested reader may choose to engage in. The XPS spectra are scrutinized to extract information about the elements present in the film, the presence of contamination, and the nature of the film growth process. The questions and answers in this tutorial address important fundamental issues common to the interpretation of many XPS survey spectra in the context of ALD. © 2018 Author(s).
1240	a57204596520	O’Toole N.	p426	False	Journal	236	Tutorial on interpreting x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy survey spectra: Questions and answers on spectra from the atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 on silicon	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has become the most widely used method for chemically analyzing surfaces. In XPS, photoelectrons are generated by irradiating a surface with x rays. As the importance and popularity of XPS have grown, it has drawn users without significant XPS experience, and incorrect and incomplete interpretations of XPS spectra regularly appear in the literature. This tutorial is designed as a tool to guide less experienced users in analyzing XPS survey spectra. Here, the authors examine a series of XPS survey spectra collected during the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 from trimethylaluminum and water precursors. Prior to this, brief explanations of XPS and ALD are presented. This tutorial is structured as a series of questions and answers that the interested reader may choose to engage in. The XPS spectra are scrutinized to extract information about the elements present in the film, the presence of contamination, and the nature of the film growth process. The questions and answers in this tutorial address important fundamental issues common to the interpretation of many XPS survey spectra in the context of ALD. © 2018 Author(s).
1241	a7103236401	Baer D.R.	p426	False	Journal	236	Tutorial on interpreting x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy survey spectra: Questions and answers on spectra from the atomic layer deposition of Al2O3 on silicon	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has become the most widely used method for chemically analyzing surfaces. In XPS, photoelectrons are generated by irradiating a surface with x rays. As the importance and popularity of XPS have grown, it has drawn users without significant XPS experience, and incorrect and incomplete interpretations of XPS spectra regularly appear in the literature. This tutorial is designed as a tool to guide less experienced users in analyzing XPS survey spectra. Here, the authors examine a series of XPS survey spectra collected during the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Al2O3 from trimethylaluminum and water precursors. Prior to this, brief explanations of XPS and ALD are presented. This tutorial is structured as a series of questions and answers that the interested reader may choose to engage in. The XPS spectra are scrutinized to extract information about the elements present in the film, the presence of contamination, and the nature of the film growth process. The questions and answers in this tutorial address important fundamental issues common to the interpretation of many XPS survey spectra in the context of ALD. © 2018 Author(s).
1242	a57195264521	Loiseau J.	p427	True	Conference	153	FleCSPH: A parallel and distributed smoothed particle hydrodynamics framework based on FleCSI	FleCSPH1 is a complement of the FleCSI framework, focusing on tree data structures with support for binary, quad and octrees. The framework provides parallel, distributed and accelerated tree construction and search in the context of multi-physics problems. FleCSI2 is a compile-Time configurable framework designed to support multi-physics applications and is developed and maintained by the Los Alamos National Laboratory. FleCSI provides domain scientists with a set of data structures and tools to target parallel and distributed architectures on current and future supercomputers, including the ongoing 2020 target to support the first Exascale supercomputers. Our work on FleCSPH is based on a specific method that emphasizes different walls in HPC called Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). This method can be efficiently solved using binary, quad and octrees while providing irregularities in terms of computation and communications. This paper is decomposed as follows: The introduction describes the SPH method and the reasons that makes it a good test case for the FleCSPH framework. We give more details on the FleCSI framework; The second part is dedicated to the tree data structure itself and the choices we made for the domain decomposition, the tree construction and search. We also describe our distribution strategies and their reliability to the FleCSI model; The third part describes our test cases and the current results of the application. The test cases are the Sod shock tube, the Sedov blast and 2D/3D fluid flows. © 2018 IEEE.
1243	a57204829124	Lim H.	p427	False	Conference	153	FleCSPH: A parallel and distributed smoothed particle hydrodynamics framework based on FleCSI	FleCSPH1 is a complement of the FleCSI framework, focusing on tree data structures with support for binary, quad and octrees. The framework provides parallel, distributed and accelerated tree construction and search in the context of multi-physics problems. FleCSI2 is a compile-Time configurable framework designed to support multi-physics applications and is developed and maintained by the Los Alamos National Laboratory. FleCSI provides domain scientists with a set of data structures and tools to target parallel and distributed architectures on current and future supercomputers, including the ongoing 2020 target to support the first Exascale supercomputers. Our work on FleCSPH is based on a specific method that emphasizes different walls in HPC called Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). This method can be efficiently solved using binary, quad and octrees while providing irregularities in terms of computation and communications. This paper is decomposed as follows: The introduction describes the SPH method and the reasons that makes it a good test case for the FleCSPH framework. We give more details on the FleCSI framework; The second part is dedicated to the tree data structure itself and the choices we made for the domain decomposition, the tree construction and search. We also describe our distribution strategies and their reliability to the FleCSI model; The third part describes our test cases and the current results of the application. The test cases are the Sod shock tube, the Sedov blast and 2D/3D fluid flows. © 2018 IEEE.
1244	a35239803700	Bergen B.K.	p427	False	Conference	153	FleCSPH: A parallel and distributed smoothed particle hydrodynamics framework based on FleCSI	FleCSPH1 is a complement of the FleCSI framework, focusing on tree data structures with support for binary, quad and octrees. The framework provides parallel, distributed and accelerated tree construction and search in the context of multi-physics problems. FleCSI2 is a compile-Time configurable framework designed to support multi-physics applications and is developed and maintained by the Los Alamos National Laboratory. FleCSI provides domain scientists with a set of data structures and tools to target parallel and distributed architectures on current and future supercomputers, including the ongoing 2020 target to support the first Exascale supercomputers. Our work on FleCSPH is based on a specific method that emphasizes different walls in HPC called Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). This method can be efficiently solved using binary, quad and octrees while providing irregularities in terms of computation and communications. This paper is decomposed as follows: The introduction describes the SPH method and the reasons that makes it a good test case for the FleCSPH framework. We give more details on the FleCSI framework; The second part is dedicated to the tree data structure itself and the choices we made for the domain decomposition, the tree construction and search. We also describe our distribution strategies and their reliability to the FleCSI model; The third part describes our test cases and the current results of the application. The test cases are the Sod shock tube, the Sedov blast and 2D/3D fluid flows. © 2018 IEEE.
1245	a37086141200	Moss N.D.	p427	False	Conference	153	FleCSPH: A parallel and distributed smoothed particle hydrodynamics framework based on FleCSI	FleCSPH1 is a complement of the FleCSI framework, focusing on tree data structures with support for binary, quad and octrees. The framework provides parallel, distributed and accelerated tree construction and search in the context of multi-physics problems. FleCSI2 is a compile-Time configurable framework designed to support multi-physics applications and is developed and maintained by the Los Alamos National Laboratory. FleCSI provides domain scientists with a set of data structures and tools to target parallel and distributed architectures on current and future supercomputers, including the ongoing 2020 target to support the first Exascale supercomputers. Our work on FleCSPH is based on a specific method that emphasizes different walls in HPC called Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). This method can be efficiently solved using binary, quad and octrees while providing irregularities in terms of computation and communications. This paper is decomposed as follows: The introduction describes the SPH method and the reasons that makes it a good test case for the FleCSPH framework. We give more details on the FleCSI framework; The second part is dedicated to the tree data structure itself and the choices we made for the domain decomposition, the tree construction and search. We also describe our distribution strategies and their reliability to the FleCSI model; The third part describes our test cases and the current results of the application. The test cases are the Sod shock tube, the Sedov blast and 2D/3D fluid flows. © 2018 IEEE.
1246	a8329346700	Alin F.	p427	False	Conference	153	FleCSPH: A parallel and distributed smoothed particle hydrodynamics framework based on FleCSI	FleCSPH1 is a complement of the FleCSI framework, focusing on tree data structures with support for binary, quad and octrees. The framework provides parallel, distributed and accelerated tree construction and search in the context of multi-physics problems. FleCSI2 is a compile-Time configurable framework designed to support multi-physics applications and is developed and maintained by the Los Alamos National Laboratory. FleCSI provides domain scientists with a set of data structures and tools to target parallel and distributed architectures on current and future supercomputers, including the ongoing 2020 target to support the first Exascale supercomputers. Our work on FleCSPH is based on a specific method that emphasizes different walls in HPC called Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). This method can be efficiently solved using binary, quad and octrees while providing irregularities in terms of computation and communications. This paper is decomposed as follows: The introduction describes the SPH method and the reasons that makes it a good test case for the FleCSPH framework. We give more details on the FleCSI framework; The second part is dedicated to the tree data structure itself and the choices we made for the domain decomposition, the tree construction and search. We also describe our distribution strategies and their reliability to the FleCSI model; The third part describes our test cases and the current results of the application. The test cases are the Sod shock tube, the Sedov blast and 2D/3D fluid flows. © 2018 IEEE.
1247	a55369699900	Ni Q.	p428	True	Journal	237	Controlling normal stiffness in droplet-based linear bearings	While capillary forces are negligible relative to gravity at the macroscale, they provide adequate force to effectively manipulate millimeter to micro meter objects. The fluidic actuation can be accomplished using droplets that also act as bearings. While rotary droplet bearings have been previously demonstrated, this paper addresses the positioning accuracy of a droplet-based bearing consisting of a droplet between a moving plate and a stationary substrate with constrained wetting region under a normal load. Key wetting cases are analyzed using both closed form analytical approximations and numerical simulations. The vertical force and stiffness characteristics are analyzed in relation to the wetting boundaries of the supporting surface. Case studies of different wetting boundaries are presented and summarized. Design strategies are presented for maximizing load carrying capability and stiffness. These results show that controlled wetting and opposing droplet configurations can create much higher stiffness fluidic bearings than simple droplets. © 2018 by the authors.
1248	a57204830739	Hastings A.	p429	True	Conference	154	Using physical and functional comparisons to assure 3rd-party IP for modern FPGAs	In modern FPGA design, 3rd-party IP is commonly used to reduce costs and time-to-market. However, the complexity of IP and associated CAD tools makes it easier for attackers to maliciously tamper with the IP (i.e. insert Hardware Trojans) in ways that are hard to detect. This work proposes techniques that allows a user to incorporate trusted 3rd-party IP into a design and verify that the incorporation occurs tamper-free. We present comparative results from utilizing this framework across a benchmark suite of 22 designs. We show that the approach reliably detects tampering without giving any false positives. © 2018 IEEE.
1249	a57204825465	Jensen S.	p429	False	Conference	154	Using physical and functional comparisons to assure 3rd-party IP for modern FPGAs	In modern FPGA design, 3rd-party IP is commonly used to reduce costs and time-to-market. However, the complexity of IP and associated CAD tools makes it easier for attackers to maliciously tamper with the IP (i.e. insert Hardware Trojans) in ways that are hard to detect. This work proposes techniques that allows a user to incorporate trusted 3rd-party IP into a design and verify that the incorporation occurs tamper-free. We present comparative results from utilizing this framework across a benchmark suite of 22 designs. We show that the approach reliably detects tampering without giving any false positives. © 2018 IEEE.
1250	a7006372151	Hutchings B.	p429	False	Conference	154	Using physical and functional comparisons to assure 3rd-party IP for modern FPGAs	In modern FPGA design, 3rd-party IP is commonly used to reduce costs and time-to-market. However, the complexity of IP and associated CAD tools makes it easier for attackers to maliciously tamper with the IP (i.e. insert Hardware Trojans) in ways that are hard to detect. This work proposes techniques that allows a user to incorporate trusted 3rd-party IP into a design and verify that the incorporation occurs tamper-free. We present comparative results from utilizing this framework across a benchmark suite of 22 designs. We show that the approach reliably detects tampering without giving any false positives. © 2018 IEEE.
1250	a7006372151	Hutchings B.	p489	False	Conference	181	Designing a sustainable large-scale project-based learning (PBL) experience for juniors in electrical and computer engineering	This paper presents a large-scale Project-Based Learning (PBL) curriculum that can handle 200 students per year without requiring an undue commitment of faculty or teaching-assistant time. The following strategies were used to attain the student benefits of the PBL curriculum while accommodating a large number of students and while keeping the faculty and teaching-assistant commitments to reasonable levels. (1) A top-level hardware/software specification of the system (laser-tag) is provided to the students. (2) Students must test their software and hardware using both their own methods and with provided test software and hardware fixtures. (3) How-to and demonstration videos are provided via a dedicated youTube channel. (4) Students implement the system by completing a series of scheduled milestones. (5) The same PBL project is completed every year. This large scale PBL curriculum is conducted during the junior year and has been in place for several years in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1250	a7006372151	Hutchings B.	p736	True	Conference	317	Project-based learning curriculum for the junior year based on building a laser tag system	[No abstract available]
1251	a57203192064	Davis B.R.	p430	False	Journal	238	Reengineering cell-free protein synthesis as a biosensor: Biosensing with transcription, translation, and protein-folding	Biosensors highjack and reengineer biological systems for highly specific detection of diverse molecules. However, many traditional biosensor devices have slow response times and high operating costs and require specialized training and immobile lab equipment. In an effort to address these limitations, researchers have begun using cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems as biosensors. CFPS-based systems provide the advantages of speed, portability, and robustness at a relatively low cost. Here, we review CFPS-based biosensors according to the three fundamental stages of CFPS: transcription, translation, and protein folding. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1252	a57203188827	Ford H.	p430	False	Journal	238	Reengineering cell-free protein synthesis as a biosensor: Biosensing with transcription, translation, and protein-folding	Biosensors highjack and reengineer biological systems for highly specific detection of diverse molecules. However, many traditional biosensor devices have slow response times and high operating costs and require specialized training and immobile lab equipment. In an effort to address these limitations, researchers have begun using cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) systems as biosensors. CFPS-based systems provide the advantages of speed, portability, and robustness at a relatively low cost. Here, we review CFPS-based biosensors according to the three fundamental stages of CFPS: transcription, translation, and protein folding. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1253	a55619678900	Safdarnejad S.M.	p431	True	Journal	239	Performance comparison of low temperature and chemical absorption carbon capture processes in response to dynamic electricity demand and price profiles	Current projections to the year 2050 reveal that fossil fuels will remain the main source of energy generation. To achieve the target limits of carbon dioxide emission, set by national and international policies, carbon capture will play a key role. Modeling and optimization of various carbon capture technologies such as pre-combustion, oxy-fuel, and post-combustion, when integrated with coal-fired power plants, have been researched extensively in literature. Research on the integration of power generation with capture technologies regarding comparisons between the different schemes in response to dynamic inputs is lacking. This work provides a comparison between a low temperature carbon capture and a chemical absorption process in response to a dynamic electricity demand and price profile and in the presence of an intermittent wind power supply. The objective in this work is to meet the overall electricity demand of residential users and the carbon capture process while the total operating cost associated with the integrated system of power generation and carbon capture is minimized. This comparison includes scenarios with and without energy storage associated with each capture technology. It is observed that in both integrated systems, with and without energy storage, the overall electricity demanded by the capture process and residential users is supplied by a combination of coal and wind power. For the case without energy storage, the total operating cost and energy demand of the low temperature carbon capture, based on a similar amount of captured carbon dioxide, are 4.3% and 20.5% less than that of chemical absorption, respectively. For the scenario with energy storage, the low temperature carbon capture requires 32.34% less energy to capture similar amounts of carbon dioxide while incurring 9.09% less overall operational cost. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1254	a57202852104	Barnwell N.V.	p432	False	Journal	240	Flexural strength and stiffness of block-out connections for steel columns	In many steel buildings, the columns are attached to the foundation through a block-out in the slab-on-grade that is later filled with unreinforced concrete. Engineers typically neglect the block-out concrete in design, effectively treating block-out connections as exposed connections with pinned behavior. Quantifying the flexural strength and stiffness of block-out connections is helpful for determining moment demands on foundations and may lead to more economical connections at the base of steel moment frames. Eight experimental specimens (two-thirds scale) were subjected to lateral loads to investigate the effects of column size, block-out thickness, and load orientation on connection flexural strength and stiffness. The observed flexural strengths were 1.4–2.7 times greater than those calculated neglecting the block-out concrete, because the block-out concrete effectively thickened and expanded the column base plate. A simple method was developed that predicted the flexural strength of the block-out connections to within 10 percent. The effective flexural stiffness at the base of the columns that were tested could be reasonably estimated using a model that combines the theory of beams on elastic foundations with a base rotational spring. © 2018
1255	a57202852946	Tryon J.E.	p432	False	Journal	240	Flexural strength and stiffness of block-out connections for steel columns	In many steel buildings, the columns are attached to the foundation through a block-out in the slab-on-grade that is later filled with unreinforced concrete. Engineers typically neglect the block-out concrete in design, effectively treating block-out connections as exposed connections with pinned behavior. Quantifying the flexural strength and stiffness of block-out connections is helpful for determining moment demands on foundations and may lead to more economical connections at the base of steel moment frames. Eight experimental specimens (two-thirds scale) were subjected to lateral loads to investigate the effects of column size, block-out thickness, and load orientation on connection flexural strength and stiffness. The observed flexural strengths were 1.4–2.7 times greater than those calculated neglecting the block-out concrete, because the block-out concrete effectively thickened and expanded the column base plate. A simple method was developed that predicted the flexural strength of the block-out connections to within 10 percent. The effective flexural stiffness at the base of the columns that were tested could be reasonably estimated using a model that combines the theory of beams on elastic foundations with a base rotational spring. © 2018
1256	a57202860730	Sadler A.L.	p432	False	Journal	240	Flexural strength and stiffness of block-out connections for steel columns	In many steel buildings, the columns are attached to the foundation through a block-out in the slab-on-grade that is later filled with unreinforced concrete. Engineers typically neglect the block-out concrete in design, effectively treating block-out connections as exposed connections with pinned behavior. Quantifying the flexural strength and stiffness of block-out connections is helpful for determining moment demands on foundations and may lead to more economical connections at the base of steel moment frames. Eight experimental specimens (two-thirds scale) were subjected to lateral loads to investigate the effects of column size, block-out thickness, and load orientation on connection flexural strength and stiffness. The observed flexural strengths were 1.4–2.7 times greater than those calculated neglecting the block-out concrete, because the block-out concrete effectively thickened and expanded the column base plate. A simple method was developed that predicted the flexural strength of the block-out connections to within 10 percent. The effective flexural stiffness at the base of the columns that were tested could be reasonably estimated using a model that combines the theory of beams on elastic foundations with a base rotational spring. © 2018
1257	a56701619800	Ding S.	p433	True	Journal	241	CIP2A immunosensor comprised of vertically-aligned carbon nanotube interdigitated electrodes towards point-of-care oral cancer screening	Vertically aligned carbon nanotube array (VANTA) coatings have recently garnered significant attention due in part to their unique material properties including light absorption, chemical inertness, and electrical conductivity. Herein we report the first use of VANTAs grown via chemical vapor deposition in a 2D interdigitated electrode (IDE) footprint with a high height-to-width aspect ratio (3:1 or 75:25 µm). The VANTA-IDEs were functionalized with an antibody (Ab) specific to the human cancerous inhibitor PP2A (CIP2A)—an oncoprotein that is associated with a variety of malignancies such as oral, breast, and multiple myeloma cancers. The resultant label-free immunosensor was capable of detecting CIP2A across a wide linear sensing range (1−100 pg/mL) with a detection limit of 0.24 pg/mL within saliva supernatant—a range that is more sensitive than the corresponding CIP2A enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These results help pave the way for rapid cancer screening tests at the point-of-care (POC) such as for the early-stage diagnosis of oral cancer at a dentist's office. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1258	a8369472600	Das S.R.	p433	False	Journal	241	CIP2A immunosensor comprised of vertically-aligned carbon nanotube interdigitated electrodes towards point-of-care oral cancer screening	Vertically aligned carbon nanotube array (VANTA) coatings have recently garnered significant attention due in part to their unique material properties including light absorption, chemical inertness, and electrical conductivity. Herein we report the first use of VANTAs grown via chemical vapor deposition in a 2D interdigitated electrode (IDE) footprint with a high height-to-width aspect ratio (3:1 or 75:25 µm). The VANTA-IDEs were functionalized with an antibody (Ab) specific to the human cancerous inhibitor PP2A (CIP2A)—an oncoprotein that is associated with a variety of malignancies such as oral, breast, and multiple myeloma cancers. The resultant label-free immunosensor was capable of detecting CIP2A across a wide linear sensing range (1−100 pg/mL) with a detection limit of 0.24 pg/mL within saliva supernatant—a range that is more sensitive than the corresponding CIP2A enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These results help pave the way for rapid cancer screening tests at the point-of-care (POC) such as for the early-stage diagnosis of oral cancer at a dentist's office. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1259	a57193322440	Brownlee B.J.	p433	False	Journal	241	CIP2A immunosensor comprised of vertically-aligned carbon nanotube interdigitated electrodes towards point-of-care oral cancer screening	Vertically aligned carbon nanotube array (VANTA) coatings have recently garnered significant attention due in part to their unique material properties including light absorption, chemical inertness, and electrical conductivity. Herein we report the first use of VANTAs grown via chemical vapor deposition in a 2D interdigitated electrode (IDE) footprint with a high height-to-width aspect ratio (3:1 or 75:25 µm). The VANTA-IDEs were functionalized with an antibody (Ab) specific to the human cancerous inhibitor PP2A (CIP2A)—an oncoprotein that is associated with a variety of malignancies such as oral, breast, and multiple myeloma cancers. The resultant label-free immunosensor was capable of detecting CIP2A across a wide linear sensing range (1−100 pg/mL) with a detection limit of 0.24 pg/mL within saliva supernatant—a range that is more sensitive than the corresponding CIP2A enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These results help pave the way for rapid cancer screening tests at the point-of-care (POC) such as for the early-stage diagnosis of oral cancer at a dentist's office. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1259	a57193322440	Brownlee B.J.	p858	True	Journal	401	Improving sensitivity of electrochemical sensors with convective transport in free-standing, carbon nanotube structures	High-aspect-ratio, porous membrane of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were developed through a templated microfabrication approach for electrochemical sensing. Nanostructured platinum (Pt) catalyst was deposited onto the CNTs with a facile, electroless deposition method, resulting in a Pt-nanowire-coated, CNT sensor (PN-CNT). Convective mass transfer enhancement was shown to improve PN-CNT sensor performance in the non‐enzymatic, amperometric sensing of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In particular, convective enhancement was achieved through the use of high surface area to fluid volume structures and concentration boundary layer confinement in a channel. Stir speed and sensor orientation especially influenced the measured current in stirred environments for sensors with through-channel diameters of 16 μm. Through-flow sensing produced drastically higher signals than stirred sensing with over 90% of the H2O2being oxidized as it passed through the PN-CNT sensor, even for low concentrations in the range of 50 nM to 500 μM. This effective utilization of the analyte in detection demonstrates the utility of exploiting convection in electrochemical sensing. For through‐flow at 100 μL s−1, a sensitivity of 24,300 μA mM−1 cm−2was achieved based on the frontal projected area (871 μA mM−1cm−2based on the nominal microchannel surface area), with a 0.03 μM limit of detection and a linear sensing range of 0.03–500 μM. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1260	a56376235200	Parate K.	p433	False	Journal	241	CIP2A immunosensor comprised of vertically-aligned carbon nanotube interdigitated electrodes towards point-of-care oral cancer screening	Vertically aligned carbon nanotube array (VANTA) coatings have recently garnered significant attention due in part to their unique material properties including light absorption, chemical inertness, and electrical conductivity. Herein we report the first use of VANTAs grown via chemical vapor deposition in a 2D interdigitated electrode (IDE) footprint with a high height-to-width aspect ratio (3:1 or 75:25 µm). The VANTA-IDEs were functionalized with an antibody (Ab) specific to the human cancerous inhibitor PP2A (CIP2A)—an oncoprotein that is associated with a variety of malignancies such as oral, breast, and multiple myeloma cancers. The resultant label-free immunosensor was capable of detecting CIP2A across a wide linear sensing range (1−100 pg/mL) with a detection limit of 0.24 pg/mL within saliva supernatant—a range that is more sensitive than the corresponding CIP2A enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These results help pave the way for rapid cancer screening tests at the point-of-care (POC) such as for the early-stage diagnosis of oral cancer at a dentist's office. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1261	a57202237979	Davis T.M.	p433	False	Journal	241	CIP2A immunosensor comprised of vertically-aligned carbon nanotube interdigitated electrodes towards point-of-care oral cancer screening	Vertically aligned carbon nanotube array (VANTA) coatings have recently garnered significant attention due in part to their unique material properties including light absorption, chemical inertness, and electrical conductivity. Herein we report the first use of VANTAs grown via chemical vapor deposition in a 2D interdigitated electrode (IDE) footprint with a high height-to-width aspect ratio (3:1 or 75:25 µm). The VANTA-IDEs were functionalized with an antibody (Ab) specific to the human cancerous inhibitor PP2A (CIP2A)—an oncoprotein that is associated with a variety of malignancies such as oral, breast, and multiple myeloma cancers. The resultant label-free immunosensor was capable of detecting CIP2A across a wide linear sensing range (1−100 pg/mL) with a detection limit of 0.24 pg/mL within saliva supernatant—a range that is more sensitive than the corresponding CIP2A enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These results help pave the way for rapid cancer screening tests at the point-of-care (POC) such as for the early-stage diagnosis of oral cancer at a dentist's office. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1262	a56702333100	Stromberg L.R.	p433	False	Journal	241	CIP2A immunosensor comprised of vertically-aligned carbon nanotube interdigitated electrodes towards point-of-care oral cancer screening	Vertically aligned carbon nanotube array (VANTA) coatings have recently garnered significant attention due in part to their unique material properties including light absorption, chemical inertness, and electrical conductivity. Herein we report the first use of VANTAs grown via chemical vapor deposition in a 2D interdigitated electrode (IDE) footprint with a high height-to-width aspect ratio (3:1 or 75:25 µm). The VANTA-IDEs were functionalized with an antibody (Ab) specific to the human cancerous inhibitor PP2A (CIP2A)—an oncoprotein that is associated with a variety of malignancies such as oral, breast, and multiple myeloma cancers. The resultant label-free immunosensor was capable of detecting CIP2A across a wide linear sensing range (1−100 pg/mL) with a detection limit of 0.24 pg/mL within saliva supernatant—a range that is more sensitive than the corresponding CIP2A enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These results help pave the way for rapid cancer screening tests at the point-of-care (POC) such as for the early-stage diagnosis of oral cancer at a dentist's office. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1263	a7401994123	Chan E.K.L.	p433	False	Journal	241	CIP2A immunosensor comprised of vertically-aligned carbon nanotube interdigitated electrodes towards point-of-care oral cancer screening	Vertically aligned carbon nanotube array (VANTA) coatings have recently garnered significant attention due in part to their unique material properties including light absorption, chemical inertness, and electrical conductivity. Herein we report the first use of VANTAs grown via chemical vapor deposition in a 2D interdigitated electrode (IDE) footprint with a high height-to-width aspect ratio (3:1 or 75:25 µm). The VANTA-IDEs were functionalized with an antibody (Ab) specific to the human cancerous inhibitor PP2A (CIP2A)—an oncoprotein that is associated with a variety of malignancies such as oral, breast, and multiple myeloma cancers. The resultant label-free immunosensor was capable of detecting CIP2A across a wide linear sensing range (1−100 pg/mL) with a detection limit of 0.24 pg/mL within saliva supernatant—a range that is more sensitive than the corresponding CIP2A enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These results help pave the way for rapid cancer screening tests at the point-of-care (POC) such as for the early-stage diagnosis of oral cancer at a dentist's office. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1264	a35336731800	Katz J.	p433	False	Journal	241	CIP2A immunosensor comprised of vertically-aligned carbon nanotube interdigitated electrodes towards point-of-care oral cancer screening	Vertically aligned carbon nanotube array (VANTA) coatings have recently garnered significant attention due in part to their unique material properties including light absorption, chemical inertness, and electrical conductivity. Herein we report the first use of VANTAs grown via chemical vapor deposition in a 2D interdigitated electrode (IDE) footprint with a high height-to-width aspect ratio (3:1 or 75:25 µm). The VANTA-IDEs were functionalized with an antibody (Ab) specific to the human cancerous inhibitor PP2A (CIP2A)—an oncoprotein that is associated with a variety of malignancies such as oral, breast, and multiple myeloma cancers. The resultant label-free immunosensor was capable of detecting CIP2A across a wide linear sensing range (1−100 pg/mL) with a detection limit of 0.24 pg/mL within saliva supernatant—a range that is more sensitive than the corresponding CIP2A enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These results help pave the way for rapid cancer screening tests at the point-of-care (POC) such as for the early-stage diagnosis of oral cancer at a dentist's office. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1265	a23388379100	Claussen J.C.	p433	False	Journal	241	CIP2A immunosensor comprised of vertically-aligned carbon nanotube interdigitated electrodes towards point-of-care oral cancer screening	Vertically aligned carbon nanotube array (VANTA) coatings have recently garnered significant attention due in part to their unique material properties including light absorption, chemical inertness, and electrical conductivity. Herein we report the first use of VANTAs grown via chemical vapor deposition in a 2D interdigitated electrode (IDE) footprint with a high height-to-width aspect ratio (3:1 or 75:25 µm). The VANTA-IDEs were functionalized with an antibody (Ab) specific to the human cancerous inhibitor PP2A (CIP2A)—an oncoprotein that is associated with a variety of malignancies such as oral, breast, and multiple myeloma cancers. The resultant label-free immunosensor was capable of detecting CIP2A across a wide linear sensing range (1−100 pg/mL) with a detection limit of 0.24 pg/mL within saliva supernatant—a range that is more sensitive than the corresponding CIP2A enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These results help pave the way for rapid cancer screening tests at the point-of-care (POC) such as for the early-stage diagnosis of oral cancer at a dentist's office. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1265	a23388379100	Claussen J.C.	p858	False	Journal	401	Improving sensitivity of electrochemical sensors with convective transport in free-standing, carbon nanotube structures	High-aspect-ratio, porous membrane of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were developed through a templated microfabrication approach for electrochemical sensing. Nanostructured platinum (Pt) catalyst was deposited onto the CNTs with a facile, electroless deposition method, resulting in a Pt-nanowire-coated, CNT sensor (PN-CNT). Convective mass transfer enhancement was shown to improve PN-CNT sensor performance in the non‐enzymatic, amperometric sensing of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In particular, convective enhancement was achieved through the use of high surface area to fluid volume structures and concentration boundary layer confinement in a channel. Stir speed and sensor orientation especially influenced the measured current in stirred environments for sensors with through-channel diameters of 16 μm. Through-flow sensing produced drastically higher signals than stirred sensing with over 90% of the H2O2being oxidized as it passed through the PN-CNT sensor, even for low concentrations in the range of 50 nM to 500 μM. This effective utilization of the analyte in detection demonstrates the utility of exploiting convection in electrochemical sensing. For through‐flow at 100 μL s−1, a sensitivity of 24,300 μA mM−1 cm−2was achieved based on the frontal projected area (871 μA mM−1cm−2based on the nominal microchannel surface area), with a 0.03 μM limit of detection and a linear sensing range of 0.03–500 μM. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1266	a57204695840	Larmore G.	p434	True	Conference	155	Active Topology Inference in Store, Code, and Forward Networks	This paper presents a technique for active topology inference in store, code, and forward networks. Many techniques exist for topology inference and are well suited for storeand- forward and cut-through switching; however, these simpler techniques fail to capitalize on the flexibility of recoding afforded by store, code, and forward networks. This is in contrast to network coding, which recodes the data whenever possible and consequently achieves the maximum flow (and minimum cut) of throughput across a network. The technique herein utilizes a single probe message between a single source and potentially many destination nodes to achieve deterministic topology inference. © 2018 IEEE.
1267	a57204695450	Perrinsy E.	p435	False	Conference	156	On peak-to-average power ratio optimization for coded APSK	The symmetric information rate is used to define the relationship between the APSK constellation parameters, the code rate, and the average and peak Eb=N0. Minimizing the average Eb=N0 reproduces the DVB-S2 constellation parameters for 16- And 32-APSK. Minimizing the peak Eb=N0 produces DVB-S2 constellation parameters for 16- And 32-APSK that minimize the peak-to-average power ratio. The peak-to-average power ratio gains are less than 1 dB, but when used on coded systems with very steep decoded bit error probability vs. Eb=N0 curves, the gains can be significant. © 2018 IEEE.
1268	a56490084100	Boyce P.	p436	True	Conference	157	Cryptanalysis of Lempel-Ziv Compressed and Encrypted Text: The Statistics of Compression	Modern secure communication systems typically follow a pattern at the transmitter of first compression encoding followed by encryption, and then additional encoders to mitigate the effects of channel noise, etc. One of the purposes of the compression algorithm is to remove statistical information about the plaintext, so as to render the ciphertext impervious to statistical attacks. It is well known, however, that in practice there is no such thing as a universal compression algorithm; thus, some statistical information about the plaintext tends to survive the compression process. In this paper, we consider Lempel-Ziv Welch compression and analyze its effectiveness in removing statistical information from English plaintext. Specifically, we present several techniques for exploiting the structure of the compression algorithm to launch a successful statistical attack on compressed and encrypted data. All attacks are ciphertext only, and one of them relies on linear programming. Although our attacks indicate that an eavesdropper may require additional ciphertext to carry out a successful attack if compression is used, the specific adaptive nature of the Lempel-Ziv compression technique leaves its own statistics on the message, which can be exploited by an attacker. © 2018 IEEE.
1269	a57204693186	Harrisony W.K.	p436	False	Conference	157	Cryptanalysis of Lempel-Ziv Compressed and Encrypted Text: The Statistics of Compression	Modern secure communication systems typically follow a pattern at the transmitter of first compression encoding followed by encryption, and then additional encoders to mitigate the effects of channel noise, etc. One of the purposes of the compression algorithm is to remove statistical information about the plaintext, so as to render the ciphertext impervious to statistical attacks. It is well known, however, that in practice there is no such thing as a universal compression algorithm; thus, some statistical information about the plaintext tends to survive the compression process. In this paper, we consider Lempel-Ziv Welch compression and analyze its effectiveness in removing statistical information from English plaintext. Specifically, we present several techniques for exploiting the structure of the compression algorithm to launch a successful statistical attack on compressed and encrypted data. All attacks are ciphertext only, and one of them relies on linear programming. Although our attacks indicate that an eavesdropper may require additional ciphertext to carry out a successful attack if compression is used, the specific adaptive nature of the Lempel-Ziv compression technique leaves its own statistics on the message, which can be exploited by an attacker. © 2018 IEEE.
1270	a57188711588	Henrie A.	p437	True	Journal	242	Erratum: Hardware and software improvements to a low-cost horizontal parallax holographic video monitor (Applied Optics (2018) 57 (A122-A133) DOI: 10.1364/AO.57.00A122)	In [1], the trademarked term "HoloMonitor," which belongs to Phase Holographic Imaging PHI AB, was removed. The article was corrected online on 10 September 2018. © 2018 Optical Society of America.
1270	a57188711588	Henrie A.	p571	True	Journal	242	Hardware and software improvements to a low-cost horizontal parallax holographic video monitor	Displays capable of true holographic video have been prohibitively expensive and difficult to build. With this paper, we present a suite of modularized hardware components and software tools needed to build a HoloMonitor with basic “hacker-space” equipment, highlighting improvements that have enabled the total materials cost to fall to $820, well below that of other holographic displays. It is our hope that the current level of simplicity, development, design flexibility, and documentation will enable the lay engineer, programmer, and scientist to relatively easily replicate, modify, and build upon our designs, bringing true holographic video to the masses. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
1271	a57200118672	Codling J.R.	p437	False	Journal	242	Erratum: Hardware and software improvements to a low-cost horizontal parallax holographic video monitor (Applied Optics (2018) 57 (A122-A133) DOI: 10.1364/AO.57.00A122)	In [1], the trademarked term "HoloMonitor," which belongs to Phase Holographic Imaging PHI AB, was removed. The article was corrected online on 10 September 2018. © 2018 Optical Society of America.
1271	a57200118672	Codling J.R.	p571	False	Journal	242	Hardware and software improvements to a low-cost horizontal parallax holographic video monitor	Displays capable of true holographic video have been prohibitively expensive and difficult to build. With this paper, we present a suite of modularized hardware components and software tools needed to build a HoloMonitor with basic “hacker-space” equipment, highlighting improvements that have enabled the total materials cost to fall to $820, well below that of other holographic displays. It is our hope that the current level of simplicity, development, design flexibility, and documentation will enable the lay engineer, programmer, and scientist to relatively easily replicate, modify, and build upon our designs, bringing true holographic video to the masses. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
1272	a57164754700	Gneiting S.	p437	False	Journal	242	Erratum: Hardware and software improvements to a low-cost horizontal parallax holographic video monitor (Applied Optics (2018) 57 (A122-A133) DOI: 10.1364/AO.57.00A122)	In [1], the trademarked term "HoloMonitor," which belongs to Phase Holographic Imaging PHI AB, was removed. The article was corrected online on 10 September 2018. © 2018 Optical Society of America.
1272	a57164754700	Gneiting S.	p562	False	Conference	211	Progress on photophoretic trap displays	We review the fundamentals photophoretic trap displays and discuss the possibility of creating occlusion capable image points. Anisotropic scattering is observed independently in single and double point traps. © 2018 The Author(s).
1272	a57164754700	Gneiting S.	p571	False	Journal	242	Hardware and software improvements to a low-cost horizontal parallax holographic video monitor	Displays capable of true holographic video have been prohibitively expensive and difficult to build. With this paper, we present a suite of modularized hardware components and software tools needed to build a HoloMonitor with basic “hacker-space” equipment, highlighting improvements that have enabled the total materials cost to fall to $820, well below that of other holographic displays. It is our hope that the current level of simplicity, development, design flexibility, and documentation will enable the lay engineer, programmer, and scientist to relatively easily replicate, modify, and build upon our designs, bringing true holographic video to the masses. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
1273	a57200117120	Christensen J.B.	p437	False	Journal	242	Erratum: Hardware and software improvements to a low-cost horizontal parallax holographic video monitor (Applied Optics (2018) 57 (A122-A133) DOI: 10.1364/AO.57.00A122)	In [1], the trademarked term "HoloMonitor," which belongs to Phase Holographic Imaging PHI AB, was removed. The article was corrected online on 10 September 2018. © 2018 Optical Society of America.
1273	a57200117120	Christensen J.B.	p571	False	Journal	242	Hardware and software improvements to a low-cost horizontal parallax holographic video monitor	Displays capable of true holographic video have been prohibitively expensive and difficult to build. With this paper, we present a suite of modularized hardware components and software tools needed to build a HoloMonitor with basic “hacker-space” equipment, highlighting improvements that have enabled the total materials cost to fall to $820, well below that of other holographic displays. It is our hope that the current level of simplicity, development, design flexibility, and documentation will enable the lay engineer, programmer, and scientist to relatively easily replicate, modify, and build upon our designs, bringing true holographic video to the masses. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
1274	a57200121629	Burdette M.J.	p437	False	Journal	242	Erratum: Hardware and software improvements to a low-cost horizontal parallax holographic video monitor (Applied Optics (2018) 57 (A122-A133) DOI: 10.1364/AO.57.00A122)	In [1], the trademarked term "HoloMonitor," which belongs to Phase Holographic Imaging PHI AB, was removed. The article was corrected online on 10 September 2018. © 2018 Optical Society of America.
1274	a57200121629	Burdette M.J.	p571	False	Journal	242	Hardware and software improvements to a low-cost horizontal parallax holographic video monitor	Displays capable of true holographic video have been prohibitively expensive and difficult to build. With this paper, we present a suite of modularized hardware components and software tools needed to build a HoloMonitor with basic “hacker-space” equipment, highlighting improvements that have enabled the total materials cost to fall to $820, well below that of other holographic displays. It is our hope that the current level of simplicity, development, design flexibility, and documentation will enable the lay engineer, programmer, and scientist to relatively easily replicate, modify, and build upon our designs, bringing true holographic video to the masses. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
1275	a55523036500	Burgett J.M.	p438	True	Journal	243	Identification and Prioritization of Critical Subject Matter within Mechanical Systems Curriculum in Construction Management Education	In order for students graduating with construction-related undergraduate degrees to provide immediate and effective benefit to their employers, program curricula must accurately reflect the needs of the industry. One area of the typical construction management curriculum that receives a varying level of emphasis and consideration amongst accredited programs is Mechanical Systems. Similarly, the wide range of possible topics and concepts relevant to mechanical systems receive varying levels of attention. The purpose of this research was to identify what mechanical system topics and concepts were perceived by industry partners as being most important for graduating construction students to know. Construction industry professionals were surveyed to determine what topics they believed warranted prioritization in mechanical system courses. Results indicate that topics related to Contract Administration (e.g., plan and specification reading, MEP coordination, submittal review, etc.) and How HVAC Systems Work (e.g., differences between HVAC system types, HVAC equipment, etc.) were comparatively the most important topics for students to have a knowledge of. Instructors of mechanical systems classes should use these findings to determine what major subject areas to focus on, and allocate time to the various specific concepts appropriately within the constraints of their individual program. © 2018, © 2018 Associated Schools of Construction.
1276	a56287595000	Perrenoud A.	p438	False	Journal	243	Identification and Prioritization of Critical Subject Matter within Mechanical Systems Curriculum in Construction Management Education	In order for students graduating with construction-related undergraduate degrees to provide immediate and effective benefit to their employers, program curricula must accurately reflect the needs of the industry. One area of the typical construction management curriculum that receives a varying level of emphasis and consideration amongst accredited programs is Mechanical Systems. Similarly, the wide range of possible topics and concepts relevant to mechanical systems receive varying levels of attention. The purpose of this research was to identify what mechanical system topics and concepts were perceived by industry partners as being most important for graduating construction students to know. Construction industry professionals were surveyed to determine what topics they believed warranted prioritization in mechanical system courses. Results indicate that topics related to Contract Administration (e.g., plan and specification reading, MEP coordination, submittal review, etc.) and How HVAC Systems Work (e.g., differences between HVAC system types, HVAC equipment, etc.) were comparatively the most important topics for students to have a knowledge of. Instructors of mechanical systems classes should use these findings to determine what major subject areas to focus on, and allocate time to the various specific concepts appropriately within the constraints of their individual program. © 2018, © 2018 Associated Schools of Construction.
1277	a56426567600	Schinn S.-M.	p439	False	Journal	244	The emerging impact of cell-free chemical biosynthesis	Biomanufacturing has emerged as a promising alternative to chemocatalysis for green, renewable, complex synthesis of biofuels, medicines, and fine chemicals. Cell-free chemical biosynthesis offers additional advantages over in vivo production, enabling plug-and-play assembly of separately produced enzymes into an optimal cascade, versatile reaction conditions, and direct access to the reaction environment. In order for these advantages to be realized on the larger scale of industry, strategies are needed to reduce costs of biocatalyst generation, improve biocatalyst stability, and enable economically sustainable continuous cascade operation. Here we overview the advantages and remaining challenges of applying cell-free chemical biosynthesis for commodity production, and discuss recent advances in cascade engineering, enzyme immobilization, and enzyme encapsulation which constitute important steps towards addressing these challenges. © 2017
1278	a57200181918	Long E.A.	p439	False	Journal	244	The emerging impact of cell-free chemical biosynthesis	Biomanufacturing has emerged as a promising alternative to chemocatalysis for green, renewable, complex synthesis of biofuels, medicines, and fine chemicals. Cell-free chemical biosynthesis offers additional advantages over in vivo production, enabling plug-and-play assembly of separately produced enzymes into an optimal cascade, versatile reaction conditions, and direct access to the reaction environment. In order for these advantages to be realized on the larger scale of industry, strategies are needed to reduce costs of biocatalyst generation, improve biocatalyst stability, and enable economically sustainable continuous cascade operation. Here we overview the advantages and remaining challenges of applying cell-free chemical biosynthesis for commodity production, and discuss recent advances in cascade engineering, enzyme immobilization, and enzyme encapsulation which constitute important steps towards addressing these challenges. © 2017
1279	a16197655400	Hess B.C.	p440	False	Journal	245	Efficiency of Generalized Regular k-point grids	Most DFT practitioners use regular grids (Monkhorst-Pack, MP) for integrations in the Brillouin zone. Although regular grids are the natural choice and easy to generate, more general grids whose generating vectors are not merely integer divisions of the reciprocal lattice vectors, are usually more efficient (Wisesa et al., 2016). We demonstrate the efficiency of generalized regular (GR) grids compared to Monkhorst-Pack (MP) and simultaneously commensurate (SC) grids. In the case of metals, for total energy accuracies of one meV/atom, GR grids are 60% faster on average than MP grids and 20% faster than SC grids. GR grids also have greater freedom in choosing the k-point density, enabling the practitioner to achieve a target accuracy with the minimum computational cost. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1280	a56703039000	Loney D.A.	p441	True	Journal	246	Rapid Operational Access and Maneuver Support platform for military logistics and operation planning in water environments	Logistical and combat operations in riverine, estuarine, and coastal environments remain a key military focus due to limited maneuverability, imperfect knowledge, and rapidly changing constraints. Vessel operation in water environments can be enhanced by routing algorithms that integrate mission parameters with environmental data and vessel specifications. These algorithms must update predetermined routes in a timely manner as parameters and specifications change. The US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory is developing the capability for military planners to rapidly optimize vessel routes in water environments by extending capabilities of the Rapid Operational Access and Maneuver Support (ROAMS) modeling platform. The ROAMS platform allows users to rapidly generate models of a water environment in limited-information conditions, utilizing the Adaptive Hydraulics and STeady-state spectral WAVE computational engines for the base two-dimensional hydrodynamics and waves, respectively. Routing capabilities are built on path search and penalty-barrier optimization to automatically produce routes that account for temporally changing environmental variables and vessel maneuverability. This work outlines the components of the ROAMS routing package and presents a case study using ROAMS in a northeastern American metropolitan area. Benefits and limitations of the ROAMS routing platform are discussed and future improvements are suggested. © The Author(s) 2018.
1281	a39362193900	Pevey K.C.	p441	False	Journal	246	Rapid Operational Access and Maneuver Support platform for military logistics and operation planning in water environments	Logistical and combat operations in riverine, estuarine, and coastal environments remain a key military focus due to limited maneuverability, imperfect knowledge, and rapidly changing constraints. Vessel operation in water environments can be enhanced by routing algorithms that integrate mission parameters with environmental data and vessel specifications. These algorithms must update predetermined routes in a timely manner as parameters and specifications change. The US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory is developing the capability for military planners to rapidly optimize vessel routes in water environments by extending capabilities of the Rapid Operational Access and Maneuver Support (ROAMS) modeling platform. The ROAMS platform allows users to rapidly generate models of a water environment in limited-information conditions, utilizing the Adaptive Hydraulics and STeady-state spectral WAVE computational engines for the base two-dimensional hydrodynamics and waves, respectively. Routing capabilities are built on path search and penalty-barrier optimization to automatically produce routes that account for temporally changing environmental variables and vessel maneuverability. This work outlines the components of the ROAMS routing package and presents a case study using ROAMS in a northeastern American metropolitan area. Benefits and limitations of the ROAMS routing platform are discussed and future improvements are suggested. © The Author(s) 2018.
1282	a57197749025	McAlpin J.T.	p441	False	Journal	246	Rapid Operational Access and Maneuver Support platform for military logistics and operation planning in water environments	Logistical and combat operations in riverine, estuarine, and coastal environments remain a key military focus due to limited maneuverability, imperfect knowledge, and rapidly changing constraints. Vessel operation in water environments can be enhanced by routing algorithms that integrate mission parameters with environmental data and vessel specifications. These algorithms must update predetermined routes in a timely manner as parameters and specifications change. The US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory is developing the capability for military planners to rapidly optimize vessel routes in water environments by extending capabilities of the Rapid Operational Access and Maneuver Support (ROAMS) modeling platform. The ROAMS platform allows users to rapidly generate models of a water environment in limited-information conditions, utilizing the Adaptive Hydraulics and STeady-state spectral WAVE computational engines for the base two-dimensional hydrodynamics and waves, respectively. Routing capabilities are built on path search and penalty-barrier optimization to automatically produce routes that account for temporally changing environmental variables and vessel maneuverability. This work outlines the components of the ROAMS routing package and presents a case study using ROAMS in a northeastern American metropolitan area. Benefits and limitations of the ROAMS routing platform are discussed and future improvements are suggested. © The Author(s) 2018.
1283	a57201022887	Nelsen B.W.	p441	False	Journal	246	Rapid Operational Access and Maneuver Support platform for military logistics and operation planning in water environments	Logistical and combat operations in riverine, estuarine, and coastal environments remain a key military focus due to limited maneuverability, imperfect knowledge, and rapidly changing constraints. Vessel operation in water environments can be enhanced by routing algorithms that integrate mission parameters with environmental data and vessel specifications. These algorithms must update predetermined routes in a timely manner as parameters and specifications change. The US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory is developing the capability for military planners to rapidly optimize vessel routes in water environments by extending capabilities of the Rapid Operational Access and Maneuver Support (ROAMS) modeling platform. The ROAMS platform allows users to rapidly generate models of a water environment in limited-information conditions, utilizing the Adaptive Hydraulics and STeady-state spectral WAVE computational engines for the base two-dimensional hydrodynamics and waves, respectively. Routing capabilities are built on path search and penalty-barrier optimization to automatically produce routes that account for temporally changing environmental variables and vessel maneuverability. This work outlines the components of the ROAMS routing package and presents a case study using ROAMS in a northeastern American metropolitan area. Benefits and limitations of the ROAMS routing platform are discussed and future improvements are suggested. © The Author(s) 2018.
1284	a57217564448	Hargis B.H.	p441	False	Journal	246	Rapid Operational Access and Maneuver Support platform for military logistics and operation planning in water environments	Logistical and combat operations in riverine, estuarine, and coastal environments remain a key military focus due to limited maneuverability, imperfect knowledge, and rapidly changing constraints. Vessel operation in water environments can be enhanced by routing algorithms that integrate mission parameters with environmental data and vessel specifications. These algorithms must update predetermined routes in a timely manner as parameters and specifications change. The US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory is developing the capability for military planners to rapidly optimize vessel routes in water environments by extending capabilities of the Rapid Operational Access and Maneuver Support (ROAMS) modeling platform. The ROAMS platform allows users to rapidly generate models of a water environment in limited-information conditions, utilizing the Adaptive Hydraulics and STeady-state spectral WAVE computational engines for the base two-dimensional hydrodynamics and waves, respectively. Routing capabilities are built on path search and penalty-barrier optimization to automatically produce routes that account for temporally changing environmental variables and vessel maneuverability. This work outlines the components of the ROAMS routing package and presents a case study using ROAMS in a northeastern American metropolitan area. Benefits and limitations of the ROAMS routing platform are discussed and future improvements are suggested. © The Author(s) 2018.
1285	a57213462935	Peterson J.R.	p442	False	Journal	247	Lead sulfide quantum dots inside ferritin: synthesis and application to photovoltaics	We present a new water phase synthesis method for lead sulfide colloidal quantum dots, and test their applicability for use in photovoltaics. The quantum dots are synthesized inside ferritin protein shells (PbS-FTN). Our synthesis method is simpler than what has previously been reported for PbS-FTN quantum dots, namely we demonstrate that the synthesizing reaction can be run in an aerobic environment and with a Pb:S ratio of 1:1. Protection from photocorrosion is demonstrated by comparing the time evolution of photoluminescence from PbS-FTN with that of non-ferritin PbS quantum dots. In the photovoltaic testing, we use a dye-sensitized solar cell scheme with PbS-FTN as the dye and test several methods to adsorb PbS-FTN to the mesoporous TiO2 layer which is coated on the solar cell anodes. The highest performing cell shows an efficiency of 0.29% using the drop casting method. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
1285	a57213462935	Peterson J.R.	p757	False	Journal	369	Tuning Ferritin's band gap through mixed metal oxide nanoparticle formation	This study uses the formation of a mixed metal oxide inside ferritin to tune the band gap energy of the ferritin mineral. The mixed metal oxide is composed of both Co and Mn, and is formed by reacting aqueous Co2+ with MnO4in the presence of apoferritin. Altering the ratio between the two reactants allowed for controlled tuning of the band gap energies. All minerals formed were indirect band gap materials, with indirect band gap energies ranging from 0.52 to 1.30 eV. The direct transitions were also measured, with energy values ranging from 2.71 to 3.11 eV. Tuning the band gap energies of these samples changes the wavelengths absorbed by each mineral, increasing ferritin's potential in solar-energy harvesting. Additionally, the success of using MnO4 in ferritin mineral formation opens the possibility for new mixed metal oxide cores inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1285	a57213462935	Peterson J.R.	p758	False	Journal	369	Permanganate-based synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles in ferritin	This paper investigates the comproportionation reaction of MnII with as a route for manganese oxide nanoparticle synthesis in the protein ferritin. We report that serves as the electron acceptor and reacts with MnII in the presence of apoferritin to form manganese oxide cores inside the protein shell. Manganese loading into ferritin was studied under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions and the ratios of MnII and permanganate were varied at each pH. The manganese-containing ferritin samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV/Vis absorption, and by measuring the band gap energies for each sample. Manganese cores were deposited inside ferritin under both the acidic and basic conditions. All resulting manganese ferritin samples were found to be indirect band gap materials with band gap energies ranging from 1.01 to 1.34 eV. An increased UV/Vis absorption around 370 nm was observed for samples formed under acidic conditions, suggestive of MnO2 formation inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1286	a57205507684	Perego A.	p442	False	Journal	247	Lead sulfide quantum dots inside ferritin: synthesis and application to photovoltaics	We present a new water phase synthesis method for lead sulfide colloidal quantum dots, and test their applicability for use in photovoltaics. The quantum dots are synthesized inside ferritin protein shells (PbS-FTN). Our synthesis method is simpler than what has previously been reported for PbS-FTN quantum dots, namely we demonstrate that the synthesizing reaction can be run in an aerobic environment and with a Pb:S ratio of 1:1. Protection from photocorrosion is demonstrated by comparing the time evolution of photoluminescence from PbS-FTN with that of non-ferritin PbS quantum dots. In the photovoltaic testing, we use a dye-sensitized solar cell scheme with PbS-FTN as the dye and test several methods to adsorb PbS-FTN to the mesoporous TiO2 layer which is coated on the solar cell anodes. The highest performing cell shows an efficiency of 0.29% using the drop casting method. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
1287	a57205503531	Shelley M.	p442	False	Journal	247	Lead sulfide quantum dots inside ferritin: synthesis and application to photovoltaics	We present a new water phase synthesis method for lead sulfide colloidal quantum dots, and test their applicability for use in photovoltaics. The quantum dots are synthesized inside ferritin protein shells (PbS-FTN). Our synthesis method is simpler than what has previously been reported for PbS-FTN quantum dots, namely we demonstrate that the synthesizing reaction can be run in an aerobic environment and with a Pb:S ratio of 1:1. Protection from photocorrosion is demonstrated by comparing the time evolution of photoluminescence from PbS-FTN with that of non-ferritin PbS quantum dots. In the photovoltaic testing, we use a dye-sensitized solar cell scheme with PbS-FTN as the dye and test several methods to adsorb PbS-FTN to the mesoporous TiO2 layer which is coated on the solar cell anodes. The highest performing cell shows an efficiency of 0.29% using the drop casting method. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
1288	a57194047397	Olsen C.R.	p442	False	Journal	247	Lead sulfide quantum dots inside ferritin: synthesis and application to photovoltaics	We present a new water phase synthesis method for lead sulfide colloidal quantum dots, and test their applicability for use in photovoltaics. The quantum dots are synthesized inside ferritin protein shells (PbS-FTN). Our synthesis method is simpler than what has previously been reported for PbS-FTN quantum dots, namely we demonstrate that the synthesizing reaction can be run in an aerobic environment and with a Pb:S ratio of 1:1. Protection from photocorrosion is demonstrated by comparing the time evolution of photoluminescence from PbS-FTN with that of non-ferritin PbS quantum dots. In the photovoltaic testing, we use a dye-sensitized solar cell scheme with PbS-FTN as the dye and test several methods to adsorb PbS-FTN to the mesoporous TiO2 layer which is coated on the solar cell anodes. The highest performing cell shows an efficiency of 0.29% using the drop casting method. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
1288	a57194047397	Olsen C.R.	p757	True	Journal	369	Tuning Ferritin's band gap through mixed metal oxide nanoparticle formation	This study uses the formation of a mixed metal oxide inside ferritin to tune the band gap energy of the ferritin mineral. The mixed metal oxide is composed of both Co and Mn, and is formed by reacting aqueous Co2+ with MnO4in the presence of apoferritin. Altering the ratio between the two reactants allowed for controlled tuning of the band gap energies. All minerals formed were indirect band gap materials, with indirect band gap energies ranging from 0.52 to 1.30 eV. The direct transitions were also measured, with energy values ranging from 2.71 to 3.11 eV. Tuning the band gap energies of these samples changes the wavelengths absorbed by each mineral, increasing ferritin's potential in solar-energy harvesting. Additionally, the success of using MnO4 in ferritin mineral formation opens the possibility for new mixed metal oxide cores inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1288	a57194047397	Olsen C.R.	p758	True	Journal	369	Permanganate-based synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles in ferritin	This paper investigates the comproportionation reaction of MnII with as a route for manganese oxide nanoparticle synthesis in the protein ferritin. We report that serves as the electron acceptor and reacts with MnII in the presence of apoferritin to form manganese oxide cores inside the protein shell. Manganese loading into ferritin was studied under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions and the ratios of MnII and permanganate were varied at each pH. The manganese-containing ferritin samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV/Vis absorption, and by measuring the band gap energies for each sample. Manganese cores were deposited inside ferritin under both the acidic and basic conditions. All resulting manganese ferritin samples were found to be indirect band gap materials with band gap energies ranging from 1.01 to 1.34 eV. An increased UV/Vis absorption around 370 nm was observed for samples formed under acidic conditions, suggestive of MnO2 formation inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1289	a57205500882	Perez L.D.	p442	False	Journal	247	Lead sulfide quantum dots inside ferritin: synthesis and application to photovoltaics	We present a new water phase synthesis method for lead sulfide colloidal quantum dots, and test their applicability for use in photovoltaics. The quantum dots are synthesized inside ferritin protein shells (PbS-FTN). Our synthesis method is simpler than what has previously been reported for PbS-FTN quantum dots, namely we demonstrate that the synthesizing reaction can be run in an aerobic environment and with a Pb:S ratio of 1:1. Protection from photocorrosion is demonstrated by comparing the time evolution of photoluminescence from PbS-FTN with that of non-ferritin PbS quantum dots. In the photovoltaic testing, we use a dye-sensitized solar cell scheme with PbS-FTN as the dye and test several methods to adsorb PbS-FTN to the mesoporous TiO2 layer which is coated on the solar cell anodes. The highest performing cell shows an efficiency of 0.29% using the drop casting method. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
1290	a57205505883	Hogg H.L.	p442	False	Journal	247	Lead sulfide quantum dots inside ferritin: synthesis and application to photovoltaics	We present a new water phase synthesis method for lead sulfide colloidal quantum dots, and test their applicability for use in photovoltaics. The quantum dots are synthesized inside ferritin protein shells (PbS-FTN). Our synthesis method is simpler than what has previously been reported for PbS-FTN quantum dots, namely we demonstrate that the synthesizing reaction can be run in an aerobic environment and with a Pb:S ratio of 1:1. Protection from photocorrosion is demonstrated by comparing the time evolution of photoluminescence from PbS-FTN with that of non-ferritin PbS quantum dots. In the photovoltaic testing, we use a dye-sensitized solar cell scheme with PbS-FTN as the dye and test several methods to adsorb PbS-FTN to the mesoporous TiO2 layer which is coated on the solar cell anodes. The highest performing cell shows an efficiency of 0.29% using the drop casting method. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
1291	a57212277009	Watt R.K.	p442	False	Journal	247	Lead sulfide quantum dots inside ferritin: synthesis and application to photovoltaics	We present a new water phase synthesis method for lead sulfide colloidal quantum dots, and test their applicability for use in photovoltaics. The quantum dots are synthesized inside ferritin protein shells (PbS-FTN). Our synthesis method is simpler than what has previously been reported for PbS-FTN quantum dots, namely we demonstrate that the synthesizing reaction can be run in an aerobic environment and with a Pb:S ratio of 1:1. Protection from photocorrosion is demonstrated by comparing the time evolution of photoluminescence from PbS-FTN with that of non-ferritin PbS quantum dots. In the photovoltaic testing, we use a dye-sensitized solar cell scheme with PbS-FTN as the dye and test several methods to adsorb PbS-FTN to the mesoporous TiO2 layer which is coated on the solar cell anodes. The highest performing cell shows an efficiency of 0.29% using the drop casting method. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
1291	a57212277009	Watt R.K.	p757	False	Journal	369	Tuning Ferritin's band gap through mixed metal oxide nanoparticle formation	This study uses the formation of a mixed metal oxide inside ferritin to tune the band gap energy of the ferritin mineral. The mixed metal oxide is composed of both Co and Mn, and is formed by reacting aqueous Co2+ with MnO4in the presence of apoferritin. Altering the ratio between the two reactants allowed for controlled tuning of the band gap energies. All minerals formed were indirect band gap materials, with indirect band gap energies ranging from 0.52 to 1.30 eV. The direct transitions were also measured, with energy values ranging from 2.71 to 3.11 eV. Tuning the band gap energies of these samples changes the wavelengths absorbed by each mineral, increasing ferritin's potential in solar-energy harvesting. Additionally, the success of using MnO4 in ferritin mineral formation opens the possibility for new mixed metal oxide cores inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1291	a57212277009	Watt R.K.	p758	False	Journal	369	Permanganate-based synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles in ferritin	This paper investigates the comproportionation reaction of MnII with as a route for manganese oxide nanoparticle synthesis in the protein ferritin. We report that serves as the electron acceptor and reacts with MnII in the presence of apoferritin to form manganese oxide cores inside the protein shell. Manganese loading into ferritin was studied under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions and the ratios of MnII and permanganate were varied at each pH. The manganese-containing ferritin samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV/Vis absorption, and by measuring the band gap energies for each sample. Manganese cores were deposited inside ferritin under both the acidic and basic conditions. All resulting manganese ferritin samples were found to be indirect band gap materials with band gap energies ranging from 1.01 to 1.34 eV. An increased UV/Vis absorption around 370 nm was observed for samples formed under acidic conditions, suggestive of MnO2 formation inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1292	a35587077000	Colton J.S.	p442	False	Journal	247	Lead sulfide quantum dots inside ferritin: synthesis and application to photovoltaics	We present a new water phase synthesis method for lead sulfide colloidal quantum dots, and test their applicability for use in photovoltaics. The quantum dots are synthesized inside ferritin protein shells (PbS-FTN). Our synthesis method is simpler than what has previously been reported for PbS-FTN quantum dots, namely we demonstrate that the synthesizing reaction can be run in an aerobic environment and with a Pb:S ratio of 1:1. Protection from photocorrosion is demonstrated by comparing the time evolution of photoluminescence from PbS-FTN with that of non-ferritin PbS quantum dots. In the photovoltaic testing, we use a dye-sensitized solar cell scheme with PbS-FTN as the dye and test several methods to adsorb PbS-FTN to the mesoporous TiO2 layer which is coated on the solar cell anodes. The highest performing cell shows an efficiency of 0.29% using the drop casting method. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
1292	a35587077000	Colton J.S.	p757	False	Journal	369	Tuning Ferritin's band gap through mixed metal oxide nanoparticle formation	This study uses the formation of a mixed metal oxide inside ferritin to tune the band gap energy of the ferritin mineral. The mixed metal oxide is composed of both Co and Mn, and is formed by reacting aqueous Co2+ with MnO4in the presence of apoferritin. Altering the ratio between the two reactants allowed for controlled tuning of the band gap energies. All minerals formed were indirect band gap materials, with indirect band gap energies ranging from 0.52 to 1.30 eV. The direct transitions were also measured, with energy values ranging from 2.71 to 3.11 eV. Tuning the band gap energies of these samples changes the wavelengths absorbed by each mineral, increasing ferritin's potential in solar-energy harvesting. Additionally, the success of using MnO4 in ferritin mineral formation opens the possibility for new mixed metal oxide cores inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1292	a35587077000	Colton J.S.	p758	False	Journal	369	Permanganate-based synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles in ferritin	This paper investigates the comproportionation reaction of MnII with as a route for manganese oxide nanoparticle synthesis in the protein ferritin. We report that serves as the electron acceptor and reacts with MnII in the presence of apoferritin to form manganese oxide cores inside the protein shell. Manganese loading into ferritin was studied under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions and the ratios of MnII and permanganate were varied at each pH. The manganese-containing ferritin samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV/Vis absorption, and by measuring the band gap energies for each sample. Manganese cores were deposited inside ferritin under both the acidic and basic conditions. All resulting manganese ferritin samples were found to be indirect band gap materials with band gap energies ranging from 1.01 to 1.34 eV. An increased UV/Vis absorption around 370 nm was observed for samples formed under acidic conditions, suggestive of MnO2 formation inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1293	a57190849274	Jiang Z.	p443	False	Journal	222	A pseudo-static model for dynamic analysis on frequency domain of distributed compliant mechanisms	This paper presents a pseudo-static modeling methodology for dynamic analysis of distributed compliant mechanisms to provide accurate and efficient solutions. First, a dynamic stiffness matrix of the flexible beam is deduced, which has the same definition and a similar form as the traditional static compliance/stiffness matrix but is frequency dependent. Second, the pseudo-static modeling procedure for the dynamic analysis is implemented in a statics-similar way based on D'alembert's principle. Then, all the kinematic, static and dynamic performances of compliant mechanisms can be analyzed based on the pseudo-static model. The superiority of the proposed method is that when it is used for the dynamic modeling of compliant mechanisms, the traditional dynamic modeling procedures, such as calculation of the elastic and kinetic energies as well as using Lagrange's equation, are avoided and the dynamic modeling is converted to a staticssimilar problem. Comparison of the proposed method with an elastic-beam-based model in previous literature and finite element analysis for an exemplary XY precision positioning stage reveals its high accuracy and easy operation. © 2018 by ASME.
1294	a55235047300	Poornejad N.	p444	True	Journal	248	Corrigendum: Efficient decellularization of whole porcine kidneys improves reseeded cell behavior (Biomedical Materials (Bristol) (2016) 11 (025003) DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/2/025003)	The above manuscript describes our efforts to improve the process for recellularization of porcine kidneys. We obtained what we believed to be an immortalized cell line of human renal cortical tubular epithelium (RCTE) cells from the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University to conduct our reseeding experiments. The RCTE cells that were provided to us were later discovered to actually be Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. Despite being of canine origin, MDCK cells are a distal tubule epithelial cell line that behave similarly to human RCTE cells. The conclusions regarding reseeding as reported in our paper are still sound, as described in the following. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1294	a55235047300	Poornejad N.	p805	True	Journal	391	Re-epithelialization of whole porcine kidneys with renal epithelial cells	Decellularized porcine kidneys were recellularized with renal epithelial cells by three methods: perfusion through the vasculature under high pressure, perfusion through the ureter under high pressure, or perfusion through the ureter under moderate vacuum. Histology, scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging were used to assess vasculature preservation and the distribution of cells throughout the kidneys. Cells were detected in the magnetic resonance imaging by labeling them with iron oxide. Perfusion of cells through the ureter under moderate vacuum (40 mmHg) produced the most uniform distribution of cells throughout the kidneys. © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017.
1295	a56515354700	Momtahan N.	p444	False	Journal	248	Corrigendum: Efficient decellularization of whole porcine kidneys improves reseeded cell behavior (Biomedical Materials (Bristol) (2016) 11 (025003) DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/2/025003)	The above manuscript describes our efforts to improve the process for recellularization of porcine kidneys. We obtained what we believed to be an immortalized cell line of human renal cortical tubular epithelium (RCTE) cells from the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University to conduct our reseeding experiments. The RCTE cells that were provided to us were later discovered to actually be Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. Despite being of canine origin, MDCK cells are a distal tubule epithelial cell line that behave similarly to human RCTE cells. The conclusions regarding reseeding as reported in our paper are still sound, as described in the following. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1296	a57194105863	Salehi A.S.M.	p444	False	Journal	248	Corrigendum: Efficient decellularization of whole porcine kidneys improves reseeded cell behavior (Biomedical Materials (Bristol) (2016) 11 (025003) DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/2/025003)	The above manuscript describes our efforts to improve the process for recellularization of porcine kidneys. We obtained what we believed to be an immortalized cell line of human renal cortical tubular epithelium (RCTE) cells from the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University to conduct our reseeding experiments. The RCTE cells that were provided to us were later discovered to actually be Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. Despite being of canine origin, MDCK cells are a distal tubule epithelial cell line that behave similarly to human RCTE cells. The conclusions regarding reseeding as reported in our paper are still sound, as described in the following. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1297	a56921113900	Scott D.R.	p444	False	Journal	248	Corrigendum: Efficient decellularization of whole porcine kidneys improves reseeded cell behavior (Biomedical Materials (Bristol) (2016) 11 (025003) DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/2/025003)	The above manuscript describes our efforts to improve the process for recellularization of porcine kidneys. We obtained what we believed to be an immortalized cell line of human renal cortical tubular epithelium (RCTE) cells from the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University to conduct our reseeding experiments. The RCTE cells that were provided to us were later discovered to actually be Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. Despite being of canine origin, MDCK cells are a distal tubule epithelial cell line that behave similarly to human RCTE cells. The conclusions regarding reseeding as reported in our paper are still sound, as described in the following. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1298	a57044630300	Fronk C.A.	p444	False	Journal	248	Corrigendum: Efficient decellularization of whole porcine kidneys improves reseeded cell behavior (Biomedical Materials (Bristol) (2016) 11 (025003) DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/2/025003)	The above manuscript describes our efforts to improve the process for recellularization of porcine kidneys. We obtained what we believed to be an immortalized cell line of human renal cortical tubular epithelium (RCTE) cells from the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University to conduct our reseeding experiments. The RCTE cells that were provided to us were later discovered to actually be Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. Despite being of canine origin, MDCK cells are a distal tubule epithelial cell line that behave similarly to human RCTE cells. The conclusions regarding reseeding as reported in our paper are still sound, as described in the following. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1299	a7005654753	Roeder B.L.	p444	False	Journal	248	Corrigendum: Efficient decellularization of whole porcine kidneys improves reseeded cell behavior (Biomedical Materials (Bristol) (2016) 11 (025003) DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/2/025003)	The above manuscript describes our efforts to improve the process for recellularization of porcine kidneys. We obtained what we believed to be an immortalized cell line of human renal cortical tubular epithelium (RCTE) cells from the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University to conduct our reseeding experiments. The RCTE cells that were provided to us were later discovered to actually be Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. Despite being of canine origin, MDCK cells are a distal tubule epithelial cell line that behave similarly to human RCTE cells. The conclusions regarding reseeding as reported in our paper are still sound, as described in the following. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1299	a7005654753	Roeder B.L.	p805	False	Journal	391	Re-epithelialization of whole porcine kidneys with renal epithelial cells	Decellularized porcine kidneys were recellularized with renal epithelial cells by three methods: perfusion through the vasculature under high pressure, perfusion through the ureter under high pressure, or perfusion through the ureter under moderate vacuum. Histology, scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging were used to assess vasculature preservation and the distribution of cells throughout the kidneys. Cells were detected in the magnetic resonance imaging by labeling them with iron oxide. Perfusion of cells through the ureter under moderate vacuum (40 mmHg) produced the most uniform distribution of cells throughout the kidneys. © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017.
1300	a56701050600	Reynolds P.R.	p444	False	Journal	248	Corrigendum: Efficient decellularization of whole porcine kidneys improves reseeded cell behavior (Biomedical Materials (Bristol) (2016) 11 (025003) DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/11/2/025003)	The above manuscript describes our efforts to improve the process for recellularization of porcine kidneys. We obtained what we believed to be an immortalized cell line of human renal cortical tubular epithelium (RCTE) cells from the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University to conduct our reseeding experiments. The RCTE cells that were provided to us were later discovered to actually be Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. Despite being of canine origin, MDCK cells are a distal tubule epithelial cell line that behave similarly to human RCTE cells. The conclusions regarding reseeding as reported in our paper are still sound, as described in the following. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1300	a56701050600	Reynolds P.R.	p805	False	Journal	391	Re-epithelialization of whole porcine kidneys with renal epithelial cells	Decellularized porcine kidneys were recellularized with renal epithelial cells by three methods: perfusion through the vasculature under high pressure, perfusion through the ureter under high pressure, or perfusion through the ureter under moderate vacuum. Histology, scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging were used to assess vasculature preservation and the distribution of cells throughout the kidneys. Cells were detected in the magnetic resonance imaging by labeling them with iron oxide. Perfusion of cells through the ureter under moderate vacuum (40 mmHg) produced the most uniform distribution of cells throughout the kidneys. © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017.
1301	a57203184524	Cramer J.	p445	True	Journal	249	Effect of strain path on forming limits and retained austenite transformation in Q&P 1180 steel	Forming limits and retained austenite (RA) transformation in Q&P 1180 steel are quantified as a function of plastic strain levels for three different strain paths. In-plane uniaxial tension testing was performed in a standard test frame, while limiting dome height tooling was employed for out-of-plane biaxial and plane strain tension experiments. Sheet specimens were tested incrementally for each strain path, and the RA content at each level of strain was measured using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The biaxial tension strain path resulted in the greatest effective strain prior to necking at 0.355, compared to 0.123 for plane strain and 0.142 for uniaxial tension. EBSD measurements for various levels of plastic strain reveal a clear dependence of RA rate of transformation on strain path for the three linear strain paths that were employed in this work. Thinning strains appear to provide a slightly better correlation to RA transformation than effective strain levels, where biaxial tension achieved the greatest level just prior to necking, followed by plane-strain tension, and then uniaxial tension. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1302	a57201465968	Adams D.	p445	False	Journal	249	Effect of strain path on forming limits and retained austenite transformation in Q&P 1180 steel	Forming limits and retained austenite (RA) transformation in Q&P 1180 steel are quantified as a function of plastic strain levels for three different strain paths. In-plane uniaxial tension testing was performed in a standard test frame, while limiting dome height tooling was employed for out-of-plane biaxial and plane strain tension experiments. Sheet specimens were tested incrementally for each strain path, and the RA content at each level of strain was measured using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The biaxial tension strain path resulted in the greatest effective strain prior to necking at 0.355, compared to 0.123 for plane strain and 0.142 for uniaxial tension. EBSD measurements for various levels of plastic strain reveal a clear dependence of RA rate of transformation on strain path for the three linear strain paths that were employed in this work. Thinning strains appear to provide a slightly better correlation to RA transformation than effective strain levels, where biaxial tension achieved the greatest level just prior to necking, followed by plane-strain tension, and then uniaxial tension. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1303	a56248395300	Brown T.	p445	False	Journal	249	Effect of strain path on forming limits and retained austenite transformation in Q&P 1180 steel	Forming limits and retained austenite (RA) transformation in Q&P 1180 steel are quantified as a function of plastic strain levels for three different strain paths. In-plane uniaxial tension testing was performed in a standard test frame, while limiting dome height tooling was employed for out-of-plane biaxial and plane strain tension experiments. Sheet specimens were tested incrementally for each strain path, and the RA content at each level of strain was measured using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The biaxial tension strain path resulted in the greatest effective strain prior to necking at 0.355, compared to 0.123 for plane strain and 0.142 for uniaxial tension. EBSD measurements for various levels of plastic strain reveal a clear dependence of RA rate of transformation on strain path for the three linear strain paths that were employed in this work. Thinning strains appear to provide a slightly better correlation to RA transformation than effective strain levels, where biaxial tension achieved the greatest level just prior to necking, followed by plane-strain tension, and then uniaxial tension. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1304	a57203180153	Misha R.	p445	False	Journal	249	Effect of strain path on forming limits and retained austenite transformation in Q&P 1180 steel	Forming limits and retained austenite (RA) transformation in Q&P 1180 steel are quantified as a function of plastic strain levels for three different strain paths. In-plane uniaxial tension testing was performed in a standard test frame, while limiting dome height tooling was employed for out-of-plane biaxial and plane strain tension experiments. Sheet specimens were tested incrementally for each strain path, and the RA content at each level of strain was measured using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The biaxial tension strain path resulted in the greatest effective strain prior to necking at 0.355, compared to 0.123 for plane strain and 0.142 for uniaxial tension. EBSD measurements for various levels of plastic strain reveal a clear dependence of RA rate of transformation on strain path for the three linear strain paths that were employed in this work. Thinning strains appear to provide a slightly better correlation to RA transformation than effective strain levels, where biaxial tension achieved the greatest level just prior to necking, followed by plane-strain tension, and then uniaxial tension. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1305	a7005486887	Sachdev A.	p445	False	Journal	249	Effect of strain path on forming limits and retained austenite transformation in Q&P 1180 steel	Forming limits and retained austenite (RA) transformation in Q&P 1180 steel are quantified as a function of plastic strain levels for three different strain paths. In-plane uniaxial tension testing was performed in a standard test frame, while limiting dome height tooling was employed for out-of-plane biaxial and plane strain tension experiments. Sheet specimens were tested incrementally for each strain path, and the RA content at each level of strain was measured using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The biaxial tension strain path resulted in the greatest effective strain prior to necking at 0.355, compared to 0.123 for plane strain and 0.142 for uniaxial tension. EBSD measurements for various levels of plastic strain reveal a clear dependence of RA rate of transformation on strain path for the three linear strain paths that were employed in this work. Thinning strains appear to provide a slightly better correlation to RA transformation than effective strain levels, where biaxial tension achieved the greatest level just prior to necking, followed by plane-strain tension, and then uniaxial tension. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1306	a34874038200	Wright G.A.	p447	True	Journal	251	Engineering attitudes: an investigation of the effect of literature on student attitudes toward engineering	The growth of STEM career occupations is outpacing the college enrollment of STEM students in the United States. There have been many research projects investigating this issue. There has not however been a study which investigated the impact non-fiction literature has on student interest in studying STEM (specifically engineering) content. The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of student attitudes toward engineering after reading literature involving non-fiction engineering centric narratives. The study used a modified version of the PATT (Pupils Attitudes Towards Technology) called the TEAS (Technology and Engineering Attitudes Scale) to measure student attitude change. The students were high-school aged students in the United States (ages: 15–17) who were enrolled in an English Literature course. The students completed the TEAS before and after reading and studying two engineering and technology centric non-fiction books (The Boy Who Harnessed The Wind and October Sky). The data revealed that student attitude after reading and studying the two books did not statistically change. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
1306	a34874038200	Wright G.A.	p483	True	Conference	175	Increasing student construction interest by engaging elementary students in an inquiry-based 3D modelling after school program	This study was part of a two-year funded grant investigating how to increase student interest and consequent enrollment in construction education. The specifics of this aspect of the study involved a grass-roots movement where construction education was introduced to elementary students (grades 4 - 6). The research model involved giving the students a construction interest inventory and career placement inventory pre-and post-participation in an after-school 3D modeling construction centric curriculum. The curriculum introduced students to the construction fields by giving the students weekly snapshots into construction careers, and also required the students to learn about floor and elevation plans. Students were then taught and expected to design a 3D computer model of a home using Minecraft and Sketchup. The students were provided 4 different models to choose from. The course used a competition based pedagogy where the best home designs were awarded prizes. The results show that student interest after this single intervention (1 semester in length) increased student interest in careers associated to construction. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1306	a34874038200	Wright G.A.	p695	False	Journal	338	The need, development, and validation of the innovation test instrument	This study discusses the need, development, and validation of the Innovation Test Instrument (ITI). This article outlines how the researchers identified the content domain of the assessment and created test items. Then, it describes initial validation testing of the instrument. The findings suggest that the ITI is a good first step in creating an innovation assessment because it is more inclusive of both divergent and convergent thinking. In comparison, past innovation assessments have only assessed either divergence or convergence. The ITI still needs further validation and improvement to make strong claims about its ability to determine the effectiveness of an innovation course. © 2017, Virginia Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
1307	a57201366662	Collins N.S.	p448	False	Journal	252	Total hemispherical apparent radiative properties of the infinite V-groove with specular reflection	Multiple reflections in a cavity geometry augment the emission and absorption of the cavity opening relative to a flat surface in a phenomenon known as the cavity effect. The extent of the cavity effect is quantified using apparent absorptivity and apparent emissivity. Analysis of complicated thermal systems is simplified through application of apparent radiative properties to cavity geometries. The apparent radiative properties of a specularly-reflecting, gray, isothermal V-groove have been derived analytically, but these results have not been validated experimentally or numerically. Additionally, the model for apparent absorptivity of an infinite V-groove subjected to partial illumination in the presence of collimated irradiation is not available. In this work, the following existing models for a specularly-reflecting V-groove are collected into a single source: (1) the apparent absorptivity of a diffusely irradiated V-groove, (2) the apparent emissivity of an isothermal V-groove and (3) the apparent absorptivity of a V-groove subject to collimated irradiation with full-illumination. Further, a new analytical model is developed to predict the apparent absorptivity of an infinite V-groove subject to collimated irradiation with partial-illumination. A custom, Monte Carlo ray tracing solver is used to predict the apparent radiative properties for all cases as a means of numerical verification by comparing the ray tracing data with the results from the new model in this work and the previously existing models. For diffuse irradiation, the analytical model and ray tracing data show excellent agreement with an average discrepancy of 4.4 × 10−4, verifying the diffuse-irradiation analytical model. Similar agreement is found for collimated irradiation, where the full and partial illumination models indicate average discrepancies of 4.9 × 10−4 and 4.6 × 10−4 when compared with ray tracing data. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1307	a57201366662	Collins N.S.	p589	False	Journal	305	Total hemispherical apparent radiative properties of the infinite V-Groove with diffuse reflection	[No abstract available]
1308	a57201358872	Farnsworth M.S.	p448	False	Journal	252	Total hemispherical apparent radiative properties of the infinite V-groove with specular reflection	Multiple reflections in a cavity geometry augment the emission and absorption of the cavity opening relative to a flat surface in a phenomenon known as the cavity effect. The extent of the cavity effect is quantified using apparent absorptivity and apparent emissivity. Analysis of complicated thermal systems is simplified through application of apparent radiative properties to cavity geometries. The apparent radiative properties of a specularly-reflecting, gray, isothermal V-groove have been derived analytically, but these results have not been validated experimentally or numerically. Additionally, the model for apparent absorptivity of an infinite V-groove subjected to partial illumination in the presence of collimated irradiation is not available. In this work, the following existing models for a specularly-reflecting V-groove are collected into a single source: (1) the apparent absorptivity of a diffusely irradiated V-groove, (2) the apparent emissivity of an isothermal V-groove and (3) the apparent absorptivity of a V-groove subject to collimated irradiation with full-illumination. Further, a new analytical model is developed to predict the apparent absorptivity of an infinite V-groove subject to collimated irradiation with partial-illumination. A custom, Monte Carlo ray tracing solver is used to predict the apparent radiative properties for all cases as a means of numerical verification by comparing the ray tracing data with the results from the new model in this work and the previously existing models. For diffuse irradiation, the analytical model and ray tracing data show excellent agreement with an average discrepancy of 4.4 × 10−4, verifying the diffuse-irradiation analytical model. Similar agreement is found for collimated irradiation, where the full and partial illumination models indicate average discrepancies of 4.9 × 10−4 and 4.6 × 10−4 when compared with ray tracing data. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1308	a57201358872	Farnsworth M.S.	p589	False	Journal	305	Total hemispherical apparent radiative properties of the infinite V-Groove with diffuse reflection	[No abstract available]
1309	a7202006620	Shen T.-C.	p449	True	Journal	253	Synthesis of high-specific volume carbon nanotube structures for gas-phase applications	A novel and efficient gas-phase method has been developed for synthesizing carbon nanotube (CNT) structures with very high specific volume, high surface area and high porosity. The resulting material has potential application as a catalyst and adsorbent support for gas-phase chemical processes and has several advantages over the conventional liquid-phase approach that involves multiple steps and takes many hours to days resulting in a dense mat of CNTs. Multi-walled CNTs were initially nucleated and grown on alumina nanoparticles using a liquid precursor of ferrocene dissolved in xylene. The CNT seeds were extended using ethylene as the gas precursor. Forces generated by CNT growth separated the alumina support clusters to result in a porous entangled structure with a 60 times gain in weight and a 1300 times gain in volume, compared to the original alumina particles. Effects of ferrocene injection rate, alumina particle sizes, and CNT growth parameters on the volume of the structure were analyzed and it was determined that high ferrocene input, moderate temperatures, and small alumina particles all favor the synthesis of high-volume CNT structures. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1310	a57194679331	Anderson C.M.	p449	False	Journal	253	Synthesis of high-specific volume carbon nanotube structures for gas-phase applications	A novel and efficient gas-phase method has been developed for synthesizing carbon nanotube (CNT) structures with very high specific volume, high surface area and high porosity. The resulting material has potential application as a catalyst and adsorbent support for gas-phase chemical processes and has several advantages over the conventional liquid-phase approach that involves multiple steps and takes many hours to days resulting in a dense mat of CNTs. Multi-walled CNTs were initially nucleated and grown on alumina nanoparticles using a liquid precursor of ferrocene dissolved in xylene. The CNT seeds were extended using ethylene as the gas precursor. Forces generated by CNT growth separated the alumina support clusters to result in a porous entangled structure with a 60 times gain in weight and a 1300 times gain in volume, compared to the original alumina particles. Effects of ferrocene injection rate, alumina particle sizes, and CNT growth parameters on the volume of the structure were analyzed and it was determined that high ferrocene input, moderate temperatures, and small alumina particles all favor the synthesis of high-volume CNT structures. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1311	a57194686620	Thompson S.K.	p449	False	Journal	253	Synthesis of high-specific volume carbon nanotube structures for gas-phase applications	A novel and efficient gas-phase method has been developed for synthesizing carbon nanotube (CNT) structures with very high specific volume, high surface area and high porosity. The resulting material has potential application as a catalyst and adsorbent support for gas-phase chemical processes and has several advantages over the conventional liquid-phase approach that involves multiple steps and takes many hours to days resulting in a dense mat of CNTs. Multi-walled CNTs were initially nucleated and grown on alumina nanoparticles using a liquid precursor of ferrocene dissolved in xylene. The CNT seeds were extended using ethylene as the gas precursor. Forces generated by CNT growth separated the alumina support clusters to result in a porous entangled structure with a 60 times gain in weight and a 1300 times gain in volume, compared to the original alumina particles. Effects of ferrocene injection rate, alumina particle sizes, and CNT growth parameters on the volume of the structure were analyzed and it was determined that high ferrocene input, moderate temperatures, and small alumina particles all favor the synthesis of high-volume CNT structures. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1312	a35791260000	Whitty K.J.	p449	False	Journal	253	Synthesis of high-specific volume carbon nanotube structures for gas-phase applications	A novel and efficient gas-phase method has been developed for synthesizing carbon nanotube (CNT) structures with very high specific volume, high surface area and high porosity. The resulting material has potential application as a catalyst and adsorbent support for gas-phase chemical processes and has several advantages over the conventional liquid-phase approach that involves multiple steps and takes many hours to days resulting in a dense mat of CNTs. Multi-walled CNTs were initially nucleated and grown on alumina nanoparticles using a liquid precursor of ferrocene dissolved in xylene. The CNT seeds were extended using ethylene as the gas precursor. Forces generated by CNT growth separated the alumina support clusters to result in a porous entangled structure with a 60 times gain in weight and a 1300 times gain in volume, compared to the original alumina particles. Effects of ferrocene injection rate, alumina particle sizes, and CNT growth parameters on the volume of the structure were analyzed and it was determined that high ferrocene input, moderate temperatures, and small alumina particles all favor the synthesis of high-volume CNT structures. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1313	a57198333909	Roy J.	p450	True	Journal	254	Natural frequencies of piled raft foundation including superstructure effect	Dynamic characteristics of piled raft foundation system plays an important role in the safety of high-rise buildings subjected to seismic loadings though the analytical study considering the effect of both foundation and superstructure is very few in literature. The present study first proposes an exact analytical solution for piled raft foundation subjected to harmonic excitation and resting on an elastic Winkler foundation to obtain its natural radial frequency. After successful validation through available centrifuge test results, a series of parametric study has been carried out investigating the influence of various geometrical and geotechnical parameters of the foundation and the soils respectively. It is observed that the pile length and the pile diameter has significant effect on the natural radial frequency of the foundation system whereas soil density and spacing between piles have minimal effect. The importance of stiffness of the superstructure is also considered in the proposed methodology. It is found that the natural radial frequency of piled raft foundation including superstructure stiffness decreases by 12% to 28% when compared with the computation of the natural radial frequency excluding effect of superstructure stiffness. Hence, this study provides a new analytical methodology to obtain the dynamics characteristics of piled raft foundation considering the superstructure effect which can be used for the design. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1314	a56666222000	Kumar A.	p450	False	Journal	254	Natural frequencies of piled raft foundation including superstructure effect	Dynamic characteristics of piled raft foundation system plays an important role in the safety of high-rise buildings subjected to seismic loadings though the analytical study considering the effect of both foundation and superstructure is very few in literature. The present study first proposes an exact analytical solution for piled raft foundation subjected to harmonic excitation and resting on an elastic Winkler foundation to obtain its natural radial frequency. After successful validation through available centrifuge test results, a series of parametric study has been carried out investigating the influence of various geometrical and geotechnical parameters of the foundation and the soils respectively. It is observed that the pile length and the pile diameter has significant effect on the natural radial frequency of the foundation system whereas soil density and spacing between piles have minimal effect. The importance of stiffness of the superstructure is also considered in the proposed methodology. It is found that the natural radial frequency of piled raft foundation including superstructure stiffness decreases by 12% to 28% when compared with the computation of the natural radial frequency excluding effect of superstructure stiffness. Hence, this study provides a new analytical methodology to obtain the dynamics characteristics of piled raft foundation considering the superstructure effect which can be used for the design. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1315	a7103392045	Choudhury D.	p450	False	Journal	254	Natural frequencies of piled raft foundation including superstructure effect	Dynamic characteristics of piled raft foundation system plays an important role in the safety of high-rise buildings subjected to seismic loadings though the analytical study considering the effect of both foundation and superstructure is very few in literature. The present study first proposes an exact analytical solution for piled raft foundation subjected to harmonic excitation and resting on an elastic Winkler foundation to obtain its natural radial frequency. After successful validation through available centrifuge test results, a series of parametric study has been carried out investigating the influence of various geometrical and geotechnical parameters of the foundation and the soils respectively. It is observed that the pile length and the pile diameter has significant effect on the natural radial frequency of the foundation system whereas soil density and spacing between piles have minimal effect. The importance of stiffness of the superstructure is also considered in the proposed methodology. It is found that the natural radial frequency of piled raft foundation including superstructure stiffness decreases by 12% to 28% when compared with the computation of the natural radial frequency excluding effect of superstructure stiffness. Hence, this study provides a new analytical methodology to obtain the dynamics characteristics of piled raft foundation considering the superstructure effect which can be used for the design. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1316	a56009607700	Chanda A.	p451	True	Journal	255	Biomechanical modeling of prosthetic mesh and human tissue surrogate interaction	Surgical repair of hernia and prolapse with prosthetic meshes are well-known to cause pain, infection, hernia recurrence, and mesh contraction and failures. In literature, mesh failure mechanics have been studied with uniaxial, biaxial, and cyclic load testing of dry and wet meshes. Also, extensive experimental studies have been conducted on surrogates, such as non-human primates and rodents, to understand the effect of mesh stiffness, pore size, and knitting patterns on mesh biocompatibility. However, the mechanical properties of such animal tissue surrogates are widely different from human tissues. Therefore, to date, mechanics of the interaction between mesh and human tissues is poorly understood. This work addresses this gap in literature by experimentally and computationally modeling the biomechanical behavior of mesh, sutured to human tissue phantom under tension. A commercially available mesh (Prolene®) was sutured to vaginal tissue phantom material and tested at different uniaxial strains and strain rates. Global and local stresses at the tissue phantom, suture, and mesh were analyzed. The results of this study provide important insights into the mechanics of prosthetic mesh failure and will be indispensable for better mesh design in the future. © 2018 by the authors.
1316	a56009607700	Chanda A.	p539	True	Journal	298	Computational Modeling of Wound Suture: A Review	Suturing is an acquired skill which is based on a surgeon's experience. To date, no two sutures are the same with respect to the type of knot, tension, or suture material. With advancement in medical technologies, robotic suturing is becoming more and more important to operate on complex and difficult to reach internal surgical sites. While it is very difficult to translate a surgeon's suturing expertise to an automated environment, computational models could be employed to estimate baseline suture force requirements for a given wound shape, size, and suture material, which could be subsequently processed by a robot. In the literature, there have been few attempts to characterize wound closure and suture mechanics using simple two- and three-dimensional computational models. Single and multiple skin layers (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis) and tissues with different wound geometries and sizes have been simulated under simple wound flap displacements to estimate suture force requirements. Also, recently, sutures were modeled to simulate a realistic wound closure via suture pulling, and skin prestress effect due to the natural tension of skin was incorporated in a few models to understand its effects on wound closure mechanics. An extensive review of this literature on computational modeling of wound suture would provide valuable insights into the areas in which further research work is required. Discussion of various computational challenges in modeling sutures in a numerical environment will help in better understanding the roadblocks and the required advancements in suture modeling. © 2008-2011 IEEE.
1317	a57200525944	Ruchti T.	p451	False	Journal	255	Biomechanical modeling of prosthetic mesh and human tissue surrogate interaction	Surgical repair of hernia and prolapse with prosthetic meshes are well-known to cause pain, infection, hernia recurrence, and mesh contraction and failures. In literature, mesh failure mechanics have been studied with uniaxial, biaxial, and cyclic load testing of dry and wet meshes. Also, extensive experimental studies have been conducted on surrogates, such as non-human primates and rodents, to understand the effect of mesh stiffness, pore size, and knitting patterns on mesh biocompatibility. However, the mechanical properties of such animal tissue surrogates are widely different from human tissues. Therefore, to date, mechanics of the interaction between mesh and human tissues is poorly understood. This work addresses this gap in literature by experimentally and computationally modeling the biomechanical behavior of mesh, sutured to human tissue phantom under tension. A commercially available mesh (Prolene®) was sutured to vaginal tissue phantom material and tested at different uniaxial strains and strain rates. Global and local stresses at the tissue phantom, suture, and mesh were analyzed. The results of this study provide important insights into the mechanics of prosthetic mesh failure and will be indispensable for better mesh design in the future. © 2018 by the authors.
1317	a57200525944	Ruchti T.	p539	False	Journal	298	Computational Modeling of Wound Suture: A Review	Suturing is an acquired skill which is based on a surgeon's experience. To date, no two sutures are the same with respect to the type of knot, tension, or suture material. With advancement in medical technologies, robotic suturing is becoming more and more important to operate on complex and difficult to reach internal surgical sites. While it is very difficult to translate a surgeon's suturing expertise to an automated environment, computational models could be employed to estimate baseline suture force requirements for a given wound shape, size, and suture material, which could be subsequently processed by a robot. In the literature, there have been few attempts to characterize wound closure and suture mechanics using simple two- and three-dimensional computational models. Single and multiple skin layers (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis) and tissues with different wound geometries and sizes have been simulated under simple wound flap displacements to estimate suture force requirements. Also, recently, sutures were modeled to simulate a realistic wound closure via suture pulling, and skin prestress effect due to the natural tension of skin was incorporated in a few models to understand its effects on wound closure mechanics. An extensive review of this literature on computational modeling of wound suture would provide valuable insights into the areas in which further research work is required. Discussion of various computational challenges in modeling sutures in a numerical environment will help in better understanding the roadblocks and the required advancements in suture modeling. © 2008-2011 IEEE.
1318	a57214792802	Upchurch W.	p451	False	Journal	255	Biomechanical modeling of prosthetic mesh and human tissue surrogate interaction	Surgical repair of hernia and prolapse with prosthetic meshes are well-known to cause pain, infection, hernia recurrence, and mesh contraction and failures. In literature, mesh failure mechanics have been studied with uniaxial, biaxial, and cyclic load testing of dry and wet meshes. Also, extensive experimental studies have been conducted on surrogates, such as non-human primates and rodents, to understand the effect of mesh stiffness, pore size, and knitting patterns on mesh biocompatibility. However, the mechanical properties of such animal tissue surrogates are widely different from human tissues. Therefore, to date, mechanics of the interaction between mesh and human tissues is poorly understood. This work addresses this gap in literature by experimentally and computationally modeling the biomechanical behavior of mesh, sutured to human tissue phantom under tension. A commercially available mesh (Prolene®) was sutured to vaginal tissue phantom material and tested at different uniaxial strains and strain rates. Global and local stresses at the tissue phantom, suture, and mesh were analyzed. The results of this study provide important insights into the mechanics of prosthetic mesh failure and will be indispensable for better mesh design in the future. © 2018 by the authors.
1319	a57216486642	Lee J.H.	p452	True	Conference	158	Autonomous target following with monocular camera on UAS using Recursive-RANSAC tracker	This paper presents a vision-based target tracking and following system using a monocular camera on an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). The R-RANSAC tracker tracks multiple moving objects in the camera field of view and the proposed controller is capable of following a particular target selected by a user while keeping the target in the center of the image. The main contribution of this paper is that multiple objects can be tracked without imposing restrictions such as color, shape, etc. Also, the hardware test shows that the system is able to follow a target autonomously in a real-world outdoor environment. The proposed algorithm is validated on a 3DR X-8 multirotor platform using a downward facing camera. © 2018 IEEE.
1320	a57203661089	Millard J.D.	p452	False	Conference	158	Autonomous target following with monocular camera on UAS using Recursive-RANSAC tracker	This paper presents a vision-based target tracking and following system using a monocular camera on an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). The R-RANSAC tracker tracks multiple moving objects in the camera field of view and the proposed controller is capable of following a particular target selected by a user while keeping the target in the center of the image. The main contribution of this paper is that multiple objects can be tracked without imposing restrictions such as color, shape, etc. Also, the hardware test shows that the system is able to follow a target autonomously in a real-world outdoor environment. The proposed algorithm is validated on a 3DR X-8 multirotor platform using a downward facing camera. © 2018 IEEE.
1320	a57203661089	Millard J.D.	p460	True	Conference	165	Improved Track Continuity in Multi Target Tracking by Fusing Multiple Input Sources	Reliable track continuity is an important characteristic of multiple target tracking (MTT) algorithms. In the specific case of tracking multiple ground targets from an aerial platform, challenges arise due to realistic operating environments such as imperfections in the measurement source. Some popular visual detection techniques include Kanade-Lucas-Tomasi (KLT)-based motion detection, difference imaging, and object feature matching. Each of these algorithmic detectors has fundamental limitations in regard to providing consistent measurements. In this paper we present a scalable detection framework that leverages multiple measurement sources. We also present the recursive random sample consensus (R-RANSAC) algorithm in a data fusion architecture that can simultaneously accommodate multiple measurement sources. We demonstrate robust track continuity using post-processed flight data and show real-time computational performance. © 2018 AACC.
1321	a57203982016	Bean M.	p454	False	Conference	160	Zipper Tube Reinforcement to Mitigate Flexible Shaft Buckling	The Zipper Tube Reinforcement (ZTR) is a novel support system developed to mitigate buckling in thin flexible devices used in robotic surgery. The ZTR was inspired by a construction technique called a Buckling Restrained Braced Frame (BRBF) and deployable booms for space applications. It utilizes a zipper function to allow a rolled sheet to deploy into a variable-length tube and stow in a small volume spooled on a mandrel. The tube envelops the device and allows it to support a much higher compressive load before buckling failure through the insertion stroke. The ZTR also enables the possibility of smaller, more flexible devices due to its design for continuous support and could find application in other fields. © 2018 IEEE.
1322	a57203992542	Wood D.	p454	False	Conference	160	Zipper Tube Reinforcement to Mitigate Flexible Shaft Buckling	The Zipper Tube Reinforcement (ZTR) is a novel support system developed to mitigate buckling in thin flexible devices used in robotic surgery. The ZTR was inspired by a construction technique called a Buckling Restrained Braced Frame (BRBF) and deployable booms for space applications. It utilizes a zipper function to allow a rolled sheet to deploy into a variable-length tube and stow in a small volume spooled on a mandrel. The tube envelops the device and allows it to support a much higher compressive load before buckling failure through the insertion stroke. The ZTR also enables the possibility of smaller, more flexible devices due to its design for continuous support and could find application in other fields. © 2018 IEEE.
1323	a57203980122	Frandsen D.	p455	False	Conference	161	Modified Material Properties in Curved Panels Through Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints	Compliant joints have a number of advantages that make them suitable for highly constrained design problems. While much work has been done on the design of compliant joints manufactured from planar sheet materials, this work focuses on the design of cylindrically-curved joints. A method for using lamina emergent torsional (LET) joints to increase energy storage efficiency in curved sheet materials is presented. A numerical model is provided for predicting the stiffness and maximum applied moment of a curved LET joint. Predicted curved LET joint stiffnesses and maximum moments are utilized to create shape factors that produce an effective modulus of elasticity and an effective modulus of resilience. For a given case, the effective modulus of elasticity is shown to decrease by about three orders of magnitude while the effective resilience decreases by approximately one order of magnitude. Designers can use this information to tailor materials to fit design requirements or to select alternative materials that were previously unsuited for an application. © 2018 IEEE.
1324	a57203980107	Burrow D.	p455	False	Conference	161	Modified Material Properties in Curved Panels Through Lamina Emergent Torsional Joints	Compliant joints have a number of advantages that make them suitable for highly constrained design problems. While much work has been done on the design of compliant joints manufactured from planar sheet materials, this work focuses on the design of cylindrically-curved joints. A method for using lamina emergent torsional (LET) joints to increase energy storage efficiency in curved sheet materials is presented. A numerical model is provided for predicting the stiffness and maximum applied moment of a curved LET joint. Predicted curved LET joint stiffnesses and maximum moments are utilized to create shape factors that produce an effective modulus of elasticity and an effective modulus of resilience. For a given case, the effective modulus of elasticity is shown to decrease by about three orders of magnitude while the effective resilience decreases by approximately one order of magnitude. Designers can use this information to tailor materials to fit design requirements or to select alternative materials that were previously unsuited for an application. © 2018 IEEE.
1325	a57204553875	Jensen T.D.	p458	True	Conference	164	The PepSeq Pipeline: Software for Antimicrobial Motif Discovery in Randomly-Generated Peptide Libraries	Bacteria with resistance genes are becoming ever more common, and new methods of discovering antibiotics are being developed. One of these new methods involves researchers creating random peptides and testing their antimicrobial activity. Developing antibiotics from these peptides requires understanding which sequence motifs will be toxic to bacteria. To determine if the toxic peptides of a randomly-generated peptide library can be uniquely classified based solely on sequence motifs, we created the PepSeq Pipeline: a new software that utilizes a Random Forest algorithm to extract motifs from a peptide library. We found that this pipeline can accurately classify 56% of the toxic peptides in the peptide library using motifs extracted from the model. Testing on simulated data with less noise, we could classify up to 94% of the toxic peptides. The pipeline extracted significant toxic motifs in every library that was tested, but its ability to classify all toxic peptides depended on the number of motifs in the library. Once extracted, these motifs can be used both to understand the biology behind why certain peptides are toxic and to create novel antibiotics. The code and data used in this analysis can be found at https://github.com/tjense25/pep-seq-pipeline. © 2018 ACM.
1326	a57204546854	Bresciano K.A.	p458	False	Conference	164	The PepSeq Pipeline: Software for Antimicrobial Motif Discovery in Randomly-Generated Peptide Libraries	Bacteria with resistance genes are becoming ever more common, and new methods of discovering antibiotics are being developed. One of these new methods involves researchers creating random peptides and testing their antimicrobial activity. Developing antibiotics from these peptides requires understanding which sequence motifs will be toxic to bacteria. To determine if the toxic peptides of a randomly-generated peptide library can be uniquely classified based solely on sequence motifs, we created the PepSeq Pipeline: a new software that utilizes a Random Forest algorithm to extract motifs from a peptide library. We found that this pipeline can accurately classify 56% of the toxic peptides in the peptide library using motifs extracted from the model. Testing on simulated data with less noise, we could classify up to 94% of the toxic peptides. The pipeline extracted significant toxic motifs in every library that was tested, but its ability to classify all toxic peptides depended on the number of motifs in the library. Once extracted, these motifs can be used both to understand the biology behind why certain peptides are toxic and to create novel antibiotics. The code and data used in this analysis can be found at https://github.com/tjense25/pep-seq-pipeline. © 2018 ACM.
1327	a57204555914	Dallon E.	p458	False	Conference	164	The PepSeq Pipeline: Software for Antimicrobial Motif Discovery in Randomly-Generated Peptide Libraries	Bacteria with resistance genes are becoming ever more common, and new methods of discovering antibiotics are being developed. One of these new methods involves researchers creating random peptides and testing their antimicrobial activity. Developing antibiotics from these peptides requires understanding which sequence motifs will be toxic to bacteria. To determine if the toxic peptides of a randomly-generated peptide library can be uniquely classified based solely on sequence motifs, we created the PepSeq Pipeline: a new software that utilizes a Random Forest algorithm to extract motifs from a peptide library. We found that this pipeline can accurately classify 56% of the toxic peptides in the peptide library using motifs extracted from the model. Testing on simulated data with less noise, we could classify up to 94% of the toxic peptides. The pipeline extracted significant toxic motifs in every library that was tested, but its ability to classify all toxic peptides depended on the number of motifs in the library. Once extracted, these motifs can be used both to understand the biology behind why certain peptides are toxic and to create novel antibiotics. The code and data used in this analysis can be found at https://github.com/tjense25/pep-seq-pipeline. © 2018 ACM.
1328	a57204555396	Stewart E.	p458	False	Conference	164	The PepSeq Pipeline: Software for Antimicrobial Motif Discovery in Randomly-Generated Peptide Libraries	Bacteria with resistance genes are becoming ever more common, and new methods of discovering antibiotics are being developed. One of these new methods involves researchers creating random peptides and testing their antimicrobial activity. Developing antibiotics from these peptides requires understanding which sequence motifs will be toxic to bacteria. To determine if the toxic peptides of a randomly-generated peptide library can be uniquely classified based solely on sequence motifs, we created the PepSeq Pipeline: a new software that utilizes a Random Forest algorithm to extract motifs from a peptide library. We found that this pipeline can accurately classify 56% of the toxic peptides in the peptide library using motifs extracted from the model. Testing on simulated data with less noise, we could classify up to 94% of the toxic peptides. The pipeline extracted significant toxic motifs in every library that was tested, but its ability to classify all toxic peptides depended on the number of motifs in the library. Once extracted, these motifs can be used both to understand the biology behind why certain peptides are toxic and to create novel antibiotics. The code and data used in this analysis can be found at https://github.com/tjense25/pep-seq-pipeline. © 2018 ACM.
1329	a6507235629	Griffitts J.	p458	False	Conference	164	The PepSeq Pipeline: Software for Antimicrobial Motif Discovery in Randomly-Generated Peptide Libraries	Bacteria with resistance genes are becoming ever more common, and new methods of discovering antibiotics are being developed. One of these new methods involves researchers creating random peptides and testing their antimicrobial activity. Developing antibiotics from these peptides requires understanding which sequence motifs will be toxic to bacteria. To determine if the toxic peptides of a randomly-generated peptide library can be uniquely classified based solely on sequence motifs, we created the PepSeq Pipeline: a new software that utilizes a Random Forest algorithm to extract motifs from a peptide library. We found that this pipeline can accurately classify 56% of the toxic peptides in the peptide library using motifs extracted from the model. Testing on simulated data with less noise, we could classify up to 94% of the toxic peptides. The pipeline extracted significant toxic motifs in every library that was tested, but its ability to classify all toxic peptides depended on the number of motifs in the library. Once extracted, these motifs can be used both to understand the biology behind why certain peptides are toxic and to create novel antibiotics. The code and data used in this analysis can be found at https://github.com/tjense25/pep-seq-pipeline. © 2018 ACM.
1330	a57195398251	McMurray J.	p459	False	Journal	256	Buried Rib SiO2 Multimode Interference Waveguides for Optofluidic Multiplexing	Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides can be used to create wavelength-dependent spot patterns which enables simultaneous analyte detection on a single optofluidic chip, useful for disease diagnostics. The fidelity of such multi-spot patterns is important for high sensitivity and accurate target identification. Buried rib structures have been incorporated into these SiO2-based waveguides to improve environmental stability. Through experiments and simulation, this letter explores design parameters for a buried MMI rib waveguide based on anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides in order to produce high-fidelity spot patterns. Optimal rib heights and widths are reported in the context of available microfabrication etch technology and performance for an optimized biosensor is shown. © 1989-2012 IEEE.
1330	a57195398251	McMurray J.	p502	False	Journal	273	Optimized ARROW-Based MMI Waveguides for High Fidelity Excitation Patterns for Optofluidic Multiplexing	Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides can be used for multiplexing and de-multiplexing optical signals. High fidelity, wavelength dependent multi-spot patterns from MMI waveguides are useful for sensitive and simultaneous identification of multiple targets in multiplexed fluorescence optofluidic biosensors. Through experiments and simulation, this paper explores design parameters for an MMI rib anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide in order to produce high fidelity spot patterns at the liquid core biomarker excitation region. Width and etch depth of the single excitation rib waveguide used to excite the MMI waveguide are especially critical because they determine the size of the input optical mode which is imaged at the MMI waveguide's output. To increase optical throughput into the MMI waveguide when light is coupled in from an optical fiber, tapers in the waveguide width can be used for better mode matching. © 2012 IEEE.
1330	a57195398251	McMurray J.	p607	False	Conference	245	High fidelity MMI excitation patterns for optofluidic multiplexing	High fidelity interference patterns from multimode interference waveguides are needed for multiplexed optofluidic biosensors. Spot pattern fidelity can be optimized by careful design of the single-mode waveguides used to excite the multimode waveguides. © OSA 2018.
1330	a57195398251	McMurray J.	p706	False	Journal	347	Optofluidic lab-on-a-chip fluorescence sensor using integrated buried ARROW (bARROW) waveguides	Optofluidic, lab-on-a-chip fluorescence sensors were fabricated using buried anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (bARROWs). The bARROWs are impervious to the negative water absorption effects that typically occur in waveguides made using hygroscopic, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) oxides. These sensors were used to detect fluorescent microbeads and had an average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that was 81.3% higher than that of single-oxide ARROW fluorescence sensors. While the single-oxide ARROW sensors were annealed at 300 ◦ C to drive moisture out of the waveguides, the bARROW sensors required no annealing process to obtain a high SNR. © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
1331	a57201484423	Olsen M.	p459	False	Journal	256	Buried Rib SiO2 Multimode Interference Waveguides for Optofluidic Multiplexing	Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides can be used to create wavelength-dependent spot patterns which enables simultaneous analyte detection on a single optofluidic chip, useful for disease diagnostics. The fidelity of such multi-spot patterns is important for high sensitivity and accurate target identification. Buried rib structures have been incorporated into these SiO2-based waveguides to improve environmental stability. Through experiments and simulation, this letter explores design parameters for a buried MMI rib waveguide based on anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides in order to produce high-fidelity spot patterns. Optimal rib heights and widths are reported in the context of available microfabrication etch technology and performance for an optimized biosensor is shown. © 1989-2012 IEEE.
1331	a57201484423	Olsen M.	p502	False	Journal	273	Optimized ARROW-Based MMI Waveguides for High Fidelity Excitation Patterns for Optofluidic Multiplexing	Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides can be used for multiplexing and de-multiplexing optical signals. High fidelity, wavelength dependent multi-spot patterns from MMI waveguides are useful for sensitive and simultaneous identification of multiple targets in multiplexed fluorescence optofluidic biosensors. Through experiments and simulation, this paper explores design parameters for an MMI rib anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide in order to produce high fidelity spot patterns at the liquid core biomarker excitation region. Width and etch depth of the single excitation rib waveguide used to excite the MMI waveguide are especially critical because they determine the size of the input optical mode which is imaged at the MMI waveguide's output. To increase optical throughput into the MMI waveguide when light is coupled in from an optical fiber, tapers in the waveguide width can be used for better mode matching. © 2012 IEEE.
1331	a57201484423	Olsen M.	p607	False	Conference	245	High fidelity MMI excitation patterns for optofluidic multiplexing	High fidelity interference patterns from multimode interference waveguides are needed for multiplexed optofluidic biosensors. Spot pattern fidelity can be optimized by careful design of the single-mode waveguides used to excite the multimode waveguides. © OSA 2018.
1332	a57194155925	Orfila M.	p459	False	Journal	256	Buried Rib SiO2 Multimode Interference Waveguides for Optofluidic Multiplexing	Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides can be used to create wavelength-dependent spot patterns which enables simultaneous analyte detection on a single optofluidic chip, useful for disease diagnostics. The fidelity of such multi-spot patterns is important for high sensitivity and accurate target identification. Buried rib structures have been incorporated into these SiO2-based waveguides to improve environmental stability. Through experiments and simulation, this letter explores design parameters for a buried MMI rib waveguide based on anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides in order to produce high-fidelity spot patterns. Optimal rib heights and widths are reported in the context of available microfabrication etch technology and performance for an optimized biosensor is shown. © 1989-2012 IEEE.
1332	a57194155925	Orfila M.	p502	False	Journal	273	Optimized ARROW-Based MMI Waveguides for High Fidelity Excitation Patterns for Optofluidic Multiplexing	Multimode interference (MMI) waveguides can be used for multiplexing and de-multiplexing optical signals. High fidelity, wavelength dependent multi-spot patterns from MMI waveguides are useful for sensitive and simultaneous identification of multiple targets in multiplexed fluorescence optofluidic biosensors. Through experiments and simulation, this paper explores design parameters for an MMI rib anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguide in order to produce high fidelity spot patterns at the liquid core biomarker excitation region. Width and etch depth of the single excitation rib waveguide used to excite the MMI waveguide are especially critical because they determine the size of the input optical mode which is imaged at the MMI waveguide's output. To increase optical throughput into the MMI waveguide when light is coupled in from an optical fiber, tapers in the waveguide width can be used for better mode matching. © 2012 IEEE.
1332	a57194155925	Orfila M.	p607	False	Conference	245	High fidelity MMI excitation patterns for optofluidic multiplexing	High fidelity interference patterns from multimode interference waveguides are needed for multiplexed optofluidic biosensors. Spot pattern fidelity can be optimized by careful design of the single-mode waveguides used to excite the multimode waveguides. © OSA 2018.
1332	a57194155925	Orfila M.	p749	False	Journal	363	Mitigating Water Absorption in Waveguides Made from Unannealed PECVD SiO2	Water absorption was studied in two types of waveguides made from unannealed plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) SiO2. Standard rib anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) were fabricated with thin films of different intrinsic stress and indices of refraction. Buried ARROWs (bARROWs) with low and high refractive index differences between the core and cladding regions were also fabricated from the same types of PECVD films. All waveguides were subjected to a heated, high humidity environment and their optical throughput was tested over time. Due to water absorption in the SiO2 films, the optical throughput of all of the ARROWs decreased with time spent in the wet environment. The ARROWs with the lowest stress SiO2 had the slowest rate of throughput change. High index difference bARROWs showed no decrease in optical throughput after 40 days in the wet environment and are presented as a solution for environmentally stable waveguides made from unannealed PECVD SiO2. © 2017 IEEE.
1332	a57194155925	Orfila M.	p839	False	Conference	366	Preserving optical confinement in unannealed PECVD SiO2 waveguides	Rib and buried channel waveguides (BCWs) made of unannealed PECVD SiO2 were studied after exposure to high humidity. Low stressed rib waveguides had lower optical throughput change, while high index difference BCWs were practically unaffected. © 2017 OSA.
1333	a35792700800	Yeung E.	p462	False	Conference	167	A Class of Logistic Functions for Approximating State-Inclusive Koopman Operators	An outstanding challenge in nonlinear systems theory is identification or learning of a given nonlinear system's Koopman operator directly from data or models. Advances in extended dynamic mode decomposition approaches and machine learning methods have enabled data-driven discovery of Koopman operators, for both continuous and discrete-time systems. Since Koopman operators are often infinite-dimensional, they are approximated in practice using finite-dimensional systems. The fidelity and convergence of a given finite-dimensional Koopman approximation is a subject of ongoing research. In this paper we introduce a class of Koopman observable functions that confer an approximate closure property on their corresponding finite-dimensional approximations of the Koopman operator. We derive error bounds for the fidelity of this class of observable functions, as well as identify two key learning parameters which can be used to tune performance. We illustrate our approach on two classical nonlinear system models: the Van Der Pol oscillator and the bistable toggle switch. © 2018 AACC.
1333	a35792700800	Yeung E.	p888	False	Journal	413	A minimal realization technique for the dynamical structure function of a class of LTI systems	The dynamical structure function of a linear time invariant (LTI) system reveals causal dependencies among manifest variables without specifying any particular relationships among the unmeasured states of the system. As such, it is a useful representation for complex networks where a coarse description of global system structure is desired without detailing the intricacies of a full state realization. In this paper, we consider the problem of finding a minimal state realization for a given dynamical structure function. Interestingly, some dynamical structure functions require uncontrollable modes in their state realizations to deliver the desired input-output behavior while respecting a specified system structure. As a result, the minimal order necessary to realize a particular dynamical structure function may be greater than that necessary to realize its associated transfer function. Although finding a minimal realization for a given dynamical structure function is difficult in general, we present a straightforward procedure here that works for a simplified class of systems. © 2014 IEEE.
1334	a39062086200	Salva K.T.	p463	False	Conference	168	Extending Motion Detection to Track Stopped Objects in Visual Multi-Target Tracking	Various solutions to visual multi-target tracking have been proposed, but many of them are not capable of running in real time from a moving camera on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). We present a tracker that runs in real time and tracks multiple objects while accounting for camera motion on a UAV. Our algorithm is capable of processing over 10 frames per second on a 1280x720 video sequence. We utilize Recursive-RANSAC, an efficient algorithm for tracking multiple objects in clutter. Our work combines motion detection with optical flow and feature matching to allow stationary objects to be tracked. We use a feature prioritization algorithm to reduce computational complexity and spatial redundancy. We also present a ghost track reduction method which prevents tracking non-existent objects when true objects are no longer visible. We demonstrate the performance of our tracker on a moving camera video sequence. Video results are available at https://youtu.be/6bXjKb-6qY. © 2018 AACC.
1335	a55658283500	Lund J.	p464	True	Conference	169	Movie recommendations using the deep learning approach	Recommendation systems are an important part of suggesting items especially in streaming services. For streaming movie services like Netflix, recommendation systems are essential for helping users find new movies to enjoy. In this paper, we propose a deep learning approach based on autoencoders to produce a collaborative filtering system which predicts movie ratings for a user based on a large database of ratings from other users. Using the MovieLens dataset, we explore the use of deep learning to predict users' ratings on new movies, thereby enabling movie recommendations. To verify the novelty and accuracy of our deep learning approach, we compare our approach to standard collaborative filtering techniques: k-nearest-neighbor and matrix-factorization. The experimental results show that our recommendation system outperforms a user-based neighborhood baseline both in terms of root mean squared error on predicted ratings and in a survey in which users judge between recommendations from both systems. © 2018 IEEE.
1336	a57203575128	Baskota A.	p465	True	Conference	170	A graduate school recommendation system using the multi-class support vector machine and KNN approaches	With the advancement in technology and increased demand on skilled workers these days, education becomes a stepping stone in securing jobs with long-term perspective. As competition for admission into higher education increases, it becomes even more important for applicants to find graduate schools that fit their requirements and expectation. Selecting appropriate schools to apply, however, is a time-consuming process, especially when looking for schools at graduate level due to the various factors in decision making imposed by the schools and applicants. In this paper, we propose a recommendation system that suggests appealing graduate programs to students based on the Support Vector Machine and K-Nearest Neighbor approaches. As graduate programs make decisions based on applicants' qualification, our recommender considers user's personal data and data of various graduate programs obtained from online education portals to make suggestions. We conduct an empirical study using data of current graduate schools and former graduate school applicants, and the performance evaluation validates the merit of our suggestions. © 2018 IEEE.
1337	a56897186700	Lansinger V.B.	p467	False	Journal	228	One-dimensional turbulence modeling for cylindrical and spherical flows: model formulation and application	The one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model resolves a full range of time and length scales and is computationally efficient. ODT has been applied to a wide range of complex multi-scale flows, such as turbulent combustion. Previous ODT comparisons to experimental data have focused mainly on planar flows. Applications to cylindrical flows, such as round jets, have been based on rough analogies, e.g., by exploiting the fortuitous consistency of the similarity scalings of temporally developing planar jets and spatially developing round jets. To obtain a more systematic treatment, a new formulation of the ODT model in cylindrical and spherical coordinates is presented here. The model is written in terms of a geometric factor so that planar, cylindrical, and spherical configurations are represented in the same way. Temporal and spatial versions of the model are presented. A Lagrangian finite-volume implementation is used with a dynamically adaptive mesh. The adaptive mesh facilitates the implementation of cylindrical and spherical versions of the triplet map, which is used to model turbulent advection (eddy events) in the one-dimensional flow coordinate. In cylindrical and spherical coordinates, geometric stretching of the three triplet map images occurs due to the radial dependence of volume, with the stretching being strongest near the centerline. Two triplet map variants, TMA and TMB, are presented. In TMA, the three map images have the same volume, but different radial segment lengths. In TMB, the three map images have the same radial segment lengths, but different segment volumes. Cylindrical results are presented for temporal pipe flow, a spatial nonreacting jet, and a spatial nonreacting jet flame. These results compare very well to direct numerical simulation for the pipe flow, and to experimental data for the jets. The nonreacting jet treatment overpredicts velocity fluctuations near the centerline, due to the geometric stretching of the triplet maps and its effect on the eddy event rate distribution. TMB performs better than TMA. A hybrid planar-TMB (PTMB) approach is also presented, which further improves the results. TMA, TMB, and PTMB are nearly identical in the pipe flow where the key dynamics occur near the wall away from the centerline. The jet flame illustrates effects of variable density and viscosity, including dilatational effects. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
1337	a56897186700	Lansinger V.B.	p621	False	Conference	257	Simplified modeling for soot formation from solid fuels	Modeling soot formed from solid complex fuels such as coal or biomass is difficult and rare in the combustion community. Previously a detailed model was developed for soot formation depicting the soot particle size distribution using the method of moments with interpolative closure. This model is both accurate and complex. Computational expense of this model may be beyond many large-scale simulations. As a result, a simplified version of this detailed model has been developed. This simplified model makes two easy assumptions to drastically reduce the complexity of modeling soot formation. First assumption is that soot particles and soot precursors within a computational domain are assumed to be mono-dispersed, meaning all particles are the same size. This reduces the number of resolved terms to model both soot precursors and soot particles to three resolved terms rather than the 10+ terms required by the previously developed model. Second assumption is that all particles are spherical. While the simplified model is computationally less expensive, these two assumptions come with a cost in accuracy. Presented is both the development of this simplified model along with comparative simulations where the complex and simple models are ran. From these simulations, researchers and developers can justify which model may be used in their respective systems. © 2018 Western States Section/Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
1338	a57197726868	Medina J.	p467	False	Journal	228	One-dimensional turbulence modeling for cylindrical and spherical flows: model formulation and application	The one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model resolves a full range of time and length scales and is computationally efficient. ODT has been applied to a wide range of complex multi-scale flows, such as turbulent combustion. Previous ODT comparisons to experimental data have focused mainly on planar flows. Applications to cylindrical flows, such as round jets, have been based on rough analogies, e.g., by exploiting the fortuitous consistency of the similarity scalings of temporally developing planar jets and spatially developing round jets. To obtain a more systematic treatment, a new formulation of the ODT model in cylindrical and spherical coordinates is presented here. The model is written in terms of a geometric factor so that planar, cylindrical, and spherical configurations are represented in the same way. Temporal and spatial versions of the model are presented. A Lagrangian finite-volume implementation is used with a dynamically adaptive mesh. The adaptive mesh facilitates the implementation of cylindrical and spherical versions of the triplet map, which is used to model turbulent advection (eddy events) in the one-dimensional flow coordinate. In cylindrical and spherical coordinates, geometric stretching of the three triplet map images occurs due to the radial dependence of volume, with the stretching being strongest near the centerline. Two triplet map variants, TMA and TMB, are presented. In TMA, the three map images have the same volume, but different radial segment lengths. In TMB, the three map images have the same radial segment lengths, but different segment volumes. Cylindrical results are presented for temporal pipe flow, a spatial nonreacting jet, and a spatial nonreacting jet flame. These results compare very well to direct numerical simulation for the pipe flow, and to experimental data for the jets. The nonreacting jet treatment overpredicts velocity fluctuations near the centerline, due to the geometric stretching of the triplet maps and its effect on the eddy event rate distribution. TMB performs better than TMA. A hybrid planar-TMB (PTMB) approach is also presented, which further improves the results. TMA, TMB, and PTMB are nearly identical in the pipe flow where the key dynamics occur near the wall away from the centerline. The jet flame illustrates effects of variable density and viscosity, including dilatational effects. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
1339	a56261172000	Klein M.	p467	False	Journal	228	One-dimensional turbulence modeling for cylindrical and spherical flows: model formulation and application	The one-dimensional turbulence (ODT) model resolves a full range of time and length scales and is computationally efficient. ODT has been applied to a wide range of complex multi-scale flows, such as turbulent combustion. Previous ODT comparisons to experimental data have focused mainly on planar flows. Applications to cylindrical flows, such as round jets, have been based on rough analogies, e.g., by exploiting the fortuitous consistency of the similarity scalings of temporally developing planar jets and spatially developing round jets. To obtain a more systematic treatment, a new formulation of the ODT model in cylindrical and spherical coordinates is presented here. The model is written in terms of a geometric factor so that planar, cylindrical, and spherical configurations are represented in the same way. Temporal and spatial versions of the model are presented. A Lagrangian finite-volume implementation is used with a dynamically adaptive mesh. The adaptive mesh facilitates the implementation of cylindrical and spherical versions of the triplet map, which is used to model turbulent advection (eddy events) in the one-dimensional flow coordinate. In cylindrical and spherical coordinates, geometric stretching of the three triplet map images occurs due to the radial dependence of volume, with the stretching being strongest near the centerline. Two triplet map variants, TMA and TMB, are presented. In TMA, the three map images have the same volume, but different radial segment lengths. In TMB, the three map images have the same radial segment lengths, but different segment volumes. Cylindrical results are presented for temporal pipe flow, a spatial nonreacting jet, and a spatial nonreacting jet flame. These results compare very well to direct numerical simulation for the pipe flow, and to experimental data for the jets. The nonreacting jet treatment overpredicts velocity fluctuations near the centerline, due to the geometric stretching of the triplet maps and its effect on the eddy event rate distribution. TMB performs better than TMA. A hybrid planar-TMB (PTMB) approach is also presented, which further improves the results. TMA, TMB, and PTMB are nearly identical in the pipe flow where the key dynamics occur near the wall away from the centerline. The jet flame illustrates effects of variable density and viscosity, including dilatational effects. © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
1340	a57203731804	Johnson M.H.	p469	True	Conference	171	A Rateless Approach to Physical-Layer Security	A majority of coding constructions for physical-layer security are based on linear block codes and their cosets. One issue with these codes is that they require knowledge of channel state information (CSI) for both the friendly party and the eavesdropper in the wiretap channel prior to constructing the code. In this paper, we present a framework for rateless physical-layer security codes over the wiretap channel by introducing both fixed and adaptive variants of rateless security coding schemes. These techniques can be used to reduce the requirements on CSI prior to code construction, because the codes will either adapt to the operating parameters of the legitimate user's channel on the fly and/or target a maximum allowable probability of intercept (POI) at the eavesdropper. All channels in play are packet erasure channels (PECs), as these channels are quite pervasive in most real-world network applications. We further present the details of an actual implementation of rateless physical-layer security coding over a Wi-Fi network. © 2018 IEEE.
1341	a57203372448	Rendon G.T.	p470	True	Conference	172	Nested QPSK Encoding for Information Theoretic Security	This paper proposes a method to provide secrecy for digital communications with arbitrarily large quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations for transmission over a Gaussian fading wiretap channel. This is accomplished by breaking the constellation down into nested quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) symbols and randomizing the assignment between message bits and modulated symbols using channel state information (CSI). If enough random bits can be generated from CSI it becomes possible to uniquely map an arbitrary message to any symbol in the large QAM constellation. The proposed method can thereby provide perfect secrecy while maintaining high reliability by exclusively assigning minimum-distance-mapped constellations through the randomization for use by the legitimate decoder. © 2018 IEEE.
1342	a57203247682	Reynolds J.	p471	True	Conference	173	A Tale of Two Studies: The Best and Worst of YubiKey Usability	Two-factor authentication (2FA) significantly improves the security of password-based authentication. Recently, there has been increased interest in Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) security keys-small hardware devices that require users to press a button on the security key to authenticate. To examine the usability of security keys in non-enterprise usage, we conducted two user studies of the YubiKey, a popular line of U2F security keys. The first study tasked 31 participants with configuring a Windows, Google, and Facebook account to authenticate using a YubiKey. This study revealed problems with setup instructions and workflow including users locking themselves out of their operating system or thinking they had successfully enabled 2FA when they had not. In contrast, the second study had 25 participants use a YubiKey in their daily lives over a period of four weeks, revealing that participants generally enjoyed the experience. Conducting both a laboratory and longitudinal study yielded insights into the usability of security keys that would not have been evident from either study in isolation. Based on our analysis, we recommend standardizing the setup process, enabling verification of success, allowing shared accounts, integrating with operating systems, and preventing lockouts. © 2018 IEEE.
1342	a57203247682	Reynolds J.	p793	False	Conference	330	TrustBase: An architecture to repair and strengthen certificate-based authentication	The current state of certificate-based authentication is messy, with broken authentication in applications and proxies, along with serious flaws in the CA system. To solve these problems, we design TrustBase, an architecture that provides certificate-based authentication as an operating system service, with system administrator control over authentication policy. TrustBase transparently enforces best practices for certificate validation on all applications, while also providing a variety of authentication services to strengthen the CA system. We describe a research prototype of TrustBase for Linux, which uses a loadable kernel module to intercept traffic in the socket layer, then consults a userspace policy engine to evaluate certificate validity using a variety of plugins. We evaluate the security of TrustBase, including a threat analysis, application coverage, and hardening of the Linux prototype. We also describe prototypes of TrustBase for Android and Windows, illustrating the generality of our approach. We show that TrustBase has negligible overhead and universal compatibility with applications. We demonstrate its utility by describing eight authentication services that extend CA hardening to all applications. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All Rights Reserved.
1343	a57202927332	Witzeman J.S.	p473	True	Journal	260	The Future of R&D Leadership: Wider changes in the culture and the market will drive changes in the practice of R&D leadership.	Overview: The environment in which industrial R&D operates is continuing to evolve, at a pace that seems to be ever increasing. Within the enduring elements of R&D leadership—management of staff and content creation and dissemination, among others—significant changes in practice are emerging or can be expected to emerge over the next few years. These changes, their impact on R&D leadership, and a vision of what R&D leadership will need to be in the future are the focus of this article. © 2018, © 2018, Innovation Research Interchange. Published by Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.
1344	a7202608915	Henderson P.	p473	False	Journal	260	The Future of R&D Leadership: Wider changes in the culture and the market will drive changes in the practice of R&D leadership.	Overview: The environment in which industrial R&D operates is continuing to evolve, at a pace that seems to be ever increasing. Within the enduring elements of R&D leadership—management of staff and content creation and dissemination, among others—significant changes in practice are emerging or can be expected to emerge over the next few years. These changes, their impact on R&D leadership, and a vision of what R&D leadership will need to be in the future are the focus of this article. © 2018, © 2018, Innovation Research Interchange. Published by Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.
1345	a57202921889	Welling A.G.	p473	False	Journal	260	The Future of R&D Leadership: Wider changes in the culture and the market will drive changes in the practice of R&D leadership.	Overview: The environment in which industrial R&D operates is continuing to evolve, at a pace that seems to be ever increasing. Within the enduring elements of R&D leadership—management of staff and content creation and dissemination, among others—significant changes in practice are emerging or can be expected to emerge over the next few years. These changes, their impact on R&D leadership, and a vision of what R&D leadership will need to be in the future are the focus of this article. © 2018, © 2018, Innovation Research Interchange. Published by Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.
1346	a7801604567	Cosner R.	p473	False	Journal	260	The Future of R&D Leadership: Wider changes in the culture and the market will drive changes in the practice of R&D leadership.	Overview: The environment in which industrial R&D operates is continuing to evolve, at a pace that seems to be ever increasing. Within the enduring elements of R&D leadership—management of staff and content creation and dissemination, among others—significant changes in practice are emerging or can be expected to emerge over the next few years. These changes, their impact on R&D leadership, and a vision of what R&D leadership will need to be in the future are the focus of this article. © 2018, © 2018, Innovation Research Interchange. Published by Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.
1347	a54581173100	Kimmons R.	p474	True	Journal	261	Mining social media divides: an analysis of K-12 U.S. School uses of Twitter	This study utilizes public data mining to explore participation divides of all available K-12 institutional Twitter accounts in the U.S. (n = 8275 accounts, n = 9,216,853 tweets). Results indicated that U.S. schools used Twitter to broadcast information on a variety of topics in a unidirectional manner and that hashtags included a variety of intended purposes, including affinity spaces, education topics, emotive language, and events. Those schools in wealthier, more populated areas were more likely to use Twitter, with wealthy, suburban schools being the most likely to use it and poor, rural schools being the least likely. Furthermore, factors such as charter school status and urbanity influenced the content of school tweets on key issues, with schools in more populated areas tweeting more about coding and college than schools in less populated areas and charter schools tweeting more about college and the politicized educational issue of common core than non-charters. These results reveal participation differences between schools based upon demographics and provides a basis for conducting future large-scale work on publicly available artifacts, such as school tweets, that may be meaningfully used as education research data. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
1348	a57202810627	Carpenter J.P.	p474	False	Journal	261	Mining social media divides: an analysis of K-12 U.S. School uses of Twitter	This study utilizes public data mining to explore participation divides of all available K-12 institutional Twitter accounts in the U.S. (n = 8275 accounts, n = 9,216,853 tweets). Results indicated that U.S. schools used Twitter to broadcast information on a variety of topics in a unidirectional manner and that hashtags included a variety of intended purposes, including affinity spaces, education topics, emotive language, and events. Those schools in wealthier, more populated areas were more likely to use Twitter, with wealthy, suburban schools being the most likely to use it and poor, rural schools being the least likely. Furthermore, factors such as charter school status and urbanity influenced the content of school tweets on key issues, with schools in more populated areas tweeting more about coding and college than schools in less populated areas and charter schools tweeting more about college and the politicized educational issue of common core than non-charters. These results reveal participation differences between schools based upon demographics and provides a basis for conducting future large-scale work on publicly available artifacts, such as school tweets, that may be meaningfully used as education research data. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
1349	a18042644100	Veletsianos G.	p474	False	Journal	261	Mining social media divides: an analysis of K-12 U.S. School uses of Twitter	This study utilizes public data mining to explore participation divides of all available K-12 institutional Twitter accounts in the U.S. (n = 8275 accounts, n = 9,216,853 tweets). Results indicated that U.S. schools used Twitter to broadcast information on a variety of topics in a unidirectional manner and that hashtags included a variety of intended purposes, including affinity spaces, education topics, emotive language, and events. Those schools in wealthier, more populated areas were more likely to use Twitter, with wealthy, suburban schools being the most likely to use it and poor, rural schools being the least likely. Furthermore, factors such as charter school status and urbanity influenced the content of school tweets on key issues, with schools in more populated areas tweeting more about coding and college than schools in less populated areas and charter schools tweeting more about college and the politicized educational issue of common core than non-charters. These results reveal participation differences between schools based upon demographics and provides a basis for conducting future large-scale work on publicly available artifacts, such as school tweets, that may be meaningfully used as education research data. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
1350	a55943223600	Krutka D.G.	p474	False	Journal	261	Mining social media divides: an analysis of K-12 U.S. School uses of Twitter	This study utilizes public data mining to explore participation divides of all available K-12 institutional Twitter accounts in the U.S. (n = 8275 accounts, n = 9,216,853 tweets). Results indicated that U.S. schools used Twitter to broadcast information on a variety of topics in a unidirectional manner and that hashtags included a variety of intended purposes, including affinity spaces, education topics, emotive language, and events. Those schools in wealthier, more populated areas were more likely to use Twitter, with wealthy, suburban schools being the most likely to use it and poor, rural schools being the least likely. Furthermore, factors such as charter school status and urbanity influenced the content of school tweets on key issues, with schools in more populated areas tweeting more about coding and college than schools in less populated areas and charter schools tweeting more about college and the politicized educational issue of common core than non-charters. These results reveal participation differences between schools based upon demographics and provides a basis for conducting future large-scale work on publicly available artifacts, such as school tweets, that may be meaningfully used as education research data. © 2018, © 2018 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
1351	a57204434337	Galan A.M.	p475	True	Journal	262	Design and characterization of a package-less hybrid PDMS-CMOS-FR4 contact-imaging system for microfluidic integration	We demonstrate a hybrid "package-less" polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-FR4 system for contact imaging. The system embeds the CMOS image sensor directly in a PDMS layer instead of the standard chip package to support microfluidic structures much larger and more complex than those in prior art. The CMOS/PDMS layer is self-aligned to form a continuous, flat surface to provide structural support for upper microfluidic layers. The system consists of five layers of PDMS implementing fluid channels, valves, chambers, and inlets/outlets. A custom CMOS image sensor with integrated signal conditioning circuits directly captures light from sample fluid for high optical collection efficiency. Owing to the flexibility afforded by the integration process, the system demonstrates, for the first time, integrated valves in contact imaging. Moreover, we present the first direct comparison of the optical performance of a CMOS image sensor and a photomultiplier tube (PMT) in identical contact-imaging conditions. Measurements show that our CMOS sensor achieves 17 dB better signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared with a commercial PMT across a broad range of integration times, with a maximum SNR of 47 dB. Chemiluminescent testing successfully shows signal detection for different analyte concentrations and integration times. The contact-imaging system demonstrates a detection limit of 25 μM of a 9,10-diphenylanthracene-based solution. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1352	a56556056000	Hinton D.	p477	True	Journal	225	Comparison of calibrated empirical and semi-empirical methods for bedload transport rate prediction in gravel bed streams	The performance of seven sediment transport equations for bedload transport is compared using almost 2,600 of more than 8,000 measurements from a recent compilation. Named equations tested include the Meyer-Peter Muller, Barry, Pagosa good condition, Wilcock, Parker (both calibrated and uncalibrated), Recking, and that of Elhakeem and Imran. The purpose of the tests was to evaluate the performance of several empirical and semiempirical formulae using a single calibration point relative to three uncalibrated equations. The seven equations were included because they either have a calibration procedure already developed, are used frequently in practice, are historically foundational in the field, or have recently been proposed. Results are expressed in the root mean square error of the logarithms (RMSEL) and the relative mean error (RME) and show that the Pagosa good and Barry equations best predict bedload sediment transport (RMSEL of 0.02 and 0.02, respectively). The Pagosa good equation requires a data point for bankfull discharge and the corresponding bedload transport. The uncalibrated Recking (2013) equation resulted in lower errors than two of the calibrated formulae (Wilcock 2001 and Parker 1990) and was not far behind the calibrated Elhakeem and Imran (2016) formula. The Meyer-Peter Muller and uncalibrated Parker (1990) equations performed the worst (RMSEL of up to 0.85 and 0.86, respectively). The results herein demonstrate: (1) empirical formulae were more successful at predicting bedload transport than semiempirical alternatives, (2) a single calibration point significantly improves the predictive accuracy of any formula, and (3) calibration cannot compensate for all the shortcomings of a model. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1352	a56556056000	Hinton D.	p783	True	Journal	387	Comprehensive and quality-controlled bedload transport database	The processes involved in bed-load sediment transport are complex and difficult to quantify. Field measurements provide insight and a chance to improve predictive methods. A comprehensive database is described that contains more than 15,000 observations from nearly 500 data sets of bed-load sediment transport. Observations are compiled from published sources, author responses to queries, and personal visits to offices. Each entry has been checked twice for accuracy against the original data and converted to a common set of units. The database contains sections for sample descriptions, discharge and transport data, channel and bankfull characteristics, surface and subsurface grain size distributions, and, where possible, stream classification descriptors. Discharges range from far below to several times bankfull values. The database is freely available to the public and may be accessed via direct download and through WaterML based web services from the BYU World Water Data Sediment Transport Database portal at http://worldwater.byu.edu/app/index.php/sediment. The intent of this database is to provide useful data to researchers as they continue to investigate bed-load transport processes. Data can be added to the database by contacting the authors. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1353	a57196465311	Cope M.	p477	False	Journal	225	Comparison of calibrated empirical and semi-empirical methods for bedload transport rate prediction in gravel bed streams	The performance of seven sediment transport equations for bedload transport is compared using almost 2,600 of more than 8,000 measurements from a recent compilation. Named equations tested include the Meyer-Peter Muller, Barry, Pagosa good condition, Wilcock, Parker (both calibrated and uncalibrated), Recking, and that of Elhakeem and Imran. The purpose of the tests was to evaluate the performance of several empirical and semiempirical formulae using a single calibration point relative to three uncalibrated equations. The seven equations were included because they either have a calibration procedure already developed, are used frequently in practice, are historically foundational in the field, or have recently been proposed. Results are expressed in the root mean square error of the logarithms (RMSEL) and the relative mean error (RME) and show that the Pagosa good and Barry equations best predict bedload sediment transport (RMSEL of 0.02 and 0.02, respectively). The Pagosa good equation requires a data point for bankfull discharge and the corresponding bedload transport. The uncalibrated Recking (2013) equation resulted in lower errors than two of the calibrated formulae (Wilcock 2001 and Parker 1990) and was not far behind the calibrated Elhakeem and Imran (2016) formula. The Meyer-Peter Muller and uncalibrated Parker (1990) equations performed the worst (RMSEL of up to 0.85 and 0.86, respectively). The results herein demonstrate: (1) empirical formulae were more successful at predicting bedload transport than semiempirical alternatives, (2) a single calibration point significantly improves the predictive accuracy of any formula, and (3) calibration cannot compensate for all the shortcomings of a model. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1354	a56740595400	Villanueva I.	p478	True	Journal	264	A Multimodal Exploration of Engineering Students' Emotions and Electrodermal Activity in Design Activities	Background: This exploratory study uses multimodal approaches to explore undergraduate student engagement via topic emotions and electrodermal activity (EDA) in different engineering design method activities and with different instructional delivery formats (e.g., lecture vs. active learning). Purpose/Hypothesis: The goal of this research is to improve our understanding of how students respond, via engagement, to their engineering design activities during class. This study hypothesizes that students would experience no self-reported mean changes in topic emotions from their preassessment scores for each engineering design topic and instructional format nor would electrodermal activities (EDA) associate to these topic emotions throughout the design activities. Design/Method: Eighty-eight freshmen engineering students completed online pretopic and posttopic emotions surveys for five engineering design activities. A subset of 14–18 participants, the focal point of this study, wore an EDA sensor while completing the surveys and participating in these sessions. Results: Preliminary findings suggest that EDA increased for individual and collaborative active learning activities compared to lectures. No significant changes in EDA were found between individual and collaborative active learning activities. Moderate negative correlations were found between EDA and negative topic emotions in the first engineering design activity but not across the rest. At the end of the semester, active learning activities showed higher effect sizes indicating a re-enforcement of students' engagement in the engineering design method activities. Conclusion: This study provides initial results showing how multimodal approaches can help researchers understand students' closer-to-real-time engagement in engineering design topics and instructional delivery formats. © 2018 ASEE
1354	a56740595400	Villanueva I.	p603	False	Journal	308	An investigation of self-efficacy and topic emotions in entry-level engineering design learning activities	Little is known about the impact self-efficacy and topic emotions have on novice engineering students when first exposed to an engineering design course. Freshman students may have difficulties regulating their emotions when exposed to new or complex topics such as engineering design. Consequently, they may become frustrated or discouraged as the semester progresses that can lead to feelings of hopelessness and anxiety. In contrast, novice students may experience feelings of hope and interest that may foster positive learning outcomes in engineering design. The authors explored freshmen engineering students’ (n = 58) levels of self-efficacy and topic emotions while participating on a freshmen-level engineering and graphics design course. Our findings suggests that while positive and negative topic emotions are inversely related, both seem to be associated with self-efficacy. Further, topic emotions appear to mediate self-efficacy as topic emotions such as curiosity, happiness, and interest were reported by engineering students during engineering design activities. Self-efficacy increased over the course of the semester for these freshman engineering design students. © 2019 TEMPUS Publications.
1354	a56740595400	Villanueva I.	p636	True	Journal	309	Puzzling the pieces: Conceptual blocks of engineering student ideas in a service learning project	At its core, engineering and similar disciplines rely strongly on technical innovation to design and develop creative solutions to complex problems. However, for novice engineering students, conceptualizing engineering design activities is not an easy task. To do so, they must overcome cognitive blocks to facilitate unique and adequate engineering design solutions. This effect may be compounded when engineering design projects centered around service learning are introduced. The intent of this study was to explore if and what types of conceptual blocks may be present among novice engineering students when design heuristic cues are provided in the classroom. Findings suggest that using classroom interventions around design heuristic, students had a difficult time "shaking off" their conceptual blocks to the design solution. Primarily, communicative and perceptual blocks were found to predominate among novice engineering student groups. © 2018 TEMPUS Publications.
1355	a56662711400	Campbell B.D.	p478	False	Journal	264	A Multimodal Exploration of Engineering Students' Emotions and Electrodermal Activity in Design Activities	Background: This exploratory study uses multimodal approaches to explore undergraduate student engagement via topic emotions and electrodermal activity (EDA) in different engineering design method activities and with different instructional delivery formats (e.g., lecture vs. active learning). Purpose/Hypothesis: The goal of this research is to improve our understanding of how students respond, via engagement, to their engineering design activities during class. This study hypothesizes that students would experience no self-reported mean changes in topic emotions from their preassessment scores for each engineering design topic and instructional format nor would electrodermal activities (EDA) associate to these topic emotions throughout the design activities. Design/Method: Eighty-eight freshmen engineering students completed online pretopic and posttopic emotions surveys for five engineering design activities. A subset of 14–18 participants, the focal point of this study, wore an EDA sensor while completing the surveys and participating in these sessions. Results: Preliminary findings suggest that EDA increased for individual and collaborative active learning activities compared to lectures. No significant changes in EDA were found between individual and collaborative active learning activities. Moderate negative correlations were found between EDA and negative topic emotions in the first engineering design activity but not across the rest. At the end of the semester, active learning activities showed higher effect sizes indicating a re-enforcement of students' engagement in the engineering design method activities. Conclusion: This study provides initial results showing how multimodal approaches can help researchers understand students' closer-to-real-time engagement in engineering design topics and instructional delivery formats. © 2018 ASEE
1355	a56662711400	Campbell B.D.	p603	False	Journal	308	An investigation of self-efficacy and topic emotions in entry-level engineering design learning activities	Little is known about the impact self-efficacy and topic emotions have on novice engineering students when first exposed to an engineering design course. Freshman students may have difficulties regulating their emotions when exposed to new or complex topics such as engineering design. Consequently, they may become frustrated or discouraged as the semester progresses that can lead to feelings of hopelessness and anxiety. In contrast, novice students may experience feelings of hope and interest that may foster positive learning outcomes in engineering design. The authors explored freshmen engineering students’ (n = 58) levels of self-efficacy and topic emotions while participating on a freshmen-level engineering and graphics design course. Our findings suggests that while positive and negative topic emotions are inversely related, both seem to be associated with self-efficacy. Further, topic emotions appear to mediate self-efficacy as topic emotions such as curiosity, happiness, and interest were reported by engineering students during engineering design activities. Self-efficacy increased over the course of the semester for these freshman engineering design students. © 2019 TEMPUS Publications.
1355	a56662711400	Campbell B.D.	p636	False	Journal	309	Puzzling the pieces: Conceptual blocks of engineering student ideas in a service learning project	At its core, engineering and similar disciplines rely strongly on technical innovation to design and develop creative solutions to complex problems. However, for novice engineering students, conceptualizing engineering design activities is not an easy task. To do so, they must overcome cognitive blocks to facilitate unique and adequate engineering design solutions. This effect may be compounded when engineering design projects centered around service learning are introduced. The intent of this study was to explore if and what types of conceptual blocks may be present among novice engineering students when design heuristic cues are provided in the classroom. Findings suggest that using classroom interventions around design heuristic, students had a difficult time "shaking off" their conceptual blocks to the design solution. Primarily, communicative and perceptual blocks were found to predominate among novice engineering student groups. © 2018 TEMPUS Publications.
1356	a56741048000	Raikes A.C.	p478	False	Journal	264	A Multimodal Exploration of Engineering Students' Emotions and Electrodermal Activity in Design Activities	Background: This exploratory study uses multimodal approaches to explore undergraduate student engagement via topic emotions and electrodermal activity (EDA) in different engineering design method activities and with different instructional delivery formats (e.g., lecture vs. active learning). Purpose/Hypothesis: The goal of this research is to improve our understanding of how students respond, via engagement, to their engineering design activities during class. This study hypothesizes that students would experience no self-reported mean changes in topic emotions from their preassessment scores for each engineering design topic and instructional format nor would electrodermal activities (EDA) associate to these topic emotions throughout the design activities. Design/Method: Eighty-eight freshmen engineering students completed online pretopic and posttopic emotions surveys for five engineering design activities. A subset of 14–18 participants, the focal point of this study, wore an EDA sensor while completing the surveys and participating in these sessions. Results: Preliminary findings suggest that EDA increased for individual and collaborative active learning activities compared to lectures. No significant changes in EDA were found between individual and collaborative active learning activities. Moderate negative correlations were found between EDA and negative topic emotions in the first engineering design activity but not across the rest. At the end of the semester, active learning activities showed higher effect sizes indicating a re-enforcement of students' engagement in the engineering design method activities. Conclusion: This study provides initial results showing how multimodal approaches can help researchers understand students' closer-to-real-time engagement in engineering design topics and instructional delivery formats. © 2018 ASEE
1357	a56149906900	Jones S.H.	p478	False	Journal	264	A Multimodal Exploration of Engineering Students' Emotions and Electrodermal Activity in Design Activities	Background: This exploratory study uses multimodal approaches to explore undergraduate student engagement via topic emotions and electrodermal activity (EDA) in different engineering design method activities and with different instructional delivery formats (e.g., lecture vs. active learning). Purpose/Hypothesis: The goal of this research is to improve our understanding of how students respond, via engagement, to their engineering design activities during class. This study hypothesizes that students would experience no self-reported mean changes in topic emotions from their preassessment scores for each engineering design topic and instructional format nor would electrodermal activities (EDA) associate to these topic emotions throughout the design activities. Design/Method: Eighty-eight freshmen engineering students completed online pretopic and posttopic emotions surveys for five engineering design activities. A subset of 14–18 participants, the focal point of this study, wore an EDA sensor while completing the surveys and participating in these sessions. Results: Preliminary findings suggest that EDA increased for individual and collaborative active learning activities compared to lectures. No significant changes in EDA were found between individual and collaborative active learning activities. Moderate negative correlations were found between EDA and negative topic emotions in the first engineering design activity but not across the rest. At the end of the semester, active learning activities showed higher effect sizes indicating a re-enforcement of students' engagement in the engineering design method activities. Conclusion: This study provides initial results showing how multimodal approaches can help researchers understand students' closer-to-real-time engagement in engineering design topics and instructional delivery formats. © 2018 ASEE
1357	a56149906900	Jones S.H.	p603	True	Journal	308	An investigation of self-efficacy and topic emotions in entry-level engineering design learning activities	Little is known about the impact self-efficacy and topic emotions have on novice engineering students when first exposed to an engineering design course. Freshman students may have difficulties regulating their emotions when exposed to new or complex topics such as engineering design. Consequently, they may become frustrated or discouraged as the semester progresses that can lead to feelings of hopelessness and anxiety. In contrast, novice students may experience feelings of hope and interest that may foster positive learning outcomes in engineering design. The authors explored freshmen engineering students’ (n = 58) levels of self-efficacy and topic emotions while participating on a freshmen-level engineering and graphics design course. Our findings suggests that while positive and negative topic emotions are inversely related, both seem to be associated with self-efficacy. Further, topic emotions appear to mediate self-efficacy as topic emotions such as curiosity, happiness, and interest were reported by engineering students during engineering design activities. Self-efficacy increased over the course of the semester for these freshman engineering design students. © 2019 TEMPUS Publications.
1357	a56149906900	Jones S.H.	p636	False	Journal	309	Puzzling the pieces: Conceptual blocks of engineering student ideas in a service learning project	At its core, engineering and similar disciplines rely strongly on technical innovation to design and develop creative solutions to complex problems. However, for novice engineering students, conceptualizing engineering design activities is not an easy task. To do so, they must overcome cognitive blocks to facilitate unique and adequate engineering design solutions. This effect may be compounded when engineering design projects centered around service learning are introduced. The intent of this study was to explore if and what types of conceptual blocks may be present among novice engineering students when design heuristic cues are provided in the classroom. Findings suggest that using classroom interventions around design heuristic, students had a difficult time "shaking off" their conceptual blocks to the design solution. Primarily, communicative and perceptual blocks were found to predominate among novice engineering student groups. © 2018 TEMPUS Publications.
1358	a6603615600	Putney L.G.	p478	False	Journal	264	A Multimodal Exploration of Engineering Students' Emotions and Electrodermal Activity in Design Activities	Background: This exploratory study uses multimodal approaches to explore undergraduate student engagement via topic emotions and electrodermal activity (EDA) in different engineering design method activities and with different instructional delivery formats (e.g., lecture vs. active learning). Purpose/Hypothesis: The goal of this research is to improve our understanding of how students respond, via engagement, to their engineering design activities during class. This study hypothesizes that students would experience no self-reported mean changes in topic emotions from their preassessment scores for each engineering design topic and instructional format nor would electrodermal activities (EDA) associate to these topic emotions throughout the design activities. Design/Method: Eighty-eight freshmen engineering students completed online pretopic and posttopic emotions surveys for five engineering design activities. A subset of 14–18 participants, the focal point of this study, wore an EDA sensor while completing the surveys and participating in these sessions. Results: Preliminary findings suggest that EDA increased for individual and collaborative active learning activities compared to lectures. No significant changes in EDA were found between individual and collaborative active learning activities. Moderate negative correlations were found between EDA and negative topic emotions in the first engineering design activity but not across the rest. At the end of the semester, active learning activities showed higher effect sizes indicating a re-enforcement of students' engagement in the engineering design method activities. Conclusion: This study provides initial results showing how multimodal approaches can help researchers understand students' closer-to-real-time engagement in engineering design topics and instructional delivery formats. © 2018 ASEE
1359	a57189843306	Zeng M.	p479	False	Journal	265	Kinetostatic modeling of complex compliant mechanisms with serial-parallel substructures: A semi-analytical matrix displacement method	Kinetostatic analysis of compliant mechanisms are crucial at the early stage of design, and it can be difficult and laborsome for complex configurations with distributed compliance. In this paper, a kinetostatic modeling method for flexure-hinge-based compliant mechanisms with hybrid serial-parallel substructures is presented to provide accurate and concise solutions by combining the matrix displacement method with the transfer matrix method. The transition between the elemental stiffness matrix and the transfer matrix of flexure hinges/flexible beams is straightforward, enabling the condensation of a hybrid serial-parallel substructure into one equivalent two-node element simple. A general kinetostatic model of the whole compliant mechanisms is first established based on the equilibrium equation of the nodal force. Then, a condensed two-port mechanical network representing the input/output force-displacement relations of single-degree-of-freedom (DOF) compliant mechanisms and the Jacobian matrix for multi-DOF compliant mechanisms are respectively built. Comparison of the proposed method with the compliance matrix method in previous literature, finite element analysis and experiment for three exemplary mechanisms reveals good prediction accuracy, suggesting its feasibility for fast performance evaluation and parameter optimization at the initial stage of design. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1360	a56078900600	Holler B.J.	p480	True	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1361	a15081035500	Milam S.N.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1362	a7402814790	Bauer J.M.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1363	a7101806481	Alcock C.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1364	a15318992700	Bannister M.T.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1365	a6601908712	Bjoraker G.L.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1366	a8077103900	Bodewits D.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1367	a6602183163	Bosh A.S.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1368	a7004295901	Buie M.W.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1369	a7004640341	Farnham T.L.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1370	a35772366400	Haghighipour N.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1371	a8390181000	Hardersen P.S.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1372	a23004910700	Harris A.W.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1373	a7003793778	Hirata C.M.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1374	a8578022500	Hsieh H.H.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1375	a9241584700	Kelley M.S.P.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1376	a15842178900	Knight M.M.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1377	a10939408000	Kramer E.A.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1378	a54789941300	Longobardo A.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1379	a7006650428	Nixon C.A.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1380	a7006817766	Palomba E.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1381	a25937446600	Protopapa S.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1382	a55895275900	Quick L.C.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1383	a16043716000	Ragozzine D.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1384	a12647140500	Reddy V.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1385	a7402364894	Rhodes J.D.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1386	a7004387103	Rivkin A.S.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1387	a8891726500	Sarid G.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1388	a57192430052	Sickafoose A.A.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1389	a7401892754	Simon A.A.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1390	a23020214400	Thomas C.A.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1391	a6603882082	Trilling D.E.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1392	a7402396019	West R.A.	p480	False	Journal	266	Solar system science with the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Telescope	We present a community-led assessment of the solar system investigations achievable with NASA's next-generation space telescope, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). WFIRST will provide imaging, spectroscopic, and coronagraphic capabilities from 0.43 to 2.0 μ m and will be a potential contemporary and eventual successor to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Surveys of irregular satellites and minor bodies are where WFIRST will excel with its 0.28 deg2 field-of-view Wide Field Instrument. Potential groundbreaking discoveries from WFIRST could include detection of the first minor bodies orbiting in the inner Oort Cloud, identification of additional Earth Trojan asteroids, and the discovery and characterization of asteroid binary systems similar to Ida/Dactyl. Additional investigations into asteroids, giant planet satellites, Trojan asteroids, Centaurs, Kuiper belt objects, and comets are presented. Previous use of astrophysics assets for solar system science and synergies between WFIRST, Large Synoptic Survey Telescope, JWST, and the proposed Near-Earth Object Camera mission is discussed. We also present the case for implementation of moving target tracking, a feature that will benefit from the heritage of JWST and enable a broader range of solar system observations. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1393	a57031532300	Beauchamp M.J.	p481	True	Journal	237	3D printed microfluidic features using dose control in X, Y, and Z dimensions	Interest has grown in recent years to leverage the possibilities offered by three-dimensional (3D) printing, such as rapid iterative changes; the ability to more fully use 3D device volume; and ease of fabrication, especially as it relates to the creation of complex microfluidic devices. A major shortcoming of most commercially available 3D printers is that their resolution is not sufficient to produce features that are truly microfluidic (&lt; 100 × 100 μm2). Here, we test a custom 3D printer for making ~30 μm scale positive and negative surface features, as well as positive and negative features within internal voids (i.e., microfluidic channels). We found that optical dosage control is essential for creating the smallest microfluidic features (~30 μm wide for ridges, ~20 μm wide for trenches), and that this resolution was achieved for a number of different exposure approaches. Additionally, we printed various microfluidic particle traps, showed capture of 25 μm diameter polymer beads, and iteratively improved the trap design. The rapid feedback allowed by 3D printing, as well as the ability to carefully control optical exposure conditions, should lead to new innovations in the types and sizes of devices that can be created for microfluidics. © 2018 by the authors.
1394	a57203305966	Goettel C.	p482	True	Conference	174	A cognitive approach to predicting academic success in computing	[No abstract available]
1395	a55171433700	Weidman J.E.	p483	False	Conference	175	Increasing student construction interest by engaging elementary students in an inquiry-based 3D modelling after school program	This study was part of a two-year funded grant investigating how to increase student interest and consequent enrollment in construction education. The specifics of this aspect of the study involved a grass-roots movement where construction education was introduced to elementary students (grades 4 - 6). The research model involved giving the students a construction interest inventory and career placement inventory pre-and post-participation in an after-school 3D modeling construction centric curriculum. The curriculum introduced students to the construction fields by giving the students weekly snapshots into construction careers, and also required the students to learn about floor and elevation plans. Students were then taught and expected to design a 3D computer model of a home using Minecraft and Sketchup. The students were provided 4 different models to choose from. The course used a competition based pedagogy where the best home designs were awarded prizes. The results show that student interest after this single intervention (1 semester in length) increased student interest in careers associated to construction. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1395	a55171433700	Weidman J.E.	p684	False	Journal	330	Use of Personality Profile Assessments in the U.S. Commercial Construction Industry	Employee turnover is a continuing challenge in the construction industry with negative effects on construction companies. Other industries have begun using personality profile assessments as a tool for reducing employee turnover, and more specifically in their hiring, promoting, team building, and leadership development processes. However, it was unknown if this trend was effecting the construction industry. The purpose of this research was to determine if and how U.S. commercial construction companies utilize personality profiles in their employee retention processes. A survey was randomly sent to 235 of the top 400 commercial construction companies in the United States to determine if these companies were using assessments, and if it had any effect on the turnover within these companies. Interviews were conducted over the phone with human resources representatives from these companies, and responses were sorted into similar themes and ideas using qualitative pattern coding techniques. Of the 78 responding companies, one-third were using employee personality profiles within their business practices. This article reports the experiences and general attitudes for both the companies that do and do not utilize personality profiles. The results of this research provides strong evidence that using personality profile assessments can help construction companies reduce employee turnover. © 2017 Associated Schools of Construction.
1395	a55171433700	Weidman J.E.	p685	True	Journal	331	Simulations in Construction and Engineering Management Education to Explore Professional Challenges	Experiential learning opportunities in construction management courses allow students to explore principles and theories through direct, lived experiences that help them develop understandings of professional concepts foundational to their future work. This article examines the results of a multiple-case study that examines a simulation called marshmallow dodgeball conducted in an undergraduate project management course, designed to help students consider ethical and professional dilemmas that parallel those in the field. A thematic analysis of student reflections on the simulation shows students learned about dealing with ethical issues in the field, the role of teamwork, the importance of job skills and specialization, and communication on the job site. © 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1395	a55171433700	Weidman J.E.	p726	False	Journal	355	Strategies employed and lessons learned by commercial construction companies during economic recession and recovery	The purpose of this research was to identify strategies used and lessons learned by western U.S. commercial construction companies during the great recession (2007-2009). The experience gained by companies who weather an economic downturn must be absorbed into the corporate structure in a meaningful way if that knowledge is to be accessible for future recessions. This study focused on identifying and better understanding the specific approaches that commercial construction companies employed to weather the great recession and the corresponding lessons learned. A stratified purposeful sampling survey was conducted across 15 different commercial construction companies and included 57 participants in various management roles. This paper provides a comprehensive list of 124 different strategies or lessons learned across six principal categories: (1) contracting, (2) risk management, (3) cost-control, (4) human resources, (5) financial, and (6) investment related responses. This paper also provides recommendations for commercial construction companies to consider during various economic cycles on the basis of the lessons learned during this recession and recovery. © 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1395	a55171433700	Weidman J.E.	p732	True	Conference	313	Experiential learning: Using small-scale projects to teach project complexities and relationship roles in construction	Experiential learning opportunities give students the ability to understand the implications of principles and theories learned in the classroom through lived experiences. This article examines the use of a construction project simulation activity to teach project management principles in an undergraduate construction management course. After a description of the experiential learning theory and relevant literature examining experiential learning simulations in education, it provides an overview of the methods used to create the experience of small-scale design-bidbuild project simulation in a project management course. Around 240 undergraduates students at the junior or senior level participated as designated contractual players in the project and went through the project from inception to completion over the course of 5 weeks. Finally, it offers a brief discussion of the implications of the findings for construction management and engineering education. Specifically, it discusses that simulated projects possess the potential to provide unique learning opportunities particularly, designed experiences triggering different emotions within the structures of the traditional classroom. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2017.
1396	a57193603847	Bateman T.C.	p484	False	Conference	176	Outreach potential of displaying research artifacts in art museums	This paper explores how displaying engineering research artifacts in art museums can facilitate expanded outreach opportunities. A combination of visual art and innovative engineering offers an unusual opportunity to engage a wide spectrum of society. To evaluate the potential, faculty and students collaborated with the Brigham Young University Museum of Art to create a museum exhibition that connected the art of origami to engineering, math, science, and product design. A framework is introduced that includes the creation of a museum exhibition; and once the initial investment is made to create the central exhibition, the results are efficiently used to extend outreach efforts through first-generation products (coincident with the exhibition) and then through second-generation products (after the exhibition). The paper describes a detailed example of this framework and provides evidence to support the concept that displaying research artifacts in an art museum can expand research opportunities. Products from the exhibition that provided expanded outreach opportunities include the following: an exhibit catalog originally created for the gift shop that was expanded for publication with a national publisher; a tablet/smart phone app that includes origami instructions followed by related engineering activities, which has had broad use beyond the museum activity room; a video that was prepared for museum patrons but has since been made available to larger audiences; materials created for hands-on museum activities that were used for outreach activities after the exhibition; and leverage for industry visits that led to additional applications and research projects. This paper describes the museum exhibition, the first- and second-generation products, the impact of each product, and the benefits and pitfalls of using a museum exhibition to extend outreach impact. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1396	a57193603847	Bateman T.C.	p487	False	Conference	179	Assessment of a global engineering outreach course	[No abstract available]
1396	a57193603847	Bateman T.C.	p734	False	Conference	315	Sustainable water filters in southern Peru	[No abstract available]
1396	a57193603847	Bateman T.C.	p735	False	Conference	316	Global humanitarian-based projects: A documentation strategy for strengthening project sustainability	[No abstract available]
1397	a57203309361	Palma L.	p484	False	Conference	176	Outreach potential of displaying research artifacts in art museums	This paper explores how displaying engineering research artifacts in art museums can facilitate expanded outreach opportunities. A combination of visual art and innovative engineering offers an unusual opportunity to engage a wide spectrum of society. To evaluate the potential, faculty and students collaborated with the Brigham Young University Museum of Art to create a museum exhibition that connected the art of origami to engineering, math, science, and product design. A framework is introduced that includes the creation of a museum exhibition; and once the initial investment is made to create the central exhibition, the results are efficiently used to extend outreach efforts through first-generation products (coincident with the exhibition) and then through second-generation products (after the exhibition). The paper describes a detailed example of this framework and provides evidence to support the concept that displaying research artifacts in an art museum can expand research opportunities. Products from the exhibition that provided expanded outreach opportunities include the following: an exhibit catalog originally created for the gift shop that was expanded for publication with a national publisher; a tablet/smart phone app that includes origami instructions followed by related engineering activities, which has had broad use beyond the museum activity room; a video that was prepared for museum patrons but has since been made available to larger audiences; materials created for hands-on museum activities that were used for outreach activities after the exhibition; and leverage for industry visits that led to additional applications and research projects. This paper describes the museum exhibition, the first- and second-generation products, the impact of each product, and the benefits and pitfalls of using a museum exhibition to extend outreach impact. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1398	a35191151900	Ward C.J.	p487	False	Conference	179	Assessment of a global engineering outreach course	[No abstract available]
1399	a26427435500	Warnick G.M.	p488	True	Conference	180	Understanding engineering and technology student perceptions: Barriers to study abroad participation	[No abstract available]
1399	a26427435500	Warnick G.M.	p491	False	Conference	183	A longitudinal study of social and ethical responsibility among undergraduate engineering students: Comparing baseline and midpoint survey results	In addition to developing technically competent engineers, engineering programs aim to prepare students to be professionally and ethically responsible. Universities have sought to integrate ethics instruction into their curricula through a variety of learning experiences. However, there is a lack of research on foundational understandings of social and ethical responsibility among engineering students, including how their perceptions change over time and following participation in specific types of learning experiences. This study uses a longitudinal mixed-methods study design, collecting and analyzing quantitative and qualitative data from engineering students over the course of their four years as undergraduate students. This paper reports insights gained by a repeat survey of student perceptions of ethics and social responsibility. Our analysis compares student responses (n=319) to a survey administered during their first year of college and again in their junior year (approximately fifth-semester), including variations based on student affiliations and demographics (e.g., comparisons among universities, genders, importance of religion, and other relevant factors) and learning experiences (e.g., service-learning programs, ethics courses, extracurricular organizations, etc.). These mid-point findings contribute to our understandings of the trajectories of students' perceptions and perspectives and are beginning to reveal some specific experiences and contexts that are having the largest measurable impacts on the participating students. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1399	a26427435500	Warnick G.M.	p730	False	Conference	311	Student perceptions and attitudes towards a required vs. An optional course in leadership	For almost ten years, the majority of students in the College of Engineering and Technology at Brigham Young University have been required to take a sophomore level leadership foundations course focused on leadership principles, ethics, and global issues. The course is part of an overall leadership framework whereby students are introduced to the importance of leadership as freshmen, learn foundational leadership principles as sophomores, and practice these principles as juniors and seniors. The leadership foundations course is required for graduation by 7 of 10 programs within the College of Engineering and Technology. Students external to the college also participate in the course as it fulfills two general education requirements for graduation. As a result, the college teaches approximately 12 sections each academic year averaging 60-80 students per section. Approximately 10-15% of student course participants are external to the college. In this paper a survey is presented of 163 students initially enrolled in the leadership foundations course regarding their perceptions and attitudes towards leadership. Results include a comparison of students who are required to take the course and those for whom it is optional. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups of students except for their expectation regarding workload. The engineering and technology students expected the leadership foundations course to be easier, relative to their other classes, than the nonengineering and technology group. In general, both sets of students had high expectations for the course and expressed positive attitudes towards learning about leadership. For example, students in both groups indicated they felt learning about leadership was somewhat more important than learning the skills of their discipline. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2017.
1399	a26427435500	Warnick G.M.	p738	False	Conference	319	Investigating engineering students' understandings of social and ethical responsibility: Coding framework and initial findings	[No abstract available]
1400	a57203301406	Call M.S.	p488	False	Conference	180	Understanding engineering and technology student perceptions: Barriers to study abroad participation	[No abstract available]
1401	a36602439100	Davies R.	p488	False	Conference	180	Understanding engineering and technology student perceptions: Barriers to study abroad participation	[No abstract available]
1401	a36602439100	Davies R.	p491	False	Conference	183	A longitudinal study of social and ethical responsibility among undergraduate engineering students: Comparing baseline and midpoint survey results	In addition to developing technically competent engineers, engineering programs aim to prepare students to be professionally and ethically responsible. Universities have sought to integrate ethics instruction into their curricula through a variety of learning experiences. However, there is a lack of research on foundational understandings of social and ethical responsibility among engineering students, including how their perceptions change over time and following participation in specific types of learning experiences. This study uses a longitudinal mixed-methods study design, collecting and analyzing quantitative and qualitative data from engineering students over the course of their four years as undergraduate students. This paper reports insights gained by a repeat survey of student perceptions of ethics and social responsibility. Our analysis compares student responses (n=319) to a survey administered during their first year of college and again in their junior year (approximately fifth-semester), including variations based on student affiliations and demographics (e.g., comparisons among universities, genders, importance of religion, and other relevant factors) and learning experiences (e.g., service-learning programs, ethics courses, extracurricular organizations, etc.). These mid-point findings contribute to our understandings of the trajectories of students' perceptions and perspectives and are beginning to reveal some specific experiences and contexts that are having the largest measurable impacts on the participating students. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1401	a36602439100	Davies R.	p730	False	Conference	311	Student perceptions and attitudes towards a required vs. An optional course in leadership	For almost ten years, the majority of students in the College of Engineering and Technology at Brigham Young University have been required to take a sophomore level leadership foundations course focused on leadership principles, ethics, and global issues. The course is part of an overall leadership framework whereby students are introduced to the importance of leadership as freshmen, learn foundational leadership principles as sophomores, and practice these principles as juniors and seniors. The leadership foundations course is required for graduation by 7 of 10 programs within the College of Engineering and Technology. Students external to the college also participate in the course as it fulfills two general education requirements for graduation. As a result, the college teaches approximately 12 sections each academic year averaging 60-80 students per section. Approximately 10-15% of student course participants are external to the college. In this paper a survey is presented of 163 students initially enrolled in the leadership foundations course regarding their perceptions and attitudes towards leadership. Results include a comparison of students who are required to take the course and those for whom it is optional. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups of students except for their expectation regarding workload. The engineering and technology students expected the leadership foundations course to be easier, relative to their other classes, than the nonengineering and technology group. In general, both sets of students had high expectations for the course and expressed positive attitudes towards learning about leadership. For example, students in both groups indicated they felt learning about leadership was somewhat more important than learning the skills of their discipline. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2017.
1402	a23096760600	Zephirin T.	p490	False	Conference	182	Investigating influences on first-year engineering students' views of ethics and social responsibility	According to current ABET accreditation requirements, engineering students need to become aware of the social contexts of engineering and develop ethical and professional responsibilities during their undergraduate training. Concerns also persist about the moral and ethical commitments of engineers once they enter the workplace, as underscored by a number of recent ethics scandals involving engineers and technology. The education of ethically adept engineers therefore remains a pertinent issue for the engineering education community. Yet there remains relatively little research on how students' prior experiences shape their ethical perspectives. Specifically, there is a lack of understanding of the role of pre-college and early college experiences and other influences in shaping first-year engineering students' views on ethics. This paper reports select results from an NSF-funded project aiming to address some of these gaps in the literature. This longitudinal study was conducted across four universities and focused on the ethical development of undergraduate engineering students. Preliminary analysis of interviews from the first phase of this study identified a number of major themes in the data set, two of which are important to highlight here: 1) influences on students' ethical perspectives (e.g., academic curricular, extracurricular activities, family, etc.) and 2) learned outcomes, defined as insights, learning, or realizations related to ethics, morality, and values. Deeper investigation of the relationship between specific influences and students' insights related to ethics can provide a better understanding of first-year engineering students' baseline ethical development. The goal of this paper is to characterize what specific ethical lessons are gained through various types of experiences, as well as to glean how this learning and growth occurs. Data for this study was drawn from 66 interview transcripts and consisted of sections coded simultaneously for influences and learned outcomes. The cross-coded data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The types of influences impacting students' ethical learning, and exemplars of how students report their lived experiences and ethical realizations, are discussed through the lens of what they learned and the mechanisms through which they gained these understandings. Our analysis suggests that several pre-college (e.g., extracurricular activities, service/volunteer roles and social experiences) and early college experiences (e.g., academic courses, part-time employment) play a critical role in shaping students' ethical perspectives. We more specifically present our findings organized around eight types of experiences and influences, which are in turn related to three categories of learned outcomes and three types of learning mechanisms. As we discuss in more detail below, the results of this study will likely be of interest to engineering educators, policymakers, and researchers with an interest in administering and studying high-impact ethics interventions for undergraduate engineering students. More specifically, our results underscore the importance of being more aware of how students' background perspectives and experiences likely play important roles in enabling or disabling their further ethical development. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1403	a57203306132	Kim M.D.	p490	False	Conference	182	Investigating influences on first-year engineering students' views of ethics and social responsibility	According to current ABET accreditation requirements, engineering students need to become aware of the social contexts of engineering and develop ethical and professional responsibilities during their undergraduate training. Concerns also persist about the moral and ethical commitments of engineers once they enter the workplace, as underscored by a number of recent ethics scandals involving engineers and technology. The education of ethically adept engineers therefore remains a pertinent issue for the engineering education community. Yet there remains relatively little research on how students' prior experiences shape their ethical perspectives. Specifically, there is a lack of understanding of the role of pre-college and early college experiences and other influences in shaping first-year engineering students' views on ethics. This paper reports select results from an NSF-funded project aiming to address some of these gaps in the literature. This longitudinal study was conducted across four universities and focused on the ethical development of undergraduate engineering students. Preliminary analysis of interviews from the first phase of this study identified a number of major themes in the data set, two of which are important to highlight here: 1) influences on students' ethical perspectives (e.g., academic curricular, extracurricular activities, family, etc.) and 2) learned outcomes, defined as insights, learning, or realizations related to ethics, morality, and values. Deeper investigation of the relationship between specific influences and students' insights related to ethics can provide a better understanding of first-year engineering students' baseline ethical development. The goal of this paper is to characterize what specific ethical lessons are gained through various types of experiences, as well as to glean how this learning and growth occurs. Data for this study was drawn from 66 interview transcripts and consisted of sections coded simultaneously for influences and learned outcomes. The cross-coded data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The types of influences impacting students' ethical learning, and exemplars of how students report their lived experiences and ethical realizations, are discussed through the lens of what they learned and the mechanisms through which they gained these understandings. Our analysis suggests that several pre-college (e.g., extracurricular activities, service/volunteer roles and social experiences) and early college experiences (e.g., academic courses, part-time employment) play a critical role in shaping students' ethical perspectives. We more specifically present our findings organized around eight types of experiences and influences, which are in turn related to three categories of learned outcomes and three types of learning mechanisms. As we discuss in more detail below, the results of this study will likely be of interest to engineering educators, policymakers, and researchers with an interest in administering and studying high-impact ethics interventions for undergraduate engineering students. More specifically, our results underscore the importance of being more aware of how students' background perspectives and experiences likely play important roles in enabling or disabling their further ethical development. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1404	a57190808464	Katz A.	p490	False	Conference	182	Investigating influences on first-year engineering students' views of ethics and social responsibility	According to current ABET accreditation requirements, engineering students need to become aware of the social contexts of engineering and develop ethical and professional responsibilities during their undergraduate training. Concerns also persist about the moral and ethical commitments of engineers once they enter the workplace, as underscored by a number of recent ethics scandals involving engineers and technology. The education of ethically adept engineers therefore remains a pertinent issue for the engineering education community. Yet there remains relatively little research on how students' prior experiences shape their ethical perspectives. Specifically, there is a lack of understanding of the role of pre-college and early college experiences and other influences in shaping first-year engineering students' views on ethics. This paper reports select results from an NSF-funded project aiming to address some of these gaps in the literature. This longitudinal study was conducted across four universities and focused on the ethical development of undergraduate engineering students. Preliminary analysis of interviews from the first phase of this study identified a number of major themes in the data set, two of which are important to highlight here: 1) influences on students' ethical perspectives (e.g., academic curricular, extracurricular activities, family, etc.) and 2) learned outcomes, defined as insights, learning, or realizations related to ethics, morality, and values. Deeper investigation of the relationship between specific influences and students' insights related to ethics can provide a better understanding of first-year engineering students' baseline ethical development. The goal of this paper is to characterize what specific ethical lessons are gained through various types of experiences, as well as to glean how this learning and growth occurs. Data for this study was drawn from 66 interview transcripts and consisted of sections coded simultaneously for influences and learned outcomes. The cross-coded data were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. The types of influences impacting students' ethical learning, and exemplars of how students report their lived experiences and ethical realizations, are discussed through the lens of what they learned and the mechanisms through which they gained these understandings. Our analysis suggests that several pre-college (e.g., extracurricular activities, service/volunteer roles and social experiences) and early college experiences (e.g., academic courses, part-time employment) play a critical role in shaping students' ethical perspectives. We more specifically present our findings organized around eight types of experiences and influences, which are in turn related to three categories of learned outcomes and three types of learning mechanisms. As we discuss in more detail below, the results of this study will likely be of interest to engineering educators, policymakers, and researchers with an interest in administering and studying high-impact ethics interventions for undergraduate engineering students. More specifically, our results underscore the importance of being more aware of how students' background perspectives and experiences likely play important roles in enabling or disabling their further ethical development. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1405	a6507028828	Zoltowski C.B.	p491	False	Conference	183	A longitudinal study of social and ethical responsibility among undergraduate engineering students: Comparing baseline and midpoint survey results	In addition to developing technically competent engineers, engineering programs aim to prepare students to be professionally and ethically responsible. Universities have sought to integrate ethics instruction into their curricula through a variety of learning experiences. However, there is a lack of research on foundational understandings of social and ethical responsibility among engineering students, including how their perceptions change over time and following participation in specific types of learning experiences. This study uses a longitudinal mixed-methods study design, collecting and analyzing quantitative and qualitative data from engineering students over the course of their four years as undergraduate students. This paper reports insights gained by a repeat survey of student perceptions of ethics and social responsibility. Our analysis compares student responses (n=319) to a survey administered during their first year of college and again in their junior year (approximately fifth-semester), including variations based on student affiliations and demographics (e.g., comparisons among universities, genders, importance of religion, and other relevant factors) and learning experiences (e.g., service-learning programs, ethics courses, extracurricular organizations, etc.). These mid-point findings contribute to our understandings of the trajectories of students' perceptions and perspectives and are beginning to reveal some specific experiences and contexts that are having the largest measurable impacts on the participating students. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1405	a6507028828	Zoltowski C.B.	p738	False	Conference	319	Investigating engineering students' understandings of social and ethical responsibility: Coding framework and initial findings	[No abstract available]
1406	a6701460244	Frezza S.T.	p493	True	Conference	185	Crafting the future of computing education in CC2020: A workshop	A consortium of national and international computing and engineering organizations are currently developing a new set of curricular resources titled Computing Curricula 2020 (CC2020). This project, based on its predecessor CC2005, aims to reflect the state-of-the-art in computing education and practice as well as provide insights into the future of the computing educational field for the 2020s and beyond. This workshop provides an overview of the CC2005 and related reports and links them to the transition into the CC2020 project. It also provides participants with a unique opportunity to collaborate with members of the CC2020 task force and contribute to the development of the resources the project will deliver. The workshop authors and participants will engage in activities to help define how Computing is defined within the project and discuss how to extend its influence in global undergraduate computing education for the future. The authors anticipate full audience involvement and participation in formulating this vision. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1407	a6602928070	Pears A.N.	p493	False	Conference	185	Crafting the future of computing education in CC2020: A workshop	A consortium of national and international computing and engineering organizations are currently developing a new set of curricular resources titled Computing Curricula 2020 (CC2020). This project, based on its predecessor CC2005, aims to reflect the state-of-the-art in computing education and practice as well as provide insights into the future of the computing educational field for the 2020s and beyond. This workshop provides an overview of the CC2005 and related reports and links them to the transition into the CC2020 project. It also provides participants with a unique opportunity to collaborate with members of the CC2020 task force and contribute to the development of the resources the project will deliver. The workshop authors and participants will engage in activities to help define how Computing is defined within the project and discuss how to extend its influence in global undergraduate computing education for the future. The authors anticipate full audience involvement and participation in formulating this vision. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1408	a23479472600	Exter M.	p493	False	Conference	185	Crafting the future of computing education in CC2020: A workshop	A consortium of national and international computing and engineering organizations are currently developing a new set of curricular resources titled Computing Curricula 2020 (CC2020). This project, based on its predecessor CC2005, aims to reflect the state-of-the-art in computing education and practice as well as provide insights into the future of the computing educational field for the 2020s and beyond. This workshop provides an overview of the CC2005 and related reports and links them to the transition into the CC2020 project. It also provides participants with a unique opportunity to collaborate with members of the CC2020 task force and contribute to the development of the resources the project will deliver. The workshop authors and participants will engage in activities to help define how Computing is defined within the project and discuss how to extend its influence in global undergraduate computing education for the future. The authors anticipate full audience involvement and participation in formulating this vision. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2018.
1409	a7404006200	Wright S.I.	p494	True	Journal	267	Preface	[No abstract available]
1410	a57202800731	Nowell M.W.	p494	False	Journal	267	Preface	[No abstract available]
1411	a14833931300	Cluff S.	p495	True	Conference	186	Crystallographic Reconstruction of Parent Austenite Twin Boundaries in a Lath Martensitic Steel	The study of post-transformation microstructures and their properties can be greatly enhanced by studying their dependence on the grain boundary content of parent microstructures. Recent work has extended the crystallographic reconstruction of parent austenite in steels to include the reconstruction of special boundaries, such as annealing twins. These reconstructions present unique challenges, as twinned austenite grains share a subset of possible daughter variant orientations. This gives rise to regions of ambiguity in a reconstruction. A technique for the reconstruction of twin boundaries is presented here that is capable of reconstructing 60° <1 1 1> twins, even in the case where twin regions are comprised entirely of variants that are common between the twin and the parent. This technique is demonstrated in the reconstruction of lath martensitic steels. The reconstruction method utilizes a delayed decision-making approach, where a chosen orientation relationship is used to define all possible groupings of daughter grains into possible parents before divisive decisions are made. These overlapping, inclusive groupings (called clusters) are compared to each other individually using their calculated parent austenite orientations and the topographical nature of the overlapping region. These comparisons are used to uncover possible locations of twin boundaries present in the parent austenite. This technique can be applied to future studies on the dependence of post-transformation microstructures on the special grain boundary content of parent microstructures. © 2018 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.
1412	a36667397700	Song R.	p495	False	Conference	186	Crystallographic Reconstruction of Parent Austenite Twin Boundaries in a Lath Martensitic Steel	The study of post-transformation microstructures and their properties can be greatly enhanced by studying their dependence on the grain boundary content of parent microstructures. Recent work has extended the crystallographic reconstruction of parent austenite in steels to include the reconstruction of special boundaries, such as annealing twins. These reconstructions present unique challenges, as twinned austenite grains share a subset of possible daughter variant orientations. This gives rise to regions of ambiguity in a reconstruction. A technique for the reconstruction of twin boundaries is presented here that is capable of reconstructing 60° <1 1 1> twins, even in the case where twin regions are comprised entirely of variants that are common between the twin and the parent. This technique is demonstrated in the reconstruction of lath martensitic steels. The reconstruction method utilizes a delayed decision-making approach, where a chosen orientation relationship is used to define all possible groupings of daughter grains into possible parents before divisive decisions are made. These overlapping, inclusive groupings (called clusters) are compared to each other individually using their calculated parent austenite orientations and the topographical nature of the overlapping region. These comparisons are used to uncover possible locations of twin boundaries present in the parent austenite. This technique can be applied to future studies on the dependence of post-transformation microstructures on the special grain boundary content of parent microstructures. © 2018 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved.
1413	a57200118442	Whitehead N.	p498	True	Journal	269	Direct Measurement of High-Gain and Complementary Charge-Steering Amplifiers	This brief presents direct measurement of two novel dynamic amplifiers utilizing the 'charge-steering' topology. Employing a delayed clocking scheme, a four-stage charge-steering amplifier achieves the highest gain of any reported charge-steering topology. A complementary charge-steering amplifier exploits both charging and discharging cycles to double the throughput while reducing power consumption by 22%. Fabricated in 180-nm technology, this brief presents, for the first time, direct measurement results of charge-steering amplifiers, including gain, noise, linearity, common-mode response, and power supply rejection ratio. © 2004-2012 IEEE.
1414	a57202289360	Wood Chiang S.-H.	p498	False	Journal	269	Direct Measurement of High-Gain and Complementary Charge-Steering Amplifiers	This brief presents direct measurement of two novel dynamic amplifiers utilizing the 'charge-steering' topology. Employing a delayed clocking scheme, a four-stage charge-steering amplifier achieves the highest gain of any reported charge-steering topology. A complementary charge-steering amplifier exploits both charging and discharging cycles to double the throughput while reducing power consumption by 22%. Fabricated in 180-nm technology, this brief presents, for the first time, direct measurement results of charge-steering amplifiers, including gain, noise, linearity, common-mode response, and power supply rejection ratio. © 2004-2012 IEEE.
1415	a57202322450	Qian Z.	p505	True	Journal	276	Inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensors for identifying human sitting posture	Sitting posture is the position in which one holds his/her body upright against gravity while sitting. Poor sitting posture is regarded as an aggravating factor for various diseases. In this paper, we present an inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensor, and related deciphering neural network, as a new tool to identify human sitting postures accurately. As a low power consumption device, the proposed tool has simple structure, and is easy to use. The strain gauge is attached to the back of the user to acquire sitting data. A three-layer BP neural network is employed to distinguish normal sitting posture, slight hunchback and severe hunchback according to the acquired data. Experimental results show that our method is both realizable and effective, achieving 98.75% posture identification accuracy. This successful application of inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensors reveals that the method could potentially be used for monitoring of diverse physiological parameters in the future. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
1416	a57202323019	Wan J.	p505	False	Journal	276	Inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensors for identifying human sitting posture	Sitting posture is the position in which one holds his/her body upright against gravity while sitting. Poor sitting posture is regarded as an aggravating factor for various diseases. In this paper, we present an inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensor, and related deciphering neural network, as a new tool to identify human sitting postures accurately. As a low power consumption device, the proposed tool has simple structure, and is easy to use. The strain gauge is attached to the back of the user to acquire sitting data. A three-layer BP neural network is employed to distinguish normal sitting posture, slight hunchback and severe hunchback according to the acquired data. Experimental results show that our method is both realizable and effective, achieving 98.75% posture identification accuracy. This successful application of inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensors reveals that the method could potentially be used for monitoring of diverse physiological parameters in the future. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
1417	a56795914000	Liu W.	p505	False	Journal	276	Inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensors for identifying human sitting posture	Sitting posture is the position in which one holds his/her body upright against gravity while sitting. Poor sitting posture is regarded as an aggravating factor for various diseases. In this paper, we present an inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensor, and related deciphering neural network, as a new tool to identify human sitting postures accurately. As a low power consumption device, the proposed tool has simple structure, and is easy to use. The strain gauge is attached to the back of the user to acquire sitting data. A three-layer BP neural network is employed to distinguish normal sitting posture, slight hunchback and severe hunchback according to the acquired data. Experimental results show that our method is both realizable and effective, achieving 98.75% posture identification accuracy. This successful application of inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensors reveals that the method could potentially be used for monitoring of diverse physiological parameters in the future. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
1418	a57202321033	Li X.	p505	False	Journal	276	Inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensors for identifying human sitting posture	Sitting posture is the position in which one holds his/her body upright against gravity while sitting. Poor sitting posture is regarded as an aggravating factor for various diseases. In this paper, we present an inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensor, and related deciphering neural network, as a new tool to identify human sitting postures accurately. As a low power consumption device, the proposed tool has simple structure, and is easy to use. The strain gauge is attached to the back of the user to acquire sitting data. A three-layer BP neural network is employed to distinguish normal sitting posture, slight hunchback and severe hunchback according to the acquired data. Experimental results show that our method is both realizable and effective, achieving 98.75% posture identification accuracy. This successful application of inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensors reveals that the method could potentially be used for monitoring of diverse physiological parameters in the future. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
1419	a57202319101	Baradoy D.	p505	False	Journal	276	Inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensors for identifying human sitting posture	Sitting posture is the position in which one holds his/her body upright against gravity while sitting. Poor sitting posture is regarded as an aggravating factor for various diseases. In this paper, we present an inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensor, and related deciphering neural network, as a new tool to identify human sitting postures accurately. As a low power consumption device, the proposed tool has simple structure, and is easy to use. The strain gauge is attached to the back of the user to acquire sitting data. A three-layer BP neural network is employed to distinguish normal sitting posture, slight hunchback and severe hunchback according to the acquired data. Experimental results show that our method is both realizable and effective, achieving 98.75% posture identification accuracy. This successful application of inverse piezoresistive nanocomposite sensors reveals that the method could potentially be used for monitoring of diverse physiological parameters in the future. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
1420	a23003484200	Clarke K.D.	p506	True	Journal	277	Shaping and Forming of Advanced High Strength Steels	[No abstract available]
1420	a23003484200	Clarke K.D.	p754	True	Journal	361	Behavior of Sheet Metal Under Multiaxial Deformation Paths	[No abstract available]
1421	a26321508500	Coughlin D.R.	p506	False	Journal	277	Shaping and Forming of Advanced High Strength Steels	[No abstract available]
1421	a26321508500	Coughlin D.R.	p754	False	Journal	361	Behavior of Sheet Metal Under Multiaxial Deformation Paths	[No abstract available]
1422	a7003587356	Carsley J.E.	p506	False	Journal	277	Shaping and Forming of Advanced High Strength Steels	[No abstract available]
1422	a7003587356	Carsley J.E.	p754	False	Journal	361	Behavior of Sheet Metal Under Multiaxial Deformation Paths	[No abstract available]
1422	a7003587356	Carsley J.E.	p756	False	Journal	361	Microstructure Correlation with Formability for Biaxial Stretching of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B at Mildly Elevated Temperatures	Magnesium AZ31B sheets of 2 mm thickness were stretch formed with a 101.6-mm-diameter punch at temperatures from 25°C to 150°C, in 25°C increments. Surface strains were measured with a digital image correlation method. The punch height versus load curve was found to be the same for temperatures of 25°C and for 50°C, whereas at 75°C and above, the load for a given punch height started to decrease, indicating a potential change in deformation mechanism. Electron backscatter diffraction was used to quantify features of the microstructure in the tested specimens. In particular, the gradual decrease in twinning activity as a result of easier thermally activated slip with increasing temperatures is quantified across this range. Moreover, twin activity was found to predominantly involve the formation of {10 1 ¯ 1 } compression twins that rapidly transform to create secondary twins for easier strain accommodation. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
1422	a7003587356	Carsley J.E.	p884	False	Conference	397	Formability of magnesium alloy AZ31B from room temperature to 125, °C under biaxial tension	Magnesium AZ31B sheets of 2, mm thickness were stretch formed using a 101.6, mm diameter punch at room temperature and subsequent increments from 25 to 125, °C. Surface strains were measured using a digital image correlation method in order to ensure that biaxial stretching was achieved. The punch height versus load curve was found to be the same for temperatures of 25 and for 50, °C, while at 75, °C the load for a given punch height was less. This difference seems to indicate a change in deformation mechanism between 50 and 75, °C. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) was used to quantify features of the microstructure in the as-received and the strained specimens. Rather than a sudden transition from twinning to slip at low temperatures, it appears that twinning gradually decreases and slip activity increases as temperatures rise across the range from 25 to 125, °C. This confirms recent predictions found in the literature. The twin activity predominantly involves the formation of compression twins which rapidly transform further to create secondary twins for easier strain accommodation. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
1423	a56457856600	Poon T.C.	p507	False	Journal	278	Volumetric displays	[No abstract available]
1424	a16315369500	Gao H.	p507	False	Journal	278	Volumetric displays	[No abstract available]
1425	a6507336034	Kvavle J.	p507	False	Journal	278	Volumetric displays	[No abstract available]
1426	a56532087700	Qaderi K.	p507	False	Journal	278	Volumetric displays	[No abstract available]
1426	a56532087700	Qaderi K.	p562	False	Conference	211	Progress on photophoretic trap displays	We review the fundamentals photophoretic trap displays and discuss the possibility of creating occlusion capable image points. Anisotropic scattering is observed independently in single and double point traps. © 2018 The Author(s).
1426	a56532087700	Qaderi K.	p591	False	Conference	234	Volumetric display by movement of particles trapped in a laser via photophoresis	Photophoresis can stably hold opaque microscopic particles in a laser focus surrounded by room air with strength sufficient to enable centimeter-scale patterns to be drawn by sweeping the laser beam. The resulting images rely on visual persistence as laser light scatters from the particle, which is rapidly swept through the 3-D pattern. Control can be maintained while moving the particle with air speeds up to 2 m/s. A desire to greatly increase the sweep speed motivates a re-examination of the fundamentals of photophoresis-based laser-particle traps. Most explanations offered are qualitative, with differing opinions as to whether, for example, asymmetric heating or asymmetric thermal accommodation is primarily at work. Which particles become trapped in the beam is typically based on self-selection, as a variety of particles with possible differing shapes and sizes are offered to the laser focus for capture. Characteristics that make some particles preferred over others are especially relevant. There is broad consensus that structure in the laser focus greatly aids in stable trapping. Nevertheless, it is still possible for even a relatively smooth TEM00 beam to capture and hold particles. Moreover, even in a structured focus (i.e. with aberrations and local intensity minima and maxima), questions remain as to exactly how a particle becomes stably trapped in certain beam locations. A zoomed-in look at trapped particles reveals oscillations or orbits with excursions over tens of microns and accelerations up to 10 gs. We trapped particles in zero-gravity as well as 2-g environments with no noticeable difference in stability. © 2018 SPIE.
1427	a57202602903	Christensen C.	p508	True	Conference	188	Systems analysis of EV adoption and criteria pollutant accumulation during inversion events	Exploring the system-level interactions between vehicle exhaust criteria pollutants, human health, and natural weather patterns such as inversion events is increasingly expedient given the accelerated growth and concentration of human populations in recent years. Pollutants often accumulate to unhealthy concentrations during winter inversion events like those that commonly occur in the state of Utah and other mountainous regions. Electric vehicles (EV) are a potential solution to reduce harmful tail-pipe emissions that accumulate during inversions. This work represents a systems-level analysis of the degree to which replacing internal combustion engine vehicles (ICE) with EVs would reduce the near-road accumulation of criteria pollutants. The analysis draws on vehicle miles travelled data from major highways in Utah, vehicle fuel efficiency data, EPA-specified vehicle pollution emission standards, and local weather pattern trends. It employs two models, built in MATLAB and the agent-based modeling environment NetLogo, to determine pollutant concentrations, accumulation, and dispersion rates. These results are processed to determine changes in the Air Quality Index (AQI) caused by adjusting the percentage of EVs present within the vehicle population. The analysis concludes that replacing a significant percentage (80-100%) of the existing, fossil-fuel powered vehicle population with EVs would improve local AQI by 13 points. During extreme inversion events in Utah, these reductions would delay AQI levels from reaching 'red,' or unhealthy, status for enough time to allow local weather patterns to shift and dissipate the inversion event and accompanying pollution. Such a drastic reduction in AQI translates into better adolescent and elderly health and could minimize the risk of early onset asthma and other respiratory illnesses in regions negatively affected by high traffic pollution and winter inversion events. © 2018 IEEE.
1428	a57202612703	Vasquez D.	p508	False	Conference	188	Systems analysis of EV adoption and criteria pollutant accumulation during inversion events	Exploring the system-level interactions between vehicle exhaust criteria pollutants, human health, and natural weather patterns such as inversion events is increasingly expedient given the accelerated growth and concentration of human populations in recent years. Pollutants often accumulate to unhealthy concentrations during winter inversion events like those that commonly occur in the state of Utah and other mountainous regions. Electric vehicles (EV) are a potential solution to reduce harmful tail-pipe emissions that accumulate during inversions. This work represents a systems-level analysis of the degree to which replacing internal combustion engine vehicles (ICE) with EVs would reduce the near-road accumulation of criteria pollutants. The analysis draws on vehicle miles travelled data from major highways in Utah, vehicle fuel efficiency data, EPA-specified vehicle pollution emission standards, and local weather pattern trends. It employs two models, built in MATLAB and the agent-based modeling environment NetLogo, to determine pollutant concentrations, accumulation, and dispersion rates. These results are processed to determine changes in the Air Quality Index (AQI) caused by adjusting the percentage of EVs present within the vehicle population. The analysis concludes that replacing a significant percentage (80-100%) of the existing, fossil-fuel powered vehicle population with EVs would improve local AQI by 13 points. During extreme inversion events in Utah, these reductions would delay AQI levels from reaching 'red,' or unhealthy, status for enough time to allow local weather patterns to shift and dissipate the inversion event and accompanying pollution. Such a drastic reduction in AQI translates into better adolescent and elderly health and could minimize the risk of early onset asthma and other respiratory illnesses in regions negatively affected by high traffic pollution and winter inversion events. © 2018 IEEE.
1429	a36843900000	Dennis E.L.	p509	True	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1430	a8397084400	Wilde E.A.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1431	a6602089995	Newsome M.R.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1432	a6603684079	Scheibel R.S.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1433	a15521088300	Troyanskaya M.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1434	a56585583100	Velez C.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1435	a55449746800	Wade B.S.C.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1436	a57190247414	Drennon A.M.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1437	a7005085503	York G.E.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1438	a35228854600	Bigler E.D.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1439	a6505936159	Abildskov T.J.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1440	a23487261200	Taylor B.A.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1441	a7005412154	Jaramillo C.A.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1442	a55946643000	Eapen B.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1443	a6603354235	Belanger H.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1444	a57192063650	Gupta V.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1445	a8602381900	Morey R.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1446	a55249658600	Haswell C.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1447	a57207782220	Levin H.S.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1448	a23987692400	Hinds S.R.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1449	a24323203800	Walker W.C.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1450	a7403220237	Thompson P.M.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1450	a7403220237	Thompson P.M.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1451	a7103286989	Tate D.F.	p509	False	Conference	189	ENIGMA military brain injury: A coordinated meta-analysis of diffusion MRI from multiple cohorts	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity in military Veterans and Service Members. While most individuals recover fully from mild injuries within weeks, some continue to experience symptoms including headaches, disrupted sleep, and other cognitive, behavioral or physical symptoms. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) shows promise in identifying areas of structural disruption and predicting outcomes. Although some studies suggest widespread structural disruption after brain injury, dMRI studies of military brain injury have yielded mixed results so far, perhaps due to the subtlety of mild injury, individual differences in injury location, severity and mechanism, and co-morbidity with other disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse. We present preliminary dMRI results from the ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) military brain injury working group. We found higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in participants with a history of TBI. Understanding the injury and recovery process, along with factors that influence these, will lead to improved diagnosis and treatment. © 2018 IEEE.
1452	a55708105800	Pohl M.B.	p510	False	Journal	279	Midtarsal locking, the windlass mechanism, and running strike pattern: A kinematic and kinetic assessment	Changes in running strike pattern affect ankle and knee mechanics, but little is known about the influence of strike pattern on the joints distal to the ankle. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of forefoot strike (FFS) and rearfoot strike (RFS) running patterns on foot kinematics and kinetics, from the perspectives of the midtarsal locking theory and the windlass mechanism. Per the midtarsal locking theory, we hypothesized that the ankle would be more inverted in early stance when using a FFS, resulting in decreased midtarsal joint excursions and increased dynamic stiffness. Associated with a more engaged windlass mechanism, we hypothesized that a FFS would elicit increased metatarsophalangeal joint excursions and negative work in late stance. Eighteen healthy female runners ran overground with both FFS and RFS patterns. Instrumented motion capture and a validated multi-segment foot model were used to analyze midtarsal and metatarsophalangeal joint kinematics and kinetics. During early stance in FFS the ankle was more inverted, with concurrently decreased midtarsal eversion (p < 0.001) and abduction excursions (p = 0.003) but increased dorsiflexion excursion (p = 0.005). Dynamic midtarsal stiffness did not differ (p = 0.761). During late stance in FFS, metatarsophalangeal extension was increased (p = 0.009), with concurrently increased negative work (p < 0.001). In addition, there was simultaneously increased midtarsal positive work (p < 0.001), suggesting enhanced power transfer in FFS. Clear evidence for the presence of midtarsal locking was not observed in either strike pattern during running. However, the windlass mechanism appeared to be engaged to a greater extent during FFS. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1453	a56164575400	Takahashi K.Z.	p510	False	Journal	279	Midtarsal locking, the windlass mechanism, and running strike pattern: A kinematic and kinetic assessment	Changes in running strike pattern affect ankle and knee mechanics, but little is known about the influence of strike pattern on the joints distal to the ankle. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of forefoot strike (FFS) and rearfoot strike (RFS) running patterns on foot kinematics and kinetics, from the perspectives of the midtarsal locking theory and the windlass mechanism. Per the midtarsal locking theory, we hypothesized that the ankle would be more inverted in early stance when using a FFS, resulting in decreased midtarsal joint excursions and increased dynamic stiffness. Associated with a more engaged windlass mechanism, we hypothesized that a FFS would elicit increased metatarsophalangeal joint excursions and negative work in late stance. Eighteen healthy female runners ran overground with both FFS and RFS patterns. Instrumented motion capture and a validated multi-segment foot model were used to analyze midtarsal and metatarsophalangeal joint kinematics and kinetics. During early stance in FFS the ankle was more inverted, with concurrently decreased midtarsal eversion (p < 0.001) and abduction excursions (p = 0.003) but increased dorsiflexion excursion (p = 0.005). Dynamic midtarsal stiffness did not differ (p = 0.761). During late stance in FFS, metatarsophalangeal extension was increased (p = 0.009), with concurrently increased negative work (p < 0.001). In addition, there was simultaneously increased midtarsal positive work (p < 0.001), suggesting enhanced power transfer in FFS. Clear evidence for the presence of midtarsal locking was not observed in either strike pattern during running. However, the windlass mechanism appeared to be engaged to a greater extent during FFS. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1454	a35236338800	Barrios J.A.	p510	False	Journal	279	Midtarsal locking, the windlass mechanism, and running strike pattern: A kinematic and kinetic assessment	Changes in running strike pattern affect ankle and knee mechanics, but little is known about the influence of strike pattern on the joints distal to the ankle. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of forefoot strike (FFS) and rearfoot strike (RFS) running patterns on foot kinematics and kinetics, from the perspectives of the midtarsal locking theory and the windlass mechanism. Per the midtarsal locking theory, we hypothesized that the ankle would be more inverted in early stance when using a FFS, resulting in decreased midtarsal joint excursions and increased dynamic stiffness. Associated with a more engaged windlass mechanism, we hypothesized that a FFS would elicit increased metatarsophalangeal joint excursions and negative work in late stance. Eighteen healthy female runners ran overground with both FFS and RFS patterns. Instrumented motion capture and a validated multi-segment foot model were used to analyze midtarsal and metatarsophalangeal joint kinematics and kinetics. During early stance in FFS the ankle was more inverted, with concurrently decreased midtarsal eversion (p < 0.001) and abduction excursions (p = 0.003) but increased dorsiflexion excursion (p = 0.005). Dynamic midtarsal stiffness did not differ (p = 0.761). During late stance in FFS, metatarsophalangeal extension was increased (p = 0.009), with concurrently increased negative work (p < 0.001). In addition, there was simultaneously increased midtarsal positive work (p < 0.001), suggesting enhanced power transfer in FFS. Clear evidence for the presence of midtarsal locking was not observed in either strike pattern during running. However, the windlass mechanism appeared to be engaged to a greater extent during FFS. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1455	a55212512700	Stan N.	p511	False	Journal	280	Noise reduction techniques in fiber optic sensors	Test and evaluation needs are becoming more and more demanding on the sensors being used. Fiber optic sensors are known for their ability to survive in harsh environments such as high pressure and temperature like those within oil/gas wells, or high vibration like those with electromagnetic railguns. As these sensors become commercially available, one challenge is overcoming multiple noise sources simultaneously in the sensor and its network imposed from the harsh environment. Optical amplifiers are typically used in fiber optic sensors to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This method is suitable for boosting the signal above the floor caused by electrical noise. However, certain noise sources in fiber optic sensors directly modulate the optical signal. This can be due to other measurands being induced on the system. For example, while a slab coupled optical sensor (SCOS) is sensitive to electric field, it is also inherently sensitive to strain; therefore, any strain noise imposed on the sensor would overwhelm the electric field measurement and be considered noise. In this chapter, optical phase induced interference noise (PIIN) in a sensor network is reduced by using optical phase modulation in both a SCOS and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG). Strain induced noise on the optical fiber sensor is reduced using a differential sensor setup called a push-pull SCOS. Phase modulation and differentiation are then combined to allow for simultaneous noise reduction from different noise sources and allow for optical sensing of electric fields in harsh environments. These principles are applicable to other types of fiber optic sensors and sensors in general. © 2018 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
1455	a55212512700	Stan N.	p678	False	Conference	291	High-Speed Interrogation of Multiplexed Fiber Bragg Gratings with Spectral Distortion	Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors can be multiplexed in large numbers to monitor the performance of large structures. This paper addresses the collection of FBG reflection spectra from wavelength division multiplexed sensors at fast acquisition rates. The spectral and temporal resolution is first derived as a function of the tunable filter and measurement system properties. The method is applied to impact loading investigations of a stiffened composite skin panel. The reflected spectrum of each FBG in an array, embedded in the panel, is collected at 100 kHz during the impact events with a spectral resolution down to 40 pm. Visualization of the FBG responses to these impact events, including the presence of spectral distortion in some FBG spectra, is presented. Future analyses based on the full-spectral data sets can enable the assessment of the localized progression of internal damage in such structures. © 2001-2012 IEEE.
1455	a55212512700	Stan N.	p705	True	Journal	346	Non-perturbing voltage measurement in a coaxial cable with slab-coupled optical sensors	Voltage in a coaxial cable is measured by an electric-field optical fiber sensor exploiting the proportionality of voltage and electric field in a fixed structure. The sensor is inserted in a hole drilled through the dielectric of the RG-218 coaxial cable and sealed with epoxy to displace all air and prevent the adverse effects of charge buildup during high-voltage measurements. It is shown that the presence of the sensor in the coaxial cable does not significantly increase electrical reflections in the cable. A slab-coupled optical fiber sensor (SCOS) is used for its compact size and dielectric make. The dynamic range of 50 dB is shown experimentally with detection of signals as low as 1 V and up to 157 kV. A low corner of 0.3 Hz is demonstrated and the SCOS is shown to be able to measure 90 ns rise time. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
1455	a55212512700	Stan N.	p740	False	Journal	346	Optical electric field sensor sensitivity direction rerouting and enhancement using a passive integrated dipole antenna	This work introduces a passive dipole antenna integrated into the packaging of a slab-coupled optical sensor to enhance the directional sensitivity of electro-optic electric field measurements parallel to the fiber axis. Using the passive integrated dipole antenna described in this work, a sensor that can typically only sense fields transverse to the fiber direction is able to sense a 1.25 kV/m field along the fiber direction with a gain of 17.5. This is verified through simulation and experiment. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
1456	a56680505500	King R.	p511	False	Journal	280	Noise reduction techniques in fiber optic sensors	Test and evaluation needs are becoming more and more demanding on the sensors being used. Fiber optic sensors are known for their ability to survive in harsh environments such as high pressure and temperature like those within oil/gas wells, or high vibration like those with electromagnetic railguns. As these sensors become commercially available, one challenge is overcoming multiple noise sources simultaneously in the sensor and its network imposed from the harsh environment. Optical amplifiers are typically used in fiber optic sensors to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This method is suitable for boosting the signal above the floor caused by electrical noise. However, certain noise sources in fiber optic sensors directly modulate the optical signal. This can be due to other measurands being induced on the system. For example, while a slab coupled optical sensor (SCOS) is sensitive to electric field, it is also inherently sensitive to strain; therefore, any strain noise imposed on the sensor would overwhelm the electric field measurement and be considered noise. In this chapter, optical phase induced interference noise (PIIN) in a sensor network is reduced by using optical phase modulation in both a SCOS and a fiber Bragg grating (FBG). Strain induced noise on the optical fiber sensor is reduced using a differential sensor setup called a push-pull SCOS. Phase modulation and differentiation are then combined to allow for simultaneous noise reduction from different noise sources and allow for optical sensing of electric fields in harsh environments. These principles are applicable to other types of fiber optic sensors and sensors in general. © 2018 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
1456	a56680505500	King R.	p705	False	Journal	346	Non-perturbing voltage measurement in a coaxial cable with slab-coupled optical sensors	Voltage in a coaxial cable is measured by an electric-field optical fiber sensor exploiting the proportionality of voltage and electric field in a fixed structure. The sensor is inserted in a hole drilled through the dielectric of the RG-218 coaxial cable and sealed with epoxy to displace all air and prevent the adverse effects of charge buildup during high-voltage measurements. It is shown that the presence of the sensor in the coaxial cable does not significantly increase electrical reflections in the cable. A slab-coupled optical fiber sensor (SCOS) is used for its compact size and dielectric make. The dynamic range of 50 dB is shown experimentally with detection of signals as low as 1 V and up to 157 kV. A low corner of 0.3 Hz is demonstrated and the SCOS is shown to be able to measure 90 ns rise time. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
1456	a56680505500	King R.	p740	False	Journal	346	Optical electric field sensor sensitivity direction rerouting and enhancement using a passive integrated dipole antenna	This work introduces a passive dipole antenna integrated into the packaging of a slab-coupled optical sensor to enhance the directional sensitivity of electro-optic electric field measurements parallel to the fiber axis. Using the passive integrated dipole antenna described in this work, a sensor that can typically only sense fields transverse to the fiber direction is able to sense a 1.25 kV/m field along the fiber direction with a gain of 17.5. This is verified through simulation and experiment. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
1457	a35323710800	Chen G.	p512	True	Journal	281	Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Millimeter-Tall Free-Standing Carbon Nanotube-Based Microelectrode Arrays	Microelectrode arrays of carbon nanotube (CNT)/carbon composite posts with high aspect ratio and millimeter-length were fabricated using carbon-nanotube-templated microfabrication with a sacrificial "hedge". The high aspect ratio, mechanical robustness, and electrical conductivity of these electrodes make them a potential candidate for next-generation neural interfacing. Electrochemical measurements were also demonstrated using an individual CNT post microelectrode with a diameter of 25 μm and a length of 1 mm to perform cyclic voltammetry on both methyl viologen and dopamine in a phosphate-buffered saline solution. In addition to detection of the characteristic peaks, the CNT post microelectrodes show a fast electrochemical response, which may be enabling for in vivo and/or in vitro measurements. The CNT post electrode fabrication process was also integrated with other microfabrication techniques, resulting in individually addressable electrodes. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
1458	a57202045558	Dodson B.	p512	False	Journal	281	Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Millimeter-Tall Free-Standing Carbon Nanotube-Based Microelectrode Arrays	Microelectrode arrays of carbon nanotube (CNT)/carbon composite posts with high aspect ratio and millimeter-length were fabricated using carbon-nanotube-templated microfabrication with a sacrificial "hedge". The high aspect ratio, mechanical robustness, and electrical conductivity of these electrodes make them a potential candidate for next-generation neural interfacing. Electrochemical measurements were also demonstrated using an individual CNT post microelectrode with a diameter of 25 μm and a length of 1 mm to perform cyclic voltammetry on both methyl viologen and dopamine in a phosphate-buffered saline solution. In addition to detection of the characteristic peaks, the CNT post microelectrodes show a fast electrochemical response, which may be enabling for in vivo and/or in vitro measurements. The CNT post electrode fabrication process was also integrated with other microfabrication techniques, resulting in individually addressable electrodes. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
1459	a56165315000	Hedges D.M.	p512	False	Journal	281	Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Millimeter-Tall Free-Standing Carbon Nanotube-Based Microelectrode Arrays	Microelectrode arrays of carbon nanotube (CNT)/carbon composite posts with high aspect ratio and millimeter-length were fabricated using carbon-nanotube-templated microfabrication with a sacrificial "hedge". The high aspect ratio, mechanical robustness, and electrical conductivity of these electrodes make them a potential candidate for next-generation neural interfacing. Electrochemical measurements were also demonstrated using an individual CNT post microelectrode with a diameter of 25 μm and a length of 1 mm to perform cyclic voltammetry on both methyl viologen and dopamine in a phosphate-buffered saline solution. In addition to detection of the characteristic peaks, the CNT post microelectrodes show a fast electrochemical response, which may be enabling for in vivo and/or in vitro measurements. The CNT post electrode fabrication process was also integrated with other microfabrication techniques, resulting in individually addressable electrodes. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
1460	a7003387464	Steffensen S.C.	p512	False	Journal	281	Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Millimeter-Tall Free-Standing Carbon Nanotube-Based Microelectrode Arrays	Microelectrode arrays of carbon nanotube (CNT)/carbon composite posts with high aspect ratio and millimeter-length were fabricated using carbon-nanotube-templated microfabrication with a sacrificial "hedge". The high aspect ratio, mechanical robustness, and electrical conductivity of these electrodes make them a potential candidate for next-generation neural interfacing. Electrochemical measurements were also demonstrated using an individual CNT post microelectrode with a diameter of 25 μm and a length of 1 mm to perform cyclic voltammetry on both methyl viologen and dopamine in a phosphate-buffered saline solution. In addition to detection of the characteristic peaks, the CNT post microelectrodes show a fast electrochemical response, which may be enabling for in vivo and/or in vitro measurements. The CNT post electrode fabrication process was also integrated with other microfabrication techniques, resulting in individually addressable electrodes. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
1461	a26039464700	Puleo C.	p512	False	Journal	281	Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Millimeter-Tall Free-Standing Carbon Nanotube-Based Microelectrode Arrays	Microelectrode arrays of carbon nanotube (CNT)/carbon composite posts with high aspect ratio and millimeter-length were fabricated using carbon-nanotube-templated microfabrication with a sacrificial "hedge". The high aspect ratio, mechanical robustness, and electrical conductivity of these electrodes make them a potential candidate for next-generation neural interfacing. Electrochemical measurements were also demonstrated using an individual CNT post microelectrode with a diameter of 25 μm and a length of 1 mm to perform cyclic voltammetry on both methyl viologen and dopamine in a phosphate-buffered saline solution. In addition to detection of the characteristic peaks, the CNT post microelectrodes show a fast electrochemical response, which may be enabling for in vivo and/or in vitro measurements. The CNT post electrode fabrication process was also integrated with other microfabrication techniques, resulting in individually addressable electrodes. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
1462	a56747755300	Galligan C.	p512	False	Journal	281	Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Millimeter-Tall Free-Standing Carbon Nanotube-Based Microelectrode Arrays	Microelectrode arrays of carbon nanotube (CNT)/carbon composite posts with high aspect ratio and millimeter-length were fabricated using carbon-nanotube-templated microfabrication with a sacrificial "hedge". The high aspect ratio, mechanical robustness, and electrical conductivity of these electrodes make them a potential candidate for next-generation neural interfacing. Electrochemical measurements were also demonstrated using an individual CNT post microelectrode with a diameter of 25 μm and a length of 1 mm to perform cyclic voltammetry on both methyl viologen and dopamine in a phosphate-buffered saline solution. In addition to detection of the characteristic peaks, the CNT post microelectrodes show a fast electrochemical response, which may be enabling for in vivo and/or in vitro measurements. The CNT post electrode fabrication process was also integrated with other microfabrication techniques, resulting in individually addressable electrodes. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
1463	a7005612595	Ashe J.	p512	False	Journal	281	Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Millimeter-Tall Free-Standing Carbon Nanotube-Based Microelectrode Arrays	Microelectrode arrays of carbon nanotube (CNT)/carbon composite posts with high aspect ratio and millimeter-length were fabricated using carbon-nanotube-templated microfabrication with a sacrificial "hedge". The high aspect ratio, mechanical robustness, and electrical conductivity of these electrodes make them a potential candidate for next-generation neural interfacing. Electrochemical measurements were also demonstrated using an individual CNT post microelectrode with a diameter of 25 μm and a length of 1 mm to perform cyclic voltammetry on both methyl viologen and dopamine in a phosphate-buffered saline solution. In addition to detection of the characteristic peaks, the CNT post microelectrodes show a fast electrochemical response, which may be enabling for in vivo and/or in vitro measurements. The CNT post electrode fabrication process was also integrated with other microfabrication techniques, resulting in individually addressable electrodes. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
1464	a56386056100	Brivadis E.	p515	False	Journal	284	Isogeometric Bézier dual mortaring: Refineable higher-order spline dual bases and weakly continuous geometry	In this paper we develop the isogeometric Bézier dual mortar method. It is based on Bézier extraction and projection and is applicable to any spline space which can be represented in Bézier form (i.e., NURBS, T-splines, LR-splines, etc.). The approach weakly enforces the continuity of the solution at patch interfaces and the error can be adaptively controlled by leveraging the refineability of the underlying slave dual spline basis without introducing any additional degrees of freedom. As a consequence, optimal higher-order convergence rates can be achieved without the need for an expensive shared master/slave segmentation step. We also develop weakly continuous geometry as a particular application of isogeometric Bézier dual mortaring. Weakly continuous geometry is a geometry description where the weak continuity constraints are built into properly modified Bézier extraction operators. As a result, multi-patch models can be processed in a solver directly without having to employ a mortaring solution strategy. We demonstrate the utility of the approach on several challenging benchmark problems. © 2018 Elsevier B.V.
1465	a56755464700	Wanik D.	p516	True	Journal	285	Estimated Time of Restoration (ETR) Guidance for Electric Distribution Networks	Electric distribution utilities have an obligation to inform the public and government regulators about when they expect to complete service restoration after a major storm. In this study, we explore methods for calculating the estimated time of restoration (ETR) from weather impacts, defined as the time it will take for 99.5% of customers to be restored. Actual data from Storm Irene (2011), the October Nor'easter (2011) and Hurricane Sandy (2012) within the Eversource Energy-Connecticut service territory were used to calibrate and test the methods; data used included predicted outages, the peak number of customers affected, a ratio of how many outages a restoration crew can repair per day, and the count of crews working per day. Data known before a storm strikes (such as predicted outages and available crews) can be used to calculate ETR and support pre-storm allocation of crews and resources, while data available immediately after the storm passes (such as customers affected) can be used as motivation for securing or releasing crews to complete the restoration in a timely manner. Used together, the methods presented in this paper will help utilities provide a reasonable, data-driven ETR without relying solely on qualitative past experiences or instinct. © 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.
1465	a56755464700	Wanik D.	p752	True	Journal	366	Using vegetation management and LiDAR-derived tree height data to improve outage predictions for electric utilities	The interaction of severe weather, overhead electric infrastructure and surrounding vegetation contributes to power outages. Given that 90% of storm outages in Connecticut are tree-related, accurate modeling of power outages before a storm arrives could result in improved pre-staging of crews and equipment resulting in improved electric reliability. The authors have generated a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data product that provides a 1-m resolution measurement of vegetation that is tall enough to strike overhead distribution powerlines, called “ProxPix”. These data, along with other vegetation management (e.g. tree trimming) and infrastructure data were evaluated for their improvement an outage prediction model over eastern Connecticut during Hurricane Sandy. A random forest model utilizing a repeated balanced sampling (RBS) approach with 10,000 iterations was used to evaluate which model forcing data accurately predicted the occurrence of a power outage in a 0.5 km grid cell. The authors found that models inputted with infrastructure, vegetation management, ProxPix, performed up to 5–13% better than simpler models depending on model evaluation criteria and input data; and that the model forced with utility infrastructure and ProxPix had the best overall performance. The ProxPix data created for this study have application to other research topics such as prioritizing areas for vegetation management near utilities and providing data on potential tree threats to roads, railways, or other infrastructure networks. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1465	a56755464700	Wanik D.	p773	False	Journal	380	Nonparametric Tree-Based Predictive Modeling of Storm Outages on an Electric Distribution Network	This article compares two nonparametric tree-based models, quantile regression forests (QRF) and Bayesian additive regression trees (BART), for predicting storm outages on an electric distribution network in Connecticut, USA. We evaluated point estimates and prediction intervals of outage predictions for both models using high-resolution weather, infrastructure, and land use data for 89 storm events (including hurricanes, blizzards, and thunderstorms). We found that spatially BART predicted more accurate point estimates than QRF. However, QRF produced better prediction intervals for high spatial resolutions (2-km grid cells and towns), while BART predictions aggregated to coarser resolutions (divisions and service territory) more effectively. We also found that the predictive accuracy was dependent on the season (e.g., tree-leaf condition, storm characteristics), and that the predictions were most accurate for winter storms. Given the merits of each individual model, we suggest that BART and QRF be implemented together to show the complete picture of a storm's potential impact on the electric distribution network, which would allow for a utility to make better decisions about allocating prestorm resources. © 2016 Society for Risk Analysis
1466	a7005523706	Anagnostou E.	p516	False	Journal	285	Estimated Time of Restoration (ETR) Guidance for Electric Distribution Networks	Electric distribution utilities have an obligation to inform the public and government regulators about when they expect to complete service restoration after a major storm. In this study, we explore methods for calculating the estimated time of restoration (ETR) from weather impacts, defined as the time it will take for 99.5% of customers to be restored. Actual data from Storm Irene (2011), the October Nor'easter (2011) and Hurricane Sandy (2012) within the Eversource Energy-Connecticut service territory were used to calibrate and test the methods; data used included predicted outages, the peak number of customers affected, a ratio of how many outages a restoration crew can repair per day, and the count of crews working per day. Data known before a storm strikes (such as predicted outages and available crews) can be used to calculate ETR and support pre-storm allocation of crews and resources, while data available immediately after the storm passes (such as customers affected) can be used as motivation for securing or releasing crews to complete the restoration in a timely manner. Used together, the methods presented in this paper will help utilities provide a reasonable, data-driven ETR without relying solely on qualitative past experiences or instinct. © 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.
1466	a7005523706	Anagnostou E.	p752	False	Journal	366	Using vegetation management and LiDAR-derived tree height data to improve outage predictions for electric utilities	The interaction of severe weather, overhead electric infrastructure and surrounding vegetation contributes to power outages. Given that 90% of storm outages in Connecticut are tree-related, accurate modeling of power outages before a storm arrives could result in improved pre-staging of crews and equipment resulting in improved electric reliability. The authors have generated a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data product that provides a 1-m resolution measurement of vegetation that is tall enough to strike overhead distribution powerlines, called “ProxPix”. These data, along with other vegetation management (e.g. tree trimming) and infrastructure data were evaluated for their improvement an outage prediction model over eastern Connecticut during Hurricane Sandy. A random forest model utilizing a repeated balanced sampling (RBS) approach with 10,000 iterations was used to evaluate which model forcing data accurately predicted the occurrence of a power outage in a 0.5 km grid cell. The authors found that models inputted with infrastructure, vegetation management, ProxPix, performed up to 5–13% better than simpler models depending on model evaluation criteria and input data; and that the model forced with utility infrastructure and ProxPix had the best overall performance. The ProxPix data created for this study have application to other research topics such as prioritizing areas for vegetation management near utilities and providing data on potential tree threats to roads, railways, or other infrastructure networks. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1466	a7005523706	Anagnostou E.	p773	False	Journal	380	Nonparametric Tree-Based Predictive Modeling of Storm Outages on an Electric Distribution Network	This article compares two nonparametric tree-based models, quantile regression forests (QRF) and Bayesian additive regression trees (BART), for predicting storm outages on an electric distribution network in Connecticut, USA. We evaluated point estimates and prediction intervals of outage predictions for both models using high-resolution weather, infrastructure, and land use data for 89 storm events (including hurricanes, blizzards, and thunderstorms). We found that spatially BART predicted more accurate point estimates than QRF. However, QRF produced better prediction intervals for high spatial resolutions (2-km grid cells and towns), while BART predictions aggregated to coarser resolutions (divisions and service territory) more effectively. We also found that the predictive accuracy was dependent on the season (e.g., tree-leaf condition, storm characteristics), and that the predictions were most accurate for winter storms. Given the merits of each individual model, we suggest that BART and QRF be implemented together to show the complete picture of a storm's potential impact on the electric distribution network, which would allow for a utility to make better decisions about allocating prestorm resources. © 2016 Society for Risk Analysis
1467	a57031532600	Hartman B.	p516	False	Journal	285	Estimated Time of Restoration (ETR) Guidance for Electric Distribution Networks	Electric distribution utilities have an obligation to inform the public and government regulators about when they expect to complete service restoration after a major storm. In this study, we explore methods for calculating the estimated time of restoration (ETR) from weather impacts, defined as the time it will take for 99.5% of customers to be restored. Actual data from Storm Irene (2011), the October Nor'easter (2011) and Hurricane Sandy (2012) within the Eversource Energy-Connecticut service territory were used to calibrate and test the methods; data used included predicted outages, the peak number of customers affected, a ratio of how many outages a restoration crew can repair per day, and the count of crews working per day. Data known before a storm strikes (such as predicted outages and available crews) can be used to calculate ETR and support pre-storm allocation of crews and resources, while data available immediately after the storm passes (such as customers affected) can be used as motivation for securing or releasing crews to complete the restoration in a timely manner. Used together, the methods presented in this paper will help utilities provide a reasonable, data-driven ETR without relying solely on qualitative past experiences or instinct. © 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.
1467	a57031532600	Hartman B.	p752	False	Journal	366	Using vegetation management and LiDAR-derived tree height data to improve outage predictions for electric utilities	The interaction of severe weather, overhead electric infrastructure and surrounding vegetation contributes to power outages. Given that 90% of storm outages in Connecticut are tree-related, accurate modeling of power outages before a storm arrives could result in improved pre-staging of crews and equipment resulting in improved electric reliability. The authors have generated a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data product that provides a 1-m resolution measurement of vegetation that is tall enough to strike overhead distribution powerlines, called “ProxPix”. These data, along with other vegetation management (e.g. tree trimming) and infrastructure data were evaluated for their improvement an outage prediction model over eastern Connecticut during Hurricane Sandy. A random forest model utilizing a repeated balanced sampling (RBS) approach with 10,000 iterations was used to evaluate which model forcing data accurately predicted the occurrence of a power outage in a 0.5 km grid cell. The authors found that models inputted with infrastructure, vegetation management, ProxPix, performed up to 5–13% better than simpler models depending on model evaluation criteria and input data; and that the model forced with utility infrastructure and ProxPix had the best overall performance. The ProxPix data created for this study have application to other research topics such as prioritizing areas for vegetation management near utilities and providing data on potential tree threats to roads, railways, or other infrastructure networks. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1467	a57031532600	Hartman B.	p773	False	Journal	380	Nonparametric Tree-Based Predictive Modeling of Storm Outages on an Electric Distribution Network	This article compares two nonparametric tree-based models, quantile regression forests (QRF) and Bayesian additive regression trees (BART), for predicting storm outages on an electric distribution network in Connecticut, USA. We evaluated point estimates and prediction intervals of outage predictions for both models using high-resolution weather, infrastructure, and land use data for 89 storm events (including hurricanes, blizzards, and thunderstorms). We found that spatially BART predicted more accurate point estimates than QRF. However, QRF produced better prediction intervals for high spatial resolutions (2-km grid cells and towns), while BART predictions aggregated to coarser resolutions (divisions and service territory) more effectively. We also found that the predictive accuracy was dependent on the season (e.g., tree-leaf condition, storm characteristics), and that the predictions were most accurate for winter storms. Given the merits of each individual model, we suggest that BART and QRF be implemented together to show the complete picture of a storm's potential impact on the electric distribution network, which would allow for a utility to make better decisions about allocating prestorm resources. © 2016 Society for Risk Analysis
1468	a57200497294	Layton T.	p516	False	Journal	285	Estimated Time of Restoration (ETR) Guidance for Electric Distribution Networks	Electric distribution utilities have an obligation to inform the public and government regulators about when they expect to complete service restoration after a major storm. In this study, we explore methods for calculating the estimated time of restoration (ETR) from weather impacts, defined as the time it will take for 99.5% of customers to be restored. Actual data from Storm Irene (2011), the October Nor'easter (2011) and Hurricane Sandy (2012) within the Eversource Energy-Connecticut service territory were used to calibrate and test the methods; data used included predicted outages, the peak number of customers affected, a ratio of how many outages a restoration crew can repair per day, and the count of crews working per day. Data known before a storm strikes (such as predicted outages and available crews) can be used to calculate ETR and support pre-storm allocation of crews and resources, while data available immediately after the storm passes (such as customers affected) can be used as motivation for securing or releasing crews to complete the restoration in a timely manner. Used together, the methods presented in this paper will help utilities provide a reasonable, data-driven ETR without relying solely on qualitative past experiences or instinct. © 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.
1469	a57190794386	Bird E.	p517	True	Journal	286	Effect of environmental and material factors on the response of nanocomposite foam impact sensors	Nanocomposite foam (NCF) is a multifunctional material that can be used to measure impact. Interactions between the flexible polymer matrix and conductive particles dispersed throughout it produce a voltage signal under dynamic strain, which correlates to the magnitude of impact. Though promising in applications requiring both impact sensing and energy absorption, NCF's voltage response has been observed to suffer from significant signal drift. This paper investigates several causes of variance in the response of NCF sensors to consistent impacts. These effects can be classified into three general types: recoverable transient effects (such as those relating to viscoelasticity or capacitive charging), environmental drift (due to humidity and temperature), and permanent signal decay from material degradation. The motivation for the study arises from various potential repeat-impact applications where periodic recalibration of the sensor would be difficult (such as a gait-tracking insole in use for a marathon event). A cyclic drop testing machine was used to apply consistent impacts to NCF, and drift resulting from each factor (in ranges typical of an insole environment) was experimentally isolated. Models representing each factor's contribution to signal drift are presented. Of the factors investigated, humidity and temperature caused the most significant drift, with permanent material degradation accounting for only minor decay in voltage response. Transient effects were also observed, with a characteristic 'warm-up' (or 'charging') time required for the NCF to achieve steady-state; this phenomenon, and the related 'recovery' time for the material to return to its original state, were determined. The resultant data can be leveraged to implement a correction algorithm or other drift-compensating method to retain an NCF sensor's accuracy in both long and short data collection scenarios. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1469	a57190794386	Bird E.	p546	True	Journal	300	Materials selection of flexible open-cell foams in energy absorption applications	Foam must be engineered to absorb a particular range of energy in various impact-related applications. Since energy absorption is dependent upon the unique stress-strain response of each foam specimen, it is difficult to quantify analytically; thus, energy absorption cannot be easily compared across materials. Current methods accomplish this using an experimental approach, individually testing foam materials, densities, and geometries to quantify how each influences energy absorption. Such methods require large amounts of time and money to characterize a narrow range of foams. This paper facilitates foam selection by deriving generalized energy absorption material indices. Assuming Euler buckling of columns in the open-cell foam structure, this paper applies equations derived by Maiti et al. to a typical impact scenario wherein the indices are extracted. Using existing Ashby charts, these indices allow polymers to be ranked by the mass and cost each would require as a foamed structure to satisfy specific energy absorption constraints. The presented method allows the energy absorption of a wide range of flexible foams to be compared and relieves the need for extensive factor-specific testing. This method is applied to football helmet foam selection; however, it can be used for many applications where energy absorption is of interest. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1469	a57190794386	Bird E.	p694	False	Journal	320	Estimation of 3D Ground Reaction Force Using Nanocomposite Piezo-Responsive Foam Sensors During Walking	This paper describes a method for the estimation of the 3D ground reaction force (GRF) during human walking using novel nanocomposite piezo-responsive foam (NCPF) sensors. Nine subjects (5 male, 4 female) walked on a force-instrumented treadmill at 1.34 m/s for 120 s each while wearing a shoe that was instrumented with four NCPF sensors. GRF data, measured via the treadmill, and sensor data, measured via the NCPF inserts, were used in a tenfold cross validation process to calibrate a separate model for each individual. The calibration model estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with mean average errors (MAE) of 6.52 N (2.14%), 4.79 N (6.34%), and 15.4 N (2.15%), respectively. Two additional models were created using the sensor data from all subjects and subject demographics. A tenfold cross validation process for this combined data set resulted in models that estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with less than 8.16 N (2.41%), 6.63 N (7.37%), and 19.4 N (2.31%) errors, respectively. Intra-subject estimates based on the model had a higher accuracy than inter-subject estimates, likely due to the relatively small subject cohort used in creating the model. The novel NCPF sensors demonstrate the ability to accurately estimate 3D GRF during human movement outside of the traditional biomechanics laboratory setting. © 2017, Biomedical Engineering Society.
1470	a57201980753	Merrell J.	p517	False	Journal	286	Effect of environmental and material factors on the response of nanocomposite foam impact sensors	Nanocomposite foam (NCF) is a multifunctional material that can be used to measure impact. Interactions between the flexible polymer matrix and conductive particles dispersed throughout it produce a voltage signal under dynamic strain, which correlates to the magnitude of impact. Though promising in applications requiring both impact sensing and energy absorption, NCF's voltage response has been observed to suffer from significant signal drift. This paper investigates several causes of variance in the response of NCF sensors to consistent impacts. These effects can be classified into three general types: recoverable transient effects (such as those relating to viscoelasticity or capacitive charging), environmental drift (due to humidity and temperature), and permanent signal decay from material degradation. The motivation for the study arises from various potential repeat-impact applications where periodic recalibration of the sensor would be difficult (such as a gait-tracking insole in use for a marathon event). A cyclic drop testing machine was used to apply consistent impacts to NCF, and drift resulting from each factor (in ranges typical of an insole environment) was experimentally isolated. Models representing each factor's contribution to signal drift are presented. Of the factors investigated, humidity and temperature caused the most significant drift, with permanent material degradation accounting for only minor decay in voltage response. Transient effects were also observed, with a characteristic 'warm-up' (or 'charging') time required for the NCF to achieve steady-state; this phenomenon, and the related 'recovery' time for the material to return to its original state, were determined. The resultant data can be leveraged to implement a correction algorithm or other drift-compensating method to retain an NCF sensor's accuracy in both long and short data collection scenarios. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1471	a57190797086	Rosquist P.	p517	False	Journal	286	Effect of environmental and material factors on the response of nanocomposite foam impact sensors	Nanocomposite foam (NCF) is a multifunctional material that can be used to measure impact. Interactions between the flexible polymer matrix and conductive particles dispersed throughout it produce a voltage signal under dynamic strain, which correlates to the magnitude of impact. Though promising in applications requiring both impact sensing and energy absorption, NCF's voltage response has been observed to suffer from significant signal drift. This paper investigates several causes of variance in the response of NCF sensors to consistent impacts. These effects can be classified into three general types: recoverable transient effects (such as those relating to viscoelasticity or capacitive charging), environmental drift (due to humidity and temperature), and permanent signal decay from material degradation. The motivation for the study arises from various potential repeat-impact applications where periodic recalibration of the sensor would be difficult (such as a gait-tracking insole in use for a marathon event). A cyclic drop testing machine was used to apply consistent impacts to NCF, and drift resulting from each factor (in ranges typical of an insole environment) was experimentally isolated. Models representing each factor's contribution to signal drift are presented. Of the factors investigated, humidity and temperature caused the most significant drift, with permanent material degradation accounting for only minor decay in voltage response. Transient effects were also observed, with a characteristic 'warm-up' (or 'charging') time required for the NCF to achieve steady-state; this phenomenon, and the related 'recovery' time for the material to return to its original state, were determined. The resultant data can be leveraged to implement a correction algorithm or other drift-compensating method to retain an NCF sensor's accuracy in both long and short data collection scenarios. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1471	a57190797086	Rosquist P.	p694	True	Journal	320	Estimation of 3D Ground Reaction Force Using Nanocomposite Piezo-Responsive Foam Sensors During Walking	This paper describes a method for the estimation of the 3D ground reaction force (GRF) during human walking using novel nanocomposite piezo-responsive foam (NCPF) sensors. Nine subjects (5 male, 4 female) walked on a force-instrumented treadmill at 1.34 m/s for 120 s each while wearing a shoe that was instrumented with four NCPF sensors. GRF data, measured via the treadmill, and sensor data, measured via the NCPF inserts, were used in a tenfold cross validation process to calibrate a separate model for each individual. The calibration model estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with mean average errors (MAE) of 6.52 N (2.14%), 4.79 N (6.34%), and 15.4 N (2.15%), respectively. Two additional models were created using the sensor data from all subjects and subject demographics. A tenfold cross validation process for this combined data set resulted in models that estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with less than 8.16 N (2.41%), 6.63 N (7.37%), and 19.4 N (2.31%) errors, respectively. Intra-subject estimates based on the model had a higher accuracy than inter-subject estimates, likely due to the relatively small subject cohort used in creating the model. The novel NCPF sensors demonstrate the ability to accurately estimate 3D GRF during human movement outside of the traditional biomechanics laboratory setting. © 2017, Biomedical Engineering Society.
1472	a57201983321	Martineau A.	p517	False	Journal	286	Effect of environmental and material factors on the response of nanocomposite foam impact sensors	Nanocomposite foam (NCF) is a multifunctional material that can be used to measure impact. Interactions between the flexible polymer matrix and conductive particles dispersed throughout it produce a voltage signal under dynamic strain, which correlates to the magnitude of impact. Though promising in applications requiring both impact sensing and energy absorption, NCF's voltage response has been observed to suffer from significant signal drift. This paper investigates several causes of variance in the response of NCF sensors to consistent impacts. These effects can be classified into three general types: recoverable transient effects (such as those relating to viscoelasticity or capacitive charging), environmental drift (due to humidity and temperature), and permanent signal decay from material degradation. The motivation for the study arises from various potential repeat-impact applications where periodic recalibration of the sensor would be difficult (such as a gait-tracking insole in use for a marathon event). A cyclic drop testing machine was used to apply consistent impacts to NCF, and drift resulting from each factor (in ranges typical of an insole environment) was experimentally isolated. Models representing each factor's contribution to signal drift are presented. Of the factors investigated, humidity and temperature caused the most significant drift, with permanent material degradation accounting for only minor decay in voltage response. Transient effects were also observed, with a characteristic 'warm-up' (or 'charging') time required for the NCF to achieve steady-state; this phenomenon, and the related 'recovery' time for the material to return to its original state, were determined. The resultant data can be leveraged to implement a correction algorithm or other drift-compensating method to retain an NCF sensor's accuracy in both long and short data collection scenarios. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1473	a56181255300	Balijepalli S.K.	p518	False	Journal	287	Low Temperature Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane by Ce-Modified NiNb Catalysts	Low temperature oxidative dehydrogenation catalysts are becoming a viable material for drastically altering the production of small chain alkenes. Among materials used, bimetallic and trimetallic nickel catalysts have shown great promise. In this study, we report a 38% increase in the rate of ethylene production with the addition of Ce to NiNb catalysts. Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane was performed in the temperature range of 250-350 °C. At 300 °C, the rate of ethylene production was maximized with a rate of 6.91 × 10-4 mmol gcat-1 s-1. At higher temperatures, the rate of deep oxidation to CO2 outcompeted the rate of ethylene formation. The improved rate due to the addition of Ce is attributed to ceria's ability to rapidly transport oxygen to the NiO active sites. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
1474	a24177939700	Barker B.	p519	True	Journal	288	Evans function computation for the stability of travelling waves	In recent years, the Evans function has become an important tool for the determination of stability of travelling waves. This function, a Wronskian of decaying solutions of the eigenvalue equation, is useful both analytically and computationally for the spectral analysis of the linearized operator about the wave. In particular, Evans-function computation allows one to locate any unstable eigenvalues of the linear operator (if they exist); this allows one to establish spectral stability of a given wave and identify bifurcation points (loss of stability) as model parameters vary. In this paper, we review computational aspects of the Evans function and apply it to multidimensional detonation waves. This article is part of the theme issue 'Stability of nonlinear waves and patterns and related topics'. © 2018 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.
1474	a24177939700	Barker B.	p785	True	Journal	389	Stability of Viscous St. Venant Roll Waves: From Onset to Infinite Froude Number Limit	We study the spectral stability of roll wave solutions of the viscous St. Venant equations modeling inclined shallow water flow, both at onset in the small Froude number or “weakly unstable” limit F→ 2 + and for general values of the Froude number F, including the limit F→ + ∞. In the former, F→ 2 +, limit, the shallow water equations are formally approximated by a Korteweg-de Vries/Kuramoto–Sivashinsky (KdV–KS) equation that is a singular perturbation of the standard Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation modeling horizontal shallow water flow. Our main analytical result is to rigorously validate this formal limit, showing that stability as F→ 2 + is equivalent to stability of the corresponding KdV–KS waves in the KdV limit. Together with recent results obtained for KdV–KS by Johnson–Noble–Rodrigues–Zumbrun and Barker, this gives not only the first rigorous verification of stability for any single viscous St. Venant roll wave, but a complete classification of stability in the weakly unstable limit. In the remainder of the paper, we investigate numerically and analytically the evolution of the stability diagram as Froude number increases to infinity. Notably, we find transition at around F= 2.3 from weakly unstable to different, large-F behavior, with stability determined by simple power-law relations. The latter stability criteria are potentially useful in hydraulic engineering applications, for which typically 2.5 ≤ F≤ 6.0. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
1475	a6507412888	Humpherys J.	p519	False	Journal	288	Evans function computation for the stability of travelling waves	In recent years, the Evans function has become an important tool for the determination of stability of travelling waves. This function, a Wronskian of decaying solutions of the eigenvalue equation, is useful both analytically and computationally for the spectral analysis of the linearized operator about the wave. In particular, Evans-function computation allows one to locate any unstable eigenvalues of the linear operator (if they exist); this allows one to establish spectral stability of a given wave and identify bifurcation points (loss of stability) as model parameters vary. In this paper, we review computational aspects of the Evans function and apply it to multidimensional detonation waves. This article is part of the theme issue 'Stability of nonlinear waves and patterns and related topics'. © 2018 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.
1475	a6507412888	Humpherys J.	p670	True	Journal	323	Multidimensional Stability of Large-Amplitude Navier–Stokes Shocks	Extending results of Humpherys–Lyng–Zumbrun in the one-dimensional case, we use a combination of asymptotic ODE estimates and numerical Evans-function computations to examine the multidimensional stability of planar Navier–Stokes shocks across the full range of shock amplitudes, including the infinite-amplitude limit, for monatomic or diatomic ideal gas equations of state and viscosity and heat conduction coefficients μ, μ+ η, and ν= κ/ cv constant and in the physical ratios predicted by statistical mechanics, and Mach number M&gt; 1.035. Our results indicate unconditional stability within the parameter range considered; this agrees with the results of Erpenbeck and Majda for the corresponding inviscid case of Euler shocks. Notably, this study includes the first successful numerical computation of an Evans function associated with the multidimensional stability of a viscous shock wave. The methods introduced can be used in principle to decide stability for shocks in any polytropic gas, or indeed for shocks of other models, including in, particular, viscoelasticity, combustion, and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). © 2017, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
1476	a57204229694	Lyng G.	p519	False	Journal	288	Evans function computation for the stability of travelling waves	In recent years, the Evans function has become an important tool for the determination of stability of travelling waves. This function, a Wronskian of decaying solutions of the eigenvalue equation, is useful both analytically and computationally for the spectral analysis of the linearized operator about the wave. In particular, Evans-function computation allows one to locate any unstable eigenvalues of the linear operator (if they exist); this allows one to establish spectral stability of a given wave and identify bifurcation points (loss of stability) as model parameters vary. In this paper, we review computational aspects of the Evans function and apply it to multidimensional detonation waves. This article is part of the theme issue 'Stability of nonlinear waves and patterns and related topics'. © 2018 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.
1476	a57204229694	Lyng G.	p670	False	Journal	323	Multidimensional Stability of Large-Amplitude Navier–Stokes Shocks	Extending results of Humpherys–Lyng–Zumbrun in the one-dimensional case, we use a combination of asymptotic ODE estimates and numerical Evans-function computations to examine the multidimensional stability of planar Navier–Stokes shocks across the full range of shock amplitudes, including the infinite-amplitude limit, for monatomic or diatomic ideal gas equations of state and viscosity and heat conduction coefficients μ, μ+ η, and ν= κ/ cv constant and in the physical ratios predicted by statistical mechanics, and Mach number M&gt; 1.035. Our results indicate unconditional stability within the parameter range considered; this agrees with the results of Erpenbeck and Majda for the corresponding inviscid case of Euler shocks. Notably, this study includes the first successful numerical computation of an Evans function associated with the multidimensional stability of a viscous shock wave. The methods introduced can be used in principle to decide stability for shocks in any polytropic gas, or indeed for shocks of other models, including in, particular, viscoelasticity, combustion, and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). © 2017, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
1477	a55652903800	Lytle J.	p519	False	Journal	288	Evans function computation for the stability of travelling waves	In recent years, the Evans function has become an important tool for the determination of stability of travelling waves. This function, a Wronskian of decaying solutions of the eigenvalue equation, is useful both analytically and computationally for the spectral analysis of the linearized operator about the wave. In particular, Evans-function computation allows one to locate any unstable eigenvalues of the linear operator (if they exist); this allows one to establish spectral stability of a given wave and identify bifurcation points (loss of stability) as model parameters vary. In this paper, we review computational aspects of the Evans function and apply it to multidimensional detonation waves. This article is part of the theme issue 'Stability of nonlinear waves and patterns and related topics'. © 2018 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.
1478	a57201724099	Penaloza J.	p520	False	Journal	289	Scalable fabric tactile sensor arrays for soft bodies	Soft robots have the potential to transform the way robots interact with their environment. This is due to their low inertia and inherent ability to more safely interact with the world without damaging themselves or the people around them. However, existing sensing for soft robots has at least partially limited their ability to control interactions with their environment. Tactile sensors could enable soft robots to sense interaction, but most tactile sensors are made from rigid substrates and are not well suited to applications for soft robots which can deform. In addition, the benefit of being able to cheaply manufacture soft robots may be lost if the tactile sensors that cover them are expensive and their resolution does not scale well for manufacturability. This paper discusses the development of a method to make affordable, high-resolution, tactile sensor arrays (manufactured in rows and columns) that can be used for sensorizing soft robots and other soft bodies. However, the construction results in a sensor array that exhibits significant amounts of cross-talk when two taxels in the same row are compressed. Using the same fabric-based tactile sensor array construction design, two different methods for cross-talk compensation are presented. The first uses a mathematical model to calculate a change in resistance of each taxel directly. The second method introduces additional simple circuit components that enable us to isolate each taxel electrically and relate voltage to force directly. Fabric sensor arrays are demonstrated for two different soft-bodied applications: an inflatable single link robot and a human wrist. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1479	a24465525600	Santos V.J.	p520	False	Journal	289	Scalable fabric tactile sensor arrays for soft bodies	Soft robots have the potential to transform the way robots interact with their environment. This is due to their low inertia and inherent ability to more safely interact with the world without damaging themselves or the people around them. However, existing sensing for soft robots has at least partially limited their ability to control interactions with their environment. Tactile sensors could enable soft robots to sense interaction, but most tactile sensors are made from rigid substrates and are not well suited to applications for soft robots which can deform. In addition, the benefit of being able to cheaply manufacture soft robots may be lost if the tactile sensors that cover them are expensive and their resolution does not scale well for manufacturability. This paper discusses the development of a method to make affordable, high-resolution, tactile sensor arrays (manufactured in rows and columns) that can be used for sensorizing soft robots and other soft bodies. However, the construction results in a sensor array that exhibits significant amounts of cross-talk when two taxels in the same row are compressed. Using the same fabric-based tactile sensor array construction design, two different methods for cross-talk compensation are presented. The first uses a mathematical model to calculate a change in resistance of each taxel directly. The second method introduces additional simple circuit components that enable us to isolate each taxel electrically and relate voltage to force directly. Fabric sensor arrays are demonstrated for two different soft-bodied applications: an inflatable single link robot and a human wrist. © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1480	a57203246058	Kim D.	p522	False	Journal	262	Antireflective light-blocking layers using a liquid top matte coating	Methods exist for the creation of antireflective thin film layers; however, many of these methods depend on the use of high temperatures, harsh chemical etches, or are made with difficult pattern materials, rendering them unusable for many applications. In addition, most methods of light blocking are specifically designed to increase light coupling and absorption in the substrate, making them incompatible with some applications that also require blocking transmission of light. A method of forming a simple, patternable light-blocking layer that drastically reduces both transmission and reflection of light without dependence on processes that could damage underlying structures using a light scattering matte coating over a partially antireflective thin film light-blocking layer is presented. © 2018 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
1481	a35994294500	Bryden K.M.	p525	False	Journal	274	Toward a Universal Social Impact Metric for Engineered Products That Alleviate Poverty	One of the purposes of creating products for developing countries is to improve the consumer's quality of life. Currently, there is no standard method for measuring the social impact of these types of products. As a result, engineers have used their own metrics, if at all. Some of the common metrics used include products sold and revenue, which measure the financial success of a product without recognizing the social successes or failures it might have. In this paper, we introduce a potential universal metric, the product impact metric (PIM), which quantifies the impact a product has on impoverished individuals - especially those living in developing countries. It measures social impact broadly in five dimensions: health, education, standard of living, employment quality, and security. By measuring impact multidimensionally, it captures impacts both anticipated and unanticipated, thereby providing a broader assessment of the product's total impact than with other more specific metrics. The PIM is calculated based on 18 simple field measurements of the consumer. It is inspired by the UN's Multidimensional Poverty Index (UNMPI) created by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The UNMPI measures how level of poverty within a nation changes year after year, and the PIM measures how an individual's poverty level changes after being affected by an engineered product. The PIM can be used to measure social impact (using specific data from products introduced into the market) or predict social impact (using personas that represent real individuals). Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
1481	a35994294500	Bryden K.M.	p874	False	Conference	392	Towards a universal social impact metric for engineered products that alleviate poverty	More than ever before, engineers are creating products for developing countries. One of the purposes of these products is to improve the consumer's quality of life. Currently, there is no established method of measuring the social impact of these types of products. As a result, engineers have used their own metrics to assess their product's impact, if at all. Some of the common metrics used include products sold and revenue, which measure the financial success of a product without recognizing the social successes or failures it might have. In this paper we introduce a potential metric, the Product Impact Metric (PIM), which quantifies the impact a product has on impoverished individuals - especially those living in developing countries. It measures social impact broadly in five dimensions: Health, education, standard of living, employment quality, and security. The PIM is inspired by the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) created by the United Nations Development Programme. The MPI measures how the depth of poverty within a nation changes year after year, and the PIM measures how an individual's quality of life changes after being affected by an engineered product. The Product Impact Metric can be used to predict social impacts (using personas that represent real individuals) or measure social impacts (using specific data from products introduced into the market). © 2017 ASME.
1482	a24758929200	Maccarty N.A.	p525	False	Journal	274	Toward a Universal Social Impact Metric for Engineered Products That Alleviate Poverty	One of the purposes of creating products for developing countries is to improve the consumer's quality of life. Currently, there is no standard method for measuring the social impact of these types of products. As a result, engineers have used their own metrics, if at all. Some of the common metrics used include products sold and revenue, which measure the financial success of a product without recognizing the social successes or failures it might have. In this paper, we introduce a potential universal metric, the product impact metric (PIM), which quantifies the impact a product has on impoverished individuals - especially those living in developing countries. It measures social impact broadly in five dimensions: health, education, standard of living, employment quality, and security. By measuring impact multidimensionally, it captures impacts both anticipated and unanticipated, thereby providing a broader assessment of the product's total impact than with other more specific metrics. The PIM is calculated based on 18 simple field measurements of the consumer. It is inspired by the UN's Multidimensional Poverty Index (UNMPI) created by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The UNMPI measures how level of poverty within a nation changes year after year, and the PIM measures how an individual's poverty level changes after being affected by an engineered product. The PIM can be used to measure social impact (using specific data from products introduced into the market) or predict social impact (using personas that represent real individuals). Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
1482	a24758929200	Maccarty N.A.	p874	False	Conference	392	Towards a universal social impact metric for engineered products that alleviate poverty	More than ever before, engineers are creating products for developing countries. One of the purposes of these products is to improve the consumer's quality of life. Currently, there is no established method of measuring the social impact of these types of products. As a result, engineers have used their own metrics to assess their product's impact, if at all. Some of the common metrics used include products sold and revenue, which measure the financial success of a product without recognizing the social successes or failures it might have. In this paper we introduce a potential metric, the Product Impact Metric (PIM), which quantifies the impact a product has on impoverished individuals - especially those living in developing countries. It measures social impact broadly in five dimensions: Health, education, standard of living, employment quality, and security. The PIM is inspired by the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) created by the United Nations Development Programme. The MPI measures how the depth of poverty within a nation changes year after year, and the PIM measures how an individual's quality of life changes after being affected by an engineered product. The Product Impact Metric can be used to predict social impacts (using personas that represent real individuals) or measure social impacts (using specific data from products introduced into the market). © 2017 ASME.
1483	a57201645135	Stringer B.J.	p526	True	Journal	291	Dual-wavelength reflectance spectroscopy of the superior vena cava: A method for placing central venous catheters at the cavoatrial junction	There are a limited number of methods to guide and confirm the placement of a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) at the cavoatrial junction. The aim of this study was to design, test and validate a dual-wavelength, diode laser-based, single optical fiber instrument that would accurately confirm PICC tip location at the cavoatrial junction of an animal heart, in vivo. This was accomplished by inserting the optical fiber into a PICC and ratiometrically comparing simultaneous visible and near-infrared reflection intensities of venous and atrial tissues found near the cavoatrial junction. The system was successful in placing the PICC line tip within 5 mm of the cavoatrial junction. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
1484	a57201646242	Shumway S.B.	p526	False	Journal	291	Dual-wavelength reflectance spectroscopy of the superior vena cava: A method for placing central venous catheters at the cavoatrial junction	There are a limited number of methods to guide and confirm the placement of a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) at the cavoatrial junction. The aim of this study was to design, test and validate a dual-wavelength, diode laser-based, single optical fiber instrument that would accurately confirm PICC tip location at the cavoatrial junction of an animal heart, in vivo. This was accomplished by inserting the optical fiber into a PICC and ratiometrically comparing simultaneous visible and near-infrared reflection intensities of venous and atrial tissues found near the cavoatrial junction. The system was successful in placing the PICC line tip within 5 mm of the cavoatrial junction. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
1485	a57200335858	Holbrook M.D.	p526	False	Journal	291	Dual-wavelength reflectance spectroscopy of the superior vena cava: A method for placing central venous catheters at the cavoatrial junction	There are a limited number of methods to guide and confirm the placement of a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) at the cavoatrial junction. The aim of this study was to design, test and validate a dual-wavelength, diode laser-based, single optical fiber instrument that would accurately confirm PICC tip location at the cavoatrial junction of an animal heart, in vivo. This was accomplished by inserting the optical fiber into a PICC and ratiometrically comparing simultaneous visible and near-infrared reflection intensities of venous and atrial tissues found near the cavoatrial junction. The system was successful in placing the PICC line tip within 5 mm of the cavoatrial junction. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
1486	a57217508772	Copeland C.G.	p526	False	Journal	291	Dual-wavelength reflectance spectroscopy of the superior vena cava: A method for placing central venous catheters at the cavoatrial junction	There are a limited number of methods to guide and confirm the placement of a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) at the cavoatrial junction. The aim of this study was to design, test and validate a dual-wavelength, diode laser-based, single optical fiber instrument that would accurately confirm PICC tip location at the cavoatrial junction of an animal heart, in vivo. This was accomplished by inserting the optical fiber into a PICC and ratiometrically comparing simultaneous visible and near-infrared reflection intensities of venous and atrial tissues found near the cavoatrial junction. The system was successful in placing the PICC line tip within 5 mm of the cavoatrial junction. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
1487	a57201650328	Gosch A.A.	p526	False	Journal	291	Dual-wavelength reflectance spectroscopy of the superior vena cava: A method for placing central venous catheters at the cavoatrial junction	There are a limited number of methods to guide and confirm the placement of a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) at the cavoatrial junction. The aim of this study was to design, test and validate a dual-wavelength, diode laser-based, single optical fiber instrument that would accurately confirm PICC tip location at the cavoatrial junction of an animal heart, in vivo. This was accomplished by inserting the optical fiber into a PICC and ratiometrically comparing simultaneous visible and near-infrared reflection intensities of venous and atrial tissues found near the cavoatrial junction. The system was successful in placing the PICC line tip within 5 mm of the cavoatrial junction. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
1488	a7102837693	Kück K.	p526	False	Journal	291	Dual-wavelength reflectance spectroscopy of the superior vena cava: A method for placing central venous catheters at the cavoatrial junction	There are a limited number of methods to guide and confirm the placement of a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) at the cavoatrial junction. The aim of this study was to design, test and validate a dual-wavelength, diode laser-based, single optical fiber instrument that would accurately confirm PICC tip location at the cavoatrial junction of an animal heart, in vivo. This was accomplished by inserting the optical fiber into a PICC and ratiometrically comparing simultaneous visible and near-infrared reflection intensities of venous and atrial tissues found near the cavoatrial junction. The system was successful in placing the PICC line tip within 5 mm of the cavoatrial junction. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
1489	a55736845400	Wang X.	p527	True	Journal	292	Investigating the safety impact of roadway network features of suburban arterials in Shanghai	With rapid changes in land use development along suburban arterials in Shanghai, there is a corresponding increase in traffic demand on these arterials. To accommodate the local traffic needs of high accessibility and efficiency, an increased number of signalized intersections and accesses have been installed. However, the absence of a defined hierarchical road network, together with irregular signal spacing and access density, tends to deteriorate arterial safety. Previous studies on arterial safety were generally based on a single type of road entity, either intersection or roadway segment, and they analyzed the safety contributing factors (e.g. signal density and access density) on only that type of road entity, while these suburban arterial characteristics could significantly influence the safety performance of both intersections and roadway segments. Macro-level safety modeling was usually applied to investigate the relationships between zonal crash frequencies and demographics, road network features, and traffic characteristics, but the previous researchers did not consider the specific arterial characteristics of signal density and access density. In this study, a new modeling strategy was proposed to analyze the safety impacts of zonal roadway network features (i.e., road network patterns and road network density) along with the suburban arterial characteristics of signal density and access density. Bayesian Conditional Autoregressive Poisson Log-normal models were developed for suburban arterials in 173 traffic analysis zones in the suburban area of Shanghai. Results identified that the grid pattern road network with collector roads parallel to arterials was associated with fewer crashes than networks without parallel collectors. On the other hand, lower road network density, higher signal density and higher access density tended to increase the crash occurrence on suburban arterials. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1490	a57139150400	Yuan J.	p527	False	Journal	292	Investigating the safety impact of roadway network features of suburban arterials in Shanghai	With rapid changes in land use development along suburban arterials in Shanghai, there is a corresponding increase in traffic demand on these arterials. To accommodate the local traffic needs of high accessibility and efficiency, an increased number of signalized intersections and accesses have been installed. However, the absence of a defined hierarchical road network, together with irregular signal spacing and access density, tends to deteriorate arterial safety. Previous studies on arterial safety were generally based on a single type of road entity, either intersection or roadway segment, and they analyzed the safety contributing factors (e.g. signal density and access density) on only that type of road entity, while these suburban arterial characteristics could significantly influence the safety performance of both intersections and roadway segments. Macro-level safety modeling was usually applied to investigate the relationships between zonal crash frequencies and demographics, road network features, and traffic characteristics, but the previous researchers did not consider the specific arterial characteristics of signal density and access density. In this study, a new modeling strategy was proposed to analyze the safety impacts of zonal roadway network features (i.e., road network patterns and road network density) along with the suburban arterial characteristics of signal density and access density. Bayesian Conditional Autoregressive Poisson Log-normal models were developed for suburban arterials in 173 traffic analysis zones in the suburban area of Shanghai. Results identified that the grid pattern road network with collector roads parallel to arterials was associated with fewer crashes than networks without parallel collectors. On the other hand, lower road network density, higher signal density and higher access density tended to increase the crash occurrence on suburban arterials. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1491	a7402422734	Fang S.	p527	False	Journal	292	Investigating the safety impact of roadway network features of suburban arterials in Shanghai	With rapid changes in land use development along suburban arterials in Shanghai, there is a corresponding increase in traffic demand on these arterials. To accommodate the local traffic needs of high accessibility and efficiency, an increased number of signalized intersections and accesses have been installed. However, the absence of a defined hierarchical road network, together with irregular signal spacing and access density, tends to deteriorate arterial safety. Previous studies on arterial safety were generally based on a single type of road entity, either intersection or roadway segment, and they analyzed the safety contributing factors (e.g. signal density and access density) on only that type of road entity, while these suburban arterial characteristics could significantly influence the safety performance of both intersections and roadway segments. Macro-level safety modeling was usually applied to investigate the relationships between zonal crash frequencies and demographics, road network features, and traffic characteristics, but the previous researchers did not consider the specific arterial characteristics of signal density and access density. In this study, a new modeling strategy was proposed to analyze the safety impacts of zonal roadway network features (i.e., road network patterns and road network density) along with the suburban arterial characteristics of signal density and access density. Bayesian Conditional Autoregressive Poisson Log-normal models were developed for suburban arterials in 173 traffic analysis zones in the suburban area of Shanghai. Results identified that the grid pattern road network with collector roads parallel to arterials was associated with fewer crashes than networks without parallel collectors. On the other hand, lower road network density, higher signal density and higher access density tended to increase the crash occurrence on suburban arterials. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1492	a57218886189	Stanković A.M.	p528	False	Journal	293	Information geometry for model identification and parameter estimation in renewable energy - DFIG plant case	This study describes a new class of system identification procedures, tailored to electric power systems with renewable resources. The procedure described here builds on computational advances in differential geometry, and offers a new, global, and intrinsic characterisation of challenges in data-derived identification of electric power systems. The approach benefits from increased availability of high-quality measurements. The procedure is illustrated on the multi-machine benchmark example of IEEE 14-bus system with renewable resources, but it is equally applicable to identification of other components and systems (e.g. dynamic loads). The authors consider doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) operating in a wind farm with system level proportional-integral controllers. © The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017.
1492	a57218886189	Stanković A.M.	p541	True	Conference	195	Hybrid power system state estimation with irregular sampling	The paper proposes a power system state estimation algorithm in the presence of irregular sensor sampling and random communication delays. Our state estimator incorporates Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) and SCADA measurements. We use an Extended Kalman filter based algorithm for time alignment of measurements and state variables. Time stamps are assumed for PMU, SCADA and state estimation. Application of the proposed algorithm is illustrated for hourly/daily load/generation variations on two test examples: 14-bus and 118-bus. © 2017 IEEE.
1493	a57203179434	Yuksel M.C.	p529	False	Conference	190	Predicting the maximum endurance time for left-side bridge exercise using machine learning methods and hybrid data	This study was carried out with the intention to create new models to predict the maximum endurance time for the left-side bridge exercise using machine learning methods and hybrid data. Particularly, four different methods including Multilayer Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Network (MFANN), Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN), Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) and Single Decision Tree (SDT) have been used for model development. The dataset used to create the prediction models includes physiological, exercise and questionnaire data related to individuals who performed the left-side bridge exercise and completed the Perceived Activity Rating (PAR) and Perceived Functional Ability (PFA) questionnaires. To evaluate the performance of the models, two well-known metrics, namely Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Multiple Correlation Coefficient (R) have been used, whereas the generalization errors have been assessed using 10-fold cross validation. The best prediction performance among the models has been obtained by using MFANN along with the predictor variables gender, age, body mass index (BMI), the times to reach a rate of perceived exertion values of 7 and 8 (RPE-7 and RPE-8, respectively) and PAR, producing the lowest RMSE and the highest R with 10.61 seconds (s) and 0.92, respectively. © 2017 IEEE.
1494	a57213087387	Tas F.M.	p529	False	Conference	190	Predicting the maximum endurance time for left-side bridge exercise using machine learning methods and hybrid data	This study was carried out with the intention to create new models to predict the maximum endurance time for the left-side bridge exercise using machine learning methods and hybrid data. Particularly, four different methods including Multilayer Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Network (MFANN), Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN), Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) and Single Decision Tree (SDT) have been used for model development. The dataset used to create the prediction models includes physiological, exercise and questionnaire data related to individuals who performed the left-side bridge exercise and completed the Perceived Activity Rating (PAR) and Perceived Functional Ability (PFA) questionnaires. To evaluate the performance of the models, two well-known metrics, namely Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Multiple Correlation Coefficient (R) have been used, whereas the generalization errors have been assessed using 10-fold cross validation. The best prediction performance among the models has been obtained by using MFANN along with the predictor variables gender, age, body mass index (BMI), the times to reach a rate of perceived exertion values of 7 and 8 (RPE-7 and RPE-8, respectively) and PAR, producing the lowest RMSE and the highest R with 10.61 seconds (s) and 0.92, respectively. © 2017 IEEE.
1495	a57202320825	Linn J.	p530	False	Conference	191	CrsRecs: A personalized course recommendation system for college students	Every college student has different needs when it comes to learning. It can be difficult to decide which course is best to take on the road to graduation, and which professor will best suit the student's learning style. CrsRecs, our proposed course/professor recommendation system, makes that process much easier. Using topic analysis, tag analysis, sentiment analysis, predicted course/professor ratings, and survey data revealing student priorities with respect to classes (i.e., easy A, quality of the class, etc.), CrsRecs ranks potential courses in order of perceived preference for the student based on a hybrid technique combining the analysis results of a course. Empirical studies conducted to evaluate the performance of CrsRecs have revealed that CrsRecs not only suggests relevant courses to users by considering all the features of a course, but also outperforms existing state-of-the-art course recommendation approaches. © 2017 IEEE.
1496	a57207470751	Johnson J.	p531	True	Conference	192	Using tripartite graphs to make long tail recommendations	While current state-of-the-art recommendation systems perform fairly well, they generally do better at recommending the popular subset of all products available rather than matching consumers with the vast amount of niche products in what has been termed the "Long Tail". In their seminal work, "Challenging the Long Tail Recommendation", Yin et al. make an eloquent argument that the long tail is where organizations can create the most value for their consumers. They also argue that existing recommender systems operate fundamentally different for long tail products than for mainstream goods. While matrix factorization, nearest-neighbors, and clustering work well for the "head" market, the long tail is better represented by a graph; specifically a bipartite graph that connects a set of users to a set of goods. In this paper, we show the algorithms presented by Yin et al., as well as a set of similar algorithms proposed by Shang et al., which traverse the bipartite graphs through a random walker in order to identify similar users and products. We build on elements from each work, as well as elements from a Markov process, to facilitate the random walker's traversal of the graph into the long tail regions. This method specifically constructs paths into regions of the long tail that are favorable to users. © 2017 IEEE.
1497	a7005098852	Schuh C.A.	p532	False	Journal	294	Texture mediated grain boundary network design in three dimensions	Experimental grain boundary engineering studies have demonstrated the potential for materials properties enhancement via the modification of grain boundary network structure. These techniques apply to materials that readily form annealing twins and are amenable to cyclic thermomechanical processing and have resulted in dramatic property enhancement. In this work we present a theoretical framework that enables the design of grain boundary networks in polycrystalline materials through an alternative approach: exploitation of a relationship between crystallographic texture and grain boundary network structure. Because crystallographic texture is a universal characteristic of polycrystalline materials, this work has the potential to significantly expand the class of materials whose grain boundary networks can be controlled. We demonstrate the utility of the approach by application to a concrete design problem involving competing design objectives for yield strength, elastic compliance, and resistance to electromigration. We construct the first materials properties closure to comprise grain boundary network sensitive properties and identify an optimal microstructure that is predicted to outperform an undesigned isotropic material. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1498	a56896919700	Gallacher J.R.	p533	True	Journal	295	Lab-scale observations of flame attachment on slopes with implications for firefighter safety zones	The Coanda effect is the phenomenon in which a jet entering quiescent fluid attaches to a nearby solid object due to inhibited entrainment of ambient fluid near the solid. Little is known about the influence of the Coanda effect on wildland fire behavior. Specifically, there is a lack of knowledge regarding how the flame attachment on slopes influences firefighter safety zone considerations in rugged terrain. This paper presents results for small-scale n-heptane pool fire experiments near a slope, showing how flame shape and heat flux are influenced by slope angle, slope boundary condition and distance from flame base. Flames near slopes leaned toward the slope, and at some slope angles the flames attached to the slope. The average angle at which the effects of slope were noticeable was between 10° and 45°, depending on the criteria used. No difference was observed between a bare slope and an insulated slope. Dimensional analysis showed that important characteristics of flame attachment on slopes in the small-scale experiments were in the range estimated for the large fires. The implication is that the traditional view of safe separation distance as being the distance from the flame base is inadequate for fires near slopes. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1498	a56896919700	Gallacher J.R.	p801	False	Conference	337	Semi-empirical model for fire spread in chamise and big sagebrush shrubs with spatially-defined fuel elements and flames	Current operational fire spread models are mostly based on experimental results from dead, low moisture fuel beds and thus do not perform well when modeling fire behavior in live shrubs. A previously-developed semi-empirical shrub combustion model was improved and expanded to treat live chamise and big sagebrush. Fire spread in live chamise and big sagebrush shrubs was measured in an open-roofed wind tunnel, which was used as the basis to develop the current model. Shrub geometry was modeled by coupling a Lindenmayer-systems (L-systems) approach with terrestrial LiDAR scan data. Wind speed was held constant at 1.4 m/s. Species specific correlations for physical properties and combustion characteristics of individual fuel element were incorporate in this model. Modeling results compared well with measured time-dependent fire behavior. Variations in local fuel density affected flame spread more than the overall fuel bed density. This model is an innovative approach to simulate shrub combustion via flame propagation at individual fuel element scale with a fairly low computational cost. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
1499	a57190371042	Ripa B.	p533	False	Journal	295	Lab-scale observations of flame attachment on slopes with implications for firefighter safety zones	The Coanda effect is the phenomenon in which a jet entering quiescent fluid attaches to a nearby solid object due to inhibited entrainment of ambient fluid near the solid. Little is known about the influence of the Coanda effect on wildland fire behavior. Specifically, there is a lack of knowledge regarding how the flame attachment on slopes influences firefighter safety zone considerations in rugged terrain. This paper presents results for small-scale n-heptane pool fire experiments near a slope, showing how flame shape and heat flux are influenced by slope angle, slope boundary condition and distance from flame base. Flames near slopes leaned toward the slope, and at some slope angles the flames attached to the slope. The average angle at which the effects of slope were noticeable was between 10° and 45°, depending on the criteria used. No difference was observed between a bare slope and an insulated slope. Dimensional analysis showed that important characteristics of flame attachment on slopes in the small-scale experiments were in the range estimated for the large fires. The implication is that the traditional view of safe separation distance as being the distance from the flame base is inadequate for fires near slopes. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1500	a7202035366	Butler B.W.	p533	False	Journal	295	Lab-scale observations of flame attachment on slopes with implications for firefighter safety zones	The Coanda effect is the phenomenon in which a jet entering quiescent fluid attaches to a nearby solid object due to inhibited entrainment of ambient fluid near the solid. Little is known about the influence of the Coanda effect on wildland fire behavior. Specifically, there is a lack of knowledge regarding how the flame attachment on slopes influences firefighter safety zone considerations in rugged terrain. This paper presents results for small-scale n-heptane pool fire experiments near a slope, showing how flame shape and heat flux are influenced by slope angle, slope boundary condition and distance from flame base. Flames near slopes leaned toward the slope, and at some slope angles the flames attached to the slope. The average angle at which the effects of slope were noticeable was between 10° and 45°, depending on the criteria used. No difference was observed between a bare slope and an insulated slope. Dimensional analysis showed that important characteristics of flame attachment on slopes in the small-scale experiments were in the range estimated for the large fires. The implication is that the traditional view of safe separation distance as being the distance from the flame base is inadequate for fires near slopes. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1500	a7202035366	Butler B.W.	p851	False	Conference	375	Modeling the coanda effect with FDS and STARCCM+ to predict the effect of fires on slopes for implications of wildland firefighter safety	The Coanda effect is the behavior of a fluid flowing next to a solid surface which creates a change in pressure, thereby causing the fluid to attach to the surface. Little is known concerning the Coanda effect as it pertains to flame attachment in relation to wildfires. There is a need for improvement in the correlations between fire behavior on or near a slope and fire safety zones. An understanding of this effect could lead to more reliable guidelines for the establishment of firefighter safety zones, which are regions in wildfire areas that have been determined as safe for the survival of the firefighter. This paper discusses the ability of two commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes (Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and STAR-CCM+) to model the results of actual flame experiments near barren slopes. Simulation results were compared to measured values of flame attachment length and radiative and convective heat fluxes. Pressure and temperature gradient measurements along the slope are reported. Proper modeling of small-scale experiments with such software packages can lead to more confidence in large scale simulations and eventual development of firefighter safety zones in wildfires.
1501	a7102857304	Fletcher T.H.	p533	False	Journal	295	Lab-scale observations of flame attachment on slopes with implications for firefighter safety zones	The Coanda effect is the phenomenon in which a jet entering quiescent fluid attaches to a nearby solid object due to inhibited entrainment of ambient fluid near the solid. Little is known about the influence of the Coanda effect on wildland fire behavior. Specifically, there is a lack of knowledge regarding how the flame attachment on slopes influences firefighter safety zone considerations in rugged terrain. This paper presents results for small-scale n-heptane pool fire experiments near a slope, showing how flame shape and heat flux are influenced by slope angle, slope boundary condition and distance from flame base. Flames near slopes leaned toward the slope, and at some slope angles the flames attached to the slope. The average angle at which the effects of slope were noticeable was between 10° and 45°, depending on the criteria used. No difference was observed between a bare slope and an insulated slope. Dimensional analysis showed that important characteristics of flame attachment on slopes in the small-scale experiments were in the range estimated for the large fires. The implication is that the traditional view of safe separation distance as being the distance from the flame base is inadequate for fires near slopes. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd
1501	a7102857304	Fletcher T.H.	p751	False	Journal	365	Semi-empirical Model for Fire Spread in Shrubs with Spatially-Defined Fuel Elements and Flames	A semi-empirical model was developed which forms shrub geometries from distinct fuel elements (e.g. leaves) and describes flame spread from element to element. Ignition, flame growth and flame decay patterns were based on combustion data of single leaves. Extension of the model to various heating conditions was achieved by scaling the flame growth parameters using physics-based heat transfer models. The resulting model offers a novel approach to examine fire spread and to explicitly describe both distinct fuel elements and fire behavior. This approach balances computational speed and modeling detail while providing a unique perspective into fire spread phenomena. Comparisons of the tuned model to fire spread behavior measured in an open-roofed wind tunnel benchmarked the model’s ability to simulate fire spread in manzanita shrubs. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
1501	a7102857304	Fletcher T.H.	p789	False	Conference	326	Formation of deposits from heavy fuel oil ash in an Accelerated Deposition Facility at temperatures up to 1206°C	Some industrial gas turbines are currently being fired directly using heavy fuel oil, which contains a small percentage of inorganic material that can lead to fouling and corrosion of turbine components. Deposits of heavy fuel oil ash were created in the Turbine Accelerated Deposition Facility (TADF) at Brigham Young University under gas turbine-related conditions. Ash was produced by burning heavy fuel oil in a downward-fired combustor and collecting the ash from the exhaust stream. The mass mean ash particle diameter from these tests was 33 microns. This ash was then introduced into the TADF and entrained in a hot gas flow that varied from 1088 to 1206°C. The gas and particle velocity was accelerated to over 200 m/s in these tests. This particle-laden hot gas stream then impinged on a nickel base superalloy metal coupon approximately 3 cm in diameter, and an ash deposit formed on the coupon. Sulfur dioxide was introduced to the system to achieve 1.1 mol% SO2 in the exhaust stream in order to simulate SO2 levels in turbines currently burning heavy fuel oil. The ash deposits were collected, and the capture efficiency, surface roughness, and deposit composition were measured. The deposits were then washed with deionized water, dried, and underwent the same analysis. It was found that, as the gas temperature increased, there was no effect on capture efficiency and the post-wash roughness of the samples decreased. Washing aided in the removal of sulfur, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
1501	a7102857304	Fletcher T.H.	p801	False	Conference	337	Semi-empirical model for fire spread in chamise and big sagebrush shrubs with spatially-defined fuel elements and flames	Current operational fire spread models are mostly based on experimental results from dead, low moisture fuel beds and thus do not perform well when modeling fire behavior in live shrubs. A previously-developed semi-empirical shrub combustion model was improved and expanded to treat live chamise and big sagebrush. Fire spread in live chamise and big sagebrush shrubs was measured in an open-roofed wind tunnel, which was used as the basis to develop the current model. Shrub geometry was modeled by coupling a Lindenmayer-systems (L-systems) approach with terrestrial LiDAR scan data. Wind speed was held constant at 1.4 m/s. Species specific correlations for physical properties and combustion characteristics of individual fuel element were incorporate in this model. Modeling results compared well with measured time-dependent fire behavior. Variations in local fuel density affected flame spread more than the overall fuel bed density. This model is an innovative approach to simulate shrub combustion via flame propagation at individual fuel element scale with a fairly low computational cost. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
1501	a7102857304	Fletcher T.H.	p802	False	Conference	338	Investigation of merging flames in horizontal and vertical geometries	One of the main needs for accurate shrub combustion modeling is the complicated flame growth pattern due to merging of flames from multiple leaves and small branches. The interactions of neighboring flames have only been studied using regularly spaced fuel sources located on a horizontal plane. Flames in a burning shrub or tree merge to form large flames from fuel arrangements, which are not described by horizontal plane geometries. A careful study of flame interactions from fuels in three-dimensional arrangements is a necessary step in strengthening operational field models in complex fuel structures. The purpose of this research is to imitate the flame merging of the solid fuels in different geometries in order to describe fire behavior in complex fuel structures, such as trees or shrubs. Ceramic felt soaked in n-heptane were used as a fuel source to conduct flame-merging experiments. Flame characteristics such as flame length and flame width were measured for both single and merged flames. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
1501	a7102857304	Fletcher T.H.	p803	False	Conference	339	A comprehensive model for predicting elemental composition of coal pyrolysis products	Large-scale coal combustion simulations depend highly on the accuracy and utility of the physical submodels used to describe the various physical behaviors of the system. Coal combustion simulations depend on the particle physics to predict product compositions, temperatures, energy outputs, and other useful information. The focus of this paper is to improve the accuracy of devolatilization submodels, to be used in conjunction with other particle physics models. Many large simulations today rely on inaccurate assumptions about particle compositions, including that the volatiles that are released during pyrolysis are of the same elemental composition as the char particle. Another common assumption is that the char particle can be approximated by pure carbon. These assumptions will lead to inaccuracies in the overall simulation. There are many factors that influence pyrolysis product composition, including parent coal composition, pyrolysis conditions (including particle temperature history and heating rate), and others. All of these factors are incorporated into the correlations to predict the elemental composition of the major pyrolysis products, including coal tar, char, and light gases. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
1501	a7102857304	Fletcher T.H.	p804	False	Conference	340	Modeling soot in coal systems	The formation of soot in power-boiler systems can have a significant impact on boiler performance due to direct effects on local flame temperatures and wall heat flux. In this work, a soot model was developed for coal systems that accommodates differences between solid fuel systems and gaseous systems, for which most traditional soot models are developed. The developed soot model contains terms for: particle nucleation based on tar evolution in a coal system, a nucle-ation mechanism based on the formation of PAH from gaseous species, gaseous interactions with particles (including: surface growth through HACA, particle oxidation/gasification), coagulation, and aggregation of existing particles. A monodispersed-particle size distribution form of this model can be used for cost-effective simulations, or for simulations with higher fidelity, the method of moments is used to transport higher moments of the particle size distribution. Validation work is presented, comparing numerically-derived soot values from the proposed model against measured soot concentrations in a flat-flame burner. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
1501	a7102857304	Fletcher T.H.	p809	False	Conference	344	Analysis of pyrolysis products from live shrub fuels	Approximately 6 million acres per year are burned by prescribed fire shrublands in the southeastern United States. Burning the understory every 2-4 years prevents fires from spreading to the canopy. However, combustion of live shrubs is not well understood, and has been shown to differ from combustion of dead biomass fuels. The purpose of this study is to investigate pyrolysis products from live shrub fuels. The pyrolysis products constitute the fuel for the gaseous flames in a fire. Amounts of pyrolyzed species depend on heating rate, temperature, fuel type, and fuel properties. In order to provide pyrolysis conditions and oxygen-free environment, a flat-flame burner (FFB) was designed and operated in a fuel-rich mode. Hot and cold traps were used to separate low and high molecular weight (tars) pyrolysis products and then analyzed in two different GC-MS systems. The data obtained help focus modeling efforts for combustion of live shrubs. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
1501	a7102857304	Fletcher T.H.	p810	False	Conference	345	Pyrolysis of live vegetation at slow heating rates	Wildland fire is an important component of many American ecosystems. Wildland fires can have necessary ecological influences in many North American ecosystems or can dangerously affect life, property and natural resources. These hazards decrease with the proper application of controlled burning. Controlled burning destroys smaller plants and also decreases combustible materials and the potential for ignition and fire propagation in the fuel bed. Fuel bed pyrolysis and ignition determine fire ignition and propagation rates in both wildland fires and prescribed burning, but the details of solid fuel reaction under wildland fire conditions remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to provide fundamental information about pyrolysis of live shrub fuels at slow heating rates. A programmable heater apparatus was used to study the pyrolysis products of three different kind of live shrubs from forests of the Southeastern United States. Low and high molecular weight pyrolysis products were collected in a cold trap and then analyzed using GC-MS.
1501	a7102857304	Fletcher T.H.	p812	False	Conference	347	Investigation of merging flames in Horizontal and vertical Geometries	One of the main needs for accurate shrub combustion modeling is the complicated flame growth pattern due to merging of flames from multiple leaves and small branches. A careful study of flame interactions from fuels in three-dimensional arrangements is a necessary step in strengthening operational field models in complex fuel structures. The purpose of this research is to imitate the flame merging of the solid fuels in different geometries in order to describe fire behavior in complex fuel structures, such as trees or shrubs. Ceramic felts soaked in n-heptane were used as a fuel source to conduct flame-merging experiments. Flame characteristics such as flame length and flame width were measured for both single and merged flames. Our data shows that by altering the separation distance between felts in both vertical and horizontal directions, flame area, height and width vary to a large extent. The region of flame merging is mapped in both the horizontal and vertical directions. These data are being used to develop flame-merging correlations as a function of flame spacing, similar to correlations that have been developed for multiple flames in the horizontal plane.
1501	a7102857304	Fletcher T.H.	p850	False	Conference	374	Modeling effects of annealing on coal char reactivity to O2 and CO2 based on preparation conditions	Oxy-fired coal combustion is a promising potential carbon capture technology. Predictive CFD simulations are valuable tools in evaluating and deploying oxy-fuel and other carbon capture technologies either as retrofit technologies or for new construction. However, accurate predictive combustor simulations require physically realistic submodels with low computational requirements. A recent sensitivity analysis of a detailed char conversion model (Char Conversion Kinetics (CCK)) found thermal annealing to be an extremely sensitive submodel. In the present work, further analysis of the previous annealing model revealed significant disagreement with numerous data sets from experiments performed after that annealing model was developed. The annealing model was accordingly extended to reflect experimentally observed reactivity loss due to thermal annealing of a variety of coals in diverse char preparation conditions. The model extension was informed by a Bayesian calibration analysis. Additionally, because oxy-fuel conditions include extraordinarily high levels of CO2, development of a first-ever CO2 reactivity loss model due to annealing is presented.
1501	a7102857304	Fletcher T.H.	p851	False	Conference	375	Modeling the coanda effect with FDS and STARCCM+ to predict the effect of fires on slopes for implications of wildland firefighter safety	The Coanda effect is the behavior of a fluid flowing next to a solid surface which creates a change in pressure, thereby causing the fluid to attach to the surface. Little is known concerning the Coanda effect as it pertains to flame attachment in relation to wildfires. There is a need for improvement in the correlations between fire behavior on or near a slope and fire safety zones. An understanding of this effect could lead to more reliable guidelines for the establishment of firefighter safety zones, which are regions in wildfire areas that have been determined as safe for the survival of the firefighter. This paper discusses the ability of two commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes (Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and STAR-CCM+) to model the results of actual flame experiments near barren slopes. Simulation results were compared to measured values of flame attachment length and radiative and convective heat fluxes. Pressure and temperature gradient measurements along the slope are reported. Proper modeling of small-scale experiments with such software packages can lead to more confidence in large scale simulations and eventual development of firefighter safety zones in wildfires.
1501	a7102857304	Fletcher T.H.	p871	False	Conference	391	A comprehensive model of single particle pulverized coal combustion extended to oxy-coal conditions	Oxy-fired coal combustion is a promising potential carbon capture technology. Predictive CFD simulations are valuable tools in evaluating and deploying oxy-fuel and other carbon capture technologies either as retrofit technologies or for new construction. However, accurate predictive simulations require physically realistic submodels with low computational requirements. In particular, comprehensive char oxidation and gasification models have been developed that describe multiple reaction and diffusion processes. This work extends a comprehensive char conversion code (CCK), which treats surface oxidation and gasification reactions as well as the processes such as film diffusion, pore diffusion, ash encapsulation, and annealing. In this work several submodels in the CCK code were updated with more realistic physics or otherwise extended to function in oxycoal conditions. Improved submodels include the annealing model, the swelling model, the mode of burning parameter, and the kinetic model, as well as the addition of the Chemical Percolation Devolatilization (CPD) model. Results of the char combustion model are compared to oxy-coal data, and further compared to parallel data sets near conventional conditions. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
1502	a23003275100	Chen J.Y.C.	p534	False	Conference	193	Swarm Transparency	A key element of system transparency is allowing humans to calibrate their trust in a system, given the implicit inherent uncertainty, emergent behaviors, etc. As robotic swarms progress towards real-world missions, such transparency becomes increasingly necessary in order to reduce the disuse, misuse and errors humans make when influencing and directing the swarm. However,achieving this objective requires addressing the complex challenges associated with providing transparency. Two swarm transparency challenge categories, with exemplar challenges, are provided. © 2018 Authors.
1503	a6604032598	Kayen R.	p535	True	Journal	296	Geotechnical extreme-event reconnaissance (GEER) investigation to the 2016 Mw 6.0, Mw 6.2 and Mw 7.0 Kumamoto Japan Earthquakes	The Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan earthquakes began with an earthquake (M6.2) on the Hinagu Fault on April 14, 2016 followed by a second (M7.0) event on the Futagawa Fault, that on April 16. These shallow 10-11 deep km events are the strongest earthquakes recorded in Kyushu prefecture during the modern instrumental era. The United States' National Science Foundation (US NSF) supported Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association conducted a reconnaissance of the region. These earthquakes resulted in substantial damage to infrastructure, buildings, cultural heritage of Kumamoto castle, roads and highways, slopes, and river embankments. Surface fault rupture produced offset to roads, buildings, river levees, and an agricultural dam. Surprisingly, given the extremely intense earthquake motions, liquefaction-induced damage was mostly limited to a few districts of Kumamoto City and in port areas, indicating that either the volcanic soils were largely unsusceptible to liquefaction or the presence of fines reduced the surficial manifestation of liquefaction and its effects. The important case histories identified by the study are [1] fault rupture through Oh-Kirihata Dam; [2] subsidence in Aso Caldera; [3] fault rupture through Shimojin-Cho River Canal; [4] surprising paucity of liquefaction and its effects; and [5] possible identification of a nearly non-displacement lateral spread. Copyright © 2018 International Association of Lowland Technology.
1503	a6604032598	Kayen R.	p671	False	Journal	296	Water supply damage caused by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake	Widespread damage to lifeline systems occurred as a result from the Kumamoto Earthquakes that initiated on April 14, 2016. Interruption to the water, gas, and electric power supply affected thousands of people. Landslides and surface rupture caused significant damage to transportation systems, especially roads and bridges. This paper provides an overview of observations and information gathered by US researchers (sponsored by Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance Association), Japanese researchers, and others regarding water supply damage. Emphasis is placed on the largest water authority in the region of the earthquake, Kumamoto City, including damage metrics for various pipe materials and diameters. The greatest damage occurred at valves and other fundamental mechanisms of large diameter pipelines. Pipelines constructed of ERDIP and HDPE performed most favorably while steel and cast iron pipelines were shown to be the more vulnerable. A liquefaction-induced lateral spreading site at which pipeline damage occurred is identified for further study. © 2017 International Association of Lowland Technology. All rights reserved.
1504	a9733496700	Kokusho T.	p535	False	Journal	296	Geotechnical extreme-event reconnaissance (GEER) investigation to the 2016 Mw 6.0, Mw 6.2 and Mw 7.0 Kumamoto Japan Earthquakes	The Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan earthquakes began with an earthquake (M6.2) on the Hinagu Fault on April 14, 2016 followed by a second (M7.0) event on the Futagawa Fault, that on April 16. These shallow 10-11 deep km events are the strongest earthquakes recorded in Kyushu prefecture during the modern instrumental era. The United States' National Science Foundation (US NSF) supported Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association conducted a reconnaissance of the region. These earthquakes resulted in substantial damage to infrastructure, buildings, cultural heritage of Kumamoto castle, roads and highways, slopes, and river embankments. Surface fault rupture produced offset to roads, buildings, river levees, and an agricultural dam. Surprisingly, given the extremely intense earthquake motions, liquefaction-induced damage was mostly limited to a few districts of Kumamoto City and in port areas, indicating that either the volcanic soils were largely unsusceptible to liquefaction or the presence of fines reduced the surficial manifestation of liquefaction and its effects. The important case histories identified by the study are [1] fault rupture through Oh-Kirihata Dam; [2] subsidence in Aso Caldera; [3] fault rupture through Shimojin-Cho River Canal; [4] surprising paucity of liquefaction and its effects; and [5] possible identification of a nearly non-displacement lateral spread. Copyright © 2018 International Association of Lowland Technology.
1505	a6602866368	Hazarika H.	p535	False	Journal	296	Geotechnical extreme-event reconnaissance (GEER) investigation to the 2016 Mw 6.0, Mw 6.2 and Mw 7.0 Kumamoto Japan Earthquakes	The Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan earthquakes began with an earthquake (M6.2) on the Hinagu Fault on April 14, 2016 followed by a second (M7.0) event on the Futagawa Fault, that on April 16. These shallow 10-11 deep km events are the strongest earthquakes recorded in Kyushu prefecture during the modern instrumental era. The United States' National Science Foundation (US NSF) supported Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association conducted a reconnaissance of the region. These earthquakes resulted in substantial damage to infrastructure, buildings, cultural heritage of Kumamoto castle, roads and highways, slopes, and river embankments. Surface fault rupture produced offset to roads, buildings, river levees, and an agricultural dam. Surprisingly, given the extremely intense earthquake motions, liquefaction-induced damage was mostly limited to a few districts of Kumamoto City and in port areas, indicating that either the volcanic soils were largely unsusceptible to liquefaction or the presence of fines reduced the surficial manifestation of liquefaction and its effects. The important case histories identified by the study are [1] fault rupture through Oh-Kirihata Dam; [2] subsidence in Aso Caldera; [3] fault rupture through Shimojin-Cho River Canal; [4] surprising paucity of liquefaction and its effects; and [5] possible identification of a nearly non-displacement lateral spread. Copyright © 2018 International Association of Lowland Technology.
1506	a26640997500	Dashti S.	p535	False	Journal	296	Geotechnical extreme-event reconnaissance (GEER) investigation to the 2016 Mw 6.0, Mw 6.2 and Mw 7.0 Kumamoto Japan Earthquakes	The Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan earthquakes began with an earthquake (M6.2) on the Hinagu Fault on April 14, 2016 followed by a second (M7.0) event on the Futagawa Fault, that on April 16. These shallow 10-11 deep km events are the strongest earthquakes recorded in Kyushu prefecture during the modern instrumental era. The United States' National Science Foundation (US NSF) supported Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association conducted a reconnaissance of the region. These earthquakes resulted in substantial damage to infrastructure, buildings, cultural heritage of Kumamoto castle, roads and highways, slopes, and river embankments. Surface fault rupture produced offset to roads, buildings, river levees, and an agricultural dam. Surprisingly, given the extremely intense earthquake motions, liquefaction-induced damage was mostly limited to a few districts of Kumamoto City and in port areas, indicating that either the volcanic soils were largely unsusceptible to liquefaction or the presence of fines reduced the surficial manifestation of liquefaction and its effects. The important case histories identified by the study are [1] fault rupture through Oh-Kirihata Dam; [2] subsidence in Aso Caldera; [3] fault rupture through Shimojin-Cho River Canal; [4] surprising paucity of liquefaction and its effects; and [5] possible identification of a nearly non-displacement lateral spread. Copyright © 2018 International Association of Lowland Technology.
1506	a26640997500	Dashti S.	p671	False	Journal	296	Water supply damage caused by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake	Widespread damage to lifeline systems occurred as a result from the Kumamoto Earthquakes that initiated on April 14, 2016. Interruption to the water, gas, and electric power supply affected thousands of people. Landslides and surface rupture caused significant damage to transportation systems, especially roads and bridges. This paper provides an overview of observations and information gathered by US researchers (sponsored by Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance Association), Japanese researchers, and others regarding water supply damage. Emphasis is placed on the largest water authority in the region of the earthquake, Kumamoto City, including damage metrics for various pipe materials and diameters. The greatest damage occurred at valves and other fundamental mechanisms of large diameter pipelines. Pipelines constructed of ERDIP and HDPE performed most favorably while steel and cast iron pipelines were shown to be the more vulnerable. A liquefaction-induced lateral spreading site at which pipeline damage occurred is identified for further study. © 2017 International Association of Lowland Technology. All rights reserved.
1507	a57203180948	Calderon J.R.	p535	False	Journal	296	Geotechnical extreme-event reconnaissance (GEER) investigation to the 2016 Mw 6.0, Mw 6.2 and Mw 7.0 Kumamoto Japan Earthquakes	The Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan earthquakes began with an earthquake (M6.2) on the Hinagu Fault on April 14, 2016 followed by a second (M7.0) event on the Futagawa Fault, that on April 16. These shallow 10-11 deep km events are the strongest earthquakes recorded in Kyushu prefecture during the modern instrumental era. The United States' National Science Foundation (US NSF) supported Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association conducted a reconnaissance of the region. These earthquakes resulted in substantial damage to infrastructure, buildings, cultural heritage of Kumamoto castle, roads and highways, slopes, and river embankments. Surface fault rupture produced offset to roads, buildings, river levees, and an agricultural dam. Surprisingly, given the extremely intense earthquake motions, liquefaction-induced damage was mostly limited to a few districts of Kumamoto City and in port areas, indicating that either the volcanic soils were largely unsusceptible to liquefaction or the presence of fines reduced the surficial manifestation of liquefaction and its effects. The important case histories identified by the study are [1] fault rupture through Oh-Kirihata Dam; [2] subsidence in Aso Caldera; [3] fault rupture through Shimojin-Cho River Canal; [4] surprising paucity of liquefaction and its effects; and [5] possible identification of a nearly non-displacement lateral spread. Copyright © 2018 International Association of Lowland Technology.
1508	a57203180667	Franke T.K.	p535	False	Journal	296	Geotechnical extreme-event reconnaissance (GEER) investigation to the 2016 Mw 6.0, Mw 6.2 and Mw 7.0 Kumamoto Japan Earthquakes	The Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan earthquakes began with an earthquake (M6.2) on the Hinagu Fault on April 14, 2016 followed by a second (M7.0) event on the Futagawa Fault, that on April 16. These shallow 10-11 deep km events are the strongest earthquakes recorded in Kyushu prefecture during the modern instrumental era. The United States' National Science Foundation (US NSF) supported Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association conducted a reconnaissance of the region. These earthquakes resulted in substantial damage to infrastructure, buildings, cultural heritage of Kumamoto castle, roads and highways, slopes, and river embankments. Surface fault rupture produced offset to roads, buildings, river levees, and an agricultural dam. Surprisingly, given the extremely intense earthquake motions, liquefaction-induced damage was mostly limited to a few districts of Kumamoto City and in port areas, indicating that either the volcanic soils were largely unsusceptible to liquefaction or the presence of fines reduced the surficial manifestation of liquefaction and its effects. The important case histories identified by the study are [1] fault rupture through Oh-Kirihata Dam; [2] subsidence in Aso Caldera; [3] fault rupture through Shimojin-Cho River Canal; [4] surprising paucity of liquefaction and its effects; and [5] possible identification of a nearly non-displacement lateral spread. Copyright © 2018 International Association of Lowland Technology.
1509	a25522430900	Oettle N.K.	p535	False	Journal	296	Geotechnical extreme-event reconnaissance (GEER) investigation to the 2016 Mw 6.0, Mw 6.2 and Mw 7.0 Kumamoto Japan Earthquakes	The Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan earthquakes began with an earthquake (M6.2) on the Hinagu Fault on April 14, 2016 followed by a second (M7.0) event on the Futagawa Fault, that on April 16. These shallow 10-11 deep km events are the strongest earthquakes recorded in Kyushu prefecture during the modern instrumental era. The United States' National Science Foundation (US NSF) supported Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association conducted a reconnaissance of the region. These earthquakes resulted in substantial damage to infrastructure, buildings, cultural heritage of Kumamoto castle, roads and highways, slopes, and river embankments. Surface fault rupture produced offset to roads, buildings, river levees, and an agricultural dam. Surprisingly, given the extremely intense earthquake motions, liquefaction-induced damage was mostly limited to a few districts of Kumamoto City and in port areas, indicating that either the volcanic soils were largely unsusceptible to liquefaction or the presence of fines reduced the surficial manifestation of liquefaction and its effects. The important case histories identified by the study are [1] fault rupture through Oh-Kirihata Dam; [2] subsidence in Aso Caldera; [3] fault rupture through Shimojin-Cho River Canal; [4] surprising paucity of liquefaction and its effects; and [5] possible identification of a nearly non-displacement lateral spread. Copyright © 2018 International Association of Lowland Technology.
1509	a25522430900	Oettle N.K.	p671	False	Journal	296	Water supply damage caused by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake	Widespread damage to lifeline systems occurred as a result from the Kumamoto Earthquakes that initiated on April 14, 2016. Interruption to the water, gas, and electric power supply affected thousands of people. Landslides and surface rupture caused significant damage to transportation systems, especially roads and bridges. This paper provides an overview of observations and information gathered by US researchers (sponsored by Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance Association), Japanese researchers, and others regarding water supply damage. Emphasis is placed on the largest water authority in the region of the earthquake, Kumamoto City, including damage metrics for various pipe materials and diameters. The greatest damage occurred at valves and other fundamental mechanisms of large diameter pipelines. Pipelines constructed of ERDIP and HDPE performed most favorably while steel and cast iron pipelines were shown to be the more vulnerable. A liquefaction-induced lateral spreading site at which pipeline damage occurred is identified for further study. © 2017 International Association of Lowland Technology. All rights reserved.
1510	a56244956300	Wham B.	p535	False	Journal	296	Geotechnical extreme-event reconnaissance (GEER) investigation to the 2016 Mw 6.0, Mw 6.2 and Mw 7.0 Kumamoto Japan Earthquakes	The Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan earthquakes began with an earthquake (M6.2) on the Hinagu Fault on April 14, 2016 followed by a second (M7.0) event on the Futagawa Fault, that on April 16. These shallow 10-11 deep km events are the strongest earthquakes recorded in Kyushu prefecture during the modern instrumental era. The United States' National Science Foundation (US NSF) supported Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association conducted a reconnaissance of the region. These earthquakes resulted in substantial damage to infrastructure, buildings, cultural heritage of Kumamoto castle, roads and highways, slopes, and river embankments. Surface fault rupture produced offset to roads, buildings, river levees, and an agricultural dam. Surprisingly, given the extremely intense earthquake motions, liquefaction-induced damage was mostly limited to a few districts of Kumamoto City and in port areas, indicating that either the volcanic soils were largely unsusceptible to liquefaction or the presence of fines reduced the surficial manifestation of liquefaction and its effects. The important case histories identified by the study are [1] fault rupture through Oh-Kirihata Dam; [2] subsidence in Aso Caldera; [3] fault rupture through Shimojin-Cho River Canal; [4] surprising paucity of liquefaction and its effects; and [5] possible identification of a nearly non-displacement lateral spread. Copyright © 2018 International Association of Lowland Technology.
1510	a56244956300	Wham B.	p671	True	Journal	296	Water supply damage caused by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake	Widespread damage to lifeline systems occurred as a result from the Kumamoto Earthquakes that initiated on April 14, 2016. Interruption to the water, gas, and electric power supply affected thousands of people. Landslides and surface rupture caused significant damage to transportation systems, especially roads and bridges. This paper provides an overview of observations and information gathered by US researchers (sponsored by Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance Association), Japanese researchers, and others regarding water supply damage. Emphasis is placed on the largest water authority in the region of the earthquake, Kumamoto City, including damage metrics for various pipe materials and diameters. The greatest damage occurred at valves and other fundamental mechanisms of large diameter pipelines. Pipelines constructed of ERDIP and HDPE performed most favorably while steel and cast iron pipelines were shown to be the more vulnerable. A liquefaction-induced lateral spreading site at which pipeline damage occurred is identified for further study. © 2017 International Association of Lowland Technology. All rights reserved.
1511	a57203192812	Louis-Kayen G.P.	p535	False	Journal	296	Geotechnical extreme-event reconnaissance (GEER) investigation to the 2016 Mw 6.0, Mw 6.2 and Mw 7.0 Kumamoto Japan Earthquakes	The Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan earthquakes began with an earthquake (M6.2) on the Hinagu Fault on April 14, 2016 followed by a second (M7.0) event on the Futagawa Fault, that on April 16. These shallow 10-11 deep km events are the strongest earthquakes recorded in Kyushu prefecture during the modern instrumental era. The United States' National Science Foundation (US NSF) supported Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association conducted a reconnaissance of the region. These earthquakes resulted in substantial damage to infrastructure, buildings, cultural heritage of Kumamoto castle, roads and highways, slopes, and river embankments. Surface fault rupture produced offset to roads, buildings, river levees, and an agricultural dam. Surprisingly, given the extremely intense earthquake motions, liquefaction-induced damage was mostly limited to a few districts of Kumamoto City and in port areas, indicating that either the volcanic soils were largely unsusceptible to liquefaction or the presence of fines reduced the surficial manifestation of liquefaction and its effects. The important case histories identified by the study are [1] fault rupture through Oh-Kirihata Dam; [2] subsidence in Aso Caldera; [3] fault rupture through Shimojin-Cho River Canal; [4] surprising paucity of liquefaction and its effects; and [5] possible identification of a nearly non-displacement lateral spread. Copyright © 2018 International Association of Lowland Technology.
1512	a57203180452	Sitar R.	p535	False	Journal	296	Geotechnical extreme-event reconnaissance (GEER) investigation to the 2016 Mw 6.0, Mw 6.2 and Mw 7.0 Kumamoto Japan Earthquakes	The Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan earthquakes began with an earthquake (M6.2) on the Hinagu Fault on April 14, 2016 followed by a second (M7.0) event on the Futagawa Fault, that on April 16. These shallow 10-11 deep km events are the strongest earthquakes recorded in Kyushu prefecture during the modern instrumental era. The United States' National Science Foundation (US NSF) supported Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association conducted a reconnaissance of the region. These earthquakes resulted in substantial damage to infrastructure, buildings, cultural heritage of Kumamoto castle, roads and highways, slopes, and river embankments. Surface fault rupture produced offset to roads, buildings, river levees, and an agricultural dam. Surprisingly, given the extremely intense earthquake motions, liquefaction-induced damage was mostly limited to a few districts of Kumamoto City and in port areas, indicating that either the volcanic soils were largely unsusceptible to liquefaction or the presence of fines reduced the surficial manifestation of liquefaction and its effects. The important case histories identified by the study are [1] fault rupture through Oh-Kirihata Dam; [2] subsidence in Aso Caldera; [3] fault rupture through Shimojin-Cho River Canal; [4] surprising paucity of liquefaction and its effects; and [5] possible identification of a nearly non-displacement lateral spread. Copyright © 2018 International Association of Lowland Technology.
1513	a57203185550	Louis-Kayen N.M.	p535	False	Journal	296	Geotechnical extreme-event reconnaissance (GEER) investigation to the 2016 Mw 6.0, Mw 6.2 and Mw 7.0 Kumamoto Japan Earthquakes	The Kumamoto, Kyushu, Japan earthquakes began with an earthquake (M6.2) on the Hinagu Fault on April 14, 2016 followed by a second (M7.0) event on the Futagawa Fault, that on April 16. These shallow 10-11 deep km events are the strongest earthquakes recorded in Kyushu prefecture during the modern instrumental era. The United States' National Science Foundation (US NSF) supported Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance (GEER) Association conducted a reconnaissance of the region. These earthquakes resulted in substantial damage to infrastructure, buildings, cultural heritage of Kumamoto castle, roads and highways, slopes, and river embankments. Surface fault rupture produced offset to roads, buildings, river levees, and an agricultural dam. Surprisingly, given the extremely intense earthquake motions, liquefaction-induced damage was mostly limited to a few districts of Kumamoto City and in port areas, indicating that either the volcanic soils were largely unsusceptible to liquefaction or the presence of fines reduced the surficial manifestation of liquefaction and its effects. The important case histories identified by the study are [1] fault rupture through Oh-Kirihata Dam; [2] subsidence in Aso Caldera; [3] fault rupture through Shimojin-Cho River Canal; [4] surprising paucity of liquefaction and its effects; and [5] possible identification of a nearly non-displacement lateral spread. Copyright © 2018 International Association of Lowland Technology.
1514	a57200686665	Smith A.K.	p537	False	Journal	297	The Locational Impact of Site-Specific PEGylation: Streamlined Screening with Cell-Free Protein Expression and Coarse-Grain Simulation	Although polyethylene glycol (PEG) is commonly used to improve protein stability and therapeutic efficacy, the optimal location for attaching PEG onto proteins is not well understood. Here, we present a cell-free protein synthesis-based screening platform that facilitates site-specific PEGylation and efficient evaluation of PEG attachment efficiency, thermal stability, and activity for different variants of PEGylated T4 lysozyme, including a di-PEGylated variant. We also report developing a computationally efficient coarse-grain simulation model as a potential tool to narrow experimental screening candidates. We use this simulation method as a novel tool to evaluate the locational impact of PEGylation. Using this screen, we also evaluated the predictive impact of PEGylation site solvent accessibility, conjugation site structure, PEG size, and double PEGylation. Our findings indicate that PEGylation efficiency, protein stability, and protein activity varied considerably with PEGylation site, variations that were not well predicted by common PEGylation guidelines. Overall our results suggest current guidelines are insufficiently predictive, highlighting the need for experimental and simulation screening systems such as the one presented here. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
1515	a57200685059	Wilkerson J.W.	p537	False	Journal	297	The Locational Impact of Site-Specific PEGylation: Streamlined Screening with Cell-Free Protein Expression and Coarse-Grain Simulation	Although polyethylene glycol (PEG) is commonly used to improve protein stability and therapeutic efficacy, the optimal location for attaching PEG onto proteins is not well understood. Here, we present a cell-free protein synthesis-based screening platform that facilitates site-specific PEGylation and efficient evaluation of PEG attachment efficiency, thermal stability, and activity for different variants of PEGylated T4 lysozyme, including a di-PEGylated variant. We also report developing a computationally efficient coarse-grain simulation model as a potential tool to narrow experimental screening candidates. We use this simulation method as a novel tool to evaluate the locational impact of PEGylation. Using this screen, we also evaluated the predictive impact of PEGylation site solvent accessibility, conjugation site structure, PEG size, and double PEGylation. Our findings indicate that PEGylation efficiency, protein stability, and protein activity varied considerably with PEGylation site, variations that were not well predicted by common PEGylation guidelines. Overall our results suggest current guidelines are insufficiently predictive, highlighting the need for experimental and simulation screening systems such as the one presented here. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
1516	a56425409300	Bush D.B.	p537	False	Journal	297	The Locational Impact of Site-Specific PEGylation: Streamlined Screening with Cell-Free Protein Expression and Coarse-Grain Simulation	Although polyethylene glycol (PEG) is commonly used to improve protein stability and therapeutic efficacy, the optimal location for attaching PEG onto proteins is not well understood. Here, we present a cell-free protein synthesis-based screening platform that facilitates site-specific PEGylation and efficient evaluation of PEG attachment efficiency, thermal stability, and activity for different variants of PEGylated T4 lysozyme, including a di-PEGylated variant. We also report developing a computationally efficient coarse-grain simulation model as a potential tool to narrow experimental screening candidates. We use this simulation method as a novel tool to evaluate the locational impact of PEGylation. Using this screen, we also evaluated the predictive impact of PEGylation site solvent accessibility, conjugation site structure, PEG size, and double PEGylation. Our findings indicate that PEGylation efficiency, protein stability, and protein activity varied considerably with PEGylation site, variations that were not well predicted by common PEGylation guidelines. Overall our results suggest current guidelines are insufficiently predictive, highlighting the need for experimental and simulation screening systems such as the one presented here. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
1517	a6603410853	Knotts T.A.	p537	False	Journal	297	The Locational Impact of Site-Specific PEGylation: Streamlined Screening with Cell-Free Protein Expression and Coarse-Grain Simulation	Although polyethylene glycol (PEG) is commonly used to improve protein stability and therapeutic efficacy, the optimal location for attaching PEG onto proteins is not well understood. Here, we present a cell-free protein synthesis-based screening platform that facilitates site-specific PEGylation and efficient evaluation of PEG attachment efficiency, thermal stability, and activity for different variants of PEGylated T4 lysozyme, including a di-PEGylated variant. We also report developing a computationally efficient coarse-grain simulation model as a potential tool to narrow experimental screening candidates. We use this simulation method as a novel tool to evaluate the locational impact of PEGylation. Using this screen, we also evaluated the predictive impact of PEGylation site solvent accessibility, conjugation site structure, PEG size, and double PEGylation. Our findings indicate that PEGylation efficiency, protein stability, and protein activity varied considerably with PEGylation site, variations that were not well predicted by common PEGylation guidelines. Overall our results suggest current guidelines are insufficiently predictive, highlighting the need for experimental and simulation screening systems such as the one presented here. © 2018 American Chemical Society.
1517	a6603410853	Knotts T.A.	p663	False	Journal	318	New Vapor-Pressure Prediction with Improved Thermodynamic Consistency using the Riedel Equation	Vapor pressure, heat of vaporization, liquid heat capacity, and ideal-gas heat capacity for pure compounds between the triple point and critical point are important properties for process design and optimization. These thermophysical properties are related to each other through temperature derivatives of thermodynamic relationships stemming from a temperature-dependent vapor-pressure correlation. The Riedel equation has been considered to be an excellent and simple choice among vapor-pressure correlating equations [ Velasco et al. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2008, 40 (5), 789-797 ] but requires modification of the final coefficient to provide thermodynamic consistency with thermal data [ Hogge et al. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2016, 429, 149-165 ]. New predictive correlations with final coefficients in integer steps from 1 to 6 have been created for compounds with limited or no vapor-pressure data, based on the methodology used originally by Riedel [ Chem. Ing. Tech. 1954, 26 (2), 83-89 ]. Liquid heat capacity was predicted using these vapor-pressure correlations, and the best final coefficient values were chosen based on the ability to simultaneously represent vapor pressure and liquid heat capacity. This procedure improves the fit to liquid heat-capacity data by 5-10% (average absolute deviation), while maintaining the fit of vapor-pressure data similar to those of other prediction methods. Additionally, low-temperature vapor-pressure predictions were improved by relying on liquid heat-capacity data. © 2017 American Chemical Society.
1518	a56040243400	Jamal A.-S.	p538	True	Conference	194	Architecture exploration for HLS-oriented FPGA debug overlays	High-Level Synthesis (HLS) promises improved designer productivity, but requires a debug ecosystem that allows designers to debug in the context of the original source code. Recent work has presented in-system debug frameworks where instrumentation added to the design collects trace data as the circuit runs, and a software tool that allows the user to replay the execution using the captured data. When searching for the root cause of a bug, the designer may need to modify the instrumentation to collect data from a new part of the design, requiring a lengthy recompile. In this paper, we propose a flexible debug overlay family that provides software-like debug turn-around times for HLS generated circuits. At compile time, the overlay is added to the design and compiled. At debug time, the overlay can be configured many times to implement specific debug scenarios without a recompilation. This paper first outlines a number of “capabilities” that such an overlay should have, and then describes architectural support for each of these capabilities. The cheapest overlay variant allows selective variable tracing with only a 1.7% increase in area overhead from the baseline debug instrumentation, while the deluxe variant offers 2x-7x improvement in trace buffer memory utilization with conditional buffer freeze support. © 2018 Association for Computing Machinery.
1519	a17136347400	Unnikrishnan V.	p539	False	Journal	298	Computational Modeling of Wound Suture: A Review	Suturing is an acquired skill which is based on a surgeon's experience. To date, no two sutures are the same with respect to the type of knot, tension, or suture material. With advancement in medical technologies, robotic suturing is becoming more and more important to operate on complex and difficult to reach internal surgical sites. While it is very difficult to translate a surgeon's suturing expertise to an automated environment, computational models could be employed to estimate baseline suture force requirements for a given wound shape, size, and suture material, which could be subsequently processed by a robot. In the literature, there have been few attempts to characterize wound closure and suture mechanics using simple two- and three-dimensional computational models. Single and multiple skin layers (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis) and tissues with different wound geometries and sizes have been simulated under simple wound flap displacements to estimate suture force requirements. Also, recently, sutures were modeled to simulate a realistic wound closure via suture pulling, and skin prestress effect due to the natural tension of skin was incorporated in a few models to understand its effects on wound closure mechanics. An extensive review of this literature on computational modeling of wound suture would provide valuable insights into the areas in which further research work is required. Discussion of various computational challenges in modeling sutures in a numerical environment will help in better understanding the roadblocks and the required advancements in suture modeling. © 2008-2011 IEEE.
1520	a57193027820	Jung J.M.	p540	True	Journal	299	A dual sensor selective for Hg2+ and cysteine detection	A new sensor for Hg2+ and cysteine detection has been synthesized and tested. The sensor based on cinamaldehyde and pyrimidine absorbs visible light when exposed to Hg2+ and becomes colored. The sensor only changes color due to Hg2+ and does not change when exposed to some other metal ions. Calculations show the change in color is due to lowering of the HOMO-LUMO transition. Titrations show the sensor-Hg2+ complex is composed of two sensor molecules per Hg2+. The limit of detection for Hg2+ is 0.39 μM. The sensor-Hg2+ complex selectively responds to cysteine (Cys), but does not show a color change due to other amino acids. The limit of detection of Cys by the sensor-Hg2+ complex is 0.10 μM. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1521	a7409879911	Kim C.	p540	False	Journal	299	A dual sensor selective for Hg2+ and cysteine detection	A new sensor for Hg2+ and cysteine detection has been synthesized and tested. The sensor based on cinamaldehyde and pyrimidine absorbs visible light when exposed to Hg2+ and becomes colored. The sensor only changes color due to Hg2+ and does not change when exposed to some other metal ions. Calculations show the change in color is due to lowering of the HOMO-LUMO transition. Titrations show the sensor-Hg2+ complex is composed of two sensor molecules per Hg2+. The limit of detection for Hg2+ is 0.39 μM. The sensor-Hg2+ complex selectively responds to cysteine (Cys), but does not show a color change due to other amino acids. The limit of detection of Cys by the sensor-Hg2+ complex is 0.10 μM. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1522	a56029648000	Harrison R.G.	p540	False	Journal	299	A dual sensor selective for Hg2+ and cysteine detection	A new sensor for Hg2+ and cysteine detection has been synthesized and tested. The sensor based on cinamaldehyde and pyrimidine absorbs visible light when exposed to Hg2+ and becomes colored. The sensor only changes color due to Hg2+ and does not change when exposed to some other metal ions. Calculations show the change in color is due to lowering of the HOMO-LUMO transition. Titrations show the sensor-Hg2+ complex is composed of two sensor molecules per Hg2+. The limit of detection for Hg2+ is 0.39 μM. The sensor-Hg2+ complex selectively responds to cysteine (Cys), but does not show a color change due to other amino acids. The limit of detection of Cys by the sensor-Hg2+ complex is 0.10 μM. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1523	a55130094700	Chetty V.	p543	True	Conference	197	Necessary and sufficient conditions for identifiability of interconnected subsystems	Identifiability conditions refers to the information required, beyond input-output data, to identify the structure of the system. Since there are different ways to describe a system mathematically, there are different notions of structure associated with a single system. In this work we detail the identifiability conditions of interconnected subsystems, referred to as structured linear fractional transformations. The identifiability conditions of the structured linear fractional transformation are then compared to those of the dynamical structure function, another partial system representation, whose cost for identification was detailed in previous work [1]. Both representations appear to detail the same notions of structure of a system; however, this works demonstrates that the cost of identification of the structured linear fractional transformation is always higher than that of the dynamical structure function. © 2017 IEEE.
1523	a55130094700	Chetty V.	p682	True	Conference	294	Applying a passive network reconstruction technique to Twitter data in order to identify trend setters	In this work we apply a systems-theoretic approach to identifying trend setters on Twitter. A network reconstruction algorithm was applied to Twitter data to determine causal relationships among topics discussed by popular Twitter users. Causal relationships in this context means that the topics tweeted by a single user influences the topics tweeted by another user, regardless of sentiment. A user that causally influences other users, without themselves being strongly influenced is identified as a trendsetter. This work seeks to identify potential trendsetters among popular Twitter users and demonstrating that causal influence does not always directly correlate with a user's popularity in terms of followers-demonstrating that popularity alone may not be sufficient for identifying trendsetters on Twitter. © 2017 IEEE.
1524	a57193356353	Eves K.	p545	True	Journal	230	A comparative analysis of computer-aided design team performance with collaboration software	For the past several years, the BYU CAD Lab has been developing collaborative computer-aided design (CAD) software. As this software is being developed, industry seeks to better understand the differences in performance between teams using multi-user CAD and single-user CAD to make informed decisions about implementing this new software into their engineering processes. In order to better understand the differences in performance between teams, an experimental study was conducted in which four multi-user teams and four single-user teams competed to create the best model of a hand drill. Key findings of this study were that multi-user CAD increases awareness of teammates’ activities as well as communication between team members. Performance, with respect to the metrics of quality and time for completion, could be improved with increased familiarity with the multi-user CAD software. Future research directions are suggested and discussed. © 2018 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1524	a57193356353	Eves K.	p700	False	Journal	339	A multi-user computer-aided design competition: Experimental findings and analysis of team-member dynamics	A competition for teams of three students using a prototype multi-user computer-aided design (MUCAD) tool was held to investigate various hypotheses regarding the performance of teams in such a setting. By comparing models from the competition to the same model in a single-user CAD environment, it is seen that use of a MUCAD system can significantly increase the value-added per unit of calendar time for a modeling effort. An investigation was also made into the causes of the performance differences among the various MUCAD teams which participated in the competition. Analysis of the results shows that teams that encouraged effective forms of communication and teams whose members scored similarly on the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Visualization of Rotations (PSVT:R) performed better than other teams. Areas of future research in analyzing teams in MUCAD environments are suggested. Copyright © 2017 by ASME.
1525	a57200371154	Olsen J.	p545	False	Journal	230	A comparative analysis of computer-aided design team performance with collaboration software	For the past several years, the BYU CAD Lab has been developing collaborative computer-aided design (CAD) software. As this software is being developed, industry seeks to better understand the differences in performance between teams using multi-user CAD and single-user CAD to make informed decisions about implementing this new software into their engineering processes. In order to better understand the differences in performance between teams, an experimental study was conducted in which four multi-user teams and four single-user teams competed to create the best model of a hand drill. Key findings of this study were that multi-user CAD increases awareness of teammates’ activities as well as communication between team members. Performance, with respect to the metrics of quality and time for completion, could be improved with increased familiarity with the multi-user CAD software. Future research directions are suggested and discussed. © 2018 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1526	a56331127200	Shumway D.	p548	True	Journal	230	Hybrid state transactional database for product lifecycle management features in a multi-engineer synchronous heterogeneous CAD environment	As interoperability between Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems becomes a possibility, a need arises for a way for the Neutral Parametric Canonical Form (NPCF), as designed at the BYU Site of the NSF Center for e-Design, to be integrated with Product Lifecycle Management (PLM). The only method currently available to users to sync with a PLM system at this time would be to choose one CAD system and create files based off of the NPCF data then save those part files in the PLM system. This database expansion to the NPCF allows the NPCF to hold the entire part history as well as enable future work revision history and configuration management. Enforcing referential integrity within the database allows for part data to never get corrupted and the NPCF allows any CAD system with the appropriate plug-ins to read the uncorrupted data. © 2017 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1526	a56331127200	Shumway D.	p759	False	Journal	352	Pseudo-singleton pattern and agnostic business layer for multi-engineer, synchronous, heterogeneous CAD	Product development processes are currently highly serial workflows that prevent needed cycle time reduction. Multi-user synchronous CAD is already improving the parallelization of these workflows and the next step is to facilitate multi-user synchronous heterogeneous CAD. This paper proposes a pseudo-singleton design pattern and a class signature which are necessary in the business logic layer of an application architecture that affects multi-user synchronous collaboration across heterogeneous CAD clients. © 2016 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1527	a35269204800	Hepworth A.	p550	False	Conference	200	Rapid visualization of compressor blade finite element models using surrogate modeling	The design process for compressor blades is a highly iterative and often slow process. This research applied and measured the impact of using surrogates to quickly model the stresses on a compressor blade. By modeling distinct points on a finite element (FE) model with unique surrogates, the stress field of the entire FE model was quickly predicted. This required that the distinct points remain in the same relative location on each blade used in training the surrogate. This research studied the ability of mesh morphing, and using the surface nodes as those distinct points, to satisfy this requirement. The results show that mesh morphing performed well on the tested compressor blades. The research also found that the surrogate accuracy depended not only on the number of training samples, but also the number and types of parameters being emulated. The surrogate models achieved less than 5% error on all the tested blades. Finally, the method provided a 96% decrease in time required for a structural iteration of a compressor blade. Such speeds eliminate bottlenecks that may occur in the structural design process. The combination of mesh morphing and surrogate modeling in compressor blade analysis enables exploration of various geometric parameters and their effect on structural responses. Application of this process would produce a more thoroughly refined and understood compressor blade design. Copyright © 2018 by ASME.
1527	a35269204800	Hepworth A.	p715	False	Journal	352	Methods for determining the optimal number of simultaneous contributors for multi-user CAD parts	The development of multi-user CAD (MUCAD) tools has opened up exciting new opportunities and applications. The capability for multiple users to simultaneously model and design a CAD part has far-reaching potential. However, many basic questions remains unanswered, such as how many users should work together on a given part. This research proposes and develops a set of methods to determine the optimal number of users for a given part within a MUCAD environment, based on the characteristics of the part itself. Two candidate models are evaluated with a set of 60 experiments with design teams composed of different numbers of users. The models show modest correlations with the test data while more-refined models are explored to improve predictive power. On the other hand, highly significant correlations between the ability to predict completion time and multi-user team size were identified in the experimental data. Observations regarding the speed and quality of MUCAD teams are also made with future areas of research suggested. © 2017 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1528	a57203433787	Alvarez E.J.	p551	True	Conference	201	Development of a vortex particle code for the modeling of wake interaction in distributed propulsion	Recent developments in electric aircraft technology have enabled the use of distributed propulsion for the next generation of vertical lift vehicles. However, the ability to rapidly assess the performance of these design concepts, with sufficient fidelity, is a current weakness of this nascent industry. This paper explores the capacity of the viscous Vortex Particle Method (VPM) to model wake interactions found in distributed propulsion. The elements of the vortex particle method are summarized, and a new approach for the calculation of vortex stretching through the complex-step derivative approximation is presented. Preliminary validation is performed on vortex ring cases resembling the fundamental dynamics encountered in propeller wakes. Unsteady wake dynamics of individual propellers are successfully modeled, replicating the instabilities that lead to vortex breakdown as observed experimentally. Comparing the method with results from momentum theory, it is shown that VPM is consistent with theoretical values of near and far field induced velocities, and a notable feature is its ability to model near/far field transition. Furthermore, VPM is able to fully characterize induced velocities across the entire wake, from the stable region where momentum theory operates, through instability transition and eventual vortex breakdown. The simulation of a multirotor configuration of two tip-to-tip propellers is shown, displaying the capacity of VPM to model wake mixing. The results presented here are intermediate steps in the development of a mid-fidelity modeling tool for the early design stages of distributed-propulsion electric aircraft. © 2018, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1529	a57201393186	McDonnell T.	p553	True	Conference	203	Multidisciplinary design optimization of flexible solar-regenerative high-altitude long-endurance aircraft	Solar-Regenerative High-Altitude Long-Endurance (SR-HALE) aircraft are designed to sustain year-round ight at high altitudes indefinitely. No SR-HALE aircraft has yet accomplished this task due to the complex network of environmental, solar, structural, and aerodynamic trade-offs, among which aircraft exibility plays a key role. A comprehensive SR-HALE aircraft multidisciplinary design optimization framework is developed in which the exible aircraft analysis tool ASWING is incorporated in order to constrain nonlinear aeroelasticity. Energy, battery, ply thickness, material failure, local buckling, aerodynamic stall, longitudinal stability, and general stability (including utter) constraints are applied in order to reasonably constrain the optimized SR-HALE aircraft design. An SR-HALE aircraft design with a span length of 60:15m and a total aircraft weight of 432:2 kg is found which fulfills all SR-HALE mission requirements and minimizes aircraft mass. A further 21% reduction in total aircraft mass is found through the use of high modulus carbon fiber reinforced polymer. Significant decreases in aircraft mass, down to a total aircraft mass of 250.6 kg, are found to be possible if altitude requirements for SR-HALE aircraft are lowered from 18;288m to 16;764 m. A feasible SR-HALE aircraft with a mass of 357:9 kg was also found to be possible if battery specific energies of 360Wh kg–1 are developed. © 2018, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1530	a57201397713	Mehr J.	p553	False	Conference	203	Multidisciplinary design optimization of flexible solar-regenerative high-altitude long-endurance aircraft	Solar-Regenerative High-Altitude Long-Endurance (SR-HALE) aircraft are designed to sustain year-round ight at high altitudes indefinitely. No SR-HALE aircraft has yet accomplished this task due to the complex network of environmental, solar, structural, and aerodynamic trade-offs, among which aircraft exibility plays a key role. A comprehensive SR-HALE aircraft multidisciplinary design optimization framework is developed in which the exible aircraft analysis tool ASWING is incorporated in order to constrain nonlinear aeroelasticity. Energy, battery, ply thickness, material failure, local buckling, aerodynamic stall, longitudinal stability, and general stability (including utter) constraints are applied in order to reasonably constrain the optimized SR-HALE aircraft design. An SR-HALE aircraft design with a span length of 60:15m and a total aircraft weight of 432:2 kg is found which fulfills all SR-HALE mission requirements and minimizes aircraft mass. A further 21% reduction in total aircraft mass is found through the use of high modulus carbon fiber reinforced polymer. Significant decreases in aircraft mass, down to a total aircraft mass of 250.6 kg, are found to be possible if altitude requirements for SR-HALE aircraft are lowered from 18;288m to 16;764 m. A feasible SR-HALE aircraft with a mass of 357:9 kg was also found to be possible if battery specific energies of 360Wh kg–1 are developed. © 2018, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1530	a57201397713	Mehr J.	p596	False	Conference	239	Universal airfoil parametrization using B-splines	In this paper, we apply well-known techniques for parametric curves to the definition and deformation of airfoil sections. While it has already been shown that many versions of Kulfan’s Class Shape Transformation (CST) are exactly equivalent to Bézier curves, we show here that all NACA 4-digit thickness distributions and the PARSEC parametrization of Sobiezcky are also higher-order Bézier curves. As with CST, Béziers and B-Splines provide direct control over aerodynamically meaningful features such as nose radius and boat-tail angle, but also provide more a intuitive parametrization of the rest of the airfoil surface. We show the efficacy of B-Spline-based parametrizations for approximating airfoil coordinates and for clean-sheet airfoil design. Finally, we show that this parametrization is ideally suited for progressive design. © 2018, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1531	a57215366913	Perdue T.	p557	False	Conference	206	The secure socket API: TLS as an operating system service	SSL/TLS libraries are notoriously hard for developers to use, leaving system administrators at the mercy of buggy and vulnerable applications. We explore the use of the standard POSIX socket API as a vehicle for a simplified TLS API, while also giving administrators the ability to control applications and tailor TLS configuration to their needs. We first assess OpenSSL and its uses in open source software, recommending how this functionality should be accommodated within the POSIX API. We then propose the Secure Socket API (SSA), a minimalist TLS API built using existing network functions and find that it can be employed by existing network applications by modifications requiring as little as one line of code. We next describe a prototype SSA implementation that leverages network system calls to provide privilege separation and support for other programming languages. We end with a discussion of the benefits and limitations of the SSA and our accompanying implementation, noting avenues for future work. © 2018 Proceedings of the 27th USENIX Security Symposium. All rights reserved.
1532	a57215344746	Collett T.	p557	False	Conference	206	The secure socket API: TLS as an operating system service	SSL/TLS libraries are notoriously hard for developers to use, leaving system administrators at the mercy of buggy and vulnerable applications. We explore the use of the standard POSIX socket API as a vehicle for a simplified TLS API, while also giving administrators the ability to control applications and tailor TLS configuration to their needs. We first assess OpenSSL and its uses in open source software, recommending how this functionality should be accommodated within the POSIX API. We then propose the Secure Socket API (SSA), a minimalist TLS API built using existing network functions and find that it can be employed by existing network applications by modifications requiring as little as one line of code. We next describe a prototype SSA implementation that leverages network system calls to provide privilege separation and support for other programming languages. We end with a discussion of the benefits and limitations of the SSA and our accompanying implementation, noting avenues for future work. © 2018 Proceedings of the 27th USENIX Security Symposium. All rights reserved.
1533	a57213476529	Gong H.	p558	False	Conference	207	3D printed microfluidic selectable ratio mixer pump in 2 mm3	We report the use of 3D printing to fabricate a selectable ratio mixer pump in a volume of only 2 mm2. Our custom 3D printer and material is used to make very compact individual elements such as fluid channels, valves, and pumps that are laid out in 3D to achieve small overall device volume. The device includes two pumps, each connected to its own fluid source, and a two-chamber mixing unit that both mixes the fluid pumped into it from each fluid source, and acts itself as a pump to expel the mixed fluid. © 2016 TRF
1534	a57205629789	Hayden S.	p560	True	Conference	209	Thermal diffusivity measurements with fluorescent scanning microscope	[No abstract available]
1535	a57205285400	Nygaard E.	p562	False	Conference	211	Progress on photophoretic trap displays	We review the fundamentals photophoretic trap displays and discuss the possibility of creating occlusion capable image points. Anisotropic scattering is observed independently in single and double point traps. © 2018 The Author(s).
1535	a57205285400	Nygaard E.	p591	False	Conference	234	Volumetric display by movement of particles trapped in a laser via photophoresis	Photophoresis can stably hold opaque microscopic particles in a laser focus surrounded by room air with strength sufficient to enable centimeter-scale patterns to be drawn by sweeping the laser beam. The resulting images rely on visual persistence as laser light scatters from the particle, which is rapidly swept through the 3-D pattern. Control can be maintained while moving the particle with air speeds up to 2 m/s. A desire to greatly increase the sweep speed motivates a re-examination of the fundamentals of photophoresis-based laser-particle traps. Most explanations offered are qualitative, with differing opinions as to whether, for example, asymmetric heating or asymmetric thermal accommodation is primarily at work. Which particles become trapped in the beam is typically based on self-selection, as a variety of particles with possible differing shapes and sizes are offered to the laser focus for capture. Characteristics that make some particles preferred over others are especially relevant. There is broad consensus that structure in the laser focus greatly aids in stable trapping. Nevertheless, it is still possible for even a relatively smooth TEM00 beam to capture and hold particles. Moreover, even in a structured focus (i.e. with aberrations and local intensity minima and maxima), questions remain as to exactly how a particle becomes stably trapped in certain beam locations. A zoomed-in look at trapped particles reveals oscillations or orbits with excursions over tens of microns and accelerations up to 10 gs. We trapped particles in zero-gravity as well as 2-g environments with no noticeable difference in stability. © 2018 SPIE.
1536	a57145797800	Jackson J.S.	p563	True	Conference	212	Demonstration of interference pattern structured illumination imaging	We discuss a single-pixel imaging method using illumination structured with interference fringes. It requires no imaging lens or optics near the object, and has a resolution-independent depth of field and field of view. © 2018 The Author(s).
1536	a57145797800	Jackson J.S.	p782	True	Journal	346	Light splitting with imperfect wave plates	We discuss the use of wave plates with arbitrary retardances, in conjunction with a linear polarizer, to split linearly polarized light into two linearly polarized beams with an arbitrary splitting fraction. We show that for non-ideal wave plates, a much broader range of splitting ratios is typically possible when a pair of wave plates, rather than a single wave plate, is used. We discuss the maximum range of splitting fractions possible with one or two wave plates as a function of the wave plate retardances, and how to align the wave plates to achieve the maximum splitting range possible when simply rotating one of the wave plates while keeping the other one fixed. We also briefly discuss an alignment-free polarization rotator constructed from a pair of half-wave plates. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
1537	a36944158600	Durfee D.S.	p563	False	Conference	212	Demonstration of interference pattern structured illumination imaging	We discuss a single-pixel imaging method using illumination structured with interference fringes. It requires no imaging lens or optics near the object, and has a resolution-independent depth of field and field of view. © 2018 The Author(s).
1537	a36944158600	Durfee D.S.	p782	False	Journal	346	Light splitting with imperfect wave plates	We discuss the use of wave plates with arbitrary retardances, in conjunction with a linear polarizer, to split linearly polarized light into two linearly polarized beams with an arbitrary splitting fraction. We show that for non-ideal wave plates, a much broader range of splitting ratios is typically possible when a pair of wave plates, rather than a single wave plate, is used. We discuss the maximum range of splitting fractions possible with one or two wave plates as a function of the wave plate retardances, and how to align the wave plates to achieve the maximum splitting range possible when simply rotating one of the wave plates while keeping the other one fixed. We also briefly discuss an alignment-free polarization rotator constructed from a pair of half-wave plates. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
1538	a57204896057	Cardall H.	p564	True	Conference	213	Using instagram to increase student engagement with design history	In today’s rapidly evolving design disciplines, design history students should demonstrate an understanding of the social and cultural impact of design of both historical and contemporary designers and their methods. To increase student engagement with design history and discourse, we prototyped a new format for our design history course in Brigham Young University’s Industrial Design department. Our goal was to enable students to process designs they encounter, both in person and social media, through a critical and cultural perspective, and then turn those lenses towards their own design work with greater social and cultural awareness. To do this, we utilized Instagram as the primary platform (@byudesignhistory) for course discussion and altered the way we framed student assignments. This new curriculum was prototyped in the spring of 2018. Outcomes were measured by monitoring student engagement, responses, and comprehension scores on verbal and written assignments and examinations. Students also responded to a series of reviews to gather their perspectives on the class. Results indicate an increase in their understanding of the cultural position design holds in a way that was absent in student results from the previous course structure. If our course interventions are effective, students should move from concrete to abstract knowledge as well as from lower order to higher order thinking skills. Students will thus be better prepared to assess, understand and discuss both current and historical design cultures and trends while influencing their own design work through an informed perspective. © 2018 Institution of Engineering Designers The Design Society. All Rights Reserved.
1539	a57204902069	Larsen A.	p565	True	Conference	214	Increasing the educational impact following a field study programme	Design students return from field trips abroad brimming with new ideas and a greater understanding of their chosen discipline. However, if their observations and knowledge are not soon applied, the students hold only fond memories of a fun trip abroad. We believe that student’s retention and application of concepts will increase if educators give students greater autonomy on the trip and also expect and enable opportunities to apply their accrued knowledge on their own projects upon returning home. Nine third and fourth-year industrial design students Brigham Young University participated in a weeklong field study abroad to Dutch Design Week (DDW) in Eindhoven, Netherlands. A week after the completion of the study abroad the students filled out a survey about their motivations, feelings, criticisms, and aspects of the trip that influenced them as designers. Three and a half months later the students took a second survey asking about how they have applied insights gained from participation in DDW to their current projects. The results from the both surveys suggest the impact of the field study trip decreased over time. The observations and more open-ended questions in the survey helped determine if and how the students applied their conceptual knowledge to their current projects as well as other outcomes of the trip. In addition, the paper suggests possible strategies and research opportunities for future field study experiences. © 2018 Institution of Engineering Designers The Design Society. All Rights Reserved.
1540	a23093686000	Fry R.	p566	True	Conference	215	Information reduction and studio project frameworks	Studio projects increase from simple & straightforward to complex & indeterminate as undergraduate industrial design students’ progress through their educational experiences. As project complexity increases, students are faced with information overload and can struggle to move forward in a meaningful way. Complex Problem Solving studies and Cognitive Load Theory suggest information reduction as a way to grasp the critical aspects of a problem and move beyond the impasse inherent with too much information. Segmentation and chunking are common strategies for information reduction but the abstraction inherent in the chunking process provides better conceptual understanding. The simplified but meaningful results from the chunking process can then be leveraged to create a model or framework that helps students organise and clarify what they have observed as well as point to new opportunities for design activity. Despite the fear of oversimplification, significantly abstracted models have great “explanatory or predictive power” and can lead to rich results. Reviewing the concepts of complexity, cognitive load, and contrasting segmentation with data chunking, this paper will then highlight a portion of a student project where information reduction provided understanding beyond initial student impressions and encouraged them to move forward. © 2018 Institution of Engineering Designers The Design Society. All Rights Reserved.
1540	a23093686000	Fry R.	p568	True	Journal	302	Modeling and using secondary taste terms	Previous investigation into cuteness literature resulted in a preliminary, three-factor model for defining and organizing information regarding taste terms. A theoretical definition of a taste term should have a declaration of: 1) aesthetic purpose, 2) the essential emotional responses, and 3) understandable themes and expressions. A small group of second-year industrial design students explored the model, and was tasked with identifying, defining, and experimenting with three taste terms of their choosing: Performance, Strength, and Simple Quiet. To test their knowledge, they applied their aesthetic insights to a simple industrial design problem. Even though the original intent was to explore and define concepts of taste, and expand visual and verbal vocabulary for students, it was anecdotally observed that this exercise had a positive effect on creative output. This article will summarize the results of their efforts, and offer suggestions for future work regarding understanding the more granular context of taste terms. © Common Ground Research Networks, Richard Fry, All Rights Reserved.
1541	a57203179871	Browning J.S.	p570	True	Conference	218	High Accuracy Achieved in Determining Lengths and Locations of Horizontal Curves Using Light Detection and Ranging Point Cloud Data	The Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) began collecting asset management data using light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology in 2012, which included horizontal curve data. However, its horizontal curve data were highly segmented and not ready for crash prediction model development for curve segments. In 2014, an algorithm named the horizontal alignment finder (HAF) algorithm was developed to identify horizontal curves on rural two-lane two-way highways. Its accuracy was about 85 percent with 2012 data. The HAF was recently recalibrated for all other types of UDOT's highways and found to be applicable to them without any modifications in its main algorithm. During the calibration, six types of errors were identified. Four of the six errors were fixed and the HAF was calibrated with new 2015 LiDAR data. The improved HAF's accuracy now ranges from 97 to 98 percent for curve length and 87 to 100 percent for curve location identification. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1542	a57207688964	Nelson K.	p575	False	Conference	220	Physical-layer security for aeronautical telemetry	In this paper, we investigate the application of physical-layer security coding for next generation aeronautical telemetry communication systems. The coding we refer to is similar to error-control coding, but the codes are deployed for two purposes: to achieve reliable communications, and to achieve secure communications. We consider a single eavesdropper on an air-to-ground aeronautical telemetry link, and show how the overhead measured by the rate of the code can be used to keep secrets from eavesdroppers over noisy channels, rather than recover from channel errors. We show simple examples that work over erasure channels to achieve a security constraint, and then consider approaches to more practical coding constructions for Gaussian channels that satisfies both reliability and security constraints on the network. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
1543	a57207687563	Dye S.	p575	False	Conference	220	Physical-layer security for aeronautical telemetry	In this paper, we investigate the application of physical-layer security coding for next generation aeronautical telemetry communication systems. The coding we refer to is similar to error-control coding, but the codes are deployed for two purposes: to achieve reliable communications, and to achieve secure communications. We consider a single eavesdropper on an air-to-ground aeronautical telemetry link, and show how the overhead measured by the rate of the code can be used to keep secrets from eavesdroppers over noisy channels, rather than recover from channel errors. We show simple examples that work over erasure channels to achieve a security constraint, and then consider approaches to more practical coding constructions for Gaussian channels that satisfies both reliability and security constraints on the network. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
1544	a57200077021	Holtom J.	p576	False	Conference	221	Femtosats: Elegant flight telemetry payloads for model rockets	An elegant telemetry payload, which transmits IMU, atmospheric, or light data during flight and deployment from a small model rocket, is presented. Data is received by a custom, mobile, hand-pointed ground station. The payload is patterned after a thumb-sized satellite, called a femtosat. Its design is optimized for ease of implementation. The femtosat system resulted from a grassroots, student peer-mentoring program developed at Brigham Young University. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
1545	a57200077390	Walton P.	p576	False	Conference	221	Femtosats: Elegant flight telemetry payloads for model rockets	An elegant telemetry payload, which transmits IMU, atmospheric, or light data during flight and deployment from a small model rocket, is presented. Data is received by a custom, mobile, hand-pointed ground station. The payload is patterned after a thumb-sized satellite, called a femtosat. Its design is optimized for ease of implementation. The femtosat system resulted from a grassroots, student peer-mentoring program developed at Brigham Young University. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
1546	a57207692990	Smith J.	p576	False	Conference	221	Femtosats: Elegant flight telemetry payloads for model rockets	An elegant telemetry payload, which transmits IMU, atmospheric, or light data during flight and deployment from a small model rocket, is presented. Data is received by a custom, mobile, hand-pointed ground station. The payload is patterned after a thumb-sized satellite, called a femtosat. Its design is optimized for ease of implementation. The femtosat system resulted from a grassroots, student peer-mentoring program developed at Brigham Young University. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
1547	a57207687950	Wallin N.	p576	False	Conference	221	Femtosats: Elegant flight telemetry payloads for model rockets	An elegant telemetry payload, which transmits IMU, atmospheric, or light data during flight and deployment from a small model rocket, is presented. Data is received by a custom, mobile, hand-pointed ground station. The payload is patterned after a thumb-sized satellite, called a femtosat. Its design is optimized for ease of implementation. The femtosat system resulted from a grassroots, student peer-mentoring program developed at Brigham Young University. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
1548	a57207688651	Averett T.	p577	False	Conference	222	Byu mars rover at the 2018 university rover challenge	This paper describes the design and performance of the BYU mars rover with an emphasis on the wireless communications system and the transmission and reception of data vital to the performance of the rover. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
1549	a57207695326	Killpack M.	p577	False	Conference	222	Byu mars rover at the 2018 university rover challenge	This paper describes the design and performance of the BYU mars rover with an emphasis on the wireless communications system and the transmission and reception of data vital to the performance of the rover. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
1550	a57207687041	Rice M.	p577	False	Conference	222	Byu mars rover at the 2018 university rover challenge	This paper describes the design and performance of the BYU mars rover with an emphasis on the wireless communications system and the transmission and reception of data vital to the performance of the rover. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
1551	a57207686191	Thompson R.	p578	True	Conference	223	Eliminating wiring in aircraft instrumentation through energy harvesting	Installing the many sensors required for flight testing is currently a difficult and awkward process requiring significant wiring. Short term sensor installation could be greatly improved if individual sensors did not have to be connected to a distant power source. This paper proposes that small aerodynamic vibration energy harvesting devices could provide power directly to sensors and simplify installation. To investigate feasibility, the simplest known energy harvester configuration is chosen. A mathematical model to represent the device is then developed. A test scenario using the aerodynamic vibrations present on the F-15B aircraft is then incorporated into the model. The test results are analyzed to determine if the energy harvesting device can produce sufficient energy to justify further analysis. Finally, potential design improvements are discussed. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
1552	a57207685496	Hull T.	p578	False	Conference	223	Eliminating wiring in aircraft instrumentation through energy harvesting	Installing the many sensors required for flight testing is currently a difficult and awkward process requiring significant wiring. Short term sensor installation could be greatly improved if individual sensors did not have to be connected to a distant power source. This paper proposes that small aerodynamic vibration energy harvesting devices could provide power directly to sensors and simplify installation. To investigate feasibility, the simplest known energy harvester configuration is chosen. A mathematical model to represent the device is then developed. A test scenario using the aerodynamic vibrations present on the F-15B aircraft is then incorporated into the model. The test results are analyzed to determine if the energy harvesting device can produce sufficient energy to justify further analysis. Finally, potential design improvements are discussed. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
1553	a57207687043	Rice M.	p578	False	Conference	223	Eliminating wiring in aircraft instrumentation through energy harvesting	Installing the many sensors required for flight testing is currently a difficult and awkward process requiring significant wiring. Short term sensor installation could be greatly improved if individual sensors did not have to be connected to a distant power source. This paper proposes that small aerodynamic vibration energy harvesting devices could provide power directly to sensors and simplify installation. To investigate feasibility, the simplest known energy harvester configuration is chosen. A mathematical model to represent the device is then developed. A test scenario using the aerodynamic vibrations present on the F-15B aircraft is then incorporated into the model. The test results are analyzed to determine if the energy harvesting device can produce sufficient energy to justify further analysis. Finally, potential design improvements are discussed. © held by the author; distribution rights International Foundation for Telemetering.
1554	a57209637810	Lee E.T.	p579	False	Conference	224	Adaptive net radiative heat transfer and thermal management with origami-structured surfaces	The ability to control radiative behavior through the angular positioning of structured surfaces (e.g. the cavity effect) offers the ability to provide thermal management in dynamic radiative environments. Structures comprised of origami tessellations offer a means to achieve angular cavities that approach black-like behavior during collapse by exploiting use of the cavity effect. Expanded origami surfaces exhibit intrinsic radiative properties while collapsed surfaces exhibit increasingly black-like behavior as the cavity aspect ratio increases. Actuation of such surfaces provides the means to achieve any apparent radiative behavior between these two extremes. This work explores the use of three origami structures (finite V-groove, hinged V-groove and Miura-ori) and their respective apparent radiative properties as a function of cavity geometry using Monte Carlo ray tracing. Results are presented as a function of tessellation geometry and degree of actuation (i.e. collapse). Ray tracing models are benchmarked with V-groove geometries for which analytical models exist in the literature. Convergence for ray independence was determined to be satisfactory when the standard error of the mean for every test case was less than 0.005. Deviation in the apparent absorptivity for finite V-groove relative to the infinite V-groove is quantified. The apparent absorptivity of the Miura-ori fold exhibits sensitivity to the fold geometry when the angle of the unit cell is varied, but is relatively insensitive to the length ratio of the panel. The variable nature of the net radiative heat transfer, achievable through actuation, affords a method for thermal management of components with variable heat dissipation and/or variable radiative environments. © 2018 International Heat Transfer Conference. All rights reserved.
1555	a57204762755	Sellers A.D.	p582	False	Conference	227	Automating the design of thick-origami mechanisms	Applying an origami pattern to thick, non-paper-like materials is a challenging task. Though many techniques have been developed to accommodate thickness in origami, creating 3D models of such thick-origami mechanisms is complex. The time and knowledge required to manually model an origami mechanism can impede the exploration of the design space and creation of robust designs. This work presents data structures based on origami that can be used in the automation of thick-origami mechanism design. These structures are described and an example computer program that implements them is investigated. The program automatically generates all the necessary 3D CAD part models and an assembly model for a user-specified origami crease pattern. Models resulting from the program for several crease patterns are demonstrated with a discussion of the advantages and limitations of the system. With further development of the data structures and program, this framework has the potential to help mitigate some of the barriers to more widespread use of origami-based design. Copyright © 2018 ASME
1556	a57204728159	Packer R.	p586	True	Conference	231	Design and modeling of a prosthetic venous valve	Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI) is a disease of the lower limbs that affects millions of people in the United States. CVI results from incompetent venous valves. The purpose of venous valves is to prevent retrograde blood flow to the lower limbs. Valve failure can lead to edema, pain, and ulcers. One solution that has great potential is to create an implantable venous valve that could restore function of the venous system. No prosthetic venous valves are clinically used currently because of problems with biocompatiblility and thrombogenicity caused by high shear rates. This paper presents a prosthetic venous valve that could overcome these difficulties by using carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotubes (CI-CNTs). This material has been proven to be thrombo-resistant, biocompatible due to its non-reactive properties, and durable. The valve was designed to be initially open and to close with physiological pressures. Finite element modeling showed that, with a hydrostatic pressure of 20 mmHg (the minimum hydrostatic pressure in the common femoral vein), it fully closed with a maximum stress of 117 MPa, which is below the ultimate strength of CI-CNTs. A computational fluid dynamics analysis demonstrated the valve would cause a maximum shear rate of 225.1 s− 1, which is less than the maximum shear rate in the body. Hence, this valve would be less likely than previous prosthetic valves to develop blood clots. Currently, this is the lowest shear rate reported for a prosthetic venous valve. These results demonstrate that a CI-CNT prosthetic venous valve has the potential to be an effective treatment for CVI. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1557	a57204719691	Prawitt D.G.	p587	True	Conference	232	Patterned carbon nanotube growth on stainless steel	This paper presents, for the first time, the process of growing a pattern of carbon nanotubes (CNT(s)) on 316L stainless steel. The data presented is preliminary and requires further investigation to detail the growth behaviors of CNTs on stainless steel in regards to producing a pattern. However, this article presents the viability of producing a pattern on a stainless steel surface that can be used in bio-surfacing and electronic applications, among others. The results show that producing a CNT pattern on stainless steel can be achieved in a similar manner to that of producing a CNT pattern on a silicon wafer, with some vital differences in the photolithography and growth processes. The results also show that long CNT growth can lead to partial overgrowth of the pattern. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1558	a57204719621	Porter D.	p587	False	Conference	232	Patterned carbon nanotube growth on stainless steel	This paper presents, for the first time, the process of growing a pattern of carbon nanotubes (CNT(s)) on 316L stainless steel. The data presented is preliminary and requires further investigation to detail the growth behaviors of CNTs on stainless steel in regards to producing a pattern. However, this article presents the viability of producing a pattern on a stainless steel surface that can be used in bio-surfacing and electronic applications, among others. The results show that producing a CNT pattern on stainless steel can be achieved in a similar manner to that of producing a CNT pattern on a silicon wafer, with some vital differences in the photolithography and growth processes. The results also show that long CNT growth can lead to partial overgrowth of the pattern. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1559	a57197733505	Whiting T.A.	p588	False	Journal	304	Dynamic SEU Sensitivity of Designs on Two 28-nm SRAM-Based FPGA Architectures	Two field-programmable gate array (FPGA) designs are tested for dynamic single event upset (SEU) sensitivity on two different 28-nm static random access memory-based FPGAs - an Intel Stratix V and a Xilinx Kintex 7 FPGA. These designs were tested in both a conventional unmitigated version and a version to tolerate SEUs with feedback triple modular redundancy (TMR). The unmitigated design sensitivity and the low-level device sensitivity were found to be similar between the devices through neutron radiation testing. Results also show that feedback TMR and configuration scrubbing benefit both designs on both FPGAs. While TMR is helpful, the benefit of TMR depends on the design structure and the device architecture. TMR and scrubbing reduced dynamic SEU sensitivity by a factor of 4- 54×. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
1560	a57197728435	Sawyer K.B.	p588	False	Journal	304	Dynamic SEU Sensitivity of Designs on Two 28-nm SRAM-Based FPGA Architectures	Two field-programmable gate array (FPGA) designs are tested for dynamic single event upset (SEU) sensitivity on two different 28-nm static random access memory-based FPGAs - an Intel Stratix V and a Xilinx Kintex 7 FPGA. These designs were tested in both a conventional unmitigated version and a version to tolerate SEUs with feedback triple modular redundancy (TMR). The unmitigated design sensitivity and the low-level device sensitivity were found to be similar between the devices through neutron radiation testing. Results also show that feedback TMR and configuration scrubbing benefit both designs on both FPGAs. While TMR is helpful, the benefit of TMR depends on the design structure and the device architecture. TMR and scrubbing reduced dynamic SEU sensitivity by a factor of 4- 54×. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
1561	a57190858572	Walton M.P.	p590	True	Conference	233	Architectures for Earth-observing CubeSat scatterometers	Earth-observing satellite scatterometers are important instruments capable of measuring a variety of geophysical properties. Historically, the scatterometer design space has revolved around two main architectures: the fan beam and the scanning pencil beam. Since the implementation of these architectures, developments in satellite- relevant technology, spacecraft standards, and engineering practice have expanded the potential design space for Earth-observing scatterometer systems. This expanded design space is investigated and example designs are presented that utilize the expanded design space to improve performance and reduce cost. © 2018 SPIE.
1562	a57204435650	Laughlin E.	p591	False	Conference	234	Volumetric display by movement of particles trapped in a laser via photophoresis	Photophoresis can stably hold opaque microscopic particles in a laser focus surrounded by room air with strength sufficient to enable centimeter-scale patterns to be drawn by sweeping the laser beam. The resulting images rely on visual persistence as laser light scatters from the particle, which is rapidly swept through the 3-D pattern. Control can be maintained while moving the particle with air speeds up to 2 m/s. A desire to greatly increase the sweep speed motivates a re-examination of the fundamentals of photophoresis-based laser-particle traps. Most explanations offered are qualitative, with differing opinions as to whether, for example, asymmetric heating or asymmetric thermal accommodation is primarily at work. Which particles become trapped in the beam is typically based on self-selection, as a variety of particles with possible differing shapes and sizes are offered to the laser focus for capture. Characteristics that make some particles preferred over others are especially relevant. There is broad consensus that structure in the laser focus greatly aids in stable trapping. Nevertheless, it is still possible for even a relatively smooth TEM00 beam to capture and hold particles. Moreover, even in a structured focus (i.e. with aberrations and local intensity minima and maxima), questions remain as to exactly how a particle becomes stably trapped in certain beam locations. A zoomed-in look at trapped particles reveals oscillations or orbits with excursions over tens of microns and accelerations up to 10 gs. We trapped particles in zero-gravity as well as 2-g environments with no noticeable difference in stability. © 2018 SPIE.
1563	a57204415715	Howe L.	p591	False	Conference	234	Volumetric display by movement of particles trapped in a laser via photophoresis	Photophoresis can stably hold opaque microscopic particles in a laser focus surrounded by room air with strength sufficient to enable centimeter-scale patterns to be drawn by sweeping the laser beam. The resulting images rely on visual persistence as laser light scatters from the particle, which is rapidly swept through the 3-D pattern. Control can be maintained while moving the particle with air speeds up to 2 m/s. A desire to greatly increase the sweep speed motivates a re-examination of the fundamentals of photophoresis-based laser-particle traps. Most explanations offered are qualitative, with differing opinions as to whether, for example, asymmetric heating or asymmetric thermal accommodation is primarily at work. Which particles become trapped in the beam is typically based on self-selection, as a variety of particles with possible differing shapes and sizes are offered to the laser focus for capture. Characteristics that make some particles preferred over others are especially relevant. There is broad consensus that structure in the laser focus greatly aids in stable trapping. Nevertheless, it is still possible for even a relatively smooth TEM00 beam to capture and hold particles. Moreover, even in a structured focus (i.e. with aberrations and local intensity minima and maxima), questions remain as to exactly how a particle becomes stably trapped in certain beam locations. A zoomed-in look at trapped particles reveals oscillations or orbits with excursions over tens of microns and accelerations up to 10 gs. We trapped particles in zero-gravity as well as 2-g environments with no noticeable difference in stability. © 2018 SPIE.
1564	a57193610705	Talbot M.	p594	False	Conference	237	Evaluation and optimization of dynamic cone penetration test (DPT) for assessment of liquefaction in gravelly soils	The dynamic cone penetration test (DPT) developed in China has been correlated with liquefaction resistance in gravelly soils based on field performance data from the Mw7.9 Wenchuan, China earthquake. The DPT consists of a 74 mm diameter cone tip driven by a 120 kg hammer with a free fall height of 1 m. To expand the data base, DPT soundings were performed at the Pence Ranch and Larter Ranch sites where gravelly soil liquefied during the 1983 Mw6.9 Borah Peak earthquake. DPT testing was performed using an automatic hammer with the energy specified in the Chinese standard and with an SPT hammer. In general, comparisons suggest that standard energy corrections developed for the SPT can be used for the DPT. The DPT correctly predicted liquefaction and non-liquefaction at these two test sites. Liquefaction resistance from the DPT (30% probability) also correlated reasonably well with that from Becker penetration testing (BPT). Copyright © 2018 Association of State Dam Safety Officials, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
1564	a57193610705	Talbot M.	p612	False	Conference	250	Evaluation of Dynamic Cone Penetration Test for Liquefaction Assessment of Gravels from Case Histories in Idaho	The dynamic cone penetration test (DPT) developed in China has been correlated with liquefaction resistance in gravelly soils based on field performance data from the Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. The DPT consists of a 74 mm diameter cone tip driven by a 120 kg hammer with a free fall height of 100 cm. To expand the data base, DPT soundings were performed at the Pence Ranch and Larter Ranch sites where gravelly soil liquefied during the 1983 Mw6.9 Borah Peak earthquake. DPT testing was performed using an automatic hammer with the energy specified in the Chinese standard and with an SPT hammer. Comparisons suggest that standard energy corrections developed for the SPT can be used for the DPT. In general, the DPT correctly predicted liquefaction and non-liquefaction at these two test sites. Liquefaction resistance from the DPT also correlated reasonably well with that from Becker penetration testing (BPT). © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1565	a15833172400	Rajnarayan D.	p596	True	Conference	239	Universal airfoil parametrization using B-splines	In this paper, we apply well-known techniques for parametric curves to the definition and deformation of airfoil sections. While it has already been shown that many versions of Kulfan’s Class Shape Transformation (CST) are exactly equivalent to Bézier curves, we show here that all NACA 4-digit thickness distributions and the PARSEC parametrization of Sobiezcky are also higher-order Bézier curves. As with CST, Béziers and B-Splines provide direct control over aerodynamically meaningful features such as nose radius and boat-tail angle, but also provide more a intuitive parametrization of the rest of the airfoil surface. We show the efficacy of B-Spline-based parametrizations for approximating airfoil coordinates and for clean-sheet airfoil design. Finally, we show that this parametrization is ideally suited for progressive design. © 2018, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1566	a36618663400	Custer C.H.	p597	False	Conference	240	Analysis of distortion transfer and generation through a compressor using the harmonic balance approach	Inlet flow distortion significantly affects an engine’s overall performance. It can be difficult to predict the transfer of distortion through a compressor because traditional experimental and computational methods are very expensive and time consuming. The Harmonic Balance approach is a promising alternative which uses Fourier techniques to represent fluid flow solutions. Relatively little work has been done to assess how much Fourier information is necessary to calculate a sufficiently accurate solution with the Harmonic Balance Solver. This study focuses on analyzing the effects of varying the amount of modal content that is used in Harmonic Balance simulations. Inlet distortion profiles with varying magnitudes are used in order to analyze trends and provide insight into the distortion flow physics for various inlet conditions. The geometry is a single stage axial compressor that consists of an inlet guide vane followed by the NASA Stage 37 rotor. It is shown that simulations with greater magnitudes of distortion require more modal content in order to achieve sufficiently accurate results. Harmonic Balance simulations are shown to have significantly lower computational costs than simulations with a conventional unsteady solver. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1567	a57194636792	Dearden J.	p600	True	Journal	307	Cylindrical cross-axis flexural pivots	The cylindrical cross-axis flexural pivot (CCAFP) is proposed as an ultra-compact flexure capable of being integrated into hollow cylindrical shafts, enabling shaft motion without inhibiting cables or other components inside the shaft. Mechanism geometry, materials, and manufacturing are proposed and the results analyzed and tested. A parametric finite element model of the CCAFP was created to analyze the force-deflection and strain-deflection relationships and the predicted behavior was verified by experiment. Analytic models of stress-limiting cam-surfaces suggest even larger motions may be possible when not limited by current practical constraints. The CCAFP is demonstrated and tested at multiple size scales and in multiple materials, ranging from 28.6 mm diameter 4130 steel (achieving 9 degrees of angular deflection) to 3 mm diameter NiTi (achieving an angular deflection of 85 degrees). The results are generalized to apply to a range of applications, and the CCAFP particularly shows promise for implementation in minimally invasive surgical instruments to decrease instrument size while maintaining instrument performance. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.
1567	a57194636792	Dearden J.	p699	True	Journal	342	Inverted L-arm gripper compliant mechanism	This work exploits the advantages of compliant mechanisms (devices that achieve their motion through the deflection of flexible members) to enable the creation of small instruments for minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Using flexures to achieve motion presents challenges, three of which are considered in this work. First, compliant mechanisms generally perform inadequately in compression. Second, for a 690 deg range of motion desired for each jaw, the bending stresses in the flexures are prohibitive considering materials used in current instruments. Third, for cables attached at fixed points on the mechanism, the mechanical advantage will vary considerably during actuation. Research results are presented that address these challenges using compliant mechanism principles as demonstrated in a two-degree-of-freedom (2DoF) L-Arm gripper. © 2017 by ASME.
1568	a55916540700	Grames C.	p600	False	Journal	307	Cylindrical cross-axis flexural pivots	The cylindrical cross-axis flexural pivot (CCAFP) is proposed as an ultra-compact flexure capable of being integrated into hollow cylindrical shafts, enabling shaft motion without inhibiting cables or other components inside the shaft. Mechanism geometry, materials, and manufacturing are proposed and the results analyzed and tested. A parametric finite element model of the CCAFP was created to analyze the force-deflection and strain-deflection relationships and the predicted behavior was verified by experiment. Analytic models of stress-limiting cam-surfaces suggest even larger motions may be possible when not limited by current practical constraints. The CCAFP is demonstrated and tested at multiple size scales and in multiple materials, ranging from 28.6 mm diameter 4130 steel (achieving 9 degrees of angular deflection) to 3 mm diameter NiTi (achieving an angular deflection of 85 degrees). The results are generalized to apply to a range of applications, and the CCAFP particularly shows promise for implementation in minimally invasive surgical instruments to decrease instrument size while maintaining instrument performance. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.
1568	a55916540700	Grames C.	p699	False	Journal	342	Inverted L-arm gripper compliant mechanism	This work exploits the advantages of compliant mechanisms (devices that achieve their motion through the deflection of flexible members) to enable the creation of small instruments for minimally invasive surgery (MIS). Using flexures to achieve motion presents challenges, three of which are considered in this work. First, compliant mechanisms generally perform inadequately in compression. Second, for a 690 deg range of motion desired for each jaw, the bending stresses in the flexures are prohibitive considering materials used in current instruments. Third, for cables attached at fixed points on the mechanism, the mechanical advantage will vary considerably during actuation. Research results are presented that address these challenges using compliant mechanism principles as demonstrated in a two-degree-of-freedom (2DoF) L-Arm gripper. © 2017 by ASME.
1569	a57196484337	Orr J.	p600	False	Journal	307	Cylindrical cross-axis flexural pivots	The cylindrical cross-axis flexural pivot (CCAFP) is proposed as an ultra-compact flexure capable of being integrated into hollow cylindrical shafts, enabling shaft motion without inhibiting cables or other components inside the shaft. Mechanism geometry, materials, and manufacturing are proposed and the results analyzed and tested. A parametric finite element model of the CCAFP was created to analyze the force-deflection and strain-deflection relationships and the predicted behavior was verified by experiment. Analytic models of stress-limiting cam-surfaces suggest even larger motions may be possible when not limited by current practical constraints. The CCAFP is demonstrated and tested at multiple size scales and in multiple materials, ranging from 28.6 mm diameter 4130 steel (achieving 9 degrees of angular deflection) to 3 mm diameter NiTi (achieving an angular deflection of 85 degrees). The results are generalized to apply to a range of applications, and the CCAFP particularly shows promise for implementation in minimally invasive surgical instruments to decrease instrument size while maintaining instrument performance. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.
1570	a57207228951	Dillon P.B.	p601	True	Conference	241	Strut-and-tie models for masonry walls with openings	There is a large collection of masonry models due to the highly complex and heterogeneous nature of masonry as a structural material. While the individual masonry components can be considered isotropic at the material level, masonry assemblages are anisotropic at the structural level. These properties of masonry make it difficult to develop models that accurately describe the material behavior for all analysis and design scenarios. One analysis tool that is efficient and reliable is the use of stress fields. Stress fields are based on the lower-bound theorem of the theory of plasticity. Stress fields have been combined with the truss analogy to produce what is known as the strut-and-tie modelling procedure. This article presents ongoing research that has the objective to develop strut-and-tie modelling procedures for masonry. The presented methodology uses the existing strut-and-tie guidelines for reinforced concrete as starting point and applies that methodology to the modelling of several masonry shear walls with openings. The shear strength predictions from the proposed strut-and-tie modelling methodology are shown to perform well compared to the experimental strengths. This is associated with the ability of the strut-and-tie modelling procedure to account for the geometric particularities of each wall. © 2018 The International Masonry Society (IMS).
1571	a57193727615	Eixenberger J.G.	p602	True	Conference	242	Finite element model of dry-stack masonry shear walls	Dry-stack masonry systems are constructed without mortar between the blocks. This reduces the cost of specialty laborers and the variability in construction that exists from the application of mortar. Several dry-stack systems exist and can be subcategorized as interlocking systems or surface bonded systems. In interlocking systems, the blocks are connected by their geometry while in surface bonded systems the blocks are connected by a structural coating applied to the surface of the wall. This article describes a finite element model that can be used to predict the in-plane capacity and behavior of dry-stack masonry walls with a surface coating. Four walls were built and tested for their in-plane shear capacity. Two walls were unreinforced and ungrouted and two walls were reinforced and grouted at 1.22 m both vertically and horizontally. The results of these tests were used to validate the finite element model. The finite element model was developed using VecTor2. The numerical response is in good agreement to measured response. For the ungrouted unreinforced walls, the calculated maximum load was within 4% and 14% of the measured maximum loads. For the reinforced and grouted walls, the calculated maximum load was within 8% and 1% of the measured maximum loads. © 2018 The International Masonry Society (IMS).
1572	a7402549729	Jensen D.W.	p604	True	Conference	243	Pull-out strength of fiberglass/epoxy composite rebar manufactured using a three-dimensional braiding process	This research demonstrated the ability to produce high quality fiberglass-epoxy rebar using a continuous three-dimensional braiding process. The tensile pull-out strength of the composite rebar embedded in concrete was measured and compared to steel rebar. Fiberglass/epoxy is less likely to corrode than steel rebar, ensuring more sustainable concrete structures in infrastructure applications. The 0.5" diameter composite rebar was produced by pulling hundreds of strands of unidirectional fiberglass/epoxy towpreg to form the core of a cylindrical rod. The rods were consolidated by overwrapping strands of aramid fiber under tension in a spiral fashion, and cured using the manufacturer's (TCR Composites) recommended 250°F cure cycle. Configurations manufactured and tested included tow variations of aramid overwrap (dry and prepreg) with and without sand coating embedded in concrete cubes (8"x8"x8"). The results are compared to baseline values obtained by testing traditional steel rebar and commercially-Available fiberglass composite rebar. The tensile pull-out (bond) strength was quantified using a test fixture in accordance with ACI 440.3R-12. Measurements were collected at both the free and loaded ends of the rebar, with freeend results yielding a more accurate indication of rebar bond stress. The bond strength of the in-house manufactured fiberglass/epoxy rebar was comparable to steel rebar and commercial fiberglass composite rebar. The sand coating increased the surface roughness, improving the bond strength of the composite rebar by margins of 43-58% percent. Fiberglass/epoxy composite rebar consolidated with prepreg aramid tow and subsequently coated with sand resulted in a bond strength slightly higher, but comparable to steel. This study demonstrates the ability to consistently produce high quality fiberglass/epoxy composite rebar using an innovative, low cost, high production rate, three-dimensional braiding process. © 2018 33rd Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites 2018. All rights reserved.
1572	a7402549729	Jensen D.W.	p806	False	Conference	341	Pull-out strength of composite rebar made using a three-dimensional braiding machine	The objective of this research was to explore and demonstrate the production and performance of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) rebar manufactured on a continuous three-dimensional braiding machine for use as reinforcement in concrete structures. FRP rebar is generally as strong as steel rebar, but less susceptible to corrosion, providing a significant advantage over traditional steel reinforcement in concrete structures. In this study, a variety of different design configurations of carbon/epoxy composite cylindrical rebar rods were manufactured, embedded in concrete, and tested in axial tension to identify the relationships between manufacturing parameters and tensile pull-out strength of the rebar. The rebar was produced by combining multiple tows of carbon/epoxy prepreg to form the core of cylindrical rods which were consolidated using various spirally-wound consolidation fibers. The rods were cured at 121 degrees Celsius as specified by the material manufacturer, TCR Composites. The manufactured rods were approximately 10.4 mm in diameter. Primary variables investigated included the consolidation fiber material (aramid, fiberglass and basalt), prepreg vs. dry consolidation tows, the number of tows used to consolidate the rebar (i.e., the size of tows used to consolidate the rebar). Larger consolidation tows were created by braiding three smaller tows together. The consolidation tows also served the purpose of providing the rebar with ribs similar to those on steel rebar to improve bonding. Select rebar samples were subsequently coated with sand to increase rebar surface roughness for improved bonding with concrete. The rebar was cast in 200 mm × 200 mm × 200 mm concrete cubes to investigate bond strength. The strength of the bond between concrete and FRP rebar was investigated using the pull-out test detailed by ACI 440.3R-12. A test fixture was manufactured to enable testing using a standard tensile testing machine. Standard 12.7 mm diameter steel rebar and a commercially comparable fiberglass rebar were also tested to provide baseline values. Results showed that the bond strength was below 344 MPa (50 ksi) when dry winding was used regardless of whether a single or a multiple tow consolidation bundle was used. Prepreg consolidation combined with sand resulted in a bond strength of 478 MPa (69.3 ksi), comparable to steel at 464 MPa (67.2 ksi). The results demonstrated that consolidating the rods with a wet tow resulted in a rebar which bonded better with concrete than using a dry tow. During testing, it was discovered that dry consolidating materials would easily strip off the rod due to poor bonding. Sand was shown to significantly increase the bond strength of the composite rebar, by more than 30 percent. This study provides the basis for a proposed new low-cost manufacturing method for composite rebar as structural reinforcement in concrete. These preliminary results allowed for a test matrix to be set up where FRP rebar bond strength could be investigated in detail using higher quality samples and more controlled parameters. © 2017 The Composites and Advanced Materials Expo (CAMX). All rights reserved.
1573	a57202088821	Machanzi T.	p604	False	Conference	243	Pull-out strength of fiberglass/epoxy composite rebar manufactured using a three-dimensional braiding process	This research demonstrated the ability to produce high quality fiberglass-epoxy rebar using a continuous three-dimensional braiding process. The tensile pull-out strength of the composite rebar embedded in concrete was measured and compared to steel rebar. Fiberglass/epoxy is less likely to corrode than steel rebar, ensuring more sustainable concrete structures in infrastructure applications. The 0.5" diameter composite rebar was produced by pulling hundreds of strands of unidirectional fiberglass/epoxy towpreg to form the core of a cylindrical rod. The rods were consolidated by overwrapping strands of aramid fiber under tension in a spiral fashion, and cured using the manufacturer's (TCR Composites) recommended 250°F cure cycle. Configurations manufactured and tested included tow variations of aramid overwrap (dry and prepreg) with and without sand coating embedded in concrete cubes (8"x8"x8"). The results are compared to baseline values obtained by testing traditional steel rebar and commercially-Available fiberglass composite rebar. The tensile pull-out (bond) strength was quantified using a test fixture in accordance with ACI 440.3R-12. Measurements were collected at both the free and loaded ends of the rebar, with freeend results yielding a more accurate indication of rebar bond stress. The bond strength of the in-house manufactured fiberglass/epoxy rebar was comparable to steel rebar and commercial fiberglass composite rebar. The sand coating increased the surface roughness, improving the bond strength of the composite rebar by margins of 43-58% percent. Fiberglass/epoxy composite rebar consolidated with prepreg aramid tow and subsequently coated with sand resulted in a bond strength slightly higher, but comparable to steel. This study demonstrates the ability to consistently produce high quality fiberglass/epoxy composite rebar using an innovative, low cost, high production rate, three-dimensional braiding process. © 2018 33rd Technical Conference of the American Society for Composites 2018. All rights reserved.
1573	a57202088821	Machanzi T.	p806	True	Conference	341	Pull-out strength of composite rebar made using a three-dimensional braiding machine	The objective of this research was to explore and demonstrate the production and performance of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) rebar manufactured on a continuous three-dimensional braiding machine for use as reinforcement in concrete structures. FRP rebar is generally as strong as steel rebar, but less susceptible to corrosion, providing a significant advantage over traditional steel reinforcement in concrete structures. In this study, a variety of different design configurations of carbon/epoxy composite cylindrical rebar rods were manufactured, embedded in concrete, and tested in axial tension to identify the relationships between manufacturing parameters and tensile pull-out strength of the rebar. The rebar was produced by combining multiple tows of carbon/epoxy prepreg to form the core of cylindrical rods which were consolidated using various spirally-wound consolidation fibers. The rods were cured at 121 degrees Celsius as specified by the material manufacturer, TCR Composites. The manufactured rods were approximately 10.4 mm in diameter. Primary variables investigated included the consolidation fiber material (aramid, fiberglass and basalt), prepreg vs. dry consolidation tows, the number of tows used to consolidate the rebar (i.e., the size of tows used to consolidate the rebar). Larger consolidation tows were created by braiding three smaller tows together. The consolidation tows also served the purpose of providing the rebar with ribs similar to those on steel rebar to improve bonding. Select rebar samples were subsequently coated with sand to increase rebar surface roughness for improved bonding with concrete. The rebar was cast in 200 mm × 200 mm × 200 mm concrete cubes to investigate bond strength. The strength of the bond between concrete and FRP rebar was investigated using the pull-out test detailed by ACI 440.3R-12. A test fixture was manufactured to enable testing using a standard tensile testing machine. Standard 12.7 mm diameter steel rebar and a commercially comparable fiberglass rebar were also tested to provide baseline values. Results showed that the bond strength was below 344 MPa (50 ksi) when dry winding was used regardless of whether a single or a multiple tow consolidation bundle was used. Prepreg consolidation combined with sand resulted in a bond strength of 478 MPa (69.3 ksi), comparable to steel at 464 MPa (67.2 ksi). The results demonstrated that consolidating the rods with a wet tow resulted in a rebar which bonded better with concrete than using a dry tow. During testing, it was discovered that dry consolidating materials would easily strip off the rod due to poor bonding. Sand was shown to significantly increase the bond strength of the composite rebar, by more than 30 percent. This study provides the basis for a proposed new low-cost manufacturing method for composite rebar as structural reinforcement in concrete. These preliminary results allowed for a test matrix to be set up where FRP rebar bond strength could be investigated in detail using higher quality samples and more controlled parameters. © 2017 The Composites and Advanced Materials Expo (CAMX). All rights reserved.
1574	a56300864300	Stone B.R.	p605	True	Journal	309	Collaboration task-technology fit for student distributed engineering design teams	Engineers in industry are increasingly called on to work with teammates located in multiple geographic locations (virtual teams). Engineering education has an interest in helping students learn how to best collaborate in these types of situations. Four years of multi-university, multi-disciplinary engineering capstone projects are investigated and related literature is thoroughly examined to demonstrate which collaboration tools, at different stages of the product development process, meet the needs of virtual team members for communication tasks. Student engineering design teams with team members located at various locations should, during the early, middle, and late stages of the product development process, emphasize the use of collaboration tools that will best meet the needs of each stage. In the early stages, teams should emphasize rich communication mediums, such as in-person kick-off meetings. In the middle stages, tools which allow team members to perform their individual work while staying in-sync with their remotely located teammates, such as web conferencing and shared data editing tools, become important. In the late stages, as the team shifts from digital work to physical work, tools such as texting and in-person meetings become more necessary. © 2018 TEMPUS Publications.
1574	a56300864300	Stone B.R.	p617	True	Journal	309	Profile-based team organization in multi-university capstone engineering design teams	Engineers are increasingly required to work in teams that span time zones and cultures. Engineering education has begun to attempt to prepare students for this environment. An important topic is how to best form teams of students for distributed design projects. The goals of this research were to validate a method for organizing teams to maximize team performance and identify and validate metrics for individuals that would help in the organization of distributed teams of student engineers. A review of previous, related research is provided. A description of the proposed method of team organization is given, along with methods of data collection and a comparison of the proposed method to common methods. How students were divided into teams and each team's method of organizing sub-teams are described. Use of online surveys, tests, statistical methods, and other data gathering and analysis methods are explained. Statistical analysis of survey results and qualitative results of interviews and observations suggest that a profile-based method for organizing teams results in significantly higher team satisfaction. Some methods for measuring and/or predicting individual attributes related to teamwork, such as the significance of participation in team sports, were validated. No correlation was found between which university a student attended and a student's level of satisfaction with his or her team. Team success in distributed, multi-disciplinary student design teams can be improved by gathering information about team members and using a profile-based method to organize team members into sub-teams and leadership positions. © 2018 TEMPUS Publications.
1574	a56300864300	Stone B.R.	p700	True	Journal	339	A multi-user computer-aided design competition: Experimental findings and analysis of team-member dynamics	A competition for teams of three students using a prototype multi-user computer-aided design (MUCAD) tool was held to investigate various hypotheses regarding the performance of teams in such a setting. By comparing models from the competition to the same model in a single-user CAD environment, it is seen that use of a MUCAD system can significantly increase the value-added per unit of calendar time for a modeling effort. An investigation was also made into the causes of the performance differences among the various MUCAD teams which participated in the competition. Analysis of the results shows that teams that encouraged effective forms of communication and teams whose members scored similarly on the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Visualization of Rotations (PSVT:R) performed better than other teams. Areas of future research in analyzing teams in MUCAD environments are suggested. Copyright © 2017 by ASME.
1574	a56300864300	Stone B.R.	p715	True	Journal	352	Methods for determining the optimal number of simultaneous contributors for multi-user CAD parts	The development of multi-user CAD (MUCAD) tools has opened up exciting new opportunities and applications. The capability for multiple users to simultaneously model and design a CAD part has far-reaching potential. However, many basic questions remains unanswered, such as how many users should work together on a given part. This research proposes and develops a set of methods to determine the optimal number of users for a given part within a MUCAD environment, based on the characteristics of the part itself. Two candidate models are evaluated with a set of 60 experiments with design teams composed of different numbers of users. The models show modest correlations with the test data while more-refined models are explored to improve predictive power. On the other hand, highly significant correlations between the ability to predict completion time and multi-user team size were identified in the experimental data. Observations regarding the speed and quality of MUCAD teams are also made with future areas of research suggested. © 2017 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1575	a57190492863	Wald M.O.	p605	False	Journal	309	Collaboration task-technology fit for student distributed engineering design teams	Engineers in industry are increasingly called on to work with teammates located in multiple geographic locations (virtual teams). Engineering education has an interest in helping students learn how to best collaborate in these types of situations. Four years of multi-university, multi-disciplinary engineering capstone projects are investigated and related literature is thoroughly examined to demonstrate which collaboration tools, at different stages of the product development process, meet the needs of virtual team members for communication tasks. Student engineering design teams with team members located at various locations should, during the early, middle, and late stages of the product development process, emphasize the use of collaboration tools that will best meet the needs of each stage. In the early stages, teams should emphasize rich communication mediums, such as in-person kick-off meetings. In the middle stages, tools which allow team members to perform their individual work while staying in-sync with their remotely located teammates, such as web conferencing and shared data editing tools, become important. In the late stages, as the team shifts from digital work to physical work, tools such as texting and in-person meetings become more necessary. © 2018 TEMPUS Publications.
1576	a18042274300	Richey M.C.	p605	False	Journal	309	Collaboration task-technology fit for student distributed engineering design teams	Engineers in industry are increasingly called on to work with teammates located in multiple geographic locations (virtual teams). Engineering education has an interest in helping students learn how to best collaborate in these types of situations. Four years of multi-university, multi-disciplinary engineering capstone projects are investigated and related literature is thoroughly examined to demonstrate which collaboration tools, at different stages of the product development process, meet the needs of virtual team members for communication tasks. Student engineering design teams with team members located at various locations should, during the early, middle, and late stages of the product development process, emphasize the use of collaboration tools that will best meet the needs of each stage. In the early stages, teams should emphasize rich communication mediums, such as in-person kick-off meetings. In the middle stages, tools which allow team members to perform their individual work while staying in-sync with their remotely located teammates, such as web conferencing and shared data editing tools, become important. In the late stages, as the team shifts from digital work to physical work, tools such as texting and in-person meetings become more necessary. © 2018 TEMPUS Publications.
1576	a18042274300	Richey M.C.	p617	False	Journal	309	Profile-based team organization in multi-university capstone engineering design teams	Engineers are increasingly required to work in teams that span time zones and cultures. Engineering education has begun to attempt to prepare students for this environment. An important topic is how to best form teams of students for distributed design projects. The goals of this research were to validate a method for organizing teams to maximize team performance and identify and validate metrics for individuals that would help in the organization of distributed teams of student engineers. A review of previous, related research is provided. A description of the proposed method of team organization is given, along with methods of data collection and a comparison of the proposed method to common methods. How students were divided into teams and each team's method of organizing sub-teams are described. Use of online surveys, tests, statistical methods, and other data gathering and analysis methods are explained. Statistical analysis of survey results and qualitative results of interviews and observations suggest that a profile-based method for organizing teams results in significantly higher team satisfaction. Some methods for measuring and/or predicting individual attributes related to teamwork, such as the significance of participation in team sports, were validated. No correlation was found between which university a student attended and a student's level of satisfaction with his or her team. Team success in distributed, multi-disciplinary student design teams can be improved by gathering information about team members and using a profile-based method to organize team members into sub-teams and leadership positions. © 2018 TEMPUS Publications.
1576	a18042274300	Richey M.C.	p700	False	Journal	339	A multi-user computer-aided design competition: Experimental findings and analysis of team-member dynamics	A competition for teams of three students using a prototype multi-user computer-aided design (MUCAD) tool was held to investigate various hypotheses regarding the performance of teams in such a setting. By comparing models from the competition to the same model in a single-user CAD environment, it is seen that use of a MUCAD system can significantly increase the value-added per unit of calendar time for a modeling effort. An investigation was also made into the causes of the performance differences among the various MUCAD teams which participated in the competition. Analysis of the results shows that teams that encouraged effective forms of communication and teams whose members scored similarly on the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Visualization of Rotations (PSVT:R) performed better than other teams. Areas of future research in analyzing teams in MUCAD environments are suggested. Copyright © 2017 by ASME.
1577	a7403368068	Campbell C.	p606	True	Conference	244	Comparing in Situ Soil Water Characteristic Curves to Those Generated in the Lab	The soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) is of fundamental importance for understanding the characteristics and behavior of unsaturated soil. Recent improvements in measuring suction provided the ability to make fast, accurate SWCCs in the lab but sample throughput drastically limits the number that can be produced. Collocating matric suction and water content sensors in situ would add many more SWCCs to the knowledge base. The objective of this study is to determine how well in situ generated SWCCs using a new, calibrated matric sensor compare to those created in the lab. Field and lab SWCCs compared quite well, but a few factors reduced their agreement. In coarser textured soils, living roots caused a divergence as the soil suction increased. Not surprisingly, intact core samples compared more favorably than disturbed. In finer textured soils, comparisons were favorable, but were also affected when laboratory samples were disturbed. Data suggest collocated in situ sensors could provide an important augmentation to laboratory data for developing a wide range of SWCCs. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). All rights reserved.
1578	a57202916476	Campbell A.	p606	False	Conference	244	Comparing in Situ Soil Water Characteristic Curves to Those Generated in the Lab	The soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) is of fundamental importance for understanding the characteristics and behavior of unsaturated soil. Recent improvements in measuring suction provided the ability to make fast, accurate SWCCs in the lab but sample throughput drastically limits the number that can be produced. Collocating matric suction and water content sensors in situ would add many more SWCCs to the knowledge base. The objective of this study is to determine how well in situ generated SWCCs using a new, calibrated matric sensor compare to those created in the lab. Field and lab SWCCs compared quite well, but a few factors reduced their agreement. In coarser textured soils, living roots caused a divergence as the soil suction increased. Not surprisingly, intact core samples compared more favorably than disturbed. In finer textured soils, comparisons were favorable, but were also affected when laboratory samples were disturbed. Data suggest collocated in situ sensors could provide an important augmentation to laboratory data for developing a wide range of SWCCs. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). All rights reserved.
1579	a7201389702	Hansen N.	p606	False	Conference	244	Comparing in Situ Soil Water Characteristic Curves to Those Generated in the Lab	The soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) is of fundamental importance for understanding the characteristics and behavior of unsaturated soil. Recent improvements in measuring suction provided the ability to make fast, accurate SWCCs in the lab but sample throughput drastically limits the number that can be produced. Collocating matric suction and water content sensors in situ would add many more SWCCs to the knowledge base. The objective of this study is to determine how well in situ generated SWCCs using a new, calibrated matric sensor compare to those created in the lab. Field and lab SWCCs compared quite well, but a few factors reduced their agreement. In coarser textured soils, living roots caused a divergence as the soil suction increased. Not surprisingly, intact core samples compared more favorably than disturbed. In finer textured soils, comparisons were favorable, but were also affected when laboratory samples were disturbed. Data suggest collocated in situ sensors could provide an important augmentation to laboratory data for developing a wide range of SWCCs. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). All rights reserved.
1579	a7201389702	Hansen N.	p889	True	Journal	414	Dryland agriculture in north america	Areas of North America with high density dryland farming include the Canadian Prairies, U.S. and Mexican Great Plains, and the inland pacific northwest of the U.S, with wheat (Tritcum aestivum L.) being the dominant crop. Dryland farming is less dense but important in nearly every state in the western U.S and in northern and central Mexico. In addition to wheat, North American dryland farming is important for the production of maize (Zea maize L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), pulses, and oilseeds. The traditional and still prevalent cropping system is a two-year rotation of wheat and summer fallow. In this traditional practice, shallow tillage is used during fallow periods to control weeds and help store moisture in the soil. Sustainability of this practice is limited by soil degradation and erosion and poor water use efficiency. Where adopted, no-till practices improve precipitation storage and use efficiency, which has led to crop intensification and diversification and improvements in soil properties. This chapter highlights some current issues for dryland cropping in North America including integrated pest management for herbicide resistant weeds, diversification of crop rotations, soil carbon dynamics and residue management, and the application of models to aid decision making. Sustaining the dryland cropping systems of North America depends on research and application of practices that reverse past soil degradation, increase cropping system diversity, and apply integrated pest management strategies. Both experimental and modelling approaches are needed to address these challenges. © Springer International Publishing AG 2016.
1580	a16245460000	Hopkins B.	p606	False	Conference	244	Comparing in Situ Soil Water Characteristic Curves to Those Generated in the Lab	The soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) is of fundamental importance for understanding the characteristics and behavior of unsaturated soil. Recent improvements in measuring suction provided the ability to make fast, accurate SWCCs in the lab but sample throughput drastically limits the number that can be produced. Collocating matric suction and water content sensors in situ would add many more SWCCs to the knowledge base. The objective of this study is to determine how well in situ generated SWCCs using a new, calibrated matric sensor compare to those created in the lab. Field and lab SWCCs compared quite well, but a few factors reduced their agreement. In coarser textured soils, living roots caused a divergence as the soil suction increased. Not surprisingly, intact core samples compared more favorably than disturbed. In finer textured soils, comparisons were favorable, but were also affected when laboratory samples were disturbed. Data suggest collocated in situ sensors could provide an important augmentation to laboratory data for developing a wide range of SWCCs. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). All rights reserved.
1581	a57202920062	Evans S.	p606	False	Conference	244	Comparing in Situ Soil Water Characteristic Curves to Those Generated in the Lab	The soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) is of fundamental importance for understanding the characteristics and behavior of unsaturated soil. Recent improvements in measuring suction provided the ability to make fast, accurate SWCCs in the lab but sample throughput drastically limits the number that can be produced. Collocating matric suction and water content sensors in situ would add many more SWCCs to the knowledge base. The objective of this study is to determine how well in situ generated SWCCs using a new, calibrated matric sensor compare to those created in the lab. Field and lab SWCCs compared quite well, but a few factors reduced their agreement. In coarser textured soils, living roots caused a divergence as the soil suction increased. Not surprisingly, intact core samples compared more favorably than disturbed. In finer textured soils, comparisons were favorable, but were also affected when laboratory samples were disturbed. Data suggest collocated in situ sensors could provide an important augmentation to laboratory data for developing a wide range of SWCCs. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). All rights reserved.
1582	a57202911672	Campbell E.	p606	False	Conference	244	Comparing in Situ Soil Water Characteristic Curves to Those Generated in the Lab	The soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) is of fundamental importance for understanding the characteristics and behavior of unsaturated soil. Recent improvements in measuring suction provided the ability to make fast, accurate SWCCs in the lab but sample throughput drastically limits the number that can be produced. Collocating matric suction and water content sensors in situ would add many more SWCCs to the knowledge base. The objective of this study is to determine how well in situ generated SWCCs using a new, calibrated matric sensor compare to those created in the lab. Field and lab SWCCs compared quite well, but a few factors reduced their agreement. In coarser textured soils, living roots caused a divergence as the soil suction increased. Not surprisingly, intact core samples compared more favorably than disturbed. In finer textured soils, comparisons were favorable, but were also affected when laboratory samples were disturbed. Data suggest collocated in situ sensors could provide an important augmentation to laboratory data for developing a wide range of SWCCs. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). All rights reserved.
1583	a6602761720	Cobos D.	p606	False	Conference	244	Comparing in Situ Soil Water Characteristic Curves to Those Generated in the Lab	The soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) is of fundamental importance for understanding the characteristics and behavior of unsaturated soil. Recent improvements in measuring suction provided the ability to make fast, accurate SWCCs in the lab but sample throughput drastically limits the number that can be produced. Collocating matric suction and water content sensors in situ would add many more SWCCs to the knowledge base. The objective of this study is to determine how well in situ generated SWCCs using a new, calibrated matric sensor compare to those created in the lab. Field and lab SWCCs compared quite well, but a few factors reduced their agreement. In coarser textured soils, living roots caused a divergence as the soil suction increased. Not surprisingly, intact core samples compared more favorably than disturbed. In finer textured soils, comparisons were favorable, but were also affected when laboratory samples were disturbed. Data suggest collocated in situ sensors could provide an important augmentation to laboratory data for developing a wide range of SWCCs. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). All rights reserved.
1584	a57202607598	Russell D.N.	p609	True	Conference	247	Lateral resistance of piles within corrugated metal sleeves	Pile foundations supporting bridge abutments are often driven inside corrugated metal pipe sleeves (CMS) which extend through the approach fill to reduce downdrag or for construction expediency. The annular space between the pile and the sleeve is typically filled with uncompacted pea gravel. Designers often assume that the lateral resistance of the pile within the sleeve will be minimal; however, no test results are available to confirm this assumption. To investigate the lateral resistance of piles driven within CMS, a full-scale lateral load test was performed. The test pile configuration included a 32.4 cm (12.75 in.) pipe pile within a 60 cm (24 in.) CMS with uncompacted pea gravel filling the annular space. Results indicate that after small pile displacements, the lateral pile resistance was similar to that provided by an individual pipe pile and was even greater at larger displacements. As the pile displaced laterally, the gravel within the annular space became engaged and displaced the CMS into the compacted fill. Back-analyses indicate that the ultimate lateral pile resistance for this case can be approximated by treating the pipe-gravel-CMS as a composite pile having an EI equal to the pipe pile but with a diameter equal to the CMS. © ASCE.
1585	a57196353469	Ishimwe E.	p610	True	Conference	248	Analysis of post-liquefaction axial capacities of driven pile and drilled shaft foundations	The results presented in this paper were obtained from a large testing program that was conducted to evaluate the post-liquefaction axial load capacities of three drilled shaft and three driven pile foundations constructed at the Turrell Arkansas testing site (TATS), located within the New Madrid Seismic Zone. An increase of side and toe resistances, significant ground and driven piles and drilled shafts top settlements were observed following blasting. This increase and settlements were attributed to the increase of effective stress as the excess porewater pressure dissipated. The liquefaction-induced dragloads that developed, at the neutral plane ranged from 200 to 650 kN. The load and settlement distribution curves for each installed foundation during the application of load to the top of each foundation and after blasting are also discussed. The induced dragloads represented more than 5 and 10% of the total resistance of the drilled shaft and driven pile foundations, respectively. © ASCE.
1586	a38061138100	Coffman R.A.	p610	False	Conference	248	Analysis of post-liquefaction axial capacities of driven pile and drilled shaft foundations	The results presented in this paper were obtained from a large testing program that was conducted to evaluate the post-liquefaction axial load capacities of three drilled shaft and three driven pile foundations constructed at the Turrell Arkansas testing site (TATS), located within the New Madrid Seismic Zone. An increase of side and toe resistances, significant ground and driven piles and drilled shafts top settlements were observed following blasting. This increase and settlements were attributed to the increase of effective stress as the excess porewater pressure dissipated. The liquefaction-induced dragloads that developed, at the neutral plane ranged from 200 to 650 kN. The load and settlement distribution curves for each installed foundation during the application of load to the top of each foundation and after blasting are also discussed. The induced dragloads represented more than 5 and 10% of the total resistance of the drilled shaft and driven pile foundations, respectively. © ASCE.
1587	a57202585105	Lopez J.S.	p611	True	Conference	249	Gravelly Soil Liquefaction after the 2016 Ecuador Earthquake	The Mw 7.8 Muisne-Pedernales, Ecuador, earthquake on April 16, 2016, produced significant damage through the northwest coast of Ecuador. Important state infrastructure was seriously affected, including one of the major seaports in the country, the Port of Manta, located in the city that bears its name. This paper focuses on the geotechnical exploration, site characterization, and analyses performed for the marginal wharf's embankment of the port, where clear evidence of liquefaction was observed. Laboratory results showed that the embankment was composed of gravelly sand and sandy gravels, which limited the applicability of common exploration techniques, such as SPT and CPTu tests. Subsequently, liquefaction triggering evaluations were performed based on Vs and the Chinese dynamic penetration test (DPT), which can account for the large gravel content in the soils. The results of this evaluation are presented and compared with field observations showing that these methods correctly identified the potential for liquefaction in the embankment. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1588	a24081598300	Vera-Grunauer X.	p611	False	Conference	249	Gravelly Soil Liquefaction after the 2016 Ecuador Earthquake	The Mw 7.8 Muisne-Pedernales, Ecuador, earthquake on April 16, 2016, produced significant damage through the northwest coast of Ecuador. Important state infrastructure was seriously affected, including one of the major seaports in the country, the Port of Manta, located in the city that bears its name. This paper focuses on the geotechnical exploration, site characterization, and analyses performed for the marginal wharf's embankment of the port, where clear evidence of liquefaction was observed. Laboratory results showed that the embankment was composed of gravelly sand and sandy gravels, which limited the applicability of common exploration techniques, such as SPT and CPTu tests. Subsequently, liquefaction triggering evaluations were performed based on Vs and the Chinese dynamic penetration test (DPT), which can account for the large gravel content in the soils. The results of this evaluation are presented and compared with field observations showing that these methods correctly identified the potential for liquefaction in the embankment. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1589	a57202572948	Salvatierra G.	p611	False	Conference	249	Gravelly Soil Liquefaction after the 2016 Ecuador Earthquake	The Mw 7.8 Muisne-Pedernales, Ecuador, earthquake on April 16, 2016, produced significant damage through the northwest coast of Ecuador. Important state infrastructure was seriously affected, including one of the major seaports in the country, the Port of Manta, located in the city that bears its name. This paper focuses on the geotechnical exploration, site characterization, and analyses performed for the marginal wharf's embankment of the port, where clear evidence of liquefaction was observed. Laboratory results showed that the embankment was composed of gravelly sand and sandy gravels, which limited the applicability of common exploration techniques, such as SPT and CPTu tests. Subsequently, liquefaction triggering evaluations were performed based on Vs and the Chinese dynamic penetration test (DPT), which can account for the large gravel content in the soils. The results of this evaluation are presented and compared with field observations showing that these methods correctly identified the potential for liquefaction in the embankment. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1590	a55898266700	Leslie Youd T.	p612	False	Conference	250	Evaluation of Dynamic Cone Penetration Test for Liquefaction Assessment of Gravels from Case Histories in Idaho	The dynamic cone penetration test (DPT) developed in China has been correlated with liquefaction resistance in gravelly soils based on field performance data from the Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. The DPT consists of a 74 mm diameter cone tip driven by a 120 kg hammer with a free fall height of 100 cm. To expand the data base, DPT soundings were performed at the Pence Ranch and Larter Ranch sites where gravelly soil liquefied during the 1983 Mw6.9 Borah Peak earthquake. DPT testing was performed using an automatic hammer with the energy specified in the Chinese standard and with an SPT hammer. Comparisons suggest that standard energy corrections developed for the SPT can be used for the DPT. In general, the DPT correctly predicted liquefaction and non-liquefaction at these two test sites. Liquefaction resistance from the DPT also correlated reasonably well with that from Becker penetration testing (BPT). © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1591	a57202580740	Error B.M.	p613	False	Conference	251	Optimization of Grid Spacing Pattern for the Development of Reference Parameter Maps for Liquefaction-Induced Free-Field Settlement	Performance-based earthquake engineering analysis methods are desirable in geotechnical engineering due to their ability to incorporate the various uncertainties associated with complex problems and their ability to frame responses in terms of a targeted hazard. However, such methods are difficult to implement on routine projects without the use of specialized software because the many iterative probabilistic calculations required. Prior research has introduced a simplified approach of using performance-based reference parameter maps in conjunction with correction equations that account for site-specific geotechnical and topographical conditions. This paper addresses the development of such performance-based reference parameter maps for the calculation of post-liquefaction volumetric strains and settlements in the free field. A study is performed and presented to assess the optimized grid spacing for a performance-based volumetric strain analysis and development of a strain performance-based reference parameter map. Recommended grid spacing values as correlated to USGS seismic hazard maps for PGA are provided to produce a maximum of 0.15% strain error in interpolating the reference strain for the simplified performance-based analysis approach. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1592	a8724084200	Bush W.S.	p614	True	Conference	252	Integrating community-level data resources for precision medicine research	Precision Medicine focuses on collecting and using individual-level data to improve healthcare outcomes. To date, research efforts have been motivated by molecular-scale measurements, such as incorporating genomic data into clinical use. In many cases however, environmental, social, and economic factors are much more predictive of health outcomes, yet are not systematically used in clinical practice due to the difficulties in measurement and quantification. Advances in both the availability of electronic health information, environmental exposure data, and the more systematic use of geo-coding now provide ways to systematically assess community-level indicators of health, and link these factors to electronic health records for evaluating their influence on disease outcomes. In this workshop, we discuss new electronic sources of community-level data, and provide insight into their utility and validity when compared with gold-standard data collection approaches. © 2017 The Authors.
1593	a7403085570	Crawford D.C.	p614	False	Conference	252	Integrating community-level data resources for precision medicine research	Precision Medicine focuses on collecting and using individual-level data to improve healthcare outcomes. To date, research efforts have been motivated by molecular-scale measurements, such as incorporating genomic data into clinical use. In many cases however, environmental, social, and economic factors are much more predictive of health outcomes, yet are not systematically used in clinical practice due to the difficulties in measurement and quantification. Advances in both the availability of electronic health information, environmental exposure data, and the more systematic use of geo-coding now provide ways to systematically assess community-level indicators of health, and link these factors to electronic health records for evaluating their influence on disease outcomes. In this workshop, we discuss new electronic sources of community-level data, and provide insight into their utility and validity when compared with gold-standard data collection approaches. © 2017 The Authors.
1594	a14621428300	Briggs F.	p614	False	Conference	252	Integrating community-level data resources for precision medicine research	Precision Medicine focuses on collecting and using individual-level data to improve healthcare outcomes. To date, research efforts have been motivated by molecular-scale measurements, such as incorporating genomic data into clinical use. In many cases however, environmental, social, and economic factors are much more predictive of health outcomes, yet are not systematically used in clinical practice due to the difficulties in measurement and quantification. Advances in both the availability of electronic health information, environmental exposure data, and the more systematic use of geo-coding now provide ways to systematically assess community-level indicators of health, and link these factors to electronic health records for evaluating their influence on disease outcomes. In this workshop, we discuss new electronic sources of community-level data, and provide insight into their utility and validity when compared with gold-standard data collection approaches. © 2017 The Authors.
1595	a8667231600	Freedman D.	p614	False	Conference	252	Integrating community-level data resources for precision medicine research	Precision Medicine focuses on collecting and using individual-level data to improve healthcare outcomes. To date, research efforts have been motivated by molecular-scale measurements, such as incorporating genomic data into clinical use. In many cases however, environmental, social, and economic factors are much more predictive of health outcomes, yet are not systematically used in clinical practice due to the difficulties in measurement and quantification. Advances in both the availability of electronic health information, environmental exposure data, and the more systematic use of geo-coding now provide ways to systematically assess community-level indicators of health, and link these factors to electronic health records for evaluating their influence on disease outcomes. In this workshop, we discuss new electronic sources of community-level data, and provide insight into their utility and validity when compared with gold-standard data collection approaches. © 2017 The Authors.
1596	a24382111400	Sloan C.	p614	False	Conference	252	Integrating community-level data resources for precision medicine research	Precision Medicine focuses on collecting and using individual-level data to improve healthcare outcomes. To date, research efforts have been motivated by molecular-scale measurements, such as incorporating genomic data into clinical use. In many cases however, environmental, social, and economic factors are much more predictive of health outcomes, yet are not systematically used in clinical practice due to the difficulties in measurement and quantification. Advances in both the availability of electronic health information, environmental exposure data, and the more systematic use of geo-coding now provide ways to systematically assess community-level indicators of health, and link these factors to electronic health records for evaluating their influence on disease outcomes. In this workshop, we discuss new electronic sources of community-level data, and provide insight into their utility and validity when compared with gold-standard data collection approaches. © 2017 The Authors.
1597	a46062451500	Szymanski R.	p615	False	Conference	253	Initial Comparisons of Friction Stir Spot Welding and Self Piercing Riveting of Ultra-Thin Steel Sheet	Due to the limitations on resistance spot welding of ultra-thin steel sheet (thicknesses below 0.5 mm) in high-volume automotive manufacturing, a comparison of friction stir spot welding and self-piercing riveting was performed to determine which process may be more amenable to enabling assembly of ultra-thin steel sheet. Statistical comparisons between mechanical properties of lap-shear tensile and T-peel were made in sheet thickness below 0.5 mm and for dissimilar thickness combinations. An evaluation of energy to fracture, fracture mechanisms, and joint consistency is presented. © 2018 SAE International; Ford Motor Company; General Motors LLC.
1598	a57188755995	Josephson A.J.	p621	True	Conference	257	Simplified modeling for soot formation from solid fuels	Modeling soot formed from solid complex fuels such as coal or biomass is difficult and rare in the combustion community. Previously a detailed model was developed for soot formation depicting the soot particle size distribution using the method of moments with interpolative closure. This model is both accurate and complex. Computational expense of this model may be beyond many large-scale simulations. As a result, a simplified version of this detailed model has been developed. This simplified model makes two easy assumptions to drastically reduce the complexity of modeling soot formation. First assumption is that soot particles and soot precursors within a computational domain are assumed to be mono-dispersed, meaning all particles are the same size. This reduces the number of resolved terms to model both soot precursors and soot particles to three resolved terms rather than the 10+ terms required by the previously developed model. Second assumption is that all particles are spherical. While the simplified model is computationally less expensive, these two assumptions come with a cost in accuracy. Presented is both the development of this simplified model along with comparative simulations where the complex and simple models are ran. From these simulations, researchers and developers can justify which model may be used in their respective systems. © 2018 Western States Section/Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
1598	a57188755995	Josephson A.J.	p804	True	Conference	340	Modeling soot in coal systems	The formation of soot in power-boiler systems can have a significant impact on boiler performance due to direct effects on local flame temperatures and wall heat flux. In this work, a soot model was developed for coal systems that accommodates differences between solid fuel systems and gaseous systems, for which most traditional soot models are developed. The developed soot model contains terms for: particle nucleation based on tar evolution in a coal system, a nucle-ation mechanism based on the formation of PAH from gaseous species, gaseous interactions with particles (including: surface growth through HACA, particle oxidation/gasification), coagulation, and aggregation of existing particles. A monodispersed-particle size distribution form of this model can be used for cost-effective simulations, or for simulations with higher fidelity, the method of moments is used to transport higher moments of the particle size distribution. Validation work is presented, comparing numerically-derived soot values from the proposed model against measured soot concentrations in a flat-flame burner. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
1598	a57188755995	Josephson A.J.	p849	True	Conference	373	Modeling soot formation from solid complex fuels	While the phenomena of soot formation in gaseous flames is well studied and understood, extension of the fundamental mechanisms to systems containing complex solid fuels can introduce large uncertainties and inaccuracies. In this study, we have developed a detailed physicsbased model for predicting the evolution of soot particles formed in systems containing complexsolid fuels such as wood or coal. This detailed physics-based model includes two particle-size distributions: that for soot particles and for soot precursor molecules. Sub-models for precursor creation, growth, and thermal cracking are included along with soot particle nucleation, coagulation, surface growth, aggregation, oxidation, and gasification. Validation work is presented comparing experimental results for a coal flame and biomass gasifier against model predicted values for soot concentrations and size distributions. The full detailed model can be computationally expensive when incorporated into CFD simulations; therefore, model simplifications are explored and presented in this work along with some preliminary work of applying particle formation physics to wildfire simulations.
1599	a7005044056	Linn R.R.	p621	False	Conference	257	Simplified modeling for soot formation from solid fuels	Modeling soot formed from solid complex fuels such as coal or biomass is difficult and rare in the combustion community. Previously a detailed model was developed for soot formation depicting the soot particle size distribution using the method of moments with interpolative closure. This model is both accurate and complex. Computational expense of this model may be beyond many large-scale simulations. As a result, a simplified version of this detailed model has been developed. This simplified model makes two easy assumptions to drastically reduce the complexity of modeling soot formation. First assumption is that soot particles and soot precursors within a computational domain are assumed to be mono-dispersed, meaning all particles are the same size. This reduces the number of resolved terms to model both soot precursors and soot particles to three resolved terms rather than the 10+ terms required by the previously developed model. Second assumption is that all particles are spherical. While the simplified model is computationally less expensive, these two assumptions come with a cost in accuracy. Presented is both the development of this simplified model along with comparative simulations where the complex and simple models are ran. From these simulations, researchers and developers can justify which model may be used in their respective systems. © 2018 Western States Section/Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
1599	a7005044056	Linn R.R.	p849	False	Conference	373	Modeling soot formation from solid complex fuels	While the phenomena of soot formation in gaseous flames is well studied and understood, extension of the fundamental mechanisms to systems containing complex solid fuels can introduce large uncertainties and inaccuracies. In this study, we have developed a detailed physicsbased model for predicting the evolution of soot particles formed in systems containing complexsolid fuels such as wood or coal. This detailed physics-based model includes two particle-size distributions: that for soot particles and for soot precursor molecules. Sub-models for precursor creation, growth, and thermal cracking are included along with soot particle nucleation, coagulation, surface growth, aggregation, oxidation, and gasification. Validation work is presented comparing experimental results for a coal flame and biomass gasifier against model predicted values for soot concentrations and size distributions. The full detailed model can be computationally expensive when incorporated into CFD simulations; therefore, model simplifications are explored and presented in this work along with some preliminary work of applying particle formation physics to wildfire simulations.
1600	a56560099200	Abraham Martin R.	p622	True	Conference	258	Targeted 3D modeling from UAV imagery	Reconstruction of 3D objects from UAV EO imagery yields useful information, but can be time consuming and computationally expensive. View planning reduces processing time by selecting the optimal image set needed to reconstruct a scene. This paper demonstrates how view planning is used in a targeted manner to select a subset of images from a large existing image set to model specific vehicles or structures. Potential applications of the method include enabling 3D target classification algorithms and rapid geo-location. The method could also facilitate on-board reconstruction. The view planning algorithm is tested on five different targets, and is shown to reduce processing time for target models by up to a factor of 50 with little decrease in accuracy. © COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1601	a57202738247	Heiner B.K.	p622	False	Conference	258	Targeted 3D modeling from UAV imagery	Reconstruction of 3D objects from UAV EO imagery yields useful information, but can be time consuming and computationally expensive. View planning reduces processing time by selecting the optimal image set needed to reconstruct a scene. This paper demonstrates how view planning is used in a targeted manner to select a subset of images from a large existing image set to model specific vehicles or structures. Potential applications of the method include enabling 3D target classification algorithms and rapid geo-location. The method could also facilitate on-board reconstruction. The view planning algorithm is tested on five different targets, and is shown to reduce processing time for target models by up to a factor of 50 with little decrease in accuracy. © COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1602	a55502104200	Micah Downing J.	p624	False	Conference	260	Dependence of high-performance military aircraft noise on frequency and engine power	To further understand the unique characteristics of military aircraft noise, the sound field in the vicinity of a tied-down F-35B was measured for various engine powers, from 25% to 150% Engine Thrust Request (ETR). Synchronous measurements along a linear ground array approximately parallel to the shear layer were used to image the entire field through multisource statistically optimized near-field acoustical holography (M-SONAH). The field in the direction of maximum radiation consists of multiple lobes in the spatiospectral domain, which are manifest as multiple local maxima in space for a fixed frequency or multiple peaks in the spectra at a fixed location. Multiple lobes are observed at non-afterburning and afterburning engine conditions. As frequency increases for a given engine power, lobes appear towards the sideline and shift aft until they disappear beyond the measurement aperture and new lobe(s) take their place. As engine power is increased at a fixed frequency, the forwardmost lobe increases in its relative contribution to the field, which is a major contributing factor to the forward shift in overall directivity with increasing engine power. Field reconstructions and data in the forward direction outside of the region of maximum radiation show the presence of broadband shock-associated noise (BBSAN) for 75% ETR and above. Reconstructions along the nozzle lipline of the jet indicate the BBSAN originates from approximately the same region as the sources for the main radiation direction. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1602	a55502104200	Micah Downing J.	p625	False	Conference	261	Inclusion of broadband shock-associated noise in spectral decomposition of noise from highperformance military aircraft	Attempts to reduce the noise from high-performance military aircraft requires an understanding of the different jet noise generation mechanisms. The primary noise sources originate from interactions between turbulent mixing noise associated with large and finescale turbulent structures and the ambient air. A nonideally expanded jet also contains broadband shock-associated noise. A three-way decomposition of the spectral density measured near a tied-down F-35B quantifies the contribution from each type of noise. The decomposition is performed on noise from a ground-based, linear array of microphones, approximately 8 m from the estimated shear layer, which spanned an angular aperture of 35° to 152° (relative to engine inlet). This large spatial aperture allows for a detailed investigation into the spatial variation in broadband shock-associated noise and fine and large-scale turbulent mixing noise. The spectral decompositions match the measured spectral levels with three main exceptions: 1) the F-35B noise contains multiple spectral peaks in the maximum radiation region, 2) nonlinear propagation increases the high-frequency spectral levels, and 3) the low-frequency levels in the maximum radiation region are less than those predicted by the large-scale similarity spectrum. The main peak of the F-35B broadband shock-associated noise, evident from 35°-70°, has the same characteristic shape and variation in peak frequency as overexpanded, laboratory-scale jets. The F-35B broadband shockassociated noise peak level and width exhibit different trends than laboratory-scale BBSAN and those recently reported for the F/A-18E [Tam et al., Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 422, 2018, pp. 92-111]. The strengths and limitations of current models to represent the spatial variation in the spectral content of F-35B noise can guide research efforts to more fully understand the sound radiation from high-performance military aircraft. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1602	a55502104200	Micah Downing J.	p861	False	Conference	382	Acoustic shock formation in noise propagation during ground run-up operations of military aircraft	A distinctive feature of many propagating, high-amplitude jet noise waveforms is the presence of acoustic shocks. Metrics indicative of shock presence, specifically the skewness of the time derivative of the waveform, the average steepening factor, and a new wavelet-based metric called the shock energy fraction (SEF), are used to quantify the strength and prevalence of acoustic shocks within waveforms recorded 10-305 m from a tethered military aircraft. The derivative skewness is more sensitive to the presence of the largest and steepest shocks, while the ASF and SEF tend to emphasize aggregate behavior of the entire waveform. These metrics are applied at engine conditions ranging from 50% to 150% engine thrust request, over a wide range of angles and distances, to assess the growth and decay of shock waves. The responses of these metrics point to significant shock formation occurring through nonlinear propagation out to 76 m from the microphone array reference position. Although these strongest shocks decay, the metrics point to continued nonlinear propagation in the far-field, out to 305 m. Many of these features are accurately characterized using a nonlinear propagation scheme based on the Burgers equation, but this scheme fails to account for multipath interference and significant atmospheric effects over the long propagation distances, resulting in an overestimation of nonlinearity metrics. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1603	a57203330644	Vaugh A.B.	p625	False	Conference	261	Inclusion of broadband shock-associated noise in spectral decomposition of noise from highperformance military aircraft	Attempts to reduce the noise from high-performance military aircraft requires an understanding of the different jet noise generation mechanisms. The primary noise sources originate from interactions between turbulent mixing noise associated with large and finescale turbulent structures and the ambient air. A nonideally expanded jet also contains broadband shock-associated noise. A three-way decomposition of the spectral density measured near a tied-down F-35B quantifies the contribution from each type of noise. The decomposition is performed on noise from a ground-based, linear array of microphones, approximately 8 m from the estimated shear layer, which spanned an angular aperture of 35° to 152° (relative to engine inlet). This large spatial aperture allows for a detailed investigation into the spatial variation in broadband shock-associated noise and fine and large-scale turbulent mixing noise. The spectral decompositions match the measured spectral levels with three main exceptions: 1) the F-35B noise contains multiple spectral peaks in the maximum radiation region, 2) nonlinear propagation increases the high-frequency spectral levels, and 3) the low-frequency levels in the maximum radiation region are less than those predicted by the large-scale similarity spectrum. The main peak of the F-35B broadband shock-associated noise, evident from 35°-70°, has the same characteristic shape and variation in peak frequency as overexpanded, laboratory-scale jets. The F-35B broadband shockassociated noise peak level and width exhibit different trends than laboratory-scale BBSAN and those recently reported for the F/A-18E [Tam et al., Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 422, 2018, pp. 92-111]. The strengths and limitations of current models to represent the spatial variation in the spectral content of F-35B noise can guide research efforts to more fully understand the sound radiation from high-performance military aircraft. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1604	a55848648600	Hales Swift S.	p625	False	Conference	261	Inclusion of broadband shock-associated noise in spectral decomposition of noise from highperformance military aircraft	Attempts to reduce the noise from high-performance military aircraft requires an understanding of the different jet noise generation mechanisms. The primary noise sources originate from interactions between turbulent mixing noise associated with large and finescale turbulent structures and the ambient air. A nonideally expanded jet also contains broadband shock-associated noise. A three-way decomposition of the spectral density measured near a tied-down F-35B quantifies the contribution from each type of noise. The decomposition is performed on noise from a ground-based, linear array of microphones, approximately 8 m from the estimated shear layer, which spanned an angular aperture of 35° to 152° (relative to engine inlet). This large spatial aperture allows for a detailed investigation into the spatial variation in broadband shock-associated noise and fine and large-scale turbulent mixing noise. The spectral decompositions match the measured spectral levels with three main exceptions: 1) the F-35B noise contains multiple spectral peaks in the maximum radiation region, 2) nonlinear propagation increases the high-frequency spectral levels, and 3) the low-frequency levels in the maximum radiation region are less than those predicted by the large-scale similarity spectrum. The main peak of the F-35B broadband shock-associated noise, evident from 35°-70°, has the same characteristic shape and variation in peak frequency as overexpanded, laboratory-scale jets. The F-35B broadband shockassociated noise peak level and width exhibit different trends than laboratory-scale BBSAN and those recently reported for the F/A-18E [Tam et al., Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 422, 2018, pp. 92-111]. The strengths and limitations of current models to represent the spatial variation in the spectral content of F-35B noise can guide research efforts to more fully understand the sound radiation from high-performance military aircraft. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1604	a55848648600	Hales Swift S.	p861	False	Conference	382	Acoustic shock formation in noise propagation during ground run-up operations of military aircraft	A distinctive feature of many propagating, high-amplitude jet noise waveforms is the presence of acoustic shocks. Metrics indicative of shock presence, specifically the skewness of the time derivative of the waveform, the average steepening factor, and a new wavelet-based metric called the shock energy fraction (SEF), are used to quantify the strength and prevalence of acoustic shocks within waveforms recorded 10-305 m from a tethered military aircraft. The derivative skewness is more sensitive to the presence of the largest and steepest shocks, while the ASF and SEF tend to emphasize aggregate behavior of the entire waveform. These metrics are applied at engine conditions ranging from 50% to 150% engine thrust request, over a wide range of angles and distances, to assess the growth and decay of shock waves. The responses of these metrics point to significant shock formation occurring through nonlinear propagation out to 76 m from the microphone array reference position. Although these strongest shocks decay, the metrics point to continued nonlinear propagation in the far-field, out to 305 m. Many of these features are accurately characterized using a nonlinear propagation scheme based on the Burgers equation, but this scheme fails to account for multipath interference and significant atmospheric effects over the long propagation distances, resulting in an overestimation of nonlinearity metrics. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1605	a56256103500	Reichman B.	p626	True	Conference	262	Comparison of noise from high-performance military aircraft for ground run-up and flyover operations	While the majority of jet noise analysis takes place with a static jet or aircraft, airbase and community military jet noise exposure happens for the most part when the aircraft is in flight. Comparisons between flyover and ground run-up measurements for high-performance military aircraft have not been previously published. This paper presents comparisons between static ground run-up and flyover measurements for the F-35 operating at 150% Engine Thrust Request. The overall sound pressure levels and spectra are shown for the two scenarios, as well as indicators of nonlinear propagation and shock content, specifically the derivative skewness and average steepening factor. The overall sound pressure level is reduced in the peak radiation direction aft of the aircraft but increased in the forward direction. The peak frequency of the noise is relatively unaffected by flight effects, though the amplitude of each frequency may vary. The increase in level in the forward direction results in shock formation that is absent during ground run-up measurements. © 2018 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
1605	a56256103500	Reichman B.	p861	True	Conference	382	Acoustic shock formation in noise propagation during ground run-up operations of military aircraft	A distinctive feature of many propagating, high-amplitude jet noise waveforms is the presence of acoustic shocks. Metrics indicative of shock presence, specifically the skewness of the time derivative of the waveform, the average steepening factor, and a new wavelet-based metric called the shock energy fraction (SEF), are used to quantify the strength and prevalence of acoustic shocks within waveforms recorded 10-305 m from a tethered military aircraft. The derivative skewness is more sensitive to the presence of the largest and steepest shocks, while the ASF and SEF tend to emphasize aggregate behavior of the entire waveform. These metrics are applied at engine conditions ranging from 50% to 150% engine thrust request, over a wide range of angles and distances, to assess the growth and decay of shock waves. The responses of these metrics point to significant shock formation occurring through nonlinear propagation out to 76 m from the microphone array reference position. Although these strongest shocks decay, the metrics point to continued nonlinear propagation in the far-field, out to 305 m. Many of these features are accurately characterized using a nonlinear propagation scheme based on the Burgers equation, but this scheme fails to account for multipath interference and significant atmospheric effects over the long propagation distances, resulting in an overestimation of nonlinearity metrics. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1606	a55252859600	Hwang J.T.	p627	True	Conference	263	Large-scale multidisciplinary optimization of an electric aircraft for on-demand mobility	Distributed electric propulsion is a key enabling technology for on-demand electric aircraft concepts. NASA’s X-57 Maxwell X-plane is a demonstrator for this technology, and it features a row of high-lift propellers distributed along the leading edge of its wing to enable better aerodynamic efficiency at cruise and improved ride quality in addition to less noise and emissions. This study applies adjointbased multidisciplinary design optimization to this highly coupled design problem. The propulsion, aerodynamics, and structures are modeled using blade element momentum theory, the vortex lattice method, and finite element analysis, respectively, and the full mission profile is discretized and analyzed. The design variables in the optimization problem include the altitude profile, the velocity profile, battery weight, propeller diameter, blade profile parameters, wing thickness distribution, and angle of attack. Optimizations take on the order of 10 hours, and a 12% increase in range is observed. © 2018, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1607	a23012466600	Migliaccio M.	p628	True	Journal	311	Guest Editorial Special Issue on Marine and Maritime Radar Remote Sensing	[No abstract available]
1608	a35578707100	Heron M.L.	p628	False	Journal	311	Guest Editorial Special Issue on Marine and Maritime Radar Remote Sensing	[No abstract available]
1609	a8533888200	Brower D.	p629	False	Conference	264	New flow assurance system with high speed subsea fiber optic monitoring of pressure and temperature	Subsea production control systems are instrumented to constantly monitor flowline pressure and temperature at key locations to prevent plugging and introduce mitigating control strategies. New fiber optic sensors with ruggedized construction and non-electrical components are subjected to accelerated aging tests and deployed in several installations with long service life. An overview of current progress with fiber optic technology is provided for fatigue monitoring, temperature, pressure, and strain sensing. Recent developments include improved service life, novel bonding methods, pipeline sensor station improvements, sensor calibration, and long-term fatigue analysis. The latest advancements are validated on multiple installations on a subsea tieback in the deepwater Mississippi Canyon of the Gulf of Mexico at 6, 500 ft depth. A prior third-party sensor design experienced multiple non-recoverable sensor failures. A new sensor station design is employed on two Flowline Terminations to monitor pressure and temperature at a rate of 100 Hz. Subsea tiebacks are susceptible to flow assurance issues caused by plugging events such as hydrate formation. The system was originally designed to track pig location but transitioned to pressure and temperature sensing. An issue with the transition was the lack of calibration relating the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain levels to the actual process conditions. A novel method is presented for in situ adjustment of the sensor array calibration. During the calibration procedure, the sensors produced unanticipated results during pipeline flow shut-in and later startup operations. The sensors helped uncover a configuration of the flowline and sensor locations that is valuable for detecting hydrate forming conditions at a key junction location. The sensors are located before and after the junction of two flowlines in the mixing zone of the pipeline streams. The novel contributions of this study are the high speed data collection, in situ fiber optic calibration, review of advancements in fiber optic sensing technology, and a field case study with multiple sensing arrays. The developments are part of the Clear Gulf study, a collaboration between the offshore energy industry and NASA that was formed in 2010. The objective of the Clear Gulf study is to employ space technology and testing facilities for use in the upstream industry to advance subsea sensor technology. The highly sensitive monitoring systems developed as part of this study are used to give early warnings for flow assurance issues, structural failures, or catastrophic events. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1609	a8533888200	Brower D.	p647	False	Conference	279	Development and testing of a friction-based post-installable fiber-optic monitoring system for subsea applications	This paper continues to document the design, development, and test of a friction-based (non-adhesive) post-installable fiberoptic strain sensing system for oil and gas applications - especially those that require deployment on existing subsea structures. (Ref: OMAE2017-61494 Development and Testing of a Friction-Based Post-Installable Sensor for Subsea FiberOptic Monitoring Systems [1]). The prototype fiber-optic monitoring system collects a wide range of real-time data, which can be used to determine structural loading, fatigue, temperature, pressure, and flow assurance on operational platforms. The primary challenge of a post-installed instrumentation monitoring system is to ensure secure coupling between the sensors and the structure of interest for reliable measurements. Friction-based coupling devices have the potential to overcome installation challenges caused by marine growth and soil contamination on subsea structures, flowlines, or risers. This particular design solution is compatible with structures that are suspended in the water column and those that are resting on the seabed. In addition, the system can be installed by commercial divers in shallow depths or by remotely operated vehicles in deep-water applications. Operational limitations of the initial design concept were identified in the previous series of tests (2016-2017), and several innovative enhancements have been implemented which resulted in significant improvements in sensor system coupling and strain measurement correlation with traditional strain measuring devices. This paper provides a summary of the notable prototype design changes, full-scale test article buildup, and detailed performance data recorded during tension and compression loading that simulated representative offshore conditions. The test results were positive and demonstrated the effectiveness of the design enhancements. Compromises made during mounting of the sensing elements resulted in better performance in tension than compression. These effects are well understood and are fully discussed, and do not influence the viability of the design changes. This study is part of a continuing collaboration between the Houston-based NASA-Johnson Space Center and Astro Technology, Inc. within a study called Clear Gulf. The primary objective of the Clear Gulf study is to develop advanced instrumentation technologies that will improve operational safety and reduce the risk of hydrocarbon spillage. NASA provided unique insights, expansive test facilities, and technical expertise to advance these technologies that would benefit the environment, the public, and commercial industries. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1610	a57207365951	Wilson J.C.	p629	False	Conference	264	New flow assurance system with high speed subsea fiber optic monitoring of pressure and temperature	Subsea production control systems are instrumented to constantly monitor flowline pressure and temperature at key locations to prevent plugging and introduce mitigating control strategies. New fiber optic sensors with ruggedized construction and non-electrical components are subjected to accelerated aging tests and deployed in several installations with long service life. An overview of current progress with fiber optic technology is provided for fatigue monitoring, temperature, pressure, and strain sensing. Recent developments include improved service life, novel bonding methods, pipeline sensor station improvements, sensor calibration, and long-term fatigue analysis. The latest advancements are validated on multiple installations on a subsea tieback in the deepwater Mississippi Canyon of the Gulf of Mexico at 6, 500 ft depth. A prior third-party sensor design experienced multiple non-recoverable sensor failures. A new sensor station design is employed on two Flowline Terminations to monitor pressure and temperature at a rate of 100 Hz. Subsea tiebacks are susceptible to flow assurance issues caused by plugging events such as hydrate formation. The system was originally designed to track pig location but transitioned to pressure and temperature sensing. An issue with the transition was the lack of calibration relating the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain levels to the actual process conditions. A novel method is presented for in situ adjustment of the sensor array calibration. During the calibration procedure, the sensors produced unanticipated results during pipeline flow shut-in and later startup operations. The sensors helped uncover a configuration of the flowline and sensor locations that is valuable for detecting hydrate forming conditions at a key junction location. The sensors are located before and after the junction of two flowlines in the mixing zone of the pipeline streams. The novel contributions of this study are the high speed data collection, in situ fiber optic calibration, review of advancements in fiber optic sensing technology, and a field case study with multiple sensing arrays. The developments are part of the Clear Gulf study, a collaboration between the offshore energy industry and NASA that was formed in 2010. The objective of the Clear Gulf study is to employ space technology and testing facilities for use in the upstream industry to advance subsea sensor technology. The highly sensitive monitoring systems developed as part of this study are used to give early warnings for flow assurance issues, structural failures, or catastrophic events. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1610	a57207365951	Wilson J.C.	p647	False	Conference	279	Development and testing of a friction-based post-installable fiber-optic monitoring system for subsea applications	This paper continues to document the design, development, and test of a friction-based (non-adhesive) post-installable fiberoptic strain sensing system for oil and gas applications - especially those that require deployment on existing subsea structures. (Ref: OMAE2017-61494 Development and Testing of a Friction-Based Post-Installable Sensor for Subsea FiberOptic Monitoring Systems [1]). The prototype fiber-optic monitoring system collects a wide range of real-time data, which can be used to determine structural loading, fatigue, temperature, pressure, and flow assurance on operational platforms. The primary challenge of a post-installed instrumentation monitoring system is to ensure secure coupling between the sensors and the structure of interest for reliable measurements. Friction-based coupling devices have the potential to overcome installation challenges caused by marine growth and soil contamination on subsea structures, flowlines, or risers. This particular design solution is compatible with structures that are suspended in the water column and those that are resting on the seabed. In addition, the system can be installed by commercial divers in shallow depths or by remotely operated vehicles in deep-water applications. Operational limitations of the initial design concept were identified in the previous series of tests (2016-2017), and several innovative enhancements have been implemented which resulted in significant improvements in sensor system coupling and strain measurement correlation with traditional strain measuring devices. This paper provides a summary of the notable prototype design changes, full-scale test article buildup, and detailed performance data recorded during tension and compression loading that simulated representative offshore conditions. The test results were positive and demonstrated the effectiveness of the design enhancements. Compromises made during mounting of the sensing elements resulted in better performance in tension than compression. These effects are well understood and are fully discussed, and do not influence the viability of the design changes. This study is part of a continuing collaboration between the Houston-based NASA-Johnson Space Center and Astro Technology, Inc. within a study called Clear Gulf. The primary objective of the Clear Gulf study is to develop advanced instrumentation technologies that will improve operational safety and reduce the risk of hydrocarbon spillage. NASA provided unique insights, expansive test facilities, and technical expertise to advance these technologies that would benefit the environment, the public, and commercial industries. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1611	a6603042352	High G.	p629	False	Conference	264	New flow assurance system with high speed subsea fiber optic monitoring of pressure and temperature	Subsea production control systems are instrumented to constantly monitor flowline pressure and temperature at key locations to prevent plugging and introduce mitigating control strategies. New fiber optic sensors with ruggedized construction and non-electrical components are subjected to accelerated aging tests and deployed in several installations with long service life. An overview of current progress with fiber optic technology is provided for fatigue monitoring, temperature, pressure, and strain sensing. Recent developments include improved service life, novel bonding methods, pipeline sensor station improvements, sensor calibration, and long-term fatigue analysis. The latest advancements are validated on multiple installations on a subsea tieback in the deepwater Mississippi Canyon of the Gulf of Mexico at 6, 500 ft depth. A prior third-party sensor design experienced multiple non-recoverable sensor failures. A new sensor station design is employed on two Flowline Terminations to monitor pressure and temperature at a rate of 100 Hz. Subsea tiebacks are susceptible to flow assurance issues caused by plugging events such as hydrate formation. The system was originally designed to track pig location but transitioned to pressure and temperature sensing. An issue with the transition was the lack of calibration relating the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain levels to the actual process conditions. A novel method is presented for in situ adjustment of the sensor array calibration. During the calibration procedure, the sensors produced unanticipated results during pipeline flow shut-in and later startup operations. The sensors helped uncover a configuration of the flowline and sensor locations that is valuable for detecting hydrate forming conditions at a key junction location. The sensors are located before and after the junction of two flowlines in the mixing zone of the pipeline streams. The novel contributions of this study are the high speed data collection, in situ fiber optic calibration, review of advancements in fiber optic sensing technology, and a field case study with multiple sensing arrays. The developments are part of the Clear Gulf study, a collaboration between the offshore energy industry and NASA that was formed in 2010. The objective of the Clear Gulf study is to employ space technology and testing facilities for use in the upstream industry to advance subsea sensor technology. The highly sensitive monitoring systems developed as part of this study are used to give early warnings for flow assurance issues, structural failures, or catastrophic events. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1612	a6506484066	Witherow K.	p629	False	Conference	264	New flow assurance system with high speed subsea fiber optic monitoring of pressure and temperature	Subsea production control systems are instrumented to constantly monitor flowline pressure and temperature at key locations to prevent plugging and introduce mitigating control strategies. New fiber optic sensors with ruggedized construction and non-electrical components are subjected to accelerated aging tests and deployed in several installations with long service life. An overview of current progress with fiber optic technology is provided for fatigue monitoring, temperature, pressure, and strain sensing. Recent developments include improved service life, novel bonding methods, pipeline sensor station improvements, sensor calibration, and long-term fatigue analysis. The latest advancements are validated on multiple installations on a subsea tieback in the deepwater Mississippi Canyon of the Gulf of Mexico at 6, 500 ft depth. A prior third-party sensor design experienced multiple non-recoverable sensor failures. A new sensor station design is employed on two Flowline Terminations to monitor pressure and temperature at a rate of 100 Hz. Subsea tiebacks are susceptible to flow assurance issues caused by plugging events such as hydrate formation. The system was originally designed to track pig location but transitioned to pressure and temperature sensing. An issue with the transition was the lack of calibration relating the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) strain levels to the actual process conditions. A novel method is presented for in situ adjustment of the sensor array calibration. During the calibration procedure, the sensors produced unanticipated results during pipeline flow shut-in and later startup operations. The sensors helped uncover a configuration of the flowline and sensor locations that is valuable for detecting hydrate forming conditions at a key junction location. The sensors are located before and after the junction of two flowlines in the mixing zone of the pipeline streams. The novel contributions of this study are the high speed data collection, in situ fiber optic calibration, review of advancements in fiber optic sensing technology, and a field case study with multiple sensing arrays. The developments are part of the Clear Gulf study, a collaboration between the offshore energy industry and NASA that was formed in 2010. The objective of the Clear Gulf study is to employ space technology and testing facilities for use in the upstream industry to advance subsea sensor technology. The highly sensitive monitoring systems developed as part of this study are used to give early warnings for flow assurance issues, structural failures, or catastrophic events. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1613	a56263632000	Shen W.	p630	True	Conference	265	Information design in crowdfunding under thresholding policies	Crowdfundmg has emerged as a prominent way for entrepreneurs to secure funding without sophisticated intermediation. In crowd- funding, an entrepreneur often has to decide how to disclose the campaign status in order to collect as many contributions as poss ible. Such decisions are difficult to make primarily due to incomp lete information. We propose information design as a tool to help the entrepreneur to improve revenue by influencing backers' bel iefs. We introduce a heuristic algorithm to dynamically compute information-disclosure policies for the entrepreneur, followed by an empirical evaluation to demonstrate its competitiveness over the widely-adopted immediate-disclosure policy. Our results demons trate that the immediate-disclosure policy is not optimal when backers follow thresholding policies despite its ease of implementat ion. With appropriate heuristics, an entrepreneur can benefit from dynamic information disclosure. Our work sheds light on inform ation design in a dynamic setting where agents make decisions using thresholding policies. © 2018 International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems.
1614	a56263145300	Yan K.	p630	False	Conference	265	Information design in crowdfunding under thresholding policies	Crowdfundmg has emerged as a prominent way for entrepreneurs to secure funding without sophisticated intermediation. In crowd- funding, an entrepreneur often has to decide how to disclose the campaign status in order to collect as many contributions as poss ible. Such decisions are difficult to make primarily due to incomp lete information. We propose information design as a tool to help the entrepreneur to improve revenue by influencing backers' bel iefs. We introduce a heuristic algorithm to dynamically compute information-disclosure policies for the entrepreneur, followed by an empirical evaluation to demonstrate its competitiveness over the widely-adopted immediate-disclosure policy. Our results demons trate that the immediate-disclosure policy is not optimal when backers follow thresholding policies despite its ease of implementat ion. With appropriate heuristics, an entrepreneur can benefit from dynamic information disclosure. Our work sheds light on inform ation design in a dynamic setting where agents make decisions using thresholding policies. © 2018 International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems.
1615	a7103222266	Lopes C.V.	p630	False	Conference	265	Information design in crowdfunding under thresholding policies	Crowdfundmg has emerged as a prominent way for entrepreneurs to secure funding without sophisticated intermediation. In crowd- funding, an entrepreneur often has to decide how to disclose the campaign status in order to collect as many contributions as poss ible. Such decisions are difficult to make primarily due to incomp lete information. We propose information design as a tool to help the entrepreneur to improve revenue by influencing backers' bel iefs. We introduce a heuristic algorithm to dynamically compute information-disclosure policies for the entrepreneur, followed by an empirical evaluation to demonstrate its competitiveness over the widely-adopted immediate-disclosure policy. Our results demons trate that the immediate-disclosure policy is not optimal when backers follow thresholding policies despite its ease of implementat ion. With appropriate heuristics, an entrepreneur can benefit from dynamic information disclosure. Our work sheds light on inform ation design in a dynamic setting where agents make decisions using thresholding policies. © 2018 International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems.
1616	a15069700700	Riding K.A.	p631	True	Conference	266	Environmental and track factors that contribute to abrasion damage	Sites with known occurrences of mud pumping or other track concerns were investigated to determine the prevalence of concrete bottom tie abrasion and environmental and track conditions that could contribute to its occurrence. Field investigations showed that it occurs in diverse geographic locations around the U.S. and is a source of continued maintenance concern for railroads. Water appeared to be a significant factor involved in concrete bottom tie abrasion. Ballast fouling, center-binding cracking, rail surface profile variations, and large track movement during loading was seen in locations with concrete bottom tie abrasion. Bumps or track stiffness changes were often found at locations of abrasion damage. Specifically, some locations with known stiff track conditions exhibited significant abrasion damage. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1617	a7005531426	Peterman R.J.	p631	False	Conference	266	Environmental and track factors that contribute to abrasion damage	Sites with known occurrences of mud pumping or other track concerns were investigated to determine the prevalence of concrete bottom tie abrasion and environmental and track conditions that could contribute to its occurrence. Field investigations showed that it occurs in diverse geographic locations around the U.S. and is a source of continued maintenance concern for railroads. Water appeared to be a significant factor involved in concrete bottom tie abrasion. Ballast fouling, center-binding cracking, rail surface profile variations, and large track movement during loading was seen in locations with concrete bottom tie abrasion. Bumps or track stiffness changes were often found at locations of abrasion damage. Specifically, some locations with known stiff track conditions exhibited significant abrasion damage. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1618	a57203180502	Guthrie S.	p631	False	Conference	266	Environmental and track factors that contribute to abrasion damage	Sites with known occurrences of mud pumping or other track concerns were investigated to determine the prevalence of concrete bottom tie abrasion and environmental and track conditions that could contribute to its occurrence. Field investigations showed that it occurs in diverse geographic locations around the U.S. and is a source of continued maintenance concern for railroads. Water appeared to be a significant factor involved in concrete bottom tie abrasion. Ballast fouling, center-binding cracking, rail surface profile variations, and large track movement during loading was seen in locations with concrete bottom tie abrasion. Bumps or track stiffness changes were often found at locations of abrasion damage. Specifically, some locations with known stiff track conditions exhibited significant abrasion damage. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1619	a15843313300	Brueseke M.	p631	False	Conference	266	Environmental and track factors that contribute to abrasion damage	Sites with known occurrences of mud pumping or other track concerns were investigated to determine the prevalence of concrete bottom tie abrasion and environmental and track conditions that could contribute to its occurrence. Field investigations showed that it occurs in diverse geographic locations around the U.S. and is a source of continued maintenance concern for railroads. Water appeared to be a significant factor involved in concrete bottom tie abrasion. Ballast fouling, center-binding cracking, rail surface profile variations, and large track movement during loading was seen in locations with concrete bottom tie abrasion. Bumps or track stiffness changes were often found at locations of abrasion damage. Specifically, some locations with known stiff track conditions exhibited significant abrasion damage. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1620	a57203186135	Mosavi H.	p631	False	Conference	266	Environmental and track factors that contribute to abrasion damage	Sites with known occurrences of mud pumping or other track concerns were investigated to determine the prevalence of concrete bottom tie abrasion and environmental and track conditions that could contribute to its occurrence. Field investigations showed that it occurs in diverse geographic locations around the U.S. and is a source of continued maintenance concern for railroads. Water appeared to be a significant factor involved in concrete bottom tie abrasion. Ballast fouling, center-binding cracking, rail surface profile variations, and large track movement during loading was seen in locations with concrete bottom tie abrasion. Bumps or track stiffness changes were often found at locations of abrasion damage. Specifically, some locations with known stiff track conditions exhibited significant abrasion damage. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1621	a57203188461	Daily K.	p631	False	Conference	266	Environmental and track factors that contribute to abrasion damage	Sites with known occurrences of mud pumping or other track concerns were investigated to determine the prevalence of concrete bottom tie abrasion and environmental and track conditions that could contribute to its occurrence. Field investigations showed that it occurs in diverse geographic locations around the U.S. and is a source of continued maintenance concern for railroads. Water appeared to be a significant factor involved in concrete bottom tie abrasion. Ballast fouling, center-binding cracking, rail surface profile variations, and large track movement during loading was seen in locations with concrete bottom tie abrasion. Bumps or track stiffness changes were often found at locations of abrasion damage. Specifically, some locations with known stiff track conditions exhibited significant abrasion damage. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1622	a57203192544	Risovi-Hendrickson W.	p631	False	Conference	266	Environmental and track factors that contribute to abrasion damage	Sites with known occurrences of mud pumping or other track concerns were investigated to determine the prevalence of concrete bottom tie abrasion and environmental and track conditions that could contribute to its occurrence. Field investigations showed that it occurs in diverse geographic locations around the U.S. and is a source of continued maintenance concern for railroads. Water appeared to be a significant factor involved in concrete bottom tie abrasion. Ballast fouling, center-binding cracking, rail surface profile variations, and large track movement during loading was seen in locations with concrete bottom tie abrasion. Bumps or track stiffness changes were often found at locations of abrasion damage. Specifically, some locations with known stiff track conditions exhibited significant abrasion damage. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1623	a55182745600	Amoroso S.	p632	True	Conference	267	Blast-Induced Liquefaction Results at the Silty-Sand Site of Mirabello, Emilia Romagna Region, Italy	Recent experiences (e.g. New Zealand and United States) show that blast tests can cause liquefaction, inducing undrained cyclic loading, generating excess pore water pressure, and consequently producing real deformations. This paper introduces the results obtained from a research project on blast induced liquefaction, performed at a trial site located in Mirabello (near Ferrara, Italy), a little village strongly affected by liquefaction during the 2012 Emilia-Romagna earthquake. The liquefiable soils in this area contained significantly more fines than in previous blast tests. In particular, the objectives of the experiment were: (i) to evaluate liquefaction induced settlement of Apennine silts and sands, and Po River sands; (ii) to determine downdrag forces on pile foundations; (iii) to measure change in shear wave velocity/shear modulus with excess pore pressure; and (iv) to measure change in soil properties with time after liquefaction. This paper illustrates the results acquired before, during, and after the blast test using in-situ tests, pore pressure transducers, profilometers, topographical surveys, and a test micropile instrumented with strain gauges. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1624	a57195292516	Lusvardi C.	p632	False	Conference	267	Blast-Induced Liquefaction Results at the Silty-Sand Site of Mirabello, Emilia Romagna Region, Italy	Recent experiences (e.g. New Zealand and United States) show that blast tests can cause liquefaction, inducing undrained cyclic loading, generating excess pore water pressure, and consequently producing real deformations. This paper introduces the results obtained from a research project on blast induced liquefaction, performed at a trial site located in Mirabello (near Ferrara, Italy), a little village strongly affected by liquefaction during the 2012 Emilia-Romagna earthquake. The liquefiable soils in this area contained significantly more fines than in previous blast tests. In particular, the objectives of the experiment were: (i) to evaluate liquefaction induced settlement of Apennine silts and sands, and Po River sands; (ii) to determine downdrag forces on pile foundations; (iii) to measure change in shear wave velocity/shear modulus with excess pore pressure; and (iv) to measure change in soil properties with time after liquefaction. This paper illustrates the results acquired before, during, and after the blast test using in-situ tests, pore pressure transducers, profilometers, topographical surveys, and a test micropile instrumented with strain gauges. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1625	a19934211900	Monaco P.	p632	False	Conference	267	Blast-Induced Liquefaction Results at the Silty-Sand Site of Mirabello, Emilia Romagna Region, Italy	Recent experiences (e.g. New Zealand and United States) show that blast tests can cause liquefaction, inducing undrained cyclic loading, generating excess pore water pressure, and consequently producing real deformations. This paper introduces the results obtained from a research project on blast induced liquefaction, performed at a trial site located in Mirabello (near Ferrara, Italy), a little village strongly affected by liquefaction during the 2012 Emilia-Romagna earthquake. The liquefiable soils in this area contained significantly more fines than in previous blast tests. In particular, the objectives of the experiment were: (i) to evaluate liquefaction induced settlement of Apennine silts and sands, and Po River sands; (ii) to determine downdrag forces on pile foundations; (iii) to measure change in shear wave velocity/shear modulus with excess pore pressure; and (iv) to measure change in soil properties with time after liquefaction. This paper illustrates the results acquired before, during, and after the blast test using in-situ tests, pore pressure transducers, profilometers, topographical surveys, and a test micropile instrumented with strain gauges. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1626	a6603866674	Milana G.	p632	False	Conference	267	Blast-Induced Liquefaction Results at the Silty-Sand Site of Mirabello, Emilia Romagna Region, Italy	Recent experiences (e.g. New Zealand and United States) show that blast tests can cause liquefaction, inducing undrained cyclic loading, generating excess pore water pressure, and consequently producing real deformations. This paper introduces the results obtained from a research project on blast induced liquefaction, performed at a trial site located in Mirabello (near Ferrara, Italy), a little village strongly affected by liquefaction during the 2012 Emilia-Romagna earthquake. The liquefiable soils in this area contained significantly more fines than in previous blast tests. In particular, the objectives of the experiment were: (i) to evaluate liquefaction induced settlement of Apennine silts and sands, and Po River sands; (ii) to determine downdrag forces on pile foundations; (iii) to measure change in shear wave velocity/shear modulus with excess pore pressure; and (iv) to measure change in soil properties with time after liquefaction. This paper illustrates the results acquired before, during, and after the blast test using in-situ tests, pore pressure transducers, profilometers, topographical surveys, and a test micropile instrumented with strain gauges. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1627	a57202577089	Morales C.	p633	True	Conference	268	Simplified Evaluation of the Seismic Failure of an Old Wharf during the 2014 Mw 8.2 Pisagua, Chile, Earthquake	The seismic failure of an old quay wall, built in 1932, located in the Port of Iquique during the Mw 8.2 April 1, 2014, Pisagua, Chile, earthquake is studied. A geotechnical exploration, including boreholes, CPT soundings, and surface-based geophysical techniques, was performed to characterize the materials forming the wharf. The data and field observations are then analyzed and used to develop a geotechnical model of two cross-sections modeled in Plaxis2D, to conclude which is the most likely failure mechanism under a dynamic analysis. The results are compared against the deformations measured in a number cross sections of the wharf, suggesting that the failure can be explained by a combined effect of the dynamic increase in lateral earth pressures and the base rotation of the confining walls due to the lack of proper compaction of the rockfill prism below the confining walls. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1628	a6505761847	Ledezma C.	p633	False	Conference	268	Simplified Evaluation of the Seismic Failure of an Old Wharf during the 2014 Mw 8.2 Pisagua, Chile, Earthquake	The seismic failure of an old quay wall, built in 1932, located in the Port of Iquique during the Mw 8.2 April 1, 2014, Pisagua, Chile, earthquake is studied. A geotechnical exploration, including boreholes, CPT soundings, and surface-based geophysical techniques, was performed to characterize the materials forming the wharf. The data and field observations are then analyzed and used to develop a geotechnical model of two cross-sections modeled in Plaxis2D, to conclude which is the most likely failure mechanism under a dynamic analysis. The results are compared against the deformations measured in a number cross sections of the wharf, suggesting that the failure can be explained by a combined effect of the dynamic increase in lateral earth pressures and the base rotation of the confining walls due to the lack of proper compaction of the rockfill prism below the confining walls. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1629	a36125615300	Sáez E.	p633	False	Conference	268	Simplified Evaluation of the Seismic Failure of an Old Wharf during the 2014 Mw 8.2 Pisagua, Chile, Earthquake	The seismic failure of an old quay wall, built in 1932, located in the Port of Iquique during the Mw 8.2 April 1, 2014, Pisagua, Chile, earthquake is studied. A geotechnical exploration, including boreholes, CPT soundings, and surface-based geophysical techniques, was performed to characterize the materials forming the wharf. The data and field observations are then analyzed and used to develop a geotechnical model of two cross-sections modeled in Plaxis2D, to conclude which is the most likely failure mechanism under a dynamic analysis. The results are compared against the deformations measured in a number cross sections of the wharf, suggesting that the failure can be explained by a combined effect of the dynamic increase in lateral earth pressures and the base rotation of the confining walls due to the lack of proper compaction of the rockfill prism below the confining walls. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1630	a36625254200	Hahn A.	p635	False	Conference	270	A modeling framework for assessing cyber disruptions and attacks to the national airspace system	[No abstract available]
1631	a57201333744	Tamini A.	p635	False	Conference	270	A modeling framework for assessing cyber disruptions and attacks to the national airspace system	[No abstract available]
1632	a35479684000	Das S.K.	p635	False	Conference	270	A modeling framework for assessing cyber disruptions and attacks to the national airspace system	[No abstract available]
1633	a56328064900	Putney L.	p636	False	Journal	309	Puzzling the pieces: Conceptual blocks of engineering student ideas in a service learning project	At its core, engineering and similar disciplines rely strongly on technical innovation to design and develop creative solutions to complex problems. However, for novice engineering students, conceptualizing engineering design activities is not an easy task. To do so, they must overcome cognitive blocks to facilitate unique and adequate engineering design solutions. This effect may be compounded when engineering design projects centered around service learning are introduced. The intent of this study was to explore if and what types of conceptual blocks may be present among novice engineering students when design heuristic cues are provided in the classroom. Findings suggest that using classroom interventions around design heuristic, students had a difficult time "shaking off" their conceptual blocks to the design solution. Primarily, communicative and perceptual blocks were found to predominate among novice engineering student groups. © 2018 TEMPUS Publications.
1634	a57191616632	Zhang J.	p637	True	Conference	271	Local texture evolution and mechanical performance of ultra-high-speed friction stir weld of AA 6111-T4 sheets	Friction stir welding has gained wide interest in industry and drawn large research attention due to its high level of automation and superior joint performance. In this study we further expand the welding parameters to be of magnitudes higher than those previously reported to lower the cost and enable high volume joint production. Sound butt-joints were produced with aluminum alloy 6111-T4 blanks with welding speeds up to 6000, mm/min. Tensile tests of the joint pieces show >97% joint efficiency in terms of ultimate tensile strength. The T4 natural aging and grain refinement is found to contribute to the superior joint properties. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis is used to qualitatively study the local shear texture inside the nugget zones of the welds. The shear texture result is a good indicator of the material flow directions in the nugget zones. The flow directions behind the rotation tool are found to be flattened towards the top surface of the workpiece when the welding speed is increased, suggesting intense material mixing and transportation along the longitudinal welding direction (WD). © The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2018.
1634	a57191616632	Zhang J.	p638	True	Journal	227	High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of AA7075-T6 Sheet: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Micro-texture, and Thermal History	Friction stir welding (FSW) is a cost-effective and high-quality joining process for aluminum alloys (especially heat-treatable alloys) that is historically operated at lower joining speeds (up to hundreds of millimeters per minute). In this study, we present a microstructural analysis of friction stir welded AA7075-T6 blanks with high welding speeds up to 3 M/min. Textures, microstructures, mechanical properties, and weld quality are analyzed using TEM, EBSD, metallographic imaging, and Vickers hardness. The higher welding speed results in narrower, stronger heat-affected zones (HAZs) and also higher hardness in the nugget zones. The material flow direction in the nugget zone is found to be leaning towards the welding direction as the welding speed increases. Results are coupled with welding parameters and thermal history to aid in the understanding of the complex material flow and texture gradients within the welds in an effort to optimize welding parameters for high-speed processing. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.
1634	a57191616632	Zhang J.	p873	True	Journal	405	High-Speed FSW Aluminum Alloy 7075 Microstructure and Corrosion Properties	High-speed friction stir welding provides an opportunity to enable high-volume aluminum joining, thus lowering the expense of the process. To better understand this important industrial process the properties of the welds must be fully characterized. In this study we examined the microstructures of AA7075 butt welds with welding speeds of 1, 2 and 3 m/min. The welds were also tested for their corrosion resistance in a diluted EXCO solution at room temperature. The welds with higher speeds had a smaller corrosion sensitive area along with smaller HAZs, but the nugget zone became more corrosion susceptible. Their microstructure features were used to explain the non-uniform corrosion behavior across the weld. Both constituent particles and precipitate distribution were altered by the friction stir process and resulted in an overall sensitized weld affected region compared to the base material. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
1635	a7202713087	Field D.P.	p637	False	Conference	271	Local texture evolution and mechanical performance of ultra-high-speed friction stir weld of AA 6111-T4 sheets	Friction stir welding has gained wide interest in industry and drawn large research attention due to its high level of automation and superior joint performance. In this study we further expand the welding parameters to be of magnitudes higher than those previously reported to lower the cost and enable high volume joint production. Sound butt-joints were produced with aluminum alloy 6111-T4 blanks with welding speeds up to 6000, mm/min. Tensile tests of the joint pieces show >97% joint efficiency in terms of ultimate tensile strength. The T4 natural aging and grain refinement is found to contribute to the superior joint properties. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis is used to qualitatively study the local shear texture inside the nugget zones of the welds. The shear texture result is a good indicator of the material flow directions in the nugget zones. The flow directions behind the rotation tool are found to be flattened towards the top surface of the workpiece when the welding speed is increased, suggesting intense material mixing and transportation along the longitudinal welding direction (WD). © The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2018.
1635	a7202713087	Field D.P.	p638	False	Journal	227	High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of AA7075-T6 Sheet: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Micro-texture, and Thermal History	Friction stir welding (FSW) is a cost-effective and high-quality joining process for aluminum alloys (especially heat-treatable alloys) that is historically operated at lower joining speeds (up to hundreds of millimeters per minute). In this study, we present a microstructural analysis of friction stir welded AA7075-T6 blanks with high welding speeds up to 3 M/min. Textures, microstructures, mechanical properties, and weld quality are analyzed using TEM, EBSD, metallographic imaging, and Vickers hardness. The higher welding speed results in narrower, stronger heat-affected zones (HAZs) and also higher hardness in the nugget zones. The material flow direction in the nugget zone is found to be leaning towards the welding direction as the welding speed increases. Results are coupled with welding parameters and thermal history to aid in the understanding of the complex material flow and texture gradients within the welds in an effort to optimize welding parameters for high-speed processing. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society and ASM International.
1635	a7202713087	Field D.P.	p873	False	Journal	405	High-Speed FSW Aluminum Alloy 7075 Microstructure and Corrosion Properties	High-speed friction stir welding provides an opportunity to enable high-volume aluminum joining, thus lowering the expense of the process. To better understand this important industrial process the properties of the welds must be fully characterized. In this study we examined the microstructures of AA7075 butt welds with welding speeds of 1, 2 and 3 m/min. The welds were also tested for their corrosion resistance in a diluted EXCO solution at room temperature. The welds with higher speeds had a smaller corrosion sensitive area along with smaller HAZs, but the nugget zone became more corrosion susceptible. Their microstructure features were used to explain the non-uniform corrosion behavior across the weld. Both constituent particles and precipitate distribution were altered by the friction stir process and resulted in an overall sensitized weld affected region compared to the base material. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
1636	a57202152391	Ruzindana M.	p639	False	Conference	272	Commissioning observations with the focal L-band Array on the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG)	A Focal L-band Array Feed for the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG) has been in development for the last five years. The system comprises a 19 element, dual polarized hexagonal antenna array, cryogenic front end amplifiers, direct RF to digital over fiber conversion, and broadband, real time digital signal processing. Phased array feeds enable continuous wide field, radio camera imaging on a large reflector. FLAG was mounted in summer 2017 on the GBT in West Virginia, USA as part of commissioning tests. We report on measured receiver figures of merit and experimental results, and comparisons to simulated performance. The measured results indicate that the FLAG instrument achieves unprecedented field of view, sensitivity, and survey efficiency. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
1637	a7003609448	Jeffs B.D.	p639	False	Conference	272	Commissioning observations with the focal L-band Array on the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG)	A Focal L-band Array Feed for the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG) has been in development for the last five years. The system comprises a 19 element, dual polarized hexagonal antenna array, cryogenic front end amplifiers, direct RF to digital over fiber conversion, and broadband, real time digital signal processing. Phased array feeds enable continuous wide field, radio camera imaging on a large reflector. FLAG was mounted in summer 2017 on the GBT in West Virginia, USA as part of commissioning tests. We report on measured receiver figures of merit and experimental results, and comparisons to simulated performance. The measured results indicate that the FLAG instrument achieves unprecedented field of view, sensitivity, and survey efficiency. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
1638	a57197521815	Black R.A.	p639	False	Conference	272	Commissioning observations with the focal L-band Array on the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG)	A Focal L-band Array Feed for the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG) has been in development for the last five years. The system comprises a 19 element, dual polarized hexagonal antenna array, cryogenic front end amplifiers, direct RF to digital over fiber conversion, and broadband, real time digital signal processing. Phased array feeds enable continuous wide field, radio camera imaging on a large reflector. FLAG was mounted in summer 2017 on the GBT in West Virginia, USA as part of commissioning tests. We report on measured receiver figures of merit and experimental results, and comparisons to simulated performance. The measured results indicate that the FLAG instrument achieves unprecedented field of view, sensitivity, and survey efficiency. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
1639	a57201658993	Burnett M.	p639	False	Conference	272	Commissioning observations with the focal L-band Array on the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG)	A Focal L-band Array Feed for the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG) has been in development for the last five years. The system comprises a 19 element, dual polarized hexagonal antenna array, cryogenic front end amplifiers, direct RF to digital over fiber conversion, and broadband, real time digital signal processing. Phased array feeds enable continuous wide field, radio camera imaging on a large reflector. FLAG was mounted in summer 2017 on the GBT in West Virginia, USA as part of commissioning tests. We report on measured receiver figures of merit and experimental results, and comparisons to simulated performance. The measured results indicate that the FLAG instrument achieves unprecedented field of view, sensitivity, and survey efficiency. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
1640	a7004347500	Pisano D.J.	p639	False	Conference	272	Commissioning observations with the focal L-band Array on the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG)	A Focal L-band Array Feed for the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG) has been in development for the last five years. The system comprises a 19 element, dual polarized hexagonal antenna array, cryogenic front end amplifiers, direct RF to digital over fiber conversion, and broadband, real time digital signal processing. Phased array feeds enable continuous wide field, radio camera imaging on a large reflector. FLAG was mounted in summer 2017 on the GBT in West Virginia, USA as part of commissioning tests. We report on measured receiver figures of merit and experimental results, and comparisons to simulated performance. The measured results indicate that the FLAG instrument achieves unprecedented field of view, sensitivity, and survey efficiency. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
1641	a7007155092	Lorimer D.R.	p639	False	Conference	272	Commissioning observations with the focal L-band Array on the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG)	A Focal L-band Array Feed for the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG) has been in development for the last five years. The system comprises a 19 element, dual polarized hexagonal antenna array, cryogenic front end amplifiers, direct RF to digital over fiber conversion, and broadband, real time digital signal processing. Phased array feeds enable continuous wide field, radio camera imaging on a large reflector. FLAG was mounted in summer 2017 on the GBT in West Virginia, USA as part of commissioning tests. We report on measured receiver figures of merit and experimental results, and comparisons to simulated performance. The measured results indicate that the FLAG instrument achieves unprecedented field of view, sensitivity, and survey efficiency. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
1642	a55286783200	Pingel N.	p639	False	Conference	272	Commissioning observations with the focal L-band Array on the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG)	A Focal L-band Array Feed for the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG) has been in development for the last five years. The system comprises a 19 element, dual polarized hexagonal antenna array, cryogenic front end amplifiers, direct RF to digital over fiber conversion, and broadband, real time digital signal processing. Phased array feeds enable continuous wide field, radio camera imaging on a large reflector. FLAG was mounted in summer 2017 on the GBT in West Virginia, USA as part of commissioning tests. We report on measured receiver figures of merit and experimental results, and comparisons to simulated performance. The measured results indicate that the FLAG instrument achieves unprecedented field of view, sensitivity, and survey efficiency. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
1643	a57120014600	Rajwade K.	p639	False	Conference	272	Commissioning observations with the focal L-band Array on the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG)	A Focal L-band Array Feed for the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG) has been in development for the last five years. The system comprises a 19 element, dual polarized hexagonal antenna array, cryogenic front end amplifiers, direct RF to digital over fiber conversion, and broadband, real time digital signal processing. Phased array feeds enable continuous wide field, radio camera imaging on a large reflector. FLAG was mounted in summer 2017 on the GBT in West Virginia, USA as part of commissioning tests. We report on measured receiver figures of merit and experimental results, and comparisons to simulated performance. The measured results indicate that the FLAG instrument achieves unprecedented field of view, sensitivity, and survey efficiency. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
1644	a6602913811	Prestage R.M.	p639	False	Conference	272	Commissioning observations with the focal L-band Array on the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG)	A Focal L-band Array Feed for the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG) has been in development for the last five years. The system comprises a 19 element, dual polarized hexagonal antenna array, cryogenic front end amplifiers, direct RF to digital over fiber conversion, and broadband, real time digital signal processing. Phased array feeds enable continuous wide field, radio camera imaging on a large reflector. FLAG was mounted in summer 2017 on the GBT in West Virginia, USA as part of commissioning tests. We report on measured receiver figures of merit and experimental results, and comparisons to simulated performance. The measured results indicate that the FLAG instrument achieves unprecedented field of view, sensitivity, and survey efficiency. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
1645	a55452524500	White S.	p639	False	Conference	272	Commissioning observations with the focal L-band Array on the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG)	A Focal L-band Array Feed for the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG) has been in development for the last five years. The system comprises a 19 element, dual polarized hexagonal antenna array, cryogenic front end amplifiers, direct RF to digital over fiber conversion, and broadband, real time digital signal processing. Phased array feeds enable continuous wide field, radio camera imaging on a large reflector. FLAG was mounted in summer 2017 on the GBT in West Virginia, USA as part of commissioning tests. We report on measured receiver figures of merit and experimental results, and comparisons to simulated performance. The measured results indicate that the FLAG instrument achieves unprecedented field of view, sensitivity, and survey efficiency. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
1646	a57212833949	Simon B.	p639	False	Conference	272	Commissioning observations with the focal L-band Array on the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG)	A Focal L-band Array Feed for the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG) has been in development for the last five years. The system comprises a 19 element, dual polarized hexagonal antenna array, cryogenic front end amplifiers, direct RF to digital over fiber conversion, and broadband, real time digital signal processing. Phased array feeds enable continuous wide field, radio camera imaging on a large reflector. FLAG was mounted in summer 2017 on the GBT in West Virginia, USA as part of commissioning tests. We report on measured receiver figures of merit and experimental results, and comparisons to simulated performance. The measured results indicate that the FLAG instrument achieves unprecedented field of view, sensitivity, and survey efficiency. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
1647	a57206024435	Hawkins L.	p639	False	Conference	272	Commissioning observations with the focal L-band Array on the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG)	A Focal L-band Array Feed for the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG) has been in development for the last five years. The system comprises a 19 element, dual polarized hexagonal antenna array, cryogenic front end amplifiers, direct RF to digital over fiber conversion, and broadband, real time digital signal processing. Phased array feeds enable continuous wide field, radio camera imaging on a large reflector. FLAG was mounted in summer 2017 on the GBT in West Virginia, USA as part of commissioning tests. We report on measured receiver figures of merit and experimental results, and comparisons to simulated performance. The measured results indicate that the FLAG instrument achieves unprecedented field of view, sensitivity, and survey efficiency. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
1648	a6507270351	Shillue W.	p639	False	Conference	272	Commissioning observations with the focal L-band Array on the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG)	A Focal L-band Array Feed for the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG) has been in development for the last five years. The system comprises a 19 element, dual polarized hexagonal antenna array, cryogenic front end amplifiers, direct RF to digital over fiber conversion, and broadband, real time digital signal processing. Phased array feeds enable continuous wide field, radio camera imaging on a large reflector. FLAG was mounted in summer 2017 on the GBT in West Virginia, USA as part of commissioning tests. We report on measured receiver figures of merit and experimental results, and comparisons to simulated performance. The measured results indicate that the FLAG instrument achieves unprecedented field of view, sensitivity, and survey efficiency. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
1649	a6602305778	Roshi D.A.	p639	False	Conference	272	Commissioning observations with the focal L-band Array on the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG)	A Focal L-band Array Feed for the Green Bank Telescope (FLAG) has been in development for the last five years. The system comprises a 19 element, dual polarized hexagonal antenna array, cryogenic front end amplifiers, direct RF to digital over fiber conversion, and broadband, real time digital signal processing. Phased array feeds enable continuous wide field, radio camera imaging on a large reflector. FLAG was mounted in summer 2017 on the GBT in West Virginia, USA as part of commissioning tests. We report on measured receiver figures of merit and experimental results, and comparisons to simulated performance. The measured results indicate that the FLAG instrument achieves unprecedented field of view, sensitivity, and survey efficiency. © Institution of Engineering and Technology.All Rights Reserved.
1650	a56218368600	Akamine M.	p640	True	Journal	312	Effect of nozzle–plate distance on acoustic phenomena from supersonic impinging jet	For an adequate understanding of the broadband acoustic phenomena generated by a rocket exhaust jet impinging on a flame deflector, this study experimentally clarifies the factors that cause the difference in the broadband acoustic field of a supersonic ideally expanded jet impinging on an inclined flat plate for various nozzle–plate distances. According to previous studies, there are two possible factors: the Mach waves, which are radiated from the free-jet region and reflected by the plate, and the acoustic waves generated in the impingement region. To distinguish the effects of these factors, this study compares the following three results: the overall sound pressure level distribution, images extracted from the schlieren visualization movies using acoustic-triggered conditional sampling, and tracing lines of the acoustic intensity vectors of the Mach waves. The results reveal that the nozzle–plate distance affects the fraction of the Mach waves that are generated in the free-jet region and reflected by the plate, resulting in a higher overall sound pressure level in the upstream direction for larger nozzle–plate distances. It is concluded that the location of the plate relative to the source region of the Mach waves significantly affects the acoustic phenomena, owing to the variation in the nozzle–plate distances. Copyright © 2018 by Masahito Akamine, Koji Okamoto, Kent L. Gee, Tracianne B. Neilsen, Susumu Teramoto, Takeo Okunuki, and Seiji Tsutsumi.
1650	a56218368600	Akamine M.	p862	False	Conference	383	Level-educed wavepacket representation of Mach 1.8 laboratory-scale jet noise	The search for an equivalent acoustic source model for high-speed jet noise has recently focused on wavepacket representations. A wavepacket is defined as a spatially extended source with an axial amplitude distribution that grows, saturates and decays, an axial phase relationship that produces directional noise, and correlation lengths longer than the integral length scales of the turbulent structures. This definition of a wavepacket has the same characteristics as the large-scale turbulent mixing noise; if the turbulent mixing noise can be isolated, the associate equivalent acoustic wavepacket—defined as a pressure fluctuation on a cylinder around the jet nozzle—can be found. An estimate of the frequencydependent, spatial variation in the large-scale turbulent mixing noise comes from a similarity spectra decomposition of the measured autospectral density, which in turn leads to data-educed wavenumber axial spectra associated with the frequency-dependent equivalent wavepackets. This wavepacket eduction technique has been applied to acoustical measurements of an unheated, Mach 1.8 jet in the near and far fields. At both locations, the resulting frequency-dependent, data-educed wavenumber spectra exhibit different types of self-similarity for low and high frequency regimes that become apparent when the axial wavenumber is scaled by the acoustic wavenumber, with a transition band between the two regimes. As expected, the data-educed wavenumber spectra can be used to predict field levels in the dominant radiation lobe. Addition of an uncorrelated source distribution, derived from the similarity spectra decomposition associated with the fine-scale turbulent mixing noise, creates a model that accounts for the sideline levels. This field-prediction ability of the wavepacket-plus-uncorrelated-distribution model is tested using the near and far field measurements. When predicting the field at the other location, the model’s average error is less than 2 dB for St = 0.04-0.25 but increases for larger St because the apparent directivity changes from near to far field, likely due to the frequency dependence of the extended source region. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1650	a56218368600	Akamine M.	p864	False	Conference	385	Characterization of supersonic laboratory-scale jet noise with vector acoustic intensity	A new method for the calculation of vector acoustic intensity from pressure microphone measurements has been applied to the aeroacoustic source characterization of an unheated, Mach 1.8 laboratory-scale jet. Because of the ability to unwrap the phase of the transfer functions between microphone pairs in the measurement of a radiating, broadband source, physically meaningful near-field intensity vectors are calculated up to the maximum analysis frequency of 32 kHz. The new intensity method is used to obtain a detailed description of the sound energy flow near the jet. The resulting intensity vectors have been used with a ray-tracing technique to identify the dominant source region over a broad range of frequencies. Additional aeroacoustics analyses provide insight into the frequency-dependent characteristics of jet noise radiation, including the nature of the hydrodynamic field and the transition between the principal lobe and sideline radiation. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1651	a55837442300	Okamoto K.	p640	False	Journal	312	Effect of nozzle–plate distance on acoustic phenomena from supersonic impinging jet	For an adequate understanding of the broadband acoustic phenomena generated by a rocket exhaust jet impinging on a flame deflector, this study experimentally clarifies the factors that cause the difference in the broadband acoustic field of a supersonic ideally expanded jet impinging on an inclined flat plate for various nozzle–plate distances. According to previous studies, there are two possible factors: the Mach waves, which are radiated from the free-jet region and reflected by the plate, and the acoustic waves generated in the impingement region. To distinguish the effects of these factors, this study compares the following three results: the overall sound pressure level distribution, images extracted from the schlieren visualization movies using acoustic-triggered conditional sampling, and tracing lines of the acoustic intensity vectors of the Mach waves. The results reveal that the nozzle–plate distance affects the fraction of the Mach waves that are generated in the free-jet region and reflected by the plate, resulting in a higher overall sound pressure level in the upstream direction for larger nozzle–plate distances. It is concluded that the location of the plate relative to the source region of the Mach waves significantly affects the acoustic phenomena, owing to the variation in the nozzle–plate distances. Copyright © 2018 by Masahito Akamine, Koji Okamoto, Kent L. Gee, Tracianne B. Neilsen, Susumu Teramoto, Takeo Okunuki, and Seiji Tsutsumi.
1651	a55837442300	Okamoto K.	p862	False	Conference	383	Level-educed wavepacket representation of Mach 1.8 laboratory-scale jet noise	The search for an equivalent acoustic source model for high-speed jet noise has recently focused on wavepacket representations. A wavepacket is defined as a spatially extended source with an axial amplitude distribution that grows, saturates and decays, an axial phase relationship that produces directional noise, and correlation lengths longer than the integral length scales of the turbulent structures. This definition of a wavepacket has the same characteristics as the large-scale turbulent mixing noise; if the turbulent mixing noise can be isolated, the associate equivalent acoustic wavepacket—defined as a pressure fluctuation on a cylinder around the jet nozzle—can be found. An estimate of the frequencydependent, spatial variation in the large-scale turbulent mixing noise comes from a similarity spectra decomposition of the measured autospectral density, which in turn leads to data-educed wavenumber axial spectra associated with the frequency-dependent equivalent wavepackets. This wavepacket eduction technique has been applied to acoustical measurements of an unheated, Mach 1.8 jet in the near and far fields. At both locations, the resulting frequency-dependent, data-educed wavenumber spectra exhibit different types of self-similarity for low and high frequency regimes that become apparent when the axial wavenumber is scaled by the acoustic wavenumber, with a transition band between the two regimes. As expected, the data-educed wavenumber spectra can be used to predict field levels in the dominant radiation lobe. Addition of an uncorrelated source distribution, derived from the similarity spectra decomposition associated with the fine-scale turbulent mixing noise, creates a model that accounts for the sideline levels. This field-prediction ability of the wavepacket-plus-uncorrelated-distribution model is tested using the near and far field measurements. When predicting the field at the other location, the model’s average error is less than 2 dB for St = 0.04-0.25 but increases for larger St because the apparent directivity changes from near to far field, likely due to the frequency dependence of the extended source region. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1651	a55837442300	Okamoto K.	p864	False	Conference	385	Characterization of supersonic laboratory-scale jet noise with vector acoustic intensity	A new method for the calculation of vector acoustic intensity from pressure microphone measurements has been applied to the aeroacoustic source characterization of an unheated, Mach 1.8 laboratory-scale jet. Because of the ability to unwrap the phase of the transfer functions between microphone pairs in the measurement of a radiating, broadband source, physically meaningful near-field intensity vectors are calculated up to the maximum analysis frequency of 32 kHz. The new intensity method is used to obtain a detailed description of the sound energy flow near the jet. The resulting intensity vectors have been used with a ray-tracing technique to identify the dominant source region over a broad range of frequencies. Additional aeroacoustics analyses provide insight into the frequency-dependent characteristics of jet noise radiation, including the nature of the hydrodynamic field and the transition between the principal lobe and sideline radiation. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1652	a7202751866	Teramoto S.	p640	False	Journal	312	Effect of nozzle–plate distance on acoustic phenomena from supersonic impinging jet	For an adequate understanding of the broadband acoustic phenomena generated by a rocket exhaust jet impinging on a flame deflector, this study experimentally clarifies the factors that cause the difference in the broadband acoustic field of a supersonic ideally expanded jet impinging on an inclined flat plate for various nozzle–plate distances. According to previous studies, there are two possible factors: the Mach waves, which are radiated from the free-jet region and reflected by the plate, and the acoustic waves generated in the impingement region. To distinguish the effects of these factors, this study compares the following three results: the overall sound pressure level distribution, images extracted from the schlieren visualization movies using acoustic-triggered conditional sampling, and tracing lines of the acoustic intensity vectors of the Mach waves. The results reveal that the nozzle–plate distance affects the fraction of the Mach waves that are generated in the free-jet region and reflected by the plate, resulting in a higher overall sound pressure level in the upstream direction for larger nozzle–plate distances. It is concluded that the location of the plate relative to the source region of the Mach waves significantly affects the acoustic phenomena, owing to the variation in the nozzle–plate distances. Copyright © 2018 by Masahito Akamine, Koji Okamoto, Kent L. Gee, Tracianne B. Neilsen, Susumu Teramoto, Takeo Okunuki, and Seiji Tsutsumi.
1652	a7202751866	Teramoto S.	p862	False	Conference	383	Level-educed wavepacket representation of Mach 1.8 laboratory-scale jet noise	The search for an equivalent acoustic source model for high-speed jet noise has recently focused on wavepacket representations. A wavepacket is defined as a spatially extended source with an axial amplitude distribution that grows, saturates and decays, an axial phase relationship that produces directional noise, and correlation lengths longer than the integral length scales of the turbulent structures. This definition of a wavepacket has the same characteristics as the large-scale turbulent mixing noise; if the turbulent mixing noise can be isolated, the associate equivalent acoustic wavepacket—defined as a pressure fluctuation on a cylinder around the jet nozzle—can be found. An estimate of the frequencydependent, spatial variation in the large-scale turbulent mixing noise comes from a similarity spectra decomposition of the measured autospectral density, which in turn leads to data-educed wavenumber axial spectra associated with the frequency-dependent equivalent wavepackets. This wavepacket eduction technique has been applied to acoustical measurements of an unheated, Mach 1.8 jet in the near and far fields. At both locations, the resulting frequency-dependent, data-educed wavenumber spectra exhibit different types of self-similarity for low and high frequency regimes that become apparent when the axial wavenumber is scaled by the acoustic wavenumber, with a transition band between the two regimes. As expected, the data-educed wavenumber spectra can be used to predict field levels in the dominant radiation lobe. Addition of an uncorrelated source distribution, derived from the similarity spectra decomposition associated with the fine-scale turbulent mixing noise, creates a model that accounts for the sideline levels. This field-prediction ability of the wavepacket-plus-uncorrelated-distribution model is tested using the near and far field measurements. When predicting the field at the other location, the model’s average error is less than 2 dB for St = 0.04-0.25 but increases for larger St because the apparent directivity changes from near to far field, likely due to the frequency dependence of the extended source region. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1652	a7202751866	Teramoto S.	p864	False	Conference	385	Characterization of supersonic laboratory-scale jet noise with vector acoustic intensity	A new method for the calculation of vector acoustic intensity from pressure microphone measurements has been applied to the aeroacoustic source characterization of an unheated, Mach 1.8 laboratory-scale jet. Because of the ability to unwrap the phase of the transfer functions between microphone pairs in the measurement of a radiating, broadband source, physically meaningful near-field intensity vectors are calculated up to the maximum analysis frequency of 32 kHz. The new intensity method is used to obtain a detailed description of the sound energy flow near the jet. The resulting intensity vectors have been used with a ray-tracing technique to identify the dominant source region over a broad range of frequencies. Additional aeroacoustics analyses provide insight into the frequency-dependent characteristics of jet noise radiation, including the nature of the hydrodynamic field and the transition between the principal lobe and sideline radiation. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1653	a6506010179	Okunuki T.	p640	False	Journal	312	Effect of nozzle–plate distance on acoustic phenomena from supersonic impinging jet	For an adequate understanding of the broadband acoustic phenomena generated by a rocket exhaust jet impinging on a flame deflector, this study experimentally clarifies the factors that cause the difference in the broadband acoustic field of a supersonic ideally expanded jet impinging on an inclined flat plate for various nozzle–plate distances. According to previous studies, there are two possible factors: the Mach waves, which are radiated from the free-jet region and reflected by the plate, and the acoustic waves generated in the impingement region. To distinguish the effects of these factors, this study compares the following three results: the overall sound pressure level distribution, images extracted from the schlieren visualization movies using acoustic-triggered conditional sampling, and tracing lines of the acoustic intensity vectors of the Mach waves. The results reveal that the nozzle–plate distance affects the fraction of the Mach waves that are generated in the free-jet region and reflected by the plate, resulting in a higher overall sound pressure level in the upstream direction for larger nozzle–plate distances. It is concluded that the location of the plate relative to the source region of the Mach waves significantly affects the acoustic phenomena, owing to the variation in the nozzle–plate distances. Copyright © 2018 by Masahito Akamine, Koji Okamoto, Kent L. Gee, Tracianne B. Neilsen, Susumu Teramoto, Takeo Okunuki, and Seiji Tsutsumi.
1653	a6506010179	Okunuki T.	p864	False	Conference	385	Characterization of supersonic laboratory-scale jet noise with vector acoustic intensity	A new method for the calculation of vector acoustic intensity from pressure microphone measurements has been applied to the aeroacoustic source characterization of an unheated, Mach 1.8 laboratory-scale jet. Because of the ability to unwrap the phase of the transfer functions between microphone pairs in the measurement of a radiating, broadband source, physically meaningful near-field intensity vectors are calculated up to the maximum analysis frequency of 32 kHz. The new intensity method is used to obtain a detailed description of the sound energy flow near the jet. The resulting intensity vectors have been used with a ray-tracing technique to identify the dominant source region over a broad range of frequencies. Additional aeroacoustics analyses provide insight into the frequency-dependent characteristics of jet noise radiation, including the nature of the hydrodynamic field and the transition between the principal lobe and sideline radiation. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1654	a35873737200	Tsutsumi S.	p640	False	Journal	312	Effect of nozzle–plate distance on acoustic phenomena from supersonic impinging jet	For an adequate understanding of the broadband acoustic phenomena generated by a rocket exhaust jet impinging on a flame deflector, this study experimentally clarifies the factors that cause the difference in the broadband acoustic field of a supersonic ideally expanded jet impinging on an inclined flat plate for various nozzle–plate distances. According to previous studies, there are two possible factors: the Mach waves, which are radiated from the free-jet region and reflected by the plate, and the acoustic waves generated in the impingement region. To distinguish the effects of these factors, this study compares the following three results: the overall sound pressure level distribution, images extracted from the schlieren visualization movies using acoustic-triggered conditional sampling, and tracing lines of the acoustic intensity vectors of the Mach waves. The results reveal that the nozzle–plate distance affects the fraction of the Mach waves that are generated in the free-jet region and reflected by the plate, resulting in a higher overall sound pressure level in the upstream direction for larger nozzle–plate distances. It is concluded that the location of the plate relative to the source region of the Mach waves significantly affects the acoustic phenomena, owing to the variation in the nozzle–plate distances. Copyright © 2018 by Masahito Akamine, Koji Okamoto, Kent L. Gee, Tracianne B. Neilsen, Susumu Teramoto, Takeo Okunuki, and Seiji Tsutsumi.
1654	a35873737200	Tsutsumi S.	p862	False	Conference	383	Level-educed wavepacket representation of Mach 1.8 laboratory-scale jet noise	The search for an equivalent acoustic source model for high-speed jet noise has recently focused on wavepacket representations. A wavepacket is defined as a spatially extended source with an axial amplitude distribution that grows, saturates and decays, an axial phase relationship that produces directional noise, and correlation lengths longer than the integral length scales of the turbulent structures. This definition of a wavepacket has the same characteristics as the large-scale turbulent mixing noise; if the turbulent mixing noise can be isolated, the associate equivalent acoustic wavepacket—defined as a pressure fluctuation on a cylinder around the jet nozzle—can be found. An estimate of the frequencydependent, spatial variation in the large-scale turbulent mixing noise comes from a similarity spectra decomposition of the measured autospectral density, which in turn leads to data-educed wavenumber axial spectra associated with the frequency-dependent equivalent wavepackets. This wavepacket eduction technique has been applied to acoustical measurements of an unheated, Mach 1.8 jet in the near and far fields. At both locations, the resulting frequency-dependent, data-educed wavenumber spectra exhibit different types of self-similarity for low and high frequency regimes that become apparent when the axial wavenumber is scaled by the acoustic wavenumber, with a transition band between the two regimes. As expected, the data-educed wavenumber spectra can be used to predict field levels in the dominant radiation lobe. Addition of an uncorrelated source distribution, derived from the similarity spectra decomposition associated with the fine-scale turbulent mixing noise, creates a model that accounts for the sideline levels. This field-prediction ability of the wavepacket-plus-uncorrelated-distribution model is tested using the near and far field measurements. When predicting the field at the other location, the model’s average error is less than 2 dB for St = 0.04-0.25 but increases for larger St because the apparent directivity changes from near to far field, likely due to the frequency dependence of the extended source region. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1654	a35873737200	Tsutsumi S.	p864	False	Conference	385	Characterization of supersonic laboratory-scale jet noise with vector acoustic intensity	A new method for the calculation of vector acoustic intensity from pressure microphone measurements has been applied to the aeroacoustic source characterization of an unheated, Mach 1.8 laboratory-scale jet. Because of the ability to unwrap the phase of the transfer functions between microphone pairs in the measurement of a radiating, broadband source, physically meaningful near-field intensity vectors are calculated up to the maximum analysis frequency of 32 kHz. The new intensity method is used to obtain a detailed description of the sound energy flow near the jet. The resulting intensity vectors have been used with a ray-tracing technique to identify the dominant source region over a broad range of frequencies. Additional aeroacoustics analyses provide insight into the frequency-dependent characteristics of jet noise radiation, including the nature of the hydrodynamic field and the transition between the principal lobe and sideline radiation. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
1655	a37113017300	Savidis N.	p641	False	Conference	273	Progress in transparent flat-panel holographic displays enabled by guided-wave acousto-optics	We have previously introduced a monolithic, integrated optical platform for transparent, flat-panel holographic displays suitable for near-to-eye displays in augmented reality systems. This platform employs a guided-wave acousto-optic spatial light modulator implemented in lithium niobate in conjunction with an integrated Bragg-regime reflection volume hologram. In this paper, we depict analysis of three key system attributes that inform and influence the display system performance: 1) single-axis diffraction-driven astigmatism, 2) strobed illumination to enforce acousto-optic grating stationarity, and 3) acousto-optically driven spatial Nyquist rate. Copyright © 2018 SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1655	a37113017300	Savidis N.	p878	False	Conference	394	Near-to-eye electroholography via guided-wave acousto-optics for augmented reality	Near-to-eye holographic displays act to directly project wavefronts into a viewer's eye in order to recreate 3-D scenes for augmented or virtual reality applications. Recently, several solutions for near-to-eye electroholography have been proposed based on digital spatial light modulators in conjunction with supporting optics, such as holographic waveguides for light delivery; however, such schemes are limited by the inherent low space-bandwidth product available with current digital SLMs. In this paper, we depict a fully monolithic, integrated optical platform for transparent near-to-eye holographic display requiring no supporting optics. Our solution employs a guided-wave acousto-optic spatial light modulator implemented in lithium niobate in conjunction with an integrated Bragg-regime reflection volume hologram. © 2017 SPIE.
1656	a55919211300	Bove V.M.	p641	False	Conference	273	Progress in transparent flat-panel holographic displays enabled by guided-wave acousto-optics	We have previously introduced a monolithic, integrated optical platform for transparent, flat-panel holographic displays suitable for near-to-eye displays in augmented reality systems. This platform employs a guided-wave acousto-optic spatial light modulator implemented in lithium niobate in conjunction with an integrated Bragg-regime reflection volume hologram. In this paper, we depict analysis of three key system attributes that inform and influence the display system performance: 1) single-axis diffraction-driven astigmatism, 2) strobed illumination to enforce acousto-optic grating stationarity, and 3) acousto-optically driven spatial Nyquist rate. Copyright © 2018 SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1656	a55919211300	Bove V.M.	p878	False	Conference	394	Near-to-eye electroholography via guided-wave acousto-optics for augmented reality	Near-to-eye holographic displays act to directly project wavefronts into a viewer's eye in order to recreate 3-D scenes for augmented or virtual reality applications. Recently, several solutions for near-to-eye electroholography have been proposed based on digital spatial light modulators in conjunction with supporting optics, such as holographic waveguides for light delivery; however, such schemes are limited by the inherent low space-bandwidth product available with current digital SLMs. In this paper, we depict a fully monolithic, integrated optical platform for transparent near-to-eye holographic display requiring no supporting optics. Our solution employs a guided-wave acousto-optic spatial light modulator implemented in lithium niobate in conjunction with an integrated Bragg-regime reflection volume hologram. © 2017 SPIE.
1657	a57202785989	Lane S.	p642	True	Conference	274	A graph-theoretic understanding of network-wide implications of local cyber protections for mission assurance	Modern Department of Defense mission systems are very complex and therefore arduous to defend, especially in the cyber domain. A major cause for this concern arises from the fact that implementation of security protections occur at a local scale, while the important operational security issues stem from a global perspective of the system, e.g., mission assurance. Being able to understand network-wide implications of local cyber protections has the potential to significantly impact the strategies we use to protect modern mission systems. In this work, we present a graph-theoretic perspective on this problem, which is based on a framework for modeling and assessing the integrated cyber-physical dynamics of complex systems. Under the framework, these dynamics (and their relationships) are modeled as a graph and then analyzed using processing techniques from graphtheory. We demonstrate the utility of this framework by conducting insider-attack threat analysis and show how the application of security protections at a local scale impact network-wide security properties from an insider perspective. As a test case, we study the problem of search and rescue (SAR) using unmanned aerial vehicle teams. Unmanned vehicle teams engaged in SAR are prototypical cyber-physical systems, in which local intrusions may cause global disruptions. Here, we describe how the insider modeling framework for cyber-physical dynamics applies to this problem and present results of a network-wide assessment of security properties of the system. We use this assessment to design a security protection for the system in which we use cryptographically secure computation techniques to limit the amount of information sharing required between system components without degrading the correct operation of the system. We show how the application of these techniques on a local scale impacts the security properties of the system on a global scale. © 2018 SPIE.
1658	a56020026900	Clark M.R.	p642	False	Conference	274	A graph-theoretic understanding of network-wide implications of local cyber protections for mission assurance	Modern Department of Defense mission systems are very complex and therefore arduous to defend, especially in the cyber domain. A major cause for this concern arises from the fact that implementation of security protections occur at a local scale, while the important operational security issues stem from a global perspective of the system, e.g., mission assurance. Being able to understand network-wide implications of local cyber protections has the potential to significantly impact the strategies we use to protect modern mission systems. In this work, we present a graph-theoretic perspective on this problem, which is based on a framework for modeling and assessing the integrated cyber-physical dynamics of complex systems. Under the framework, these dynamics (and their relationships) are modeled as a graph and then analyzed using processing techniques from graphtheory. We demonstrate the utility of this framework by conducting insider-attack threat analysis and show how the application of security protections at a local scale impact network-wide security properties from an insider perspective. As a test case, we study the problem of search and rescue (SAR) using unmanned aerial vehicle teams. Unmanned vehicle teams engaged in SAR are prototypical cyber-physical systems, in which local intrusions may cause global disruptions. Here, we describe how the insider modeling framework for cyber-physical dynamics applies to this problem and present results of a network-wide assessment of security properties of the system. We use this assessment to design a security protection for the system in which we use cryptographically secure computation techniques to limit the amount of information sharing required between system components without degrading the correct operation of the system. We show how the application of these techniques on a local scale impacts the security properties of the system on a global scale. © 2018 SPIE.
1659	a57202743127	Jafek B.	p643	True	Conference	275	Factor analysis in automated face detection: Gender, occlusion, eyewear, brightness, contrast, and focus measure	Computer-based facial recognition algorithms exploit the unique characteristics of faces in images. However, in non-cooperative situations these unique characteristics are often disturbed. In this study, we examine the effect of six different factors on face detection in an unconstrained imaging environment: Image brightness, image contrast, focus measure, eyewear, gender, and occlusion. The aim of this study is twofold: First, to quantify detection rates of conventional Haar cascade algorithms across these six factors; and second, to propose methods for automatically labeling datasets whose size prohibits manual labeling. First, we manually classify a uniquely challenging dataset comprising 9,688 images of passengers in vehicles acquired from a roadside camera system. Next, we quantify how each of the aforementioned factors affect face detection on this dataset. Of the six factors studied, occlusion had the most significant impact, resulting in a 54% decrease in detection rate between unoccluded and severely occluded faces in our unique dataset. Finally, we provide a methodology for data analytics of large datasets where manual labeling of the whole dataset is not possible. © 2018 SPIE.
1660	a36162907100	Eicholtz M.	p643	False	Conference	275	Factor analysis in automated face detection: Gender, occlusion, eyewear, brightness, contrast, and focus measure	Computer-based facial recognition algorithms exploit the unique characteristics of faces in images. However, in non-cooperative situations these unique characteristics are often disturbed. In this study, we examine the effect of six different factors on face detection in an unconstrained imaging environment: Image brightness, image contrast, focus measure, eyewear, gender, and occlusion. The aim of this study is twofold: First, to quantify detection rates of conventional Haar cascade algorithms across these six factors; and second, to propose methods for automatically labeling datasets whose size prohibits manual labeling. First, we manually classify a uniquely challenging dataset comprising 9,688 images of passengers in vehicles acquired from a roadside camera system. Next, we quantify how each of the aforementioned factors affect face detection on this dataset. Of the six factors studied, occlusion had the most significant impact, resulting in a 54% decrease in detection rate between unoccluded and severely occluded faces in our unique dataset. Finally, we provide a methodology for data analytics of large datasets where manual labeling of the whole dataset is not possible. © 2018 SPIE.
1661	a57202741808	Hendershott J.	p643	False	Conference	275	Factor analysis in automated face detection: Gender, occlusion, eyewear, brightness, contrast, and focus measure	Computer-based facial recognition algorithms exploit the unique characteristics of faces in images. However, in non-cooperative situations these unique characteristics are often disturbed. In this study, we examine the effect of six different factors on face detection in an unconstrained imaging environment: Image brightness, image contrast, focus measure, eyewear, gender, and occlusion. The aim of this study is twofold: First, to quantify detection rates of conventional Haar cascade algorithms across these six factors; and second, to propose methods for automatically labeling datasets whose size prohibits manual labeling. First, we manually classify a uniquely challenging dataset comprising 9,688 images of passengers in vehicles acquired from a roadside camera system. Next, we quantify how each of the aforementioned factors affect face detection on this dataset. Of the six factors studied, occlusion had the most significant impact, resulting in a 54% decrease in detection rate between unoccluded and severely occluded faces in our unique dataset. Finally, we provide a methodology for data analytics of large datasets where manual labeling of the whole dataset is not possible. © 2018 SPIE.
1662	a57007514800	Johnson C.	p643	False	Conference	275	Factor analysis in automated face detection: Gender, occlusion, eyewear, brightness, contrast, and focus measure	Computer-based facial recognition algorithms exploit the unique characteristics of faces in images. However, in non-cooperative situations these unique characteristics are often disturbed. In this study, we examine the effect of six different factors on face detection in an unconstrained imaging environment: Image brightness, image contrast, focus measure, eyewear, gender, and occlusion. The aim of this study is twofold: First, to quantify detection rates of conventional Haar cascade algorithms across these six factors; and second, to propose methods for automatically labeling datasets whose size prohibits manual labeling. First, we manually classify a uniquely challenging dataset comprising 9,688 images of passengers in vehicles acquired from a roadside camera system. Next, we quantify how each of the aforementioned factors affect face detection on this dataset. Of the six factors studied, occlusion had the most significant impact, resulting in a 54% decrease in detection rate between unoccluded and severely occluded faces in our unique dataset. Finally, we provide a methodology for data analytics of large datasets where manual labeling of the whole dataset is not possible. © 2018 SPIE.
1663	a8410729500	Bolme D.	p643	False	Conference	275	Factor analysis in automated face detection: Gender, occlusion, eyewear, brightness, contrast, and focus measure	Computer-based facial recognition algorithms exploit the unique characteristics of faces in images. However, in non-cooperative situations these unique characteristics are often disturbed. In this study, we examine the effect of six different factors on face detection in an unconstrained imaging environment: Image brightness, image contrast, focus measure, eyewear, gender, and occlusion. The aim of this study is twofold: First, to quantify detection rates of conventional Haar cascade algorithms across these six factors; and second, to propose methods for automatically labeling datasets whose size prohibits manual labeling. First, we manually classify a uniquely challenging dataset comprising 9,688 images of passengers in vehicles acquired from a roadside camera system. Next, we quantify how each of the aforementioned factors affect face detection on this dataset. Of the six factors studied, occlusion had the most significant impact, resulting in a 54% decrease in detection rate between unoccluded and severely occluded faces in our unique dataset. Finally, we provide a methodology for data analytics of large datasets where manual labeling of the whole dataset is not possible. © 2018 SPIE.
1664	a16043812000	Santos-Villalobos H.	p643	False	Conference	275	Factor analysis in automated face detection: Gender, occlusion, eyewear, brightness, contrast, and focus measure	Computer-based facial recognition algorithms exploit the unique characteristics of faces in images. However, in non-cooperative situations these unique characteristics are often disturbed. In this study, we examine the effect of six different factors on face detection in an unconstrained imaging environment: Image brightness, image contrast, focus measure, eyewear, gender, and occlusion. The aim of this study is twofold: First, to quantify detection rates of conventional Haar cascade algorithms across these six factors; and second, to propose methods for automatically labeling datasets whose size prohibits manual labeling. First, we manually classify a uniquely challenging dataset comprising 9,688 images of passengers in vehicles acquired from a roadside camera system. Next, we quantify how each of the aforementioned factors affect face detection on this dataset. Of the six factors studied, occlusion had the most significant impact, resulting in a 54% decrease in detection rate between unoccluded and severely occluded faces in our unique dataset. Finally, we provide a methodology for data analytics of large datasets where manual labeling of the whole dataset is not possible. © 2018 SPIE.
1665	a56244640900	Kovacevic A.	p646	True	Conference	278	Application of “CODeve” methodology in transatlantic student design project	COllaborative DEsign in Virtual Environment (CODEVE) is a teaching methodology developed within the European Global Product Realisation (EGPR) course over a number of years. It was developed to establish suitable teaching practice to educate students on efficient design methods in a distributed product realisation projects in conjunction with an industrial partner. Students work in international teams formed from multiple partner universities. Communication is primarily through video-conferencing and other synchronous and asynchronous means of communication to perform design tasks including the vision, conceptual design, detail design and prototyping. Students ultimately meet during the final workshop at the end of the course to assemble and test prototypes and to disseminate their work to the company and wider public. The CODEVE methodology was tested in the Erasmus+ funded project called Networked Activities for Realisation of Innovative Products (NARIP) from 2015-2107. It has been implemented in academic institution in Europe. This paper discusses applicability of this methodology in the project which connects universities and industry across the Atlantic. Three universities are participating this year: Brigham Young University from Utah, USA with Industrial Design students, University of Technology and Economics of Budapest in Hungary with product design students and City, University of London from the UK with mechanical, aeronautical and electrical engineering students. The industrial partner is Black Diamond, a global company based in Utah, USA, while the manufacturing of prototypes and final workshop are hosted at City, University of London. Time difference, culture and the discipline of study make implementation of CODEVE methodology in this transatlantic project more difficult than if the project is kept within European Universities. This paper outlines challenges and learning outcomes of students on both sides of Atlantic. Recommendations to modifications in CODEVE methodology to suit transatlantic projects are discussed in the paper. © 2018 Institution of Engineering Designers The Design Society. All Rights Reserved.
1666	a57204902241	Tarnok Z.	p646	False	Conference	278	Application of “CODeve” methodology in transatlantic student design project	COllaborative DEsign in Virtual Environment (CODEVE) is a teaching methodology developed within the European Global Product Realisation (EGPR) course over a number of years. It was developed to establish suitable teaching practice to educate students on efficient design methods in a distributed product realisation projects in conjunction with an industrial partner. Students work in international teams formed from multiple partner universities. Communication is primarily through video-conferencing and other synchronous and asynchronous means of communication to perform design tasks including the vision, conceptual design, detail design and prototyping. Students ultimately meet during the final workshop at the end of the course to assemble and test prototypes and to disseminate their work to the company and wider public. The CODEVE methodology was tested in the Erasmus+ funded project called Networked Activities for Realisation of Innovative Products (NARIP) from 2015-2107. It has been implemented in academic institution in Europe. This paper discusses applicability of this methodology in the project which connects universities and industry across the Atlantic. Three universities are participating this year: Brigham Young University from Utah, USA with Industrial Design students, University of Technology and Economics of Budapest in Hungary with product design students and City, University of London from the UK with mechanical, aeronautical and electrical engineering students. The industrial partner is Black Diamond, a global company based in Utah, USA, while the manufacturing of prototypes and final workshop are hosted at City, University of London. Time difference, culture and the discipline of study make implementation of CODEVE methodology in this transatlantic project more difficult than if the project is kept within European Universities. This paper outlines challenges and learning outcomes of students on both sides of Atlantic. Recommendations to modifications in CODEVE methodology to suit transatlantic projects are discussed in the paper. © 2018 Institution of Engineering Designers The Design Society. All Rights Reserved.
1667	a55543519800	Jagadeesh C.	p646	False	Conference	278	Application of “CODeve” methodology in transatlantic student design project	COllaborative DEsign in Virtual Environment (CODEVE) is a teaching methodology developed within the European Global Product Realisation (EGPR) course over a number of years. It was developed to establish suitable teaching practice to educate students on efficient design methods in a distributed product realisation projects in conjunction with an industrial partner. Students work in international teams formed from multiple partner universities. Communication is primarily through video-conferencing and other synchronous and asynchronous means of communication to perform design tasks including the vision, conceptual design, detail design and prototyping. Students ultimately meet during the final workshop at the end of the course to assemble and test prototypes and to disseminate their work to the company and wider public. The CODEVE methodology was tested in the Erasmus+ funded project called Networked Activities for Realisation of Innovative Products (NARIP) from 2015-2107. It has been implemented in academic institution in Europe. This paper discusses applicability of this methodology in the project which connects universities and industry across the Atlantic. Three universities are participating this year: Brigham Young University from Utah, USA with Industrial Design students, University of Technology and Economics of Budapest in Hungary with product design students and City, University of London from the UK with mechanical, aeronautical and electrical engineering students. The industrial partner is Black Diamond, a global company based in Utah, USA, while the manufacturing of prototypes and final workshop are hosted at City, University of London. Time difference, culture and the discipline of study make implementation of CODEVE methodology in this transatlantic project more difficult than if the project is kept within European Universities. This paper outlines challenges and learning outcomes of students on both sides of Atlantic. Recommendations to modifications in CODEVE methodology to suit transatlantic projects are discussed in the paper. © 2018 Institution of Engineering Designers The Design Society. All Rights Reserved.
1668	a56237456900	Read M.	p646	False	Conference	278	Application of “CODeve” methodology in transatlantic student design project	COllaborative DEsign in Virtual Environment (CODEVE) is a teaching methodology developed within the European Global Product Realisation (EGPR) course over a number of years. It was developed to establish suitable teaching practice to educate students on efficient design methods in a distributed product realisation projects in conjunction with an industrial partner. Students work in international teams formed from multiple partner universities. Communication is primarily through video-conferencing and other synchronous and asynchronous means of communication to perform design tasks including the vision, conceptual design, detail design and prototyping. Students ultimately meet during the final workshop at the end of the course to assemble and test prototypes and to disseminate their work to the company and wider public. The CODEVE methodology was tested in the Erasmus+ funded project called Networked Activities for Realisation of Innovative Products (NARIP) from 2015-2107. It has been implemented in academic institution in Europe. This paper discusses applicability of this methodology in the project which connects universities and industry across the Atlantic. Three universities are participating this year: Brigham Young University from Utah, USA with Industrial Design students, University of Technology and Economics of Budapest in Hungary with product design students and City, University of London from the UK with mechanical, aeronautical and electrical engineering students. The industrial partner is Black Diamond, a global company based in Utah, USA, while the manufacturing of prototypes and final workshop are hosted at City, University of London. Time difference, culture and the discipline of study make implementation of CODEVE methodology in this transatlantic project more difficult than if the project is kept within European Universities. This paper outlines challenges and learning outcomes of students on both sides of Atlantic. Recommendations to modifications in CODEVE methodology to suit transatlantic projects are discussed in the paper. © 2018 Institution of Engineering Designers The Design Society. All Rights Reserved.
1669	a57200649104	Horak P.	p646	False	Conference	278	Application of “CODeve” methodology in transatlantic student design project	COllaborative DEsign in Virtual Environment (CODEVE) is a teaching methodology developed within the European Global Product Realisation (EGPR) course over a number of years. It was developed to establish suitable teaching practice to educate students on efficient design methods in a distributed product realisation projects in conjunction with an industrial partner. Students work in international teams formed from multiple partner universities. Communication is primarily through video-conferencing and other synchronous and asynchronous means of communication to perform design tasks including the vision, conceptual design, detail design and prototyping. Students ultimately meet during the final workshop at the end of the course to assemble and test prototypes and to disseminate their work to the company and wider public. The CODEVE methodology was tested in the Erasmus+ funded project called Networked Activities for Realisation of Innovative Products (NARIP) from 2015-2107. It has been implemented in academic institution in Europe. This paper discusses applicability of this methodology in the project which connects universities and industry across the Atlantic. Three universities are participating this year: Brigham Young University from Utah, USA with Industrial Design students, University of Technology and Economics of Budapest in Hungary with product design students and City, University of London from the UK with mechanical, aeronautical and electrical engineering students. The industrial partner is Black Diamond, a global company based in Utah, USA, while the manufacturing of prototypes and final workshop are hosted at City, University of London. Time difference, culture and the discipline of study make implementation of CODEVE methodology in this transatlantic project more difficult than if the project is kept within European Universities. This paper outlines challenges and learning outcomes of students on both sides of Atlantic. Recommendations to modifications in CODEVE methodology to suit transatlantic projects are discussed in the paper. © 2018 Institution of Engineering Designers The Design Society. All Rights Reserved.
1670	a57208645178	Leto A.	p646	False	Conference	278	Application of “CODeve” methodology in transatlantic student design project	COllaborative DEsign in Virtual Environment (CODEVE) is a teaching methodology developed within the European Global Product Realisation (EGPR) course over a number of years. It was developed to establish suitable teaching practice to educate students on efficient design methods in a distributed product realisation projects in conjunction with an industrial partner. Students work in international teams formed from multiple partner universities. Communication is primarily through video-conferencing and other synchronous and asynchronous means of communication to perform design tasks including the vision, conceptual design, detail design and prototyping. Students ultimately meet during the final workshop at the end of the course to assemble and test prototypes and to disseminate their work to the company and wider public. The CODEVE methodology was tested in the Erasmus+ funded project called Networked Activities for Realisation of Innovative Products (NARIP) from 2015-2107. It has been implemented in academic institution in Europe. This paper discusses applicability of this methodology in the project which connects universities and industry across the Atlantic. Three universities are participating this year: Brigham Young University from Utah, USA with Industrial Design students, University of Technology and Economics of Budapest in Hungary with product design students and City, University of London from the UK with mechanical, aeronautical and electrical engineering students. The industrial partner is Black Diamond, a global company based in Utah, USA, while the manufacturing of prototypes and final workshop are hosted at City, University of London. Time difference, culture and the discipline of study make implementation of CODEVE methodology in this transatlantic project more difficult than if the project is kept within European Universities. This paper outlines challenges and learning outcomes of students on both sides of Atlantic. Recommendations to modifications in CODEVE methodology to suit transatlantic projects are discussed in the paper. © 2018 Institution of Engineering Designers The Design Society. All Rights Reserved.
1671	a56890778700	Seaman C.H.	p647	True	Conference	279	Development and testing of a friction-based post-installable fiber-optic monitoring system for subsea applications	This paper continues to document the design, development, and test of a friction-based (non-adhesive) post-installable fiberoptic strain sensing system for oil and gas applications - especially those that require deployment on existing subsea structures. (Ref: OMAE2017-61494 Development and Testing of a Friction-Based Post-Installable Sensor for Subsea FiberOptic Monitoring Systems [1]). The prototype fiber-optic monitoring system collects a wide range of real-time data, which can be used to determine structural loading, fatigue, temperature, pressure, and flow assurance on operational platforms. The primary challenge of a post-installed instrumentation monitoring system is to ensure secure coupling between the sensors and the structure of interest for reliable measurements. Friction-based coupling devices have the potential to overcome installation challenges caused by marine growth and soil contamination on subsea structures, flowlines, or risers. This particular design solution is compatible with structures that are suspended in the water column and those that are resting on the seabed. In addition, the system can be installed by commercial divers in shallow depths or by remotely operated vehicles in deep-water applications. Operational limitations of the initial design concept were identified in the previous series of tests (2016-2017), and several innovative enhancements have been implemented which resulted in significant improvements in sensor system coupling and strain measurement correlation with traditional strain measuring devices. This paper provides a summary of the notable prototype design changes, full-scale test article buildup, and detailed performance data recorded during tension and compression loading that simulated representative offshore conditions. The test results were positive and demonstrated the effectiveness of the design enhancements. Compromises made during mounting of the sensing elements resulted in better performance in tension than compression. These effects are well understood and are fully discussed, and do not influence the viability of the design changes. This study is part of a continuing collaboration between the Houston-based NASA-Johnson Space Center and Astro Technology, Inc. within a study called Clear Gulf. The primary objective of the Clear Gulf study is to develop advanced instrumentation technologies that will improve operational safety and reduce the risk of hydrocarbon spillage. NASA provided unique insights, expansive test facilities, and technical expertise to advance these technologies that would benefit the environment, the public, and commercial industries. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1672	a56094587000	Kipp R.M.	p647	False	Conference	279	Development and testing of a friction-based post-installable fiber-optic monitoring system for subsea applications	This paper continues to document the design, development, and test of a friction-based (non-adhesive) post-installable fiberoptic strain sensing system for oil and gas applications - especially those that require deployment on existing subsea structures. (Ref: OMAE2017-61494 Development and Testing of a Friction-Based Post-Installable Sensor for Subsea FiberOptic Monitoring Systems [1]). The prototype fiber-optic monitoring system collects a wide range of real-time data, which can be used to determine structural loading, fatigue, temperature, pressure, and flow assurance on operational platforms. The primary challenge of a post-installed instrumentation monitoring system is to ensure secure coupling between the sensors and the structure of interest for reliable measurements. Friction-based coupling devices have the potential to overcome installation challenges caused by marine growth and soil contamination on subsea structures, flowlines, or risers. This particular design solution is compatible with structures that are suspended in the water column and those that are resting on the seabed. In addition, the system can be installed by commercial divers in shallow depths or by remotely operated vehicles in deep-water applications. Operational limitations of the initial design concept were identified in the previous series of tests (2016-2017), and several innovative enhancements have been implemented which resulted in significant improvements in sensor system coupling and strain measurement correlation with traditional strain measuring devices. This paper provides a summary of the notable prototype design changes, full-scale test article buildup, and detailed performance data recorded during tension and compression loading that simulated representative offshore conditions. The test results were positive and demonstrated the effectiveness of the design enhancements. Compromises made during mounting of the sensing elements resulted in better performance in tension than compression. These effects are well understood and are fully discussed, and do not influence the viability of the design changes. This study is part of a continuing collaboration between the Houston-based NASA-Johnson Space Center and Astro Technology, Inc. within a study called Clear Gulf. The primary objective of the Clear Gulf study is to develop advanced instrumentation technologies that will improve operational safety and reduce the risk of hydrocarbon spillage. NASA provided unique insights, expansive test facilities, and technical expertise to advance these technologies that would benefit the environment, the public, and commercial industries. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1673	a56890178400	Tang H.H.	p647	False	Conference	279	Development and testing of a friction-based post-installable fiber-optic monitoring system for subsea applications	This paper continues to document the design, development, and test of a friction-based (non-adhesive) post-installable fiberoptic strain sensing system for oil and gas applications - especially those that require deployment on existing subsea structures. (Ref: OMAE2017-61494 Development and Testing of a Friction-Based Post-Installable Sensor for Subsea FiberOptic Monitoring Systems [1]). The prototype fiber-optic monitoring system collects a wide range of real-time data, which can be used to determine structural loading, fatigue, temperature, pressure, and flow assurance on operational platforms. The primary challenge of a post-installed instrumentation monitoring system is to ensure secure coupling between the sensors and the structure of interest for reliable measurements. Friction-based coupling devices have the potential to overcome installation challenges caused by marine growth and soil contamination on subsea structures, flowlines, or risers. This particular design solution is compatible with structures that are suspended in the water column and those that are resting on the seabed. In addition, the system can be installed by commercial divers in shallow depths or by remotely operated vehicles in deep-water applications. Operational limitations of the initial design concept were identified in the previous series of tests (2016-2017), and several innovative enhancements have been implemented which resulted in significant improvements in sensor system coupling and strain measurement correlation with traditional strain measuring devices. This paper provides a summary of the notable prototype design changes, full-scale test article buildup, and detailed performance data recorded during tension and compression loading that simulated representative offshore conditions. The test results were positive and demonstrated the effectiveness of the design enhancements. Compromises made during mounting of the sensing elements resulted in better performance in tension than compression. These effects are well understood and are fully discussed, and do not influence the viability of the design changes. This study is part of a continuing collaboration between the Houston-based NASA-Johnson Space Center and Astro Technology, Inc. within a study called Clear Gulf. The primary objective of the Clear Gulf study is to develop advanced instrumentation technologies that will improve operational safety and reduce the risk of hydrocarbon spillage. NASA provided unique insights, expansive test facilities, and technical expertise to advance these technologies that would benefit the environment, the public, and commercial industries. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1674	a55806548500	Bentley N.L.	p647	False	Conference	279	Development and testing of a friction-based post-installable fiber-optic monitoring system for subsea applications	This paper continues to document the design, development, and test of a friction-based (non-adhesive) post-installable fiberoptic strain sensing system for oil and gas applications - especially those that require deployment on existing subsea structures. (Ref: OMAE2017-61494 Development and Testing of a Friction-Based Post-Installable Sensor for Subsea FiberOptic Monitoring Systems [1]). The prototype fiber-optic monitoring system collects a wide range of real-time data, which can be used to determine structural loading, fatigue, temperature, pressure, and flow assurance on operational platforms. The primary challenge of a post-installed instrumentation monitoring system is to ensure secure coupling between the sensors and the structure of interest for reliable measurements. Friction-based coupling devices have the potential to overcome installation challenges caused by marine growth and soil contamination on subsea structures, flowlines, or risers. This particular design solution is compatible with structures that are suspended in the water column and those that are resting on the seabed. In addition, the system can be installed by commercial divers in shallow depths or by remotely operated vehicles in deep-water applications. Operational limitations of the initial design concept were identified in the previous series of tests (2016-2017), and several innovative enhancements have been implemented which resulted in significant improvements in sensor system coupling and strain measurement correlation with traditional strain measuring devices. This paper provides a summary of the notable prototype design changes, full-scale test article buildup, and detailed performance data recorded during tension and compression loading that simulated representative offshore conditions. The test results were positive and demonstrated the effectiveness of the design enhancements. Compromises made during mounting of the sensing elements resulted in better performance in tension than compression. These effects are well understood and are fully discussed, and do not influence the viability of the design changes. This study is part of a continuing collaboration between the Houston-based NASA-Johnson Space Center and Astro Technology, Inc. within a study called Clear Gulf. The primary objective of the Clear Gulf study is to develop advanced instrumentation technologies that will improve operational safety and reduce the risk of hydrocarbon spillage. NASA provided unique insights, expansive test facilities, and technical expertise to advance these technologies that would benefit the environment, the public, and commercial industries. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1675	a56890669600	Le S.Q.	p647	False	Conference	279	Development and testing of a friction-based post-installable fiber-optic monitoring system for subsea applications	This paper continues to document the design, development, and test of a friction-based (non-adhesive) post-installable fiberoptic strain sensing system for oil and gas applications - especially those that require deployment on existing subsea structures. (Ref: OMAE2017-61494 Development and Testing of a Friction-Based Post-Installable Sensor for Subsea FiberOptic Monitoring Systems [1]). The prototype fiber-optic monitoring system collects a wide range of real-time data, which can be used to determine structural loading, fatigue, temperature, pressure, and flow assurance on operational platforms. The primary challenge of a post-installed instrumentation monitoring system is to ensure secure coupling between the sensors and the structure of interest for reliable measurements. Friction-based coupling devices have the potential to overcome installation challenges caused by marine growth and soil contamination on subsea structures, flowlines, or risers. This particular design solution is compatible with structures that are suspended in the water column and those that are resting on the seabed. In addition, the system can be installed by commercial divers in shallow depths or by remotely operated vehicles in deep-water applications. Operational limitations of the initial design concept were identified in the previous series of tests (2016-2017), and several innovative enhancements have been implemented which resulted in significant improvements in sensor system coupling and strain measurement correlation with traditional strain measuring devices. This paper provides a summary of the notable prototype design changes, full-scale test article buildup, and detailed performance data recorded during tension and compression loading that simulated representative offshore conditions. The test results were positive and demonstrated the effectiveness of the design enhancements. Compromises made during mounting of the sensing elements resulted in better performance in tension than compression. These effects are well understood and are fully discussed, and do not influence the viability of the design changes. This study is part of a continuing collaboration between the Houston-based NASA-Johnson Space Center and Astro Technology, Inc. within a study called Clear Gulf. The primary objective of the Clear Gulf study is to develop advanced instrumentation technologies that will improve operational safety and reduce the risk of hydrocarbon spillage. NASA provided unique insights, expansive test facilities, and technical expertise to advance these technologies that would benefit the environment, the public, and commercial industries. Copyright © 2018 ASME.
1676	a36082483100	Baird G.M.	p648	True	Conference	280	Fixing the O&M Budget with Asset Management to Create More Capital Debt Capacity for Pipe Projects	Infrastructure asset management programs should be focused on managing assets in a way in which the investment for each asset can be optimized producing overall cost savings in both operations and capital budgets. While there is a great amount of evidence of increasing water main breaks and further aging water infrastructure failures an approach looking at each stage of the asset's life cycle is important in reducing costs, allocating resources effectively, and providing a financial condition where the debt ratio can have a margin necessary to issue debt to support water pipe repair and replacement projects. In order to best take into consideration all of the aspects of determining the likelihood of failure as part of the maintenance and capital repair and replacement programs, machine learning can be used as a desktop condition assessment exercise to increase accuracy in predicting the segments of pipe needing additional investment. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1676	a36082483100	Baird G.M.	p652	True	Conference	282	Defining a Sustainable Underground Infrastructure Framework: ISO Asset Management and ISO Life Cycle	Sustainability is broadly defined to mean systems that are able to meet the needs of current and future generations by being physically resilient, cost-effective, environmentally viable, and socially equitable. While the term is applied to various types of infrastructure, the real application of sustainability practices needs to be applied to underground water infrastructure. In order to determine the best sustainable outcomes a common standard of weighing alternatives and making decisions should be followed. The International Standards Organization (ISO) is an independent, non-governmental organization which facilitates world trade by providing common standards between nations. The ISO has standards which can benefit sustainable infrastructure decision making specifically in 3 main areas: life cycle assessment, life cycle costing, and asset management. This paper defines a sustainable framework for underground pipe infrastructure in the context of ISO standards and industry best practices. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1676	a36082483100	Baird G.M.	p653	True	Conference	283	How Green Are You? Economic and Environmental Sustainability: Assessing the Global Warming Potential (GMP) of Your Underground Infrastructure	As municipalities across the United States and Canada focus on delivering the essentials of clean water, efficient wastewater treatment, and judicious control of storm water, government officials, engineers, and the companies that install, operate, and maintain piping infrastructure need to understand that a life cycle systems approach. Sustainability concerns apply to many critical resources such as water. On a per capita basis, the U.S. leads the world in water usage, with a substantial portion of water consumed/leaked by infrastructure systems. Because of water availability, competing water demands, and changing hydrologic conditions, the U.S. Department of Interior predicts that multiple water conflicts will occur in the western U.S. by 2025. In addition, decades of excessive demands on ecological systems have reduced their capacities to absorb and process emissions and wastes. Sustainable water infrastructure is vital to providing the American public with clean and safe water and helping to ensure the environmental, economic, and social health of the nation's communities. The increasing interest in sustainability has led to the development of sustainability assessment tools such as life cycle assessments (LCA) analyzing the embodied energy and environmental impacts. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool used to identify the environmental impacts of a product, process, or activity over the entire lifespan of the product. LCA studies also quantify and interpret the environmental flows to and from the environment (including emissions to air, water, and land, as well as the consumption of energy and other material resources) over the entire life cycle of a product (or process or service). By including the impacts throughout the product life cycle, LCA provides a comprehensive view of the environmental aspects of the product and an accurate picture of the true environmental tradeoffs in product selection. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1676	a36082483100	Baird G.M.	p655	True	Conference	285	Benchmarking your break rates: A review of new findings and trends from north American water main break studies	The water industry has seen many types of academic surveys and studies on water main replacement programs and the benefits of asset management and prioritization. However, many utilities have not historically tracked all of the elements of water main break data. One factor used to quantify the occurrences of failing underground pipe networks is water main break rates. Water main break rates are calculated for all pipe materials used in water delivery to create a measurement to judge pipe performance and durability. Water main break rates can vary year to year and by utility. However, in aggregate, break rates produce a compelling story which can aid our prudent decision making as it relates to repairing and replacing our underground pipes. In April 2012, Utah State University published an initial comprehensive survey of water utilities. This was a survey of water main breaks and operating characteristics at utilities located in U.S. and Canada. Six years later in 2018, a new water main break study was released reviewing the national metric for citizens served per one mile of pipe, aggregate data on pipe material break rates, the analysis of age and corrosion in failure modes, and related observations on pressure, delivery volumes, effects of soil corrosivity, and trenchless technology practices. This paper reviews the newest water main break study metrics and findings and outlines various trends and projections of water main breaks in the U.S. and Canada which can be used to benchmark an organization's water main breaks and use this critical data in asset management plans. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1676	a36082483100	Baird G.M.	p658	True	Conference	286	Water main criticality scoring and GIS centric risk mitigation: Applying GIS spatial analysis tools and apps for greater insight for high risk underground infrastructure	With the pressure to provide excellent services under constrained budgets, utilities are adopting asset management as the synergistic framework combining strategic and financial planning, levels of service, and risk-based analysis to determine investments. GIS (geographic information system) helps to empower a utility with the tools to drive a robust and strategic, decision making process. When a CMMS (computerized maintenance management system) has asset management functionality, the capabilities of service requests, inspections and work orders, capturing costs, and work history can be leveraged into asset condition and risk-based spatial analysis by determining what, when, why, and where the next round of investment should occur. A critical step in the process includes analyzing the data and location to potential take actions to reduce the risks. In alignment with ISO (International Standards Organization) 55000, risk is defined as the probability of failure (PoF) multiplied by the consequence of failure (CoF) which produces the business risk exposure (BRE). While calculating risk is important, the risk-based data can be used to build business cases and determine future projects. GIS can help users gain an understanding of what assets are high risk, where they are located and what factor can influence the risk. Risk-based analysis provides the reasoning for potential solutions and action. This paper defines and explores the use of GIS-centric analysis tools to enhance the asset management decision making process. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1677	a57217723923	Guillou J.	p649	True	Journal	313	From lignocellulose to biocomposite: Multi-level modelling and experimental investigation of the thermal properties of kenaf fiber reinforced composites based on constituent materials	Natural fibers (such as kenaf) have garnered interest recently for use in composites because of their relatively high specific properties, low cost, and low environmental impact. Their thermal property information is limited, lacking experimental data on key properties such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, and CTE of the component fiber. This paper presents, for the first time, the thermal property data on kenaf fiber reinforced composites, and an approach to obtain the composite thermal properties based on constituent properties. Individual, plant-based fibers were measured independently and were then used to inform successful predictions of the effective thermal conductivity of the fiber reinforced composites. A unit cell model has been developed to predict the thermal properties of a planar, randomly oriented kenaf fiber-reinforced composite (near 22% volume fraction loading), which includes the effect of void content on the predicted thermal conductivity. A lower-level model is also developed for individual fiber thermal properties based on its constituents (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose). To validate this multi-level model, experimental measurements of the thermal diffusivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, and specific heat for the composite, the matrix, and the fibers were performed in the range from 30 °C to 160 °C, based on TMA, DSC, LFA, and transient electro-thermal (TET) techniques. Model results compare favorably with the experimental data, and are consistent with FEM modelling results based on fiber properties and fiber constituent materials (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose). This approach provides the basis for understanding component contribution to the fiber properties, as well as a technique to obtain fiber composite thermal property based on component properties. The composite thermal property data also fills an information gap and can be directly used in component design. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1678	a50262207100	Lavadiya D.N.	p649	False	Journal	313	From lignocellulose to biocomposite: Multi-level modelling and experimental investigation of the thermal properties of kenaf fiber reinforced composites based on constituent materials	Natural fibers (such as kenaf) have garnered interest recently for use in composites because of their relatively high specific properties, low cost, and low environmental impact. Their thermal property information is limited, lacking experimental data on key properties such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, and CTE of the component fiber. This paper presents, for the first time, the thermal property data on kenaf fiber reinforced composites, and an approach to obtain the composite thermal properties based on constituent properties. Individual, plant-based fibers were measured independently and were then used to inform successful predictions of the effective thermal conductivity of the fiber reinforced composites. A unit cell model has been developed to predict the thermal properties of a planar, randomly oriented kenaf fiber-reinforced composite (near 22% volume fraction loading), which includes the effect of void content on the predicted thermal conductivity. A lower-level model is also developed for individual fiber thermal properties based on its constituents (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose). To validate this multi-level model, experimental measurements of the thermal diffusivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, and specific heat for the composite, the matrix, and the fibers were performed in the range from 30 °C to 160 °C, based on TMA, DSC, LFA, and transient electro-thermal (TET) techniques. Model results compare favorably with the experimental data, and are consistent with FEM modelling results based on fiber properties and fiber constituent materials (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose). This approach provides the basis for understanding component contribution to the fiber properties, as well as a technique to obtain fiber composite thermal property based on component properties. The composite thermal property data also fills an information gap and can be directly used in component design. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1679	a6602335448	Fronk T.	p649	False	Journal	313	From lignocellulose to biocomposite: Multi-level modelling and experimental investigation of the thermal properties of kenaf fiber reinforced composites based on constituent materials	Natural fibers (such as kenaf) have garnered interest recently for use in composites because of their relatively high specific properties, low cost, and low environmental impact. Their thermal property information is limited, lacking experimental data on key properties such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, and CTE of the component fiber. This paper presents, for the first time, the thermal property data on kenaf fiber reinforced composites, and an approach to obtain the composite thermal properties based on constituent properties. Individual, plant-based fibers were measured independently and were then used to inform successful predictions of the effective thermal conductivity of the fiber reinforced composites. A unit cell model has been developed to predict the thermal properties of a planar, randomly oriented kenaf fiber-reinforced composite (near 22% volume fraction loading), which includes the effect of void content on the predicted thermal conductivity. A lower-level model is also developed for individual fiber thermal properties based on its constituents (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose). To validate this multi-level model, experimental measurements of the thermal diffusivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, and specific heat for the composite, the matrix, and the fibers were performed in the range from 30 °C to 160 °C, based on TMA, DSC, LFA, and transient electro-thermal (TET) techniques. Model results compare favorably with the experimental data, and are consistent with FEM modelling results based on fiber properties and fiber constituent materials (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose). This approach provides the basis for understanding component contribution to the fiber properties, as well as a technique to obtain fiber composite thermal property based on component properties. The composite thermal property data also fills an information gap and can be directly used in component design. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1680	a7006253705	Ban H.	p649	False	Journal	313	From lignocellulose to biocomposite: Multi-level modelling and experimental investigation of the thermal properties of kenaf fiber reinforced composites based on constituent materials	Natural fibers (such as kenaf) have garnered interest recently for use in composites because of their relatively high specific properties, low cost, and low environmental impact. Their thermal property information is limited, lacking experimental data on key properties such as thermal conductivity, specific heat, and CTE of the component fiber. This paper presents, for the first time, the thermal property data on kenaf fiber reinforced composites, and an approach to obtain the composite thermal properties based on constituent properties. Individual, plant-based fibers were measured independently and were then used to inform successful predictions of the effective thermal conductivity of the fiber reinforced composites. A unit cell model has been developed to predict the thermal properties of a planar, randomly oriented kenaf fiber-reinforced composite (near 22% volume fraction loading), which includes the effect of void content on the predicted thermal conductivity. A lower-level model is also developed for individual fiber thermal properties based on its constituents (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose). To validate this multi-level model, experimental measurements of the thermal diffusivity, coefficient of thermal expansion, and specific heat for the composite, the matrix, and the fibers were performed in the range from 30 °C to 160 °C, based on TMA, DSC, LFA, and transient electro-thermal (TET) techniques. Model results compare favorably with the experimental data, and are consistent with FEM modelling results based on fiber properties and fiber constituent materials (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose). This approach provides the basis for understanding component contribution to the fiber properties, as well as a technique to obtain fiber composite thermal property based on component properties. The composite thermal property data also fills an information gap and can be directly used in component design. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1680	a7006253705	Ban H.	p760	False	Journal	370	Thermal characterization of natural and synthetic spider silks by both the 3ω and transient electrothermal methods	Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity of three spider silks are measured in this paper as a benchmark for further studies. These silks include the major and minor ampullate silks of the Nephila clavipes spider, and a synthetic spider silk fiber made from recombinant dragline silk proteins purified from transgenic goats’ milk. Two complementary measurement techniques are employed in the thermal characterization of these microscale single fibers for self-verification. One is the transient electrothermal technique (TET) and the other is the 3ω method. Experimental measurements indicate that thermal properties of the dragline silk are very close to those of the minor ampullate silk, whereas the ones for the synthetic silk are much lower due in part to its low crystallinity. The directly measured thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity of the major and minor ampullate silks are 1.2–1.26 W m− 1 K− 1, 5.7–6 × 10− 7 m2 s− 1, and 2–2.17 MJm− 3 K− 1, respectively. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the as-spun synthetic silk are 0.24 W m− 1 K− 1 and 1.6 × 10− 7 m2 s− 1 respectively. As part of this study, a detailed comparison of the TET and 3ω methods is provided showing the complementary nature of the techniques and illustrating the strengths and weaknesses of each. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1680	a7006253705	Ban H.	p883	False	Journal	410	Thermophysical properties of thin fibers via photothermal quantum dot fluorescence spectral shape-based thermometry	To improve predictions of composite behavior under thermal loads, there is a need to measure the axial thermophysical properties of thin fibers. Current methods to accomplish this have prohibitively long lead times due to extensive sample preparation. This work details the use of quantum dots thermomarkers to measure the surface temperature of thin fibers in a non-contact manner and determine the fibers’ thermal diffusivity. Neural networks are trained on extracting the temperature of a sample from fluorescence spectra in calibrated, steady-state conditions, based on different spectral features such as peak intensity and peak wavelength. The trained neural networks are then used to reconstruct the evolution of the surface temperature in transient heating experiments. In order to determine the thermal properties of a thin fiber, modulated laser heating is applied and an FFT-based method is used to extract the phase and amplitude response of the temperature field at the modulation frequency. The spatiotemporal dependence of the fluorescence signal, obtained by scanning the distance between the excitation and detection laser spots and varying the frequency response due to an axial scan and a frequency scan, is then curve-fit to the resulting decay curves by a photothermal model in order to determine the thermal diffusivity of the fiber. The measured thermal diffusivity (3.3 ± 0.8 × 10−7 m2 s−1) of a synthetic spider silk fiber by the current method has similar properties to other synthetic silk fibers, and demonstrates the ability of the current method to more rapidly measure thermophysical properties of thin fibers. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1681	a56797372300	Russell C.S.	p650	True	Conference	281	Improving full-scale models of new carbon capture technologies with uncertainty quantification	Carbon capture technologies for combustion power plants aim to remove CO2 from flue gas. One such technology is the novel CO2-Binding Organic Liquid (CO2BOL) process developed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The process utilizes their anhydrous CO2BOL solvent in place of amine mixtures to reduce the energy penalty. A full-scale model of this system based on NETL's Case 10 power plant is projected to produce 7-16% more net electric power over a traditional MEA system for the same plant. These full-scale model predictions are promising, however full-scale simulations are difficult to validate using only bench-scale data. There are errors in both the measurements and models that need to be considered in addition to uncertainties introduced by up-scaling. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is a statistical framework used to better understand these uncertainties as well as data gaps in models. By constraining models to data, distributions of model parameters are estimated and then propagated through the model to obtain distributions of key outputs such as carbon capture percent, energy penalty, stripper temperature, etc. The results from this UQ analysis aid the design of experiments (DoE) which identifies data gaps to fill to improve model accuracy. Using UQ and DoE effectively can reduce the development time of new carbon capture by years and save time and money on the path to a pilot, and ultimately full-scale, plant. Copyright © (2018) by AIChE. All Rights Reserved.
1682	a57190380741	Bhat S.K.	p650	False	Conference	281	Improving full-scale models of new carbon capture technologies with uncertainty quantification	Carbon capture technologies for combustion power plants aim to remove CO2 from flue gas. One such technology is the novel CO2-Binding Organic Liquid (CO2BOL) process developed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The process utilizes their anhydrous CO2BOL solvent in place of amine mixtures to reduce the energy penalty. A full-scale model of this system based on NETL's Case 10 power plant is projected to produce 7-16% more net electric power over a traditional MEA system for the same plant. These full-scale model predictions are promising, however full-scale simulations are difficult to validate using only bench-scale data. There are errors in both the measurements and models that need to be considered in addition to uncertainties introduced by up-scaling. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is a statistical framework used to better understand these uncertainties as well as data gaps in models. By constraining models to data, distributions of model parameters are estimated and then propagated through the model to obtain distributions of key outputs such as carbon capture percent, energy penalty, stripper temperature, etc. The results from this UQ analysis aid the design of experiments (DoE) which identifies data gaps to fill to improve model accuracy. Using UQ and DoE effectively can reduce the development time of new carbon capture by years and save time and money on the path to a pilot, and ultimately full-scale, plant. Copyright © (2018) by AIChE. All Rights Reserved.
1683	a7102402058	Kress J.D.	p650	False	Conference	281	Improving full-scale models of new carbon capture technologies with uncertainty quantification	Carbon capture technologies for combustion power plants aim to remove CO2 from flue gas. One such technology is the novel CO2-Binding Organic Liquid (CO2BOL) process developed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The process utilizes their anhydrous CO2BOL solvent in place of amine mixtures to reduce the energy penalty. A full-scale model of this system based on NETL's Case 10 power plant is projected to produce 7-16% more net electric power over a traditional MEA system for the same plant. These full-scale model predictions are promising, however full-scale simulations are difficult to validate using only bench-scale data. There are errors in both the measurements and models that need to be considered in addition to uncertainties introduced by up-scaling. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is a statistical framework used to better understand these uncertainties as well as data gaps in models. By constraining models to data, distributions of model parameters are estimated and then propagated through the model to obtain distributions of key outputs such as carbon capture percent, energy penalty, stripper temperature, etc. The results from this UQ analysis aid the design of experiments (DoE) which identifies data gaps to fill to improve model accuracy. Using UQ and DoE effectively can reduce the development time of new carbon capture by years and save time and money on the path to a pilot, and ultimately full-scale, plant. Copyright © (2018) by AIChE. All Rights Reserved.
1684	a42261332500	Freeman C.J.	p650	False	Conference	281	Improving full-scale models of new carbon capture technologies with uncertainty quantification	Carbon capture technologies for combustion power plants aim to remove CO2 from flue gas. One such technology is the novel CO2-Binding Organic Liquid (CO2BOL) process developed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The process utilizes their anhydrous CO2BOL solvent in place of amine mixtures to reduce the energy penalty. A full-scale model of this system based on NETL's Case 10 power plant is projected to produce 7-16% more net electric power over a traditional MEA system for the same plant. These full-scale model predictions are promising, however full-scale simulations are difficult to validate using only bench-scale data. There are errors in both the measurements and models that need to be considered in addition to uncertainties introduced by up-scaling. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is a statistical framework used to better understand these uncertainties as well as data gaps in models. By constraining models to data, distributions of model parameters are estimated and then propagated through the model to obtain distributions of key outputs such as carbon capture percent, energy penalty, stripper temperature, etc. The results from this UQ analysis aid the design of experiments (DoE) which identifies data gaps to fill to improve model accuracy. Using UQ and DoE effectively can reduce the development time of new carbon capture by years and save time and money on the path to a pilot, and ultimately full-scale, plant. Copyright © (2018) by AIChE. All Rights Reserved.
1685	a56397285100	Jiang Y.	p650	False	Conference	281	Improving full-scale models of new carbon capture technologies with uncertainty quantification	Carbon capture technologies for combustion power plants aim to remove CO2 from flue gas. One such technology is the novel CO2-Binding Organic Liquid (CO2BOL) process developed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The process utilizes their anhydrous CO2BOL solvent in place of amine mixtures to reduce the energy penalty. A full-scale model of this system based on NETL's Case 10 power plant is projected to produce 7-16% more net electric power over a traditional MEA system for the same plant. These full-scale model predictions are promising, however full-scale simulations are difficult to validate using only bench-scale data. There are errors in both the measurements and models that need to be considered in addition to uncertainties introduced by up-scaling. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is a statistical framework used to better understand these uncertainties as well as data gaps in models. By constraining models to data, distributions of model parameters are estimated and then propagated through the model to obtain distributions of key outputs such as carbon capture percent, energy penalty, stripper temperature, etc. The results from this UQ analysis aid the design of experiments (DoE) which identifies data gaps to fill to improve model accuracy. Using UQ and DoE effectively can reduce the development time of new carbon capture by years and save time and money on the path to a pilot, and ultimately full-scale, plant. Copyright © (2018) by AIChE. All Rights Reserved.
1686	a56542307500	Morgan J.C.	p650	False	Conference	281	Improving full-scale models of new carbon capture technologies with uncertainty quantification	Carbon capture technologies for combustion power plants aim to remove CO2 from flue gas. One such technology is the novel CO2-Binding Organic Liquid (CO2BOL) process developed at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. The process utilizes their anhydrous CO2BOL solvent in place of amine mixtures to reduce the energy penalty. A full-scale model of this system based on NETL's Case 10 power plant is projected to produce 7-16% more net electric power over a traditional MEA system for the same plant. These full-scale model predictions are promising, however full-scale simulations are difficult to validate using only bench-scale data. There are errors in both the measurements and models that need to be considered in addition to uncertainties introduced by up-scaling. Uncertainty quantification (UQ) is a statistical framework used to better understand these uncertainties as well as data gaps in models. By constraining models to data, distributions of model parameters are estimated and then propagated through the model to obtain distributions of key outputs such as carbon capture percent, energy penalty, stripper temperature, etc. The results from this UQ analysis aid the design of experiments (DoE) which identifies data gaps to fill to improve model accuracy. Using UQ and DoE effectively can reduce the development time of new carbon capture by years and save time and money on the path to a pilot, and ultimately full-scale, plant. Copyright © (2018) by AIChE. All Rights Reserved.
1687	a34168247900	Sahawneh L.R.	p651	True	Journal	314	Ground-based sense-and-avoid system for small unmanned aircraft	In this Paper, we present a complete, proof-of-concept sense-and-avoid solution for small unmanned aircraft systems, including a small low-cost ground-based radar system, multitarget tracking and estimation, collision detection, and an avoidance planner. We describe the development of a small frequency-modulated continuous-wave phased-array radar system that provides a three-dimensional surveillance volume. The radar measurements are processed using the recursive random sample consensus algorithm, producing tracks for the intruders and the ownship. We propose a collision-detection algorithm based on the geometric relationship between encountering aircraft. If a collision threat is detected, a collision-free new path is generated for the ownship using a two-step path-planning algorithm. In the first step, an initial suboptimal path is generated using an A search. In the second step, the path is refined using a variant of the potential fields technique, adapted to the sense-and-avoid scenario. The performance of the complete system is demonstrated with flight-test experiments. © 2018 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc.. All rights reserved.
1687	a34168247900	Sahawneh L.R.	p837	False	Journal	397	Minimum required detection range for detect and avoid of unmanned aircraft systems	For unmanned aircraft systems to gain full access to the National Airspace System, they must have the capability to detect and avoid other aircraft. To safely avoid another aircraft, an unmanned aircraft must detect the intruder aircraft with ample time and distance to allow the ownship to track the intruder, perform risk assessment, plan an avoidance path, and execute the maneuver. This paper describes two analytical methods for finding the minimum detection range to ensure that these detection and avoidance steps can be carried out. The first method, time-based geometric velocity vectors, includes the bank-angle dynamics of the ownship; whereas the second, geometric velocity vectors, assumes an instantaneous bank-angle maneuver. The solution using the first method must be found numerically, whereas the second has a closed-form analytical solution. These methods are compared to two existing methods. The results show the time-based geometric velocity vectors approach is precise, the geometric velocity vectors approach is a good approximation under many conditions, and the two existing approaches are good approximations at large ownship speeds relative to the intruder speed, fast ownship bank-angle transients, and small ownship bank angles. Copyright © 2017 by Brigham Young University.
1688	a57194787481	Wikle J.K.	p651	False	Journal	314	Ground-based sense-and-avoid system for small unmanned aircraft	In this Paper, we present a complete, proof-of-concept sense-and-avoid solution for small unmanned aircraft systems, including a small low-cost ground-based radar system, multitarget tracking and estimation, collision detection, and an avoidance planner. We describe the development of a small frequency-modulated continuous-wave phased-array radar system that provides a three-dimensional surveillance volume. The radar measurements are processed using the recursive random sample consensus algorithm, producing tracks for the intruders and the ownship. We propose a collision-detection algorithm based on the geometric relationship between encountering aircraft. If a collision threat is detected, a collision-free new path is generated for the ownship using a two-step path-planning algorithm. In the first step, an initial suboptimal path is generated using an A search. In the second step, the path is refined using a variant of the potential fields technique, adapted to the sense-and-avoid scenario. The performance of the complete system is demonstrated with flight-test experiments. © 2018 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc.. All rights reserved.
1688	a57194787481	Wikle J.K.	p837	True	Journal	397	Minimum required detection range for detect and avoid of unmanned aircraft systems	For unmanned aircraft systems to gain full access to the National Airspace System, they must have the capability to detect and avoid other aircraft. To safely avoid another aircraft, an unmanned aircraft must detect the intruder aircraft with ample time and distance to allow the ownship to track the intruder, perform risk assessment, plan an avoidance path, and execute the maneuver. This paper describes two analytical methods for finding the minimum detection range to ensure that these detection and avoidance steps can be carried out. The first method, time-based geometric velocity vectors, includes the bank-angle dynamics of the ownship; whereas the second, geometric velocity vectors, assumes an instantaneous bank-angle maneuver. The solution using the first method must be found numerically, whereas the second has a closed-form analytical solution. These methods are compared to two existing methods. The results show the time-based geometric velocity vectors approach is precise, the geometric velocity vectors approach is a good approximation under many conditions, and the two existing approaches are good approximations at large ownship speeds relative to the intruder speed, fast ownship bank-angle transients, and small ownship bank angles. Copyright © 2017 by Brigham Young University.
1689	a57203298908	Kaleo Roberts A.	p651	False	Journal	314	Ground-based sense-and-avoid system for small unmanned aircraft	In this Paper, we present a complete, proof-of-concept sense-and-avoid solution for small unmanned aircraft systems, including a small low-cost ground-based radar system, multitarget tracking and estimation, collision detection, and an avoidance planner. We describe the development of a small frequency-modulated continuous-wave phased-array radar system that provides a three-dimensional surveillance volume. The radar measurements are processed using the recursive random sample consensus algorithm, producing tracks for the intruders and the ownship. We propose a collision-detection algorithm based on the geometric relationship between encountering aircraft. If a collision threat is detected, a collision-free new path is generated for the ownship using a two-step path-planning algorithm. In the first step, an initial suboptimal path is generated using an A search. In the second step, the path is refined using a variant of the potential fields technique, adapted to the sense-and-avoid scenario. The performance of the complete system is demonstrated with flight-test experiments. © 2018 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc.. All rights reserved.
1690	a56380927900	Spencer J.C.	p651	False	Journal	314	Ground-based sense-and-avoid system for small unmanned aircraft	In this Paper, we present a complete, proof-of-concept sense-and-avoid solution for small unmanned aircraft systems, including a small low-cost ground-based radar system, multitarget tracking and estimation, collision detection, and an avoidance planner. We describe the development of a small frequency-modulated continuous-wave phased-array radar system that provides a three-dimensional surveillance volume. The radar measurements are processed using the recursive random sample consensus algorithm, producing tracks for the intruders and the ownship. We propose a collision-detection algorithm based on the geometric relationship between encountering aircraft. If a collision threat is detected, a collision-free new path is generated for the ownship using a two-step path-planning algorithm. In the first step, an initial suboptimal path is generated using an A search. In the second step, the path is refined using a variant of the potential fields technique, adapted to the sense-and-avoid scenario. The performance of the complete system is demonstrated with flight-test experiments. © 2018 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc.. All rights reserved.
1691	a57189026693	Radzinski T.	p652	False	Conference	282	Defining a Sustainable Underground Infrastructure Framework: ISO Asset Management and ISO Life Cycle	Sustainability is broadly defined to mean systems that are able to meet the needs of current and future generations by being physically resilient, cost-effective, environmentally viable, and socially equitable. While the term is applied to various types of infrastructure, the real application of sustainability practices needs to be applied to underground water infrastructure. In order to determine the best sustainable outcomes a common standard of weighing alternatives and making decisions should be followed. The International Standards Organization (ISO) is an independent, non-governmental organization which facilitates world trade by providing common standards between nations. The ISO has standards which can benefit sustainable infrastructure decision making specifically in 3 main areas: life cycle assessment, life cycle costing, and asset management. This paper defines a sustainable framework for underground pipe infrastructure in the context of ISO standards and industry best practices. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1691	a57189026693	Radzinski T.	p653	False	Conference	283	How Green Are You? Economic and Environmental Sustainability: Assessing the Global Warming Potential (GMP) of Your Underground Infrastructure	As municipalities across the United States and Canada focus on delivering the essentials of clean water, efficient wastewater treatment, and judicious control of storm water, government officials, engineers, and the companies that install, operate, and maintain piping infrastructure need to understand that a life cycle systems approach. Sustainability concerns apply to many critical resources such as water. On a per capita basis, the U.S. leads the world in water usage, with a substantial portion of water consumed/leaked by infrastructure systems. Because of water availability, competing water demands, and changing hydrologic conditions, the U.S. Department of Interior predicts that multiple water conflicts will occur in the western U.S. by 2025. In addition, decades of excessive demands on ecological systems have reduced their capacities to absorb and process emissions and wastes. Sustainable water infrastructure is vital to providing the American public with clean and safe water and helping to ensure the environmental, economic, and social health of the nation's communities. The increasing interest in sustainability has led to the development of sustainability assessment tools such as life cycle assessments (LCA) analyzing the embodied energy and environmental impacts. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool used to identify the environmental impacts of a product, process, or activity over the entire lifespan of the product. LCA studies also quantify and interpret the environmental flows to and from the environment (including emissions to air, water, and land, as well as the consumption of energy and other material resources) over the entire life cycle of a product (or process or service). By including the impacts throughout the product life cycle, LCA provides a comprehensive view of the environmental aspects of the product and an accurate picture of the true environmental tradeoffs in product selection. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1692	a57202626673	Luna A.	p654	False	Conference	284	Lateral Resistance of Abutment Piles Near Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls	Pile foundations for bridges must often resist lateral loads produced by earthquakes and thermal variation. Because of the lack of large scale tests, there is almost no guidance for engineers in assessing the lateral resistance of piles located close to these MSE walls. The objective of this study was to assess lateral pile resistance as a function of distance from the wall face and predict force induced in the reinforcements. Full-scale lateral load tests were conducted on 24 piles located at 2, 3, 4, and 5 pile diameters behind 4.6 and 6-m high MSE walls. P-multipliers were developed to account for the decrease in lateral soil resistance. Little reduction occurred for piles located more than about 4 pile diameters from the wall. Measured tensile forces in the MSE reinforcements increased as the load on the pile increased and decreased rapidly with transverse distance from the direction of loading. Multiple linear regression equations were developed to predict maximum tensile force induced in reinforcing elements by lateral loading. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).All Rights Reserved.
1693	a57202627167	Budd R.	p654	False	Conference	284	Lateral Resistance of Abutment Piles Near Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls	Pile foundations for bridges must often resist lateral loads produced by earthquakes and thermal variation. Because of the lack of large scale tests, there is almost no guidance for engineers in assessing the lateral resistance of piles located close to these MSE walls. The objective of this study was to assess lateral pile resistance as a function of distance from the wall face and predict force induced in the reinforcements. Full-scale lateral load tests were conducted on 24 piles located at 2, 3, 4, and 5 pile diameters behind 4.6 and 6-m high MSE walls. P-multipliers were developed to account for the decrease in lateral soil resistance. Little reduction occurred for piles located more than about 4 pile diameters from the wall. Measured tensile forces in the MSE reinforcements increased as the load on the pile increased and decreased rapidly with transverse distance from the direction of loading. Multiple linear regression equations were developed to predict maximum tensile force induced in reinforcing elements by lateral loading. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).All Rights Reserved.
1694	a57202627912	Besendorfer J.	p654	False	Conference	284	Lateral Resistance of Abutment Piles Near Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls	Pile foundations for bridges must often resist lateral loads produced by earthquakes and thermal variation. Because of the lack of large scale tests, there is almost no guidance for engineers in assessing the lateral resistance of piles located close to these MSE walls. The objective of this study was to assess lateral pile resistance as a function of distance from the wall face and predict force induced in the reinforcements. Full-scale lateral load tests were conducted on 24 piles located at 2, 3, 4, and 5 pile diameters behind 4.6 and 6-m high MSE walls. P-multipliers were developed to account for the decrease in lateral soil resistance. Little reduction occurred for piles located more than about 4 pile diameters from the wall. Measured tensile forces in the MSE reinforcements increased as the load on the pile increased and decreased rapidly with transverse distance from the direction of loading. Multiple linear regression equations were developed to predict maximum tensile force induced in reinforcing elements by lateral loading. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).All Rights Reserved.
1695	a57202627263	Hatch C.	p654	False	Conference	284	Lateral Resistance of Abutment Piles Near Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls	Pile foundations for bridges must often resist lateral loads produced by earthquakes and thermal variation. Because of the lack of large scale tests, there is almost no guidance for engineers in assessing the lateral resistance of piles located close to these MSE walls. The objective of this study was to assess lateral pile resistance as a function of distance from the wall face and predict force induced in the reinforcements. Full-scale lateral load tests were conducted on 24 piles located at 2, 3, 4, and 5 pile diameters behind 4.6 and 6-m high MSE walls. P-multipliers were developed to account for the decrease in lateral soil resistance. Little reduction occurred for piles located more than about 4 pile diameters from the wall. Measured tensile forces in the MSE reinforcements increased as the load on the pile increased and decreased rapidly with transverse distance from the direction of loading. Multiple linear regression equations were developed to predict maximum tensile force induced in reinforcing elements by lateral loading. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).All Rights Reserved.
1696	a57202627050	Han J.	p654	False	Conference	284	Lateral Resistance of Abutment Piles Near Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls	Pile foundations for bridges must often resist lateral loads produced by earthquakes and thermal variation. Because of the lack of large scale tests, there is almost no guidance for engineers in assessing the lateral resistance of piles located close to these MSE walls. The objective of this study was to assess lateral pile resistance as a function of distance from the wall face and predict force induced in the reinforcements. Full-scale lateral load tests were conducted on 24 piles located at 2, 3, 4, and 5 pile diameters behind 4.6 and 6-m high MSE walls. P-multipliers were developed to account for the decrease in lateral soil resistance. Little reduction occurred for piles located more than about 4 pile diameters from the wall. Measured tensile forces in the MSE reinforcements increased as the load on the pile increased and decreased rapidly with transverse distance from the direction of loading. Multiple linear regression equations were developed to predict maximum tensile force induced in reinforcing elements by lateral loading. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).All Rights Reserved.
1697	a16021781200	Gladstone R.	p654	False	Conference	284	Lateral Resistance of Abutment Piles Near Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls	Pile foundations for bridges must often resist lateral loads produced by earthquakes and thermal variation. Because of the lack of large scale tests, there is almost no guidance for engineers in assessing the lateral resistance of piles located close to these MSE walls. The objective of this study was to assess lateral pile resistance as a function of distance from the wall face and predict force induced in the reinforcements. Full-scale lateral load tests were conducted on 24 piles located at 2, 3, 4, and 5 pile diameters behind 4.6 and 6-m high MSE walls. P-multipliers were developed to account for the decrease in lateral soil resistance. Little reduction occurred for piles located more than about 4 pile diameters from the wall. Measured tensile forces in the MSE reinforcements increased as the load on the pile increased and decreased rapidly with transverse distance from the direction of loading. Multiple linear regression equations were developed to predict maximum tensile force induced in reinforcing elements by lateral loading. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE).All Rights Reserved.
1698	a7004403207	Folkman S.	p655	False	Conference	285	Benchmarking your break rates: A review of new findings and trends from north American water main break studies	The water industry has seen many types of academic surveys and studies on water main replacement programs and the benefits of asset management and prioritization. However, many utilities have not historically tracked all of the elements of water main break data. One factor used to quantify the occurrences of failing underground pipe networks is water main break rates. Water main break rates are calculated for all pipe materials used in water delivery to create a measurement to judge pipe performance and durability. Water main break rates can vary year to year and by utility. However, in aggregate, break rates produce a compelling story which can aid our prudent decision making as it relates to repairing and replacing our underground pipes. In April 2012, Utah State University published an initial comprehensive survey of water utilities. This was a survey of water main breaks and operating characteristics at utilities located in U.S. and Canada. Six years later in 2018, a new water main break study was released reviewing the national metric for citizens served per one mile of pipe, aggregate data on pipe material break rates, the analysis of age and corrosion in failure modes, and related observations on pressure, delivery volumes, effects of soil corrosivity, and trenchless technology practices. This paper reviews the newest water main break study metrics and findings and outlines various trends and projections of water main breaks in the U.S. and Canada which can be used to benchmark an organization's water main breaks and use this critical data in asset management plans. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1699	a56631537800	Sgobba T.	p656	True	Journal	315	Human factors in mission control centers	This chapter focuses on mission control centers that provide direct support of spaceflight operations in real time. Mission controllers and flight crew members perform many routine procedures, but just as flight crews need to be vigilant and prepared for unexpected anomalies that may occur during any mission phase, the ground controllers must be equally resilient in their response. This chapter focuses on the human factors and training that facilitate their effectiveness in support of flight safety. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1700	a56528475200	Watts-Englert J.	p656	False	Journal	315	Human factors in mission control centers	This chapter focuses on mission control centers that provide direct support of spaceflight operations in real time. Mission controllers and flight crew members perform many routine procedures, but just as flight crews need to be vigilant and prepared for unexpected anomalies that may occur during any mission phase, the ground controllers must be equally resilient in their response. This chapter focuses on the human factors and training that facilitate their effectiveness in support of flight safety. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1701	a56182798800	Woods D.D.	p656	False	Journal	315	Human factors in mission control centers	This chapter focuses on mission control centers that provide direct support of spaceflight operations in real time. Mission controllers and flight crew members perform many routine procedures, but just as flight crews need to be vigilant and prepared for unexpected anomalies that may occur during any mission phase, the ground controllers must be equally resilient in their response. This chapter focuses on the human factors and training that facilitate their effectiveness in support of flight safety. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1702	a7201529681	Patterson E.S.	p656	False	Journal	315	Human factors in mission control centers	This chapter focuses on mission control centers that provide direct support of spaceflight operations in real time. Mission controllers and flight crew members perform many routine procedures, but just as flight crews need to be vigilant and prepared for unexpected anomalies that may occur during any mission phase, the ground controllers must be equally resilient in their response. This chapter focuses on the human factors and training that facilitate their effectiveness in support of flight safety. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1703	a55801905300	Dittemore G.	p656	False	Journal	315	Human factors in mission control centers	This chapter focuses on mission control centers that provide direct support of spaceflight operations in real time. Mission controllers and flight crew members perform many routine procedures, but just as flight crews need to be vigilant and prepared for unexpected anomalies that may occur during any mission phase, the ground controllers must be equally resilient in their response. This chapter focuses on the human factors and training that facilitate their effectiveness in support of flight safety. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1704	a55801836400	Bertels C.	p656	False	Journal	315	Human factors in mission control centers	This chapter focuses on mission control centers that provide direct support of spaceflight operations in real time. Mission controllers and flight crew members perform many routine procedures, but just as flight crews need to be vigilant and prepared for unexpected anomalies that may occur during any mission phase, the ground controllers must be equally resilient in their response. This chapter focuses on the human factors and training that facilitate their effectiveness in support of flight safety. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1705	a57201111301	Poussin H.	p656	False	Journal	315	Human factors in mission control centers	This chapter focuses on mission control centers that provide direct support of spaceflight operations in real time. Mission controllers and flight crew members perform many routine procedures, but just as flight crews need to be vigilant and prepared for unexpected anomalies that may occur during any mission phase, the ground controllers must be equally resilient in their response. This chapter focuses on the human factors and training that facilitate their effectiveness in support of flight safety. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1706	a57201111988	Rochas L.	p656	False	Journal	315	Human factors in mission control centers	This chapter focuses on mission control centers that provide direct support of spaceflight operations in real time. Mission controllers and flight crew members perform many routine procedures, but just as flight crews need to be vigilant and prepared for unexpected anomalies that may occur during any mission phase, the ground controllers must be equally resilient in their response. This chapter focuses on the human factors and training that facilitate their effectiveness in support of flight safety. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1707	a14620010300	Vallée T.	p656	False	Journal	315	Human factors in mission control centers	This chapter focuses on mission control centers that provide direct support of spaceflight operations in real time. Mission controllers and flight crew members perform many routine procedures, but just as flight crews need to be vigilant and prepared for unexpected anomalies that may occur during any mission phase, the ground controllers must be equally resilient in their response. This chapter focuses on the human factors and training that facilitate their effectiveness in support of flight safety. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1708	a8674222900	Bertrand R.	p656	False	Journal	315	Human factors in mission control centers	This chapter focuses on mission control centers that provide direct support of spaceflight operations in real time. Mission controllers and flight crew members perform many routine procedures, but just as flight crews need to be vigilant and prepared for unexpected anomalies that may occur during any mission phase, the ground controllers must be equally resilient in their response. This chapter focuses on the human factors and training that facilitate their effectiveness in support of flight safety. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1709	a12799657800	Haber J.M.	p656	False	Journal	315	Human factors in mission control centers	This chapter focuses on mission control centers that provide direct support of spaceflight operations in real time. Mission controllers and flight crew members perform many routine procedures, but just as flight crews need to be vigilant and prepared for unexpected anomalies that may occur during any mission phase, the ground controllers must be equally resilient in their response. This chapter focuses on the human factors and training that facilitate their effectiveness in support of flight safety. © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1710	a57003792300	Chen Y.-F.	p657	True	Journal	316	Design of a clinical decision support system for fracture prediction using imbalanced dataset	More than 1 billion people suffer from chronic respiratory diseases worldwide, accounting for more than 4 million deaths annually. Inhaled corticosteroid is a popular medication for treating chronic respiratory diseases. Its side effects include decreased bone mineral density and osteoporosis. The aims of this study are to investigate the association of inhaled corticosteroids and fracture and to design a clinical support system for fracture prediction. The data of patients aged 20 years and older, who had visited healthcare centers and been prescribed with inhaled corticosteroids within 2002-2010, were retrieved from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). After excluding patients diagnosed with hip fracture or vertebrate fractures before using inhaled corticosteroid, a total of 11645 patients receiving inhaled corticosteroid therapy were included for this study. Among them, 1134 (9.7%) were diagnosed with hip fracture or vertebrate fracture. The statistical results showed that demographic information, chronic respiratory diseases and comorbidities, and corticosteroid-related variables (cumulative dose, mean exposed daily dose, follow-up duration, and exposed duration) were significantly different between fracture and nonfracture patients. The clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) were designed with integrated genetic algorithm (GA) and support vector machine (SVM) by training and validating the models with balanced training sets obtained by random and cluster-based undersampling methods and testing with the imbalanced NHIRD dataset. Two different objective functions were adopted for obtaining optimal models with best predictive performance. The predictive performance of the CDSSs exhibits a sensitivity of 69.84-77.00% and an AUC of 0.7495-0.7590. It was concluded that long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids may induce osteoporosis and exhibit higher incidence of hip or vertebrate fractures. The accumulated dose of ICS and OCS therapies should be continuously monitored, especially for patients with older age and women after menopause, to prevent from exceeding the maximum dosage. © 2018 Yung-Fu Chen et al.
1711	a24492691800	Wang K.-A.	p657	False	Journal	316	Design of a clinical decision support system for fracture prediction using imbalanced dataset	More than 1 billion people suffer from chronic respiratory diseases worldwide, accounting for more than 4 million deaths annually. Inhaled corticosteroid is a popular medication for treating chronic respiratory diseases. Its side effects include decreased bone mineral density and osteoporosis. The aims of this study are to investigate the association of inhaled corticosteroids and fracture and to design a clinical support system for fracture prediction. The data of patients aged 20 years and older, who had visited healthcare centers and been prescribed with inhaled corticosteroids within 2002-2010, were retrieved from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). After excluding patients diagnosed with hip fracture or vertebrate fractures before using inhaled corticosteroid, a total of 11645 patients receiving inhaled corticosteroid therapy were included for this study. Among them, 1134 (9.7%) were diagnosed with hip fracture or vertebrate fracture. The statistical results showed that demographic information, chronic respiratory diseases and comorbidities, and corticosteroid-related variables (cumulative dose, mean exposed daily dose, follow-up duration, and exposed duration) were significantly different between fracture and nonfracture patients. The clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) were designed with integrated genetic algorithm (GA) and support vector machine (SVM) by training and validating the models with balanced training sets obtained by random and cluster-based undersampling methods and testing with the imbalanced NHIRD dataset. Two different objective functions were adopted for obtaining optimal models with best predictive performance. The predictive performance of the CDSSs exhibits a sensitivity of 69.84-77.00% and an AUC of 0.7495-0.7590. It was concluded that long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids may induce osteoporosis and exhibit higher incidence of hip or vertebrate fractures. The accumulated dose of ICS and OCS therapies should be continuously monitored, especially for patients with older age and women after menopause, to prevent from exceeding the maximum dosage. © 2018 Yung-Fu Chen et al.
1712	a57201290781	Rahman L.O.A.	p657	False	Journal	316	Design of a clinical decision support system for fracture prediction using imbalanced dataset	More than 1 billion people suffer from chronic respiratory diseases worldwide, accounting for more than 4 million deaths annually. Inhaled corticosteroid is a popular medication for treating chronic respiratory diseases. Its side effects include decreased bone mineral density and osteoporosis. The aims of this study are to investigate the association of inhaled corticosteroids and fracture and to design a clinical support system for fracture prediction. The data of patients aged 20 years and older, who had visited healthcare centers and been prescribed with inhaled corticosteroids within 2002-2010, were retrieved from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). After excluding patients diagnosed with hip fracture or vertebrate fractures before using inhaled corticosteroid, a total of 11645 patients receiving inhaled corticosteroid therapy were included for this study. Among them, 1134 (9.7%) were diagnosed with hip fracture or vertebrate fracture. The statistical results showed that demographic information, chronic respiratory diseases and comorbidities, and corticosteroid-related variables (cumulative dose, mean exposed daily dose, follow-up duration, and exposed duration) were significantly different between fracture and nonfracture patients. The clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) were designed with integrated genetic algorithm (GA) and support vector machine (SVM) by training and validating the models with balanced training sets obtained by random and cluster-based undersampling methods and testing with the imbalanced NHIRD dataset. Two different objective functions were adopted for obtaining optimal models with best predictive performance. The predictive performance of the CDSSs exhibits a sensitivity of 69.84-77.00% and an AUC of 0.7495-0.7590. It was concluded that long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids may induce osteoporosis and exhibit higher incidence of hip or vertebrate fractures. The accumulated dose of ICS and OCS therapies should be continuously monitored, especially for patients with older age and women after menopause, to prevent from exceeding the maximum dosage. © 2018 Yung-Fu Chen et al.
1713	a55601054600	Chung W.-S.	p657	False	Journal	316	Design of a clinical decision support system for fracture prediction using imbalanced dataset	More than 1 billion people suffer from chronic respiratory diseases worldwide, accounting for more than 4 million deaths annually. Inhaled corticosteroid is a popular medication for treating chronic respiratory diseases. Its side effects include decreased bone mineral density and osteoporosis. The aims of this study are to investigate the association of inhaled corticosteroids and fracture and to design a clinical support system for fracture prediction. The data of patients aged 20 years and older, who had visited healthcare centers and been prescribed with inhaled corticosteroids within 2002-2010, were retrieved from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). After excluding patients diagnosed with hip fracture or vertebrate fractures before using inhaled corticosteroid, a total of 11645 patients receiving inhaled corticosteroid therapy were included for this study. Among them, 1134 (9.7%) were diagnosed with hip fracture or vertebrate fracture. The statistical results showed that demographic information, chronic respiratory diseases and comorbidities, and corticosteroid-related variables (cumulative dose, mean exposed daily dose, follow-up duration, and exposed duration) were significantly different between fracture and nonfracture patients. The clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) were designed with integrated genetic algorithm (GA) and support vector machine (SVM) by training and validating the models with balanced training sets obtained by random and cluster-based undersampling methods and testing with the imbalanced NHIRD dataset. Two different objective functions were adopted for obtaining optimal models with best predictive performance. The predictive performance of the CDSSs exhibits a sensitivity of 69.84-77.00% and an AUC of 0.7495-0.7590. It was concluded that long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids may induce osteoporosis and exhibit higher incidence of hip or vertebrate fractures. The accumulated dose of ICS and OCS therapies should be continuously monitored, especially for patients with older age and women after menopause, to prevent from exceeding the maximum dosage. © 2018 Yung-Fu Chen et al.
1714	a57207980336	Sanchez D.G.	p658	False	Conference	286	Water main criticality scoring and GIS centric risk mitigation: Applying GIS spatial analysis tools and apps for greater insight for high risk underground infrastructure	With the pressure to provide excellent services under constrained budgets, utilities are adopting asset management as the synergistic framework combining strategic and financial planning, levels of service, and risk-based analysis to determine investments. GIS (geographic information system) helps to empower a utility with the tools to drive a robust and strategic, decision making process. When a CMMS (computerized maintenance management system) has asset management functionality, the capabilities of service requests, inspections and work orders, capturing costs, and work history can be leveraged into asset condition and risk-based spatial analysis by determining what, when, why, and where the next round of investment should occur. A critical step in the process includes analyzing the data and location to potential take actions to reduce the risks. In alignment with ISO (International Standards Organization) 55000, risk is defined as the probability of failure (PoF) multiplied by the consequence of failure (CoF) which produces the business risk exposure (BRE). While calculating risk is important, the risk-based data can be used to build business cases and determine future projects. GIS can help users gain an understanding of what assets are high risk, where they are located and what factor can influence the risk. Risk-based analysis provides the reasoning for potential solutions and action. This paper defines and explores the use of GIS-centric analysis tools to enhance the asset management decision making process. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1715	a57207994872	Tamashasky B.	p658	False	Conference	286	Water main criticality scoring and GIS centric risk mitigation: Applying GIS spatial analysis tools and apps for greater insight for high risk underground infrastructure	With the pressure to provide excellent services under constrained budgets, utilities are adopting asset management as the synergistic framework combining strategic and financial planning, levels of service, and risk-based analysis to determine investments. GIS (geographic information system) helps to empower a utility with the tools to drive a robust and strategic, decision making process. When a CMMS (computerized maintenance management system) has asset management functionality, the capabilities of service requests, inspections and work orders, capturing costs, and work history can be leveraged into asset condition and risk-based spatial analysis by determining what, when, why, and where the next round of investment should occur. A critical step in the process includes analyzing the data and location to potential take actions to reduce the risks. In alignment with ISO (International Standards Organization) 55000, risk is defined as the probability of failure (PoF) multiplied by the consequence of failure (CoF) which produces the business risk exposure (BRE). While calculating risk is important, the risk-based data can be used to build business cases and determine future projects. GIS can help users gain an understanding of what assets are high risk, where they are located and what factor can influence the risk. Risk-based analysis provides the reasoning for potential solutions and action. This paper defines and explores the use of GIS-centric analysis tools to enhance the asset management decision making process. © 2018 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1716	a6602512004	Radebaugh J.	p659	True	Journal	317	Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn's moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology	Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn's moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c. 2 cm or more to finegrained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies. © 2018 The Author(s).
1717	a35320703200	Ventra D.	p659	False	Journal	317	Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn's moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology	Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn's moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c. 2 cm or more to finegrained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies. © 2018 The Author(s).
1718	a7402095346	Lorenz R.D.	p659	False	Journal	317	Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn's moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology	Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn's moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c. 2 cm or more to finegrained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies. © 2018 The Author(s).
1719	a7006106739	Farr T.	p659	False	Journal	317	Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn's moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology	Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn's moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c. 2 cm or more to finegrained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies. © 2018 The Author(s).
1720	a7201778289	Kirk R.	p659	False	Journal	317	Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn's moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology	Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn's moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c. 2 cm or more to finegrained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies. © 2018 The Author(s).
1721	a7201978585	Hayes A.	p659	False	Journal	317	Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn's moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology	Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn's moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c. 2 cm or more to finegrained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies. © 2018 The Author(s).
1722	a54684688700	Malaska M.J.	p659	False	Journal	317	Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn's moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology	Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn's moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c. 2 cm or more to finegrained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies. © 2018 The Author(s).
1723	a57023282300	Birch S.	p659	False	Journal	317	Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn's moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology	Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn's moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c. 2 cm or more to finegrained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies. © 2018 The Author(s).
1724	a55598549000	Liu Z.Y.-C.	p659	False	Journal	317	Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn's moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology	Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn's moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c. 2 cm or more to finegrained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies. © 2018 The Author(s).
1725	a57210198577	Lunine J.	p659	False	Journal	317	Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn's moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology	Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn's moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c. 2 cm or more to finegrained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies. © 2018 The Author(s).
1726	a7402288130	Barnes J.	p659	False	Journal	317	Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn's moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology	Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn's moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c. 2 cm or more to finegrained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies. © 2018 The Author(s).
1727	a25958165500	Le Gall A.	p659	False	Journal	317	Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn's moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology	Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn's moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c. 2 cm or more to finegrained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies. © 2018 The Author(s).
1728	a8362122100	Lopes R.	p659	False	Journal	317	Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn's moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology	Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn's moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c. 2 cm or more to finegrained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies. © 2018 The Author(s).
1729	a6701580763	Stofan E.	p659	False	Journal	317	Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn's moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology	Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn's moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c. 2 cm or more to finegrained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies. © 2018 The Author(s).
1730	a7203069877	Wall S.	p659	False	Journal	317	Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn's moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology	Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn's moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c. 2 cm or more to finegrained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies. © 2018 The Author(s).
1731	a7003915889	Paillou P.	p659	False	Journal	317	Alluvial and fluvial fans on Saturn's moon Titan reveal processes, materials and regional geology	Fans, landforms that record the storage and transport of sediment from uplands to depositional basins, are found on Saturn's moon Titan, a body of significantly different process rates and material compositions from Earth. Images obtained by the Cassini spacecraft's synthetic aperture radar reveal morphologies, roughness, textural patterns and other properties consistent with fan analogues on Earth also viewed by synthetic aperture radar. The observed fan characteristics on Titan reveal some regions of high relative relief and others with gentle slopes over hundreds of kilometres, exposing topographic variations and influences on fan formation. There is evidence for a range of particle sizes across proximal to distal fan regions, from c. 2 cm or more to finegrained, which can provide details on sedimentary processes. Some features are best described as alluvial fans, which implies their proximity to high-relief source areas, while others are more likely to be fluvial fans, drawing from larger catchment areas and frequently characterized by more prolonged runoff events. The presence of fans corroborates the vast liquid storage capacity of the atmosphere and the resultant episodic behaviour. Fans join the growing list of landforms on Titan derived from atmospheric and fluvial processes similar to those on Earth, strengthening comparisons between these two planetary bodies. © 2018 The Author(s).
1732	a55776361200	Villalon-Reina J.E.	p660	True	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1733	a37664688000	Ching C.R.K.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1734	a57205556489	Kothapalli D.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1735	a8691490200	Sun D.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1736	a55628341300	Nir T.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1737	a57201125120	Lin A.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1738	a47461179000	Forsyth J.K.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1739	a25930868900	Kushan L.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1740	a57194639611	Vajdi A.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1741	a8717447000	Jalbrzikowski M.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1742	a57194638369	Hansen L.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1743	a55832864500	Jonas R.K.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1744	a6701774874	Van Amelsvoort T.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1745	a55910450300	Bakker G.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1746	a57207550410	Kates W.R.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1747	a6603383055	Antshel K.M.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1748	a9741422500	Fremont W.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1749	a35236206700	Campbell L.E.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1750	a7005089148	McCabe K.L.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1751	a57202326782	Daly E.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1752	a55979578600	Gudbrandsen M.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1753	a7401764127	Murphy C.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1754	a7404062227	Murphy D.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1755	a7103269626	Craig M.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1756	a7103321645	Emanuel B.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1757	a7005251917	McDonald-Mcginn D.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1758	a9745660700	Ruparel K.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1759	a6507586174	Roalf D.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1760	a7103065698	Gur R.E.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1761	a57203234366	Schmitt J.E.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1762	a7202910012	Simon T.J.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1763	a9236660300	Goodrich-Hunsaker N.J.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1764	a57195976340	Durdle C.A.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1765	a54899597300	Doherty J.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1766	a57201121062	Cunningham A.C.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1767	a6701851503	Van Den Bree M.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1768	a7102905437	Linden D.E.J.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1769	a36044041500	Owen M.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1770	a57202194800	Moss H.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1771	a8517650500	Jahanshad N.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1772	a6701387944	Bearden C.E.	p660	False	Conference	287	Alternative diffusion anisotropy measures for the investigation of white matter alterations in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome	Diffusion MRI (dMRI) is widely used to study the brain's white matter (WM) microstructure in a range of psychiatric and neurological diseases. As the diffusion tensor model has limitations in brain regions with crossing fibers, novel diffusion MRI reconstruction models may offer more accurate measures of tissue properties, and a better understanding of the brain abnormalities in specific diseases. Here we studied a large sample of 249 participants with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic condition associated with high rates of developmental neuropsychiatric disorders, and 224 age-matched healthy controls (HC) (age range: 8-35 years). Participants were scanned with dMRI at eight centers worldwide. Using a meta-analytic approach, we assessed the profile of group differences in four diffusion anisotropy measures to better understand the patterns of WM microstructural abnormalities and evaluate their consistency across alternative measures. When assessed in atlas-defined regions of interest, we found statistically significant differences for all anisotropy measures, all showing a widespread but not always coinciding pattern of effects. The tensor distribution function fractional anisotropy (TDF-FA) showed largest effect sizes all in the same direction (greater anisotropy in 22q11DS than HC). Fractional anisotropy based on the tensor model (FA) showed the second largest effect sizes after TDF-FA; some regions showed higher mean values in 22q11DS, but others lower. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) showed the opposite pattern to TDF-FA with most regions showing lower anisotropy in 22q11DS versus HC. Anisotropic power maps (AP) showed the lowest effect sizes also with a mixed pattern of effects across regions. These results were also consistent across skeleton projection methods, with few differences when projecting anisotropy values from voxels sampled on the FA map or projecting values from voxels sampled from each anisotropy map. This study highlights that different mathematical definitions of anisotropy may lead to different profiles of group differences, even in large, well-powered population studies. Further studies of biophysical models derived from multi-shell dMRI and histological validations may help to understand the sources of these differences. 22q11DS is a promising model to study differences among novel anisotropy/dMRI measures, as group differences are relatively large and there exist animal models suitable for histological validation. © SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
1773	a57201212051	Sanders S.	p661	True	Conference	288	Informing the use of hyperparameter optimization through metalearning	One of the challenges of data mining is finding hyperparameters for a learning algorithm that will produce the best model for a given dataset. Hyperparameter optimization automates this process, but it can still take significant time. It has been found that hyperparameter optimization does not always result in induced models with significant improvement over default values, yet no systematic analysis of the role of hyperparameter optimization in machine learning has been conducted. We use metalearning to inform the decision of whether to optimize hyperparameters based on expected performance improvement and computational cost. © 2017 IEEE.
1774	a23060352300	Giraud-Carrier C.	p661	False	Conference	288	Informing the use of hyperparameter optimization through metalearning	One of the challenges of data mining is finding hyperparameters for a learning algorithm that will produce the best model for a given dataset. Hyperparameter optimization automates this process, but it can still take significant time. It has been found that hyperparameter optimization does not always result in induced models with significant improvement over default values, yet no systematic analysis of the role of hyperparameter optimization in machine learning has been conducted. We use metalearning to inform the decision of whether to optimize hyperparameters based on expected performance improvement and computational cost. © 2017 IEEE.
1775	a55258864700	Hogge J.W.	p663	True	Journal	318	New Vapor-Pressure Prediction with Improved Thermodynamic Consistency using the Riedel Equation	Vapor pressure, heat of vaporization, liquid heat capacity, and ideal-gas heat capacity for pure compounds between the triple point and critical point are important properties for process design and optimization. These thermophysical properties are related to each other through temperature derivatives of thermodynamic relationships stemming from a temperature-dependent vapor-pressure correlation. The Riedel equation has been considered to be an excellent and simple choice among vapor-pressure correlating equations [ Velasco et al. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2008, 40 (5), 789-797 ] but requires modification of the final coefficient to provide thermodynamic consistency with thermal data [ Hogge et al. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2016, 429, 149-165 ]. New predictive correlations with final coefficients in integer steps from 1 to 6 have been created for compounds with limited or no vapor-pressure data, based on the methodology used originally by Riedel [ Chem. Ing. Tech. 1954, 26 (2), 83-89 ]. Liquid heat capacity was predicted using these vapor-pressure correlations, and the best final coefficient values were chosen based on the ability to simultaneously represent vapor pressure and liquid heat capacity. This procedure improves the fit to liquid heat-capacity data by 5-10% (average absolute deviation), while maintaining the fit of vapor-pressure data similar to those of other prediction methods. Additionally, low-temperature vapor-pressure predictions were improved by relying on liquid heat-capacity data. © 2017 American Chemical Society.
1776	a7005371369	Giles N.F.	p663	False	Journal	318	New Vapor-Pressure Prediction with Improved Thermodynamic Consistency using the Riedel Equation	Vapor pressure, heat of vaporization, liquid heat capacity, and ideal-gas heat capacity for pure compounds between the triple point and critical point are important properties for process design and optimization. These thermophysical properties are related to each other through temperature derivatives of thermodynamic relationships stemming from a temperature-dependent vapor-pressure correlation. The Riedel equation has been considered to be an excellent and simple choice among vapor-pressure correlating equations [ Velasco et al. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2008, 40 (5), 789-797 ] but requires modification of the final coefficient to provide thermodynamic consistency with thermal data [ Hogge et al. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2016, 429, 149-165 ]. New predictive correlations with final coefficients in integer steps from 1 to 6 have been created for compounds with limited or no vapor-pressure data, based on the methodology used originally by Riedel [ Chem. Ing. Tech. 1954, 26 (2), 83-89 ]. Liquid heat capacity was predicted using these vapor-pressure correlations, and the best final coefficient values were chosen based on the ability to simultaneously represent vapor pressure and liquid heat capacity. This procedure improves the fit to liquid heat-capacity data by 5-10% (average absolute deviation), while maintaining the fit of vapor-pressure data similar to those of other prediction methods. Additionally, low-temperature vapor-pressure predictions were improved by relying on liquid heat-capacity data. © 2017 American Chemical Society.
1777	a7006085792	Rowley R.L.	p663	False	Journal	318	New Vapor-Pressure Prediction with Improved Thermodynamic Consistency using the Riedel Equation	Vapor pressure, heat of vaporization, liquid heat capacity, and ideal-gas heat capacity for pure compounds between the triple point and critical point are important properties for process design and optimization. These thermophysical properties are related to each other through temperature derivatives of thermodynamic relationships stemming from a temperature-dependent vapor-pressure correlation. The Riedel equation has been considered to be an excellent and simple choice among vapor-pressure correlating equations [ Velasco et al. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2008, 40 (5), 789-797 ] but requires modification of the final coefficient to provide thermodynamic consistency with thermal data [ Hogge et al. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2016, 429, 149-165 ]. New predictive correlations with final coefficients in integer steps from 1 to 6 have been created for compounds with limited or no vapor-pressure data, based on the methodology used originally by Riedel [ Chem. Ing. Tech. 1954, 26 (2), 83-89 ]. Liquid heat capacity was predicted using these vapor-pressure correlations, and the best final coefficient values were chosen based on the ability to simultaneously represent vapor pressure and liquid heat capacity. This procedure improves the fit to liquid heat-capacity data by 5-10% (average absolute deviation), while maintaining the fit of vapor-pressure data similar to those of other prediction methods. Additionally, low-temperature vapor-pressure predictions were improved by relying on liquid heat-capacity data. © 2017 American Chemical Society.
1778	a55665625900	Wilding W.V.	p663	False	Journal	318	New Vapor-Pressure Prediction with Improved Thermodynamic Consistency using the Riedel Equation	Vapor pressure, heat of vaporization, liquid heat capacity, and ideal-gas heat capacity for pure compounds between the triple point and critical point are important properties for process design and optimization. These thermophysical properties are related to each other through temperature derivatives of thermodynamic relationships stemming from a temperature-dependent vapor-pressure correlation. The Riedel equation has been considered to be an excellent and simple choice among vapor-pressure correlating equations [ Velasco et al. J. Chem. Thermodyn. 2008, 40 (5), 789-797 ] but requires modification of the final coefficient to provide thermodynamic consistency with thermal data [ Hogge et al. Fluid Phase Equilib. 2016, 429, 149-165 ]. New predictive correlations with final coefficients in integer steps from 1 to 6 have been created for compounds with limited or no vapor-pressure data, based on the methodology used originally by Riedel [ Chem. Ing. Tech. 1954, 26 (2), 83-89 ]. Liquid heat capacity was predicted using these vapor-pressure correlations, and the best final coefficient values were chosen based on the ability to simultaneously represent vapor pressure and liquid heat capacity. This procedure improves the fit to liquid heat-capacity data by 5-10% (average absolute deviation), while maintaining the fit of vapor-pressure data similar to those of other prediction methods. Additionally, low-temperature vapor-pressure predictions were improved by relying on liquid heat-capacity data. © 2017 American Chemical Society.
1779	a24335536400	Martin S.R.	p664	True	Conference	290	Bias estimation for angle-only sensors in distributed multi-target tracking systems	This paper describes a method of automatic sensor bias calculation for angle only sensor models in a target tracking scenario. It is assumed that separate Kalman filters are employed by each sensor and no measurements of known landmarks are available. Accurate bias estimation is achieved through the use of pseudo measurements of slant range from each sensor to the target and pseudo measurements of each sensor's bias. The covariance intersection (CI) algorithm is used to produce a pseudo measurement of slant range. This pseudo measurement of range allows pseudo measurements of sensor bias to be calculated based on each sensor's residuals and Kalman gains. Substantially improved tracking performance is demonstrated when estimating and accounting for constant biases on each sensor. © 2017 IEEE.
1780	a40561545600	Merrell A.J.	p666	True	Journal	320	Nano-Composite Foam Sensor System in Football Helmets	American football has both the highest rate of concussion incidences as well as the highest number of concussions of all contact sports due to both the number of athletes and nature of the sport. Recent research has linked concussions with long term health complications such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy and early onset Alzheimer’s. Understanding the mechanical characteristics of concussive impacts is critical to help protect athletes from these debilitating diseases and is now possible using helmet-based sensor systems. To date, real time on-field measurement of head impacts has been almost exclusively measured by devices that rely on accelerometers or gyroscopes attached to the player’s helmet, or embedded in a mouth guard. These systems monitor motion of the head or helmet, but do not directly measure impact energy. This paper evaluates the accuracy of a novel, multifunctional foam-based sensor that replaces a portion of the helmet foam to measure impact. All modified helmets were tested using a National Operating Committee Standards for Athletic Equipment-style drop tower with a total of 24 drop tests (4 locations with 6 impact energies). The impacts were evaluated using a headform, instrumented with a tri-axial accelerometer, mounted to a Hybrid III neck assembly. The resultant accelerations were evaluated for both the peak acceleration and the severity indices. These data were then compared to the voltage response from multiple Nano Composite Foam sensors located throughout the helmet. The foam sensor system proved to be accurate in measuring both the HIC and Gadd severity index, as well as peak acceleration while also providing additional details that were previously difficult to obtain, such as impact energy. © 2017, Biomedical Engineering Society.
1780	a40561545600	Merrell A.J.	p694	False	Journal	320	Estimation of 3D Ground Reaction Force Using Nanocomposite Piezo-Responsive Foam Sensors During Walking	This paper describes a method for the estimation of the 3D ground reaction force (GRF) during human walking using novel nanocomposite piezo-responsive foam (NCPF) sensors. Nine subjects (5 male, 4 female) walked on a force-instrumented treadmill at 1.34 m/s for 120 s each while wearing a shoe that was instrumented with four NCPF sensors. GRF data, measured via the treadmill, and sensor data, measured via the NCPF inserts, were used in a tenfold cross validation process to calibrate a separate model for each individual. The calibration model estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with mean average errors (MAE) of 6.52 N (2.14%), 4.79 N (6.34%), and 15.4 N (2.15%), respectively. Two additional models were created using the sensor data from all subjects and subject demographics. A tenfold cross validation process for this combined data set resulted in models that estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with less than 8.16 N (2.41%), 6.63 N (7.37%), and 19.4 N (2.31%) errors, respectively. Intra-subject estimates based on the model had a higher accuracy than inter-subject estimates, likely due to the relatively small subject cohort used in creating the model. The novel NCPF sensors demonstrate the ability to accurately estimate 3D GRF during human movement outside of the traditional biomechanics laboratory setting. © 2017, Biomedical Engineering Society.
1781	a7006001488	Christensen W.F.	p666	False	Journal	320	Nano-Composite Foam Sensor System in Football Helmets	American football has both the highest rate of concussion incidences as well as the highest number of concussions of all contact sports due to both the number of athletes and nature of the sport. Recent research has linked concussions with long term health complications such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy and early onset Alzheimer’s. Understanding the mechanical characteristics of concussive impacts is critical to help protect athletes from these debilitating diseases and is now possible using helmet-based sensor systems. To date, real time on-field measurement of head impacts has been almost exclusively measured by devices that rely on accelerometers or gyroscopes attached to the player’s helmet, or embedded in a mouth guard. These systems monitor motion of the head or helmet, but do not directly measure impact energy. This paper evaluates the accuracy of a novel, multifunctional foam-based sensor that replaces a portion of the helmet foam to measure impact. All modified helmets were tested using a National Operating Committee Standards for Athletic Equipment-style drop tower with a total of 24 drop tests (4 locations with 6 impact energies). The impacts were evaluated using a headform, instrumented with a tri-axial accelerometer, mounted to a Hybrid III neck assembly. The resultant accelerations were evaluated for both the peak acceleration and the severity indices. These data were then compared to the voltage response from multiple Nano Composite Foam sensors located throughout the helmet. The foam sensor system proved to be accurate in measuring both the HIC and Gadd severity index, as well as peak acceleration while also providing additional details that were previously difficult to obtain, such as impact energy. © 2017, Biomedical Engineering Society.
1781	a7006001488	Christensen W.F.	p694	False	Journal	320	Estimation of 3D Ground Reaction Force Using Nanocomposite Piezo-Responsive Foam Sensors During Walking	This paper describes a method for the estimation of the 3D ground reaction force (GRF) during human walking using novel nanocomposite piezo-responsive foam (NCPF) sensors. Nine subjects (5 male, 4 female) walked on a force-instrumented treadmill at 1.34 m/s for 120 s each while wearing a shoe that was instrumented with four NCPF sensors. GRF data, measured via the treadmill, and sensor data, measured via the NCPF inserts, were used in a tenfold cross validation process to calibrate a separate model for each individual. The calibration model estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with mean average errors (MAE) of 6.52 N (2.14%), 4.79 N (6.34%), and 15.4 N (2.15%), respectively. Two additional models were created using the sensor data from all subjects and subject demographics. A tenfold cross validation process for this combined data set resulted in models that estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with less than 8.16 N (2.41%), 6.63 N (7.37%), and 19.4 N (2.31%) errors, respectively. Intra-subject estimates based on the model had a higher accuracy than inter-subject estimates, likely due to the relatively small subject cohort used in creating the model. The novel NCPF sensors demonstrate the ability to accurately estimate 3D GRF during human movement outside of the traditional biomechanics laboratory setting. © 2017, Biomedical Engineering Society.
1782	a6701752452	Dromey C.	p667	True	Journal	321	Effects of Laryngeal Activity on Articulation	This study examined the effects of three speech conditions (voiced, whispered, and mouthed) on global average measures of articulatory movement during sentence production. Participants were 20 adults (ten males and ten females) with no history of speech, language, or hearing disorders. They produced six target utterances in the three speaking conditions. Movements of the following articulators were recorded with an electromagnetic articulograph: Mid tongue, front of tongue, jaw, lower lip, and upper lip. The kinematic metrics were averages derived from movement strokes defined by minima in the speed record of each articulator. These measures revealed a number of significant changes between the voiced and mouthed conditions, with relatively few differences between voiced and whispered speech. Significant increases in sentence duration, articulatory stroke count, and stroke duration as well as significant decreases in peak stroke speed, stroke distance, and hull areas were found in the mouthed condition. These findings suggest that both laryngeal activation and auditory feedback play an important role in the production of normally articulated vocal tract movements, and that the absence of these may account for the significant changes in articulation between the voiced and mouthed conditions. © 2014 IEEE.
1783	a57200248178	Black K.M.	p667	False	Journal	321	Effects of Laryngeal Activity on Articulation	This study examined the effects of three speech conditions (voiced, whispered, and mouthed) on global average measures of articulatory movement during sentence production. Participants were 20 adults (ten males and ten females) with no history of speech, language, or hearing disorders. They produced six target utterances in the three speaking conditions. Movements of the following articulators were recorded with an electromagnetic articulograph: Mid tongue, front of tongue, jaw, lower lip, and upper lip. The kinematic metrics were averages derived from movement strokes defined by minima in the speed record of each articulator. These measures revealed a number of significant changes between the voiced and mouthed conditions, with relatively few differences between voiced and whispered speech. Significant increases in sentence duration, articulatory stroke count, and stroke duration as well as significant decreases in peak stroke speed, stroke distance, and hull areas were found in the mouthed condition. These findings suggest that both laryngeal activation and auditory feedback play an important role in the production of normally articulated vocal tract movements, and that the absence of these may account for the significant changes in articulation between the voiced and mouthed conditions. © 2014 IEEE.
1784	a57196000820	Ahmad W.	p669	False	Journal	319	A Comparison of Indoor MIMO Measurements and Ray-Tracing at 24 and 2.55 GHz	Colocated 4× 4 multiple-input multiple-output measurements at 2.55 and 24 GHz are presented for two university buildings consisting of classrooms and offices. Link gain in hallways and connected laboratories looks similar at the two frequencies when the effect of lower effective receive antenna aperture with increasing frequency is removed. Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation through a wall or around hallway corners exhibits approximately 5-20 dB (11 dB on average) greater loss beyond the 20 dB aperture loss at 24 GHz compared to that at 2.55 GHz. Fixed directional antennas increase path loss (PL) by an average of 13 dB when misaligned. Capacity for normalized signal-to-noise ratio is very similar in the two bands and is close to that for the optimal independent identically distributed case, indicating sufficient multipath for spatial multiplexing at 24 GHz. A ray-tracing study suggests that material loss must increase from 2.55 to 24 GHz to correctly predict the higher PL at 24 GHz in severely obstructed scenarios, indicating a need for future material characterization in high microwave bands. The results suggest that 24 GHz is a viable option to replace medium-range (10-30 m) NLOS wireless services currently operating at 2.4 GHz. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
1785	a57195995765	Yang Y.	p669	False	Journal	319	A Comparison of Indoor MIMO Measurements and Ray-Tracing at 24 and 2.55 GHz	Colocated 4× 4 multiple-input multiple-output measurements at 2.55 and 24 GHz are presented for two university buildings consisting of classrooms and offices. Link gain in hallways and connected laboratories looks similar at the two frequencies when the effect of lower effective receive antenna aperture with increasing frequency is removed. Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) propagation through a wall or around hallway corners exhibits approximately 5-20 dB (11 dB on average) greater loss beyond the 20 dB aperture loss at 24 GHz compared to that at 2.55 GHz. Fixed directional antennas increase path loss (PL) by an average of 13 dB when misaligned. Capacity for normalized signal-to-noise ratio is very similar in the two bands and is close to that for the optimal independent identically distributed case, indicating sufficient multipath for spatial multiplexing at 24 GHz. A ray-tracing study suggests that material loss must increase from 2.55 to 24 GHz to correctly predict the higher PL at 24 GHz in severely obstructed scenarios, indicating a need for future material characterization in high microwave bands. The results suggest that 24 GHz is a viable option to replace medium-range (10-30 m) NLOS wireless services currently operating at 2.4 GHz. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
1786	a7004450337	Zumbrun K.	p670	False	Journal	323	Multidimensional Stability of Large-Amplitude Navier–Stokes Shocks	Extending results of Humpherys–Lyng–Zumbrun in the one-dimensional case, we use a combination of asymptotic ODE estimates and numerical Evans-function computations to examine the multidimensional stability of planar Navier–Stokes shocks across the full range of shock amplitudes, including the infinite-amplitude limit, for monatomic or diatomic ideal gas equations of state and viscosity and heat conduction coefficients μ, μ+ η, and ν= κ/ cv constant and in the physical ratios predicted by statistical mechanics, and Mach number M&gt; 1.035. Our results indicate unconditional stability within the parameter range considered; this agrees with the results of Erpenbeck and Majda for the corresponding inviscid case of Euler shocks. Notably, this study includes the first successful numerical computation of an Evans function associated with the multidimensional stability of a viscous shock wave. The methods introduced can be used in principle to decide stability for shocks in any polytropic gas, or indeed for shocks of other models, including in, particular, viscoelasticity, combustion, and magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). © 2017, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
1786	a7004450337	Zumbrun K.	p785	False	Journal	389	Stability of Viscous St. Venant Roll Waves: From Onset to Infinite Froude Number Limit	We study the spectral stability of roll wave solutions of the viscous St. Venant equations modeling inclined shallow water flow, both at onset in the small Froude number or “weakly unstable” limit F→ 2 + and for general values of the Froude number F, including the limit F→ + ∞. In the former, F→ 2 +, limit, the shallow water equations are formally approximated by a Korteweg-de Vries/Kuramoto–Sivashinsky (KdV–KS) equation that is a singular perturbation of the standard Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation modeling horizontal shallow water flow. Our main analytical result is to rigorously validate this formal limit, showing that stability as F→ 2 + is equivalent to stability of the corresponding KdV–KS waves in the KdV limit. Together with recent results obtained for KdV–KS by Johnson–Noble–Rodrigues–Zumbrun and Barker, this gives not only the first rigorous verification of stability for any single viscous St. Venant roll wave, but a complete classification of stability in the weakly unstable limit. In the remainder of the paper, we investigate numerically and analytically the evolution of the stability diagram as Froude number increases to infinity. Notably, we find transition at around F= 2.3 from weakly unstable to different, large-F behavior, with stability determined by simple power-law relations. The latter stability criteria are potentially useful in hydraulic engineering applications, for which typically 2.5 ≤ F≤ 6.0. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
1787	a7402004420	Campbell K.S.	p672	True	Journal	324	Plain-Style Preferences of US Professionals	Background: Although plain language is almost universally promoted by teachers of professional writing, editors, and communication professionals, some have argued that the effects of and preferences for plain style in written messages differ among groups of individuals. Research questions: 1. Do professionals prefer plain style? 2a. Do preferences differ for different categories of style? 2b. Do preferences differ for different groups of workers? Literature review: Style, the word- and sentence-level elements in a written text, is a critical element of plain language. There is evidence that plain style, however, affects readers differently based on their level of subject matter knowledge. Plain style is even criticized by a few. There is a long history of tensions surrounding linguistic prescriptivism, the notion that one manner of language use is superior to all others. Further, readers' preferences for writing style, plain or otherwise, may not be consistent across occupational positions, education levels, nationalities, personality types, or genders. Research methodology: We conducted a quantitative study of preferences for two major style categories (conciseness and word choice) using an online survey instrument. The student-recruiter technique provided us with usable responses from 614 working adults in the US. Using that data, we calculated proportions of respondents, with confidence intervals, who chose the plain-style options. We also used statistical tests to explore associations between preferences and respondent characteristics. Results and conclusions: Our findings support an overwhelming preference for plain style among US professionals who are native speakers of English. Reader preferences were stronger for elements associated with word choice than with conciseness. Those with lower education levels and blue-collar occupations had lower preferences for plain style. The study had two major limitations: 1. We investigated only two aspects of plain style rather than the full range of elements that make up plain language. 2. Our data-collection instrument presented readers with an artificial rather than an authentic reading experience. Future research may investigate the role of personality on stylistic preferences and the attributions readers make about writers based on their style. © 1988-2012 IEEE.
1788	a6602231941	Amare N.	p672	False	Journal	324	Plain-Style Preferences of US Professionals	Background: Although plain language is almost universally promoted by teachers of professional writing, editors, and communication professionals, some have argued that the effects of and preferences for plain style in written messages differ among groups of individuals. Research questions: 1. Do professionals prefer plain style? 2a. Do preferences differ for different categories of style? 2b. Do preferences differ for different groups of workers? Literature review: Style, the word- and sentence-level elements in a written text, is a critical element of plain language. There is evidence that plain style, however, affects readers differently based on their level of subject matter knowledge. Plain style is even criticized by a few. There is a long history of tensions surrounding linguistic prescriptivism, the notion that one manner of language use is superior to all others. Further, readers' preferences for writing style, plain or otherwise, may not be consistent across occupational positions, education levels, nationalities, personality types, or genders. Research methodology: We conducted a quantitative study of preferences for two major style categories (conciseness and word choice) using an online survey instrument. The student-recruiter technique provided us with usable responses from 614 working adults in the US. Using that data, we calculated proportions of respondents, with confidence intervals, who chose the plain-style options. We also used statistical tests to explore associations between preferences and respondent characteristics. Results and conclusions: Our findings support an overwhelming preference for plain style among US professionals who are native speakers of English. Reader preferences were stronger for elements associated with word choice than with conciseness. Those with lower education levels and blue-collar occupations had lower preferences for plain style. The study had two major limitations: 1. We investigated only two aspects of plain style rather than the full range of elements that make up plain language. 2. Our data-collection instrument presented readers with an artificial rather than an authentic reading experience. Future research may investigate the role of personality on stylistic preferences and the attributions readers make about writers based on their style. © 1988-2012 IEEE.
1788	a6602231941	Amare N.	p704	False	Conference	298	Bad news first: How optimal directness depends on what is negated	This article reports study results in which participants (n=145) responded to a variety of negative messages in a variety of message channels, visual, textual, and verbal. Participants participated in A-B testing of distinct message strategies and then identified communication values that seemed most important in distinct message contexts. Results showed very clear differences between two broad classes of negative information: negative information about perceived physical facts (e.g. the presence of hazardous materials or dangerous conditions) as opposed to negative information about social relationships (e.g., a romantic breakup, the death of a loved one, or termination of employment). Participants consistently identified directness as a communicative virtue, even in contexts where they preferred a message format with a consistently small buffer in order to also satisfy a perceived need for politeness. Conversely, explanatory information prior to bad news was never preferred over bad-news-first in cases involving physical-fact bad news. © 2017 IEEE.
1789	a57197730899	Kane E.	p672	False	Journal	324	Plain-Style Preferences of US Professionals	Background: Although plain language is almost universally promoted by teachers of professional writing, editors, and communication professionals, some have argued that the effects of and preferences for plain style in written messages differ among groups of individuals. Research questions: 1. Do professionals prefer plain style? 2a. Do preferences differ for different categories of style? 2b. Do preferences differ for different groups of workers? Literature review: Style, the word- and sentence-level elements in a written text, is a critical element of plain language. There is evidence that plain style, however, affects readers differently based on their level of subject matter knowledge. Plain style is even criticized by a few. There is a long history of tensions surrounding linguistic prescriptivism, the notion that one manner of language use is superior to all others. Further, readers' preferences for writing style, plain or otherwise, may not be consistent across occupational positions, education levels, nationalities, personality types, or genders. Research methodology: We conducted a quantitative study of preferences for two major style categories (conciseness and word choice) using an online survey instrument. The student-recruiter technique provided us with usable responses from 614 working adults in the US. Using that data, we calculated proportions of respondents, with confidence intervals, who chose the plain-style options. We also used statistical tests to explore associations between preferences and respondent characteristics. Results and conclusions: Our findings support an overwhelming preference for plain style among US professionals who are native speakers of English. Reader preferences were stronger for elements associated with word choice than with conciseness. Those with lower education levels and blue-collar occupations had lower preferences for plain style. The study had two major limitations: 1. We investigated only two aspects of plain style rather than the full range of elements that make up plain language. 2. Our data-collection instrument presented readers with an artificial rather than an authentic reading experience. Future research may investigate the role of personality on stylistic preferences and the attributions readers make about writers based on their style. © 1988-2012 IEEE.
1790	a7101816438	Manning A.D.	p672	False	Journal	324	Plain-Style Preferences of US Professionals	Background: Although plain language is almost universally promoted by teachers of professional writing, editors, and communication professionals, some have argued that the effects of and preferences for plain style in written messages differ among groups of individuals. Research questions: 1. Do professionals prefer plain style? 2a. Do preferences differ for different categories of style? 2b. Do preferences differ for different groups of workers? Literature review: Style, the word- and sentence-level elements in a written text, is a critical element of plain language. There is evidence that plain style, however, affects readers differently based on their level of subject matter knowledge. Plain style is even criticized by a few. There is a long history of tensions surrounding linguistic prescriptivism, the notion that one manner of language use is superior to all others. Further, readers' preferences for writing style, plain or otherwise, may not be consistent across occupational positions, education levels, nationalities, personality types, or genders. Research methodology: We conducted a quantitative study of preferences for two major style categories (conciseness and word choice) using an online survey instrument. The student-recruiter technique provided us with usable responses from 614 working adults in the US. Using that data, we calculated proportions of respondents, with confidence intervals, who chose the plain-style options. We also used statistical tests to explore associations between preferences and respondent characteristics. Results and conclusions: Our findings support an overwhelming preference for plain style among US professionals who are native speakers of English. Reader preferences were stronger for elements associated with word choice than with conciseness. Those with lower education levels and blue-collar occupations had lower preferences for plain style. The study had two major limitations: 1. We investigated only two aspects of plain style rather than the full range of elements that make up plain language. 2. Our data-collection instrument presented readers with an artificial rather than an authentic reading experience. Future research may investigate the role of personality on stylistic preferences and the attributions readers make about writers based on their style. © 1988-2012 IEEE.
1790	a7101816438	Manning A.D.	p704	True	Conference	298	Bad news first: How optimal directness depends on what is negated	This article reports study results in which participants (n=145) responded to a variety of negative messages in a variety of message channels, visual, textual, and verbal. Participants participated in A-B testing of distinct message strategies and then identified communication values that seemed most important in distinct message contexts. Results showed very clear differences between two broad classes of negative information: negative information about perceived physical facts (e.g. the presence of hazardous materials or dangerous conditions) as opposed to negative information about social relationships (e.g., a romantic breakup, the death of a loved one, or termination of employment). Participants consistently identified directness as a communicative virtue, even in contexts where they preferred a message format with a consistently small buffer in order to also satisfy a perceived need for politeness. Conversely, explanatory information prior to bad news was never preferred over bad-news-first in cases involving physical-fact bad news. © 2017 IEEE.
1791	a56810920600	Naidoo J.S.	p672	False	Journal	324	Plain-Style Preferences of US Professionals	Background: Although plain language is almost universally promoted by teachers of professional writing, editors, and communication professionals, some have argued that the effects of and preferences for plain style in written messages differ among groups of individuals. Research questions: 1. Do professionals prefer plain style? 2a. Do preferences differ for different categories of style? 2b. Do preferences differ for different groups of workers? Literature review: Style, the word- and sentence-level elements in a written text, is a critical element of plain language. There is evidence that plain style, however, affects readers differently based on their level of subject matter knowledge. Plain style is even criticized by a few. There is a long history of tensions surrounding linguistic prescriptivism, the notion that one manner of language use is superior to all others. Further, readers' preferences for writing style, plain or otherwise, may not be consistent across occupational positions, education levels, nationalities, personality types, or genders. Research methodology: We conducted a quantitative study of preferences for two major style categories (conciseness and word choice) using an online survey instrument. The student-recruiter technique provided us with usable responses from 614 working adults in the US. Using that data, we calculated proportions of respondents, with confidence intervals, who chose the plain-style options. We also used statistical tests to explore associations between preferences and respondent characteristics. Results and conclusions: Our findings support an overwhelming preference for plain style among US professionals who are native speakers of English. Reader preferences were stronger for elements associated with word choice than with conciseness. Those with lower education levels and blue-collar occupations had lower preferences for plain style. The study had two major limitations: 1. We investigated only two aspects of plain style rather than the full range of elements that make up plain language. 2. Our data-collection instrument presented readers with an artificial rather than an authentic reading experience. Future research may investigate the role of personality on stylistic preferences and the attributions readers make about writers based on their style. © 1988-2012 IEEE.
1792	a55764744500	Aslani P.	p673	True	Journal	325	Analysis of the external radiation from circular cylindrical shells	Structurally radiated sound power is a critical design parameter. The acoustic radiation mode approach for computing sound power was developed in the early 1990s and has since been widely used. It has been shown to be a rather efficient approach for determining the radiated sound power. In previous research, radiation mode expressions have been developed for planar and spherical structures, as well as axisymmetric modes of internal and external radiation from cylinders. In this work, the radiation modes for external radiating cylinders which account for both axial and circumferential dependence are presented. The expressions are uniquely developed using cylindrical basis functions which are a more natural match to the geometry than past developments, which have been based on spherical harmonics. Higher order radiation modes than have been previously presented are shown. The “leapfrog effect”, whereby higher order modes leapfrog over lower modes in terms of their radiation efficiencies as the frequency goes above the cut-on frequency for those modes, is discussed in detail. The relationships between the mode efficiency and the coincidence effect associated with the cut-on frequencies of the vibration modes are described. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1793	a6603077820	Blotter J.D.	p673	False	Journal	325	Analysis of the external radiation from circular cylindrical shells	Structurally radiated sound power is a critical design parameter. The acoustic radiation mode approach for computing sound power was developed in the early 1990s and has since been widely used. It has been shown to be a rather efficient approach for determining the radiated sound power. In previous research, radiation mode expressions have been developed for planar and spherical structures, as well as axisymmetric modes of internal and external radiation from cylinders. In this work, the radiation modes for external radiating cylinders which account for both axial and circumferential dependence are presented. The expressions are uniquely developed using cylindrical basis functions which are a more natural match to the geometry than past developments, which have been based on spherical harmonics. Higher order radiation modes than have been previously presented are shown. The “leapfrog effect”, whereby higher order modes leapfrog over lower modes in terms of their radiation efficiencies as the frequency goes above the cut-on frequency for those modes, is discussed in detail. The relationships between the mode efficiency and the coincidence effect associated with the cut-on frequencies of the vibration modes are described. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1794	a57217339723	Hoagland D.	p675	True	Journal	326	Continuous permeability measurement during unidirectional vacuum infusion processing	Flow simulation for liquid composite molding is often performed to assist in process optimization and requires the permeability of the reinforcement to be characterized. For infusion under a flexible membrane, such as vacuum infusion, or for simulation of a part with non-uniform thickness, one must test the permeability at various levels of compaction. This process is time consuming and often relies on interpolation or extrapolation around a few experimental permeability measurements. To accelerate the process of permeability characterization, a small number of methodologies have been previously presented in the literature, in which the permeability may be tested at multiple fiber volume contents in a single test. Some of the methods even measure the permeability over a continuous range of thicknesses, thus requiring no later interpolation of permeability values. A novel method is presented here for the rapid measurement of permeability over a continuous range of fiber volume content, in a single unidirectional vacuum infusion flow experiment. The thickness gradient across the vacuum bag, as well as the fluid pressure at several locations in the mold were concurrently measured to calculate the fabric compressibility. An analytical flow model, which accounts for the compressibility, is then used by iterating the fitting constant in a permeability model until the predicted flow front progression matches empirical measurement. The method is demonstrated here for two reinforcement materials: (1) a fiberglass unbalanced weave and (2) a carbon biax non-crimped fabric. The standard deviation across the multiple experiments for each material and flow orientation ranged from 12.8% to 29.7%. Validation of these results was performed by comparing the resulting permeability with multiple non-continuous permeability measurement methods. © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017.
1795	a57140193000	Bustamante D.	p676	True	Journal	327	High-Precision, Mixed-Signal Mismatch Measurement of Metal-Oxide-Metal Capacitors	This brief presents a high-precision, mixed-signal mismatch measurement technique for metal-oxide-metal capacitors. The proposed technique incorporates a switched-capacitor op amp within the measurement circuit to significantly improve the measurement precision while relaxing the resolution requirement on the backend analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The proposed technique is also robust against multiple types of errors. A detailed analysis is presented to quantify the sensitivity improvement of the proposed technique over the conventional one. In addition, this brief proposes a multiplexing technique to measure a large number of capacitors in a single chip and a new layout to improve matching. A prototype fabricated in 180 nm technology demonstrates the ability to sense capacitor mismatch standard deviation as low as 0.045% with excellent repeatability, all without the need of a high-resolution ADC. © 2004-2012 IEEE.
1796	a36011148100	Van Hoe B.	p678	True	Conference	291	High-Speed Interrogation of Multiplexed Fiber Bragg Gratings with Spectral Distortion	Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors can be multiplexed in large numbers to monitor the performance of large structures. This paper addresses the collection of FBG reflection spectra from wavelength division multiplexed sensors at fast acquisition rates. The spectral and temporal resolution is first derived as a function of the tunable filter and measurement system properties. The method is applied to impact loading investigations of a stiffened composite skin panel. The reflected spectrum of each FBG in an array, embedded in the panel, is collected at 100 kHz during the impact events with a spectral resolution down to 40 pm. Visualization of the FBG responses to these impact events, including the presence of spectral distortion in some FBG spectra, is presented. Future analyses based on the full-spectral data sets can enable the assessment of the localized progression of internal damage in such structures. © 2001-2012 IEEE.
1797	a56155127800	Oman K.G.	p678	False	Conference	291	High-Speed Interrogation of Multiplexed Fiber Bragg Gratings with Spectral Distortion	Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors can be multiplexed in large numbers to monitor the performance of large structures. This paper addresses the collection of FBG reflection spectra from wavelength division multiplexed sensors at fast acquisition rates. The spectral and temporal resolution is first derived as a function of the tunable filter and measurement system properties. The method is applied to impact loading investigations of a stiffened composite skin panel. The reflected spectrum of each FBG in an array, embedded in the panel, is collected at 100 kHz during the impact events with a spectral resolution down to 40 pm. Visualization of the FBG responses to these impact events, including the presence of spectral distortion in some FBG spectra, is presented. Future analyses based on the full-spectral data sets can enable the assessment of the localized progression of internal damage in such structures. © 2001-2012 IEEE.
1798	a6506311950	Van Steenberge G.	p678	False	Conference	291	High-Speed Interrogation of Multiplexed Fiber Bragg Gratings with Spectral Distortion	Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors can be multiplexed in large numbers to monitor the performance of large structures. This paper addresses the collection of FBG reflection spectra from wavelength division multiplexed sensors at fast acquisition rates. The spectral and temporal resolution is first derived as a function of the tunable filter and measurement system properties. The method is applied to impact loading investigations of a stiffened composite skin panel. The reflected spectrum of each FBG in an array, embedded in the panel, is collected at 100 kHz during the impact events with a spectral resolution down to 40 pm. Visualization of the FBG responses to these impact events, including the presence of spectral distortion in some FBG spectra, is presented. Future analyses based on the full-spectral data sets can enable the assessment of the localized progression of internal damage in such structures. © 2001-2012 IEEE.
1799	a57196086981	Draper S.R.E.	p680	True	Journal	329	Polyethylene Glycol Based Changes to β-Sheet Protein Conformational and Proteolytic Stability Depend on Conjugation Strategy and Location	The development of chemical strategies for site-specific protein modification now enables researchers to attach polyethylene glycol (PEG) to a protein drug at one or more specific locations (i.e., protein PEGylation). However, aside from avoiding enzyme active sites or protein-binding interfaces, distinguishing the optimal PEGylation site from the available alternatives has conventionally been a matter of trial and error. As part of a continuing effort to develop guidelines for identifying optimal PEGylation sites within proteins, we show here that the impact of PEGylation at various sites within the β-sheet model protein WW depends strongly on the identity of the PEG-protein linker. The PEGylation of Gln or of azidohomoalanine has a similar impact on WW conformational stability as does Asn-PEGylation, whereas the PEGylation of propargyloxyphenylalanine is substantially stabilizing at locations where Asn-PEGylation was destabilizing. Importantly, we find that at least one of these three site-specific PEGylation strategies leads to substantial PEG-based stabilization at each of the positions investigated, highlighting the importance of considering conjugation strategy as an important variable in selecting optimal PEGylation sites. We further demonstrate that using a branched PEG oligomer intensifies the impact of PEGylation on WW conformational stability and also show that PEG-based increases to conformational stability are strongly associated with corresponding increases in proteolytic stability. © 2017 American Chemical Society.
1800	a55981276700	Lawrence P.B.	p680	False	Journal	329	Polyethylene Glycol Based Changes to β-Sheet Protein Conformational and Proteolytic Stability Depend on Conjugation Strategy and Location	The development of chemical strategies for site-specific protein modification now enables researchers to attach polyethylene glycol (PEG) to a protein drug at one or more specific locations (i.e., protein PEGylation). However, aside from avoiding enzyme active sites or protein-binding interfaces, distinguishing the optimal PEGylation site from the available alternatives has conventionally been a matter of trial and error. As part of a continuing effort to develop guidelines for identifying optimal PEGylation sites within proteins, we show here that the impact of PEGylation at various sites within the β-sheet model protein WW depends strongly on the identity of the PEG-protein linker. The PEGylation of Gln or of azidohomoalanine has a similar impact on WW conformational stability as does Asn-PEGylation, whereas the PEGylation of propargyloxyphenylalanine is substantially stabilizing at locations where Asn-PEGylation was destabilizing. Importantly, we find that at least one of these three site-specific PEGylation strategies leads to substantial PEG-based stabilization at each of the positions investigated, highlighting the importance of considering conjugation strategy as an important variable in selecting optimal PEGylation sites. We further demonstrate that using a branched PEG oligomer intensifies the impact of PEGylation on WW conformational stability and also show that PEG-based increases to conformational stability are strongly associated with corresponding increases in proteolytic stability. © 2017 American Chemical Society.
1801	a57190261034	Billings W.M.	p680	False	Journal	329	Polyethylene Glycol Based Changes to β-Sheet Protein Conformational and Proteolytic Stability Depend on Conjugation Strategy and Location	The development of chemical strategies for site-specific protein modification now enables researchers to attach polyethylene glycol (PEG) to a protein drug at one or more specific locations (i.e., protein PEGylation). However, aside from avoiding enzyme active sites or protein-binding interfaces, distinguishing the optimal PEGylation site from the available alternatives has conventionally been a matter of trial and error. As part of a continuing effort to develop guidelines for identifying optimal PEGylation sites within proteins, we show here that the impact of PEGylation at various sites within the β-sheet model protein WW depends strongly on the identity of the PEG-protein linker. The PEGylation of Gln or of azidohomoalanine has a similar impact on WW conformational stability as does Asn-PEGylation, whereas the PEGylation of propargyloxyphenylalanine is substantially stabilizing at locations where Asn-PEGylation was destabilizing. Importantly, we find that at least one of these three site-specific PEGylation strategies leads to substantial PEG-based stabilization at each of the positions investigated, highlighting the importance of considering conjugation strategy as an important variable in selecting optimal PEGylation sites. We further demonstrate that using a branched PEG oligomer intensifies the impact of PEGylation on WW conformational stability and also show that PEG-based increases to conformational stability are strongly associated with corresponding increases in proteolytic stability. © 2017 American Chemical Society.
1802	a57196097542	Xiao Q.	p680	False	Journal	329	Polyethylene Glycol Based Changes to β-Sheet Protein Conformational and Proteolytic Stability Depend on Conjugation Strategy and Location	The development of chemical strategies for site-specific protein modification now enables researchers to attach polyethylene glycol (PEG) to a protein drug at one or more specific locations (i.e., protein PEGylation). However, aside from avoiding enzyme active sites or protein-binding interfaces, distinguishing the optimal PEGylation site from the available alternatives has conventionally been a matter of trial and error. As part of a continuing effort to develop guidelines for identifying optimal PEGylation sites within proteins, we show here that the impact of PEGylation at various sites within the β-sheet model protein WW depends strongly on the identity of the PEG-protein linker. The PEGylation of Gln or of azidohomoalanine has a similar impact on WW conformational stability as does Asn-PEGylation, whereas the PEGylation of propargyloxyphenylalanine is substantially stabilizing at locations where Asn-PEGylation was destabilizing. Importantly, we find that at least one of these three site-specific PEGylation strategies leads to substantial PEG-based stabilization at each of the positions investigated, highlighting the importance of considering conjugation strategy as an important variable in selecting optimal PEGylation sites. We further demonstrate that using a branched PEG oligomer intensifies the impact of PEGylation on WW conformational stability and also show that PEG-based increases to conformational stability are strongly associated with corresponding increases in proteolytic stability. © 2017 American Chemical Society.
1803	a57196096093	Brown N.P.	p680	False	Journal	329	Polyethylene Glycol Based Changes to β-Sheet Protein Conformational and Proteolytic Stability Depend on Conjugation Strategy and Location	The development of chemical strategies for site-specific protein modification now enables researchers to attach polyethylene glycol (PEG) to a protein drug at one or more specific locations (i.e., protein PEGylation). However, aside from avoiding enzyme active sites or protein-binding interfaces, distinguishing the optimal PEGylation site from the available alternatives has conventionally been a matter of trial and error. As part of a continuing effort to develop guidelines for identifying optimal PEGylation sites within proteins, we show here that the impact of PEGylation at various sites within the β-sheet model protein WW depends strongly on the identity of the PEG-protein linker. The PEGylation of Gln or of azidohomoalanine has a similar impact on WW conformational stability as does Asn-PEGylation, whereas the PEGylation of propargyloxyphenylalanine is substantially stabilizing at locations where Asn-PEGylation was destabilizing. Importantly, we find that at least one of these three site-specific PEGylation strategies leads to substantial PEG-based stabilization at each of the positions investigated, highlighting the importance of considering conjugation strategy as an important variable in selecting optimal PEGylation sites. We further demonstrate that using a branched PEG oligomer intensifies the impact of PEGylation on WW conformational stability and also show that PEG-based increases to conformational stability are strongly associated with corresponding increases in proteolytic stability. © 2017 American Chemical Society.
1804	a57196088013	Bécar N.A.	p680	False	Journal	329	Polyethylene Glycol Based Changes to β-Sheet Protein Conformational and Proteolytic Stability Depend on Conjugation Strategy and Location	The development of chemical strategies for site-specific protein modification now enables researchers to attach polyethylene glycol (PEG) to a protein drug at one or more specific locations (i.e., protein PEGylation). However, aside from avoiding enzyme active sites or protein-binding interfaces, distinguishing the optimal PEGylation site from the available alternatives has conventionally been a matter of trial and error. As part of a continuing effort to develop guidelines for identifying optimal PEGylation sites within proteins, we show here that the impact of PEGylation at various sites within the β-sheet model protein WW depends strongly on the identity of the PEG-protein linker. The PEGylation of Gln or of azidohomoalanine has a similar impact on WW conformational stability as does Asn-PEGylation, whereas the PEGylation of propargyloxyphenylalanine is substantially stabilizing at locations where Asn-PEGylation was destabilizing. Importantly, we find that at least one of these three site-specific PEGylation strategies leads to substantial PEG-based stabilization at each of the positions investigated, highlighting the importance of considering conjugation strategy as an important variable in selecting optimal PEGylation sites. We further demonstrate that using a branched PEG oligomer intensifies the impact of PEGylation on WW conformational stability and also show that PEG-based increases to conformational stability are strongly associated with corresponding increases in proteolytic stability. © 2017 American Chemical Society.
1805	a57196086109	Matheson D.J.	p680	False	Journal	329	Polyethylene Glycol Based Changes to β-Sheet Protein Conformational and Proteolytic Stability Depend on Conjugation Strategy and Location	The development of chemical strategies for site-specific protein modification now enables researchers to attach polyethylene glycol (PEG) to a protein drug at one or more specific locations (i.e., protein PEGylation). However, aside from avoiding enzyme active sites or protein-binding interfaces, distinguishing the optimal PEGylation site from the available alternatives has conventionally been a matter of trial and error. As part of a continuing effort to develop guidelines for identifying optimal PEGylation sites within proteins, we show here that the impact of PEGylation at various sites within the β-sheet model protein WW depends strongly on the identity of the PEG-protein linker. The PEGylation of Gln or of azidohomoalanine has a similar impact on WW conformational stability as does Asn-PEGylation, whereas the PEGylation of propargyloxyphenylalanine is substantially stabilizing at locations where Asn-PEGylation was destabilizing. Importantly, we find that at least one of these three site-specific PEGylation strategies leads to substantial PEG-based stabilization at each of the positions investigated, highlighting the importance of considering conjugation strategy as an important variable in selecting optimal PEGylation sites. We further demonstrate that using a branched PEG oligomer intensifies the impact of PEGylation on WW conformational stability and also show that PEG-based increases to conformational stability are strongly associated with corresponding increases in proteolytic stability. © 2017 American Chemical Society.
1806	a57190252027	Stephens A.R.	p680	False	Journal	329	Polyethylene Glycol Based Changes to β-Sheet Protein Conformational and Proteolytic Stability Depend on Conjugation Strategy and Location	The development of chemical strategies for site-specific protein modification now enables researchers to attach polyethylene glycol (PEG) to a protein drug at one or more specific locations (i.e., protein PEGylation). However, aside from avoiding enzyme active sites or protein-binding interfaces, distinguishing the optimal PEGylation site from the available alternatives has conventionally been a matter of trial and error. As part of a continuing effort to develop guidelines for identifying optimal PEGylation sites within proteins, we show here that the impact of PEGylation at various sites within the β-sheet model protein WW depends strongly on the identity of the PEG-protein linker. The PEGylation of Gln or of azidohomoalanine has a similar impact on WW conformational stability as does Asn-PEGylation, whereas the PEGylation of propargyloxyphenylalanine is substantially stabilizing at locations where Asn-PEGylation was destabilizing. Importantly, we find that at least one of these three site-specific PEGylation strategies leads to substantial PEG-based stabilization at each of the positions investigated, highlighting the importance of considering conjugation strategy as an important variable in selecting optimal PEGylation sites. We further demonstrate that using a branched PEG oligomer intensifies the impact of PEGylation on WW conformational stability and also show that PEG-based increases to conformational stability are strongly associated with corresponding increases in proteolytic stability. © 2017 American Chemical Society.
1807	a55456759700	Price J.L.	p680	False	Journal	329	Polyethylene Glycol Based Changes to β-Sheet Protein Conformational and Proteolytic Stability Depend on Conjugation Strategy and Location	The development of chemical strategies for site-specific protein modification now enables researchers to attach polyethylene glycol (PEG) to a protein drug at one or more specific locations (i.e., protein PEGylation). However, aside from avoiding enzyme active sites or protein-binding interfaces, distinguishing the optimal PEGylation site from the available alternatives has conventionally been a matter of trial and error. As part of a continuing effort to develop guidelines for identifying optimal PEGylation sites within proteins, we show here that the impact of PEGylation at various sites within the β-sheet model protein WW depends strongly on the identity of the PEG-protein linker. The PEGylation of Gln or of azidohomoalanine has a similar impact on WW conformational stability as does Asn-PEGylation, whereas the PEGylation of propargyloxyphenylalanine is substantially stabilizing at locations where Asn-PEGylation was destabilizing. Importantly, we find that at least one of these three site-specific PEGylation strategies leads to substantial PEG-based stabilization at each of the positions investigated, highlighting the importance of considering conjugation strategy as an important variable in selecting optimal PEGylation sites. We further demonstrate that using a branched PEG oligomer intensifies the impact of PEGylation on WW conformational stability and also show that PEG-based increases to conformational stability are strongly associated with corresponding increases in proteolytic stability. © 2017 American Chemical Society.
1808	a57202280527	Brewer J.	p682	False	Conference	294	Applying a passive network reconstruction technique to Twitter data in order to identify trend setters	In this work we apply a systems-theoretic approach to identifying trend setters on Twitter. A network reconstruction algorithm was applied to Twitter data to determine causal relationships among topics discussed by popular Twitter users. Causal relationships in this context means that the topics tweeted by a single user influences the topics tweeted by another user, regardless of sentiment. A user that causally influences other users, without themselves being strongly influenced is identified as a trendsetter. This work seeks to identify potential trendsetters among popular Twitter users and demonstrating that causal influence does not always directly correlate with a user's popularity in terms of followers-demonstrating that popularity alone may not be sufficient for identifying trendsetters on Twitter. © 2017 IEEE.
1809	a57202283319	Lee K.	p682	False	Conference	294	Applying a passive network reconstruction technique to Twitter data in order to identify trend setters	In this work we apply a systems-theoretic approach to identifying trend setters on Twitter. A network reconstruction algorithm was applied to Twitter data to determine causal relationships among topics discussed by popular Twitter users. Causal relationships in this context means that the topics tweeted by a single user influences the topics tweeted by another user, regardless of sentiment. A user that causally influences other users, without themselves being strongly influenced is identified as a trendsetter. This work seeks to identify potential trendsetters among popular Twitter users and demonstrating that causal influence does not always directly correlate with a user's popularity in terms of followers-demonstrating that popularity alone may not be sufficient for identifying trendsetters on Twitter. © 2017 IEEE.
1810	a57198318094	Hollenbeck M.	p683	True	Conference	295	Selective Laser Melting aluminum waveguide attenuation at K-band	Additive manufacturing allows for fabrication of highly complex structures that efficiently use a 3D volume of space. Current state of the art metal additive manufacturing methods such as Selective Laser Melting (SLM) allow for intricate parts with high mechanical strength but at the cost of increased surface roughness on internal faces of waveguide structures. This paper investigates the contribution to loss of the increased surface roughness on a set of SLM WR42 waveguides printed with a standard ALSi10Mg aluminum powder, and compares their attenuation performance to purchased single-piece WR42 waveguides and to an industry-standard method for CNC machining waveguide multi-piece assemblies. Single-piece construction of RF parts produces lower attenuation than multi-piece assembly, and lower surface roughness directly leads to lower attenuation, as expected. SLM RF waveguides had better part consistency and comparable or better attenuation performance compared to CNC waveguides, showing that this manu-facturing method has reached the point where it can be used in RF waveguide assemblies. © 2017 IEEE.
1811	a35195145200	Wamick K.	p683	False	Conference	295	Selective Laser Melting aluminum waveguide attenuation at K-band	Additive manufacturing allows for fabrication of highly complex structures that efficiently use a 3D volume of space. Current state of the art metal additive manufacturing methods such as Selective Laser Melting (SLM) allow for intricate parts with high mechanical strength but at the cost of increased surface roughness on internal faces of waveguide structures. This paper investigates the contribution to loss of the increased surface roughness on a set of SLM WR42 waveguides printed with a standard ALSi10Mg aluminum powder, and compares their attenuation performance to purchased single-piece WR42 waveguides and to an industry-standard method for CNC machining waveguide multi-piece assemblies. Single-piece construction of RF parts produces lower attenuation than multi-piece assembly, and lower surface roughness directly leads to lower attenuation, as expected. SLM RF waveguides had better part consistency and comparable or better attenuation performance compared to CNC waveguides, showing that this manu-facturing method has reached the point where it can be used in RF waveguide assemblies. © 2017 IEEE.
1812	a57196275913	Cathey C.	p683	False	Conference	295	Selective Laser Melting aluminum waveguide attenuation at K-band	Additive manufacturing allows for fabrication of highly complex structures that efficiently use a 3D volume of space. Current state of the art metal additive manufacturing methods such as Selective Laser Melting (SLM) allow for intricate parts with high mechanical strength but at the cost of increased surface roughness on internal faces of waveguide structures. This paper investigates the contribution to loss of the increased surface roughness on a set of SLM WR42 waveguides printed with a standard ALSi10Mg aluminum powder, and compares their attenuation performance to purchased single-piece WR42 waveguides and to an industry-standard method for CNC machining waveguide multi-piece assemblies. Single-piece construction of RF parts produces lower attenuation than multi-piece assembly, and lower surface roughness directly leads to lower attenuation, as expected. SLM RF waveguides had better part consistency and comparable or better attenuation performance compared to CNC waveguides, showing that this manu-facturing method has reached the point where it can be used in RF waveguide assemblies. © 2017 IEEE.
1813	a57196277369	Opra J.	p683	False	Conference	295	Selective Laser Melting aluminum waveguide attenuation at K-band	Additive manufacturing allows for fabrication of highly complex structures that efficiently use a 3D volume of space. Current state of the art metal additive manufacturing methods such as Selective Laser Melting (SLM) allow for intricate parts with high mechanical strength but at the cost of increased surface roughness on internal faces of waveguide structures. This paper investigates the contribution to loss of the increased surface roughness on a set of SLM WR42 waveguides printed with a standard ALSi10Mg aluminum powder, and compares their attenuation performance to purchased single-piece WR42 waveguides and to an industry-standard method for CNC machining waveguide multi-piece assemblies. Single-piece construction of RF parts produces lower attenuation than multi-piece assembly, and lower surface roughness directly leads to lower attenuation, as expected. SLM RF waveguides had better part consistency and comparable or better attenuation performance compared to CNC waveguides, showing that this manu-facturing method has reached the point where it can be used in RF waveguide assemblies. © 2017 IEEE.
1814	a57211422454	Smith R.	p683	False	Conference	295	Selective Laser Melting aluminum waveguide attenuation at K-band	Additive manufacturing allows for fabrication of highly complex structures that efficiently use a 3D volume of space. Current state of the art metal additive manufacturing methods such as Selective Laser Melting (SLM) allow for intricate parts with high mechanical strength but at the cost of increased surface roughness on internal faces of waveguide structures. This paper investigates the contribution to loss of the increased surface roughness on a set of SLM WR42 waveguides printed with a standard ALSi10Mg aluminum powder, and compares their attenuation performance to purchased single-piece WR42 waveguides and to an industry-standard method for CNC machining waveguide multi-piece assemblies. Single-piece construction of RF parts produces lower attenuation than multi-piece assembly, and lower surface roughness directly leads to lower attenuation, as expected. SLM RF waveguides had better part consistency and comparable or better attenuation performance compared to CNC waveguides, showing that this manu-facturing method has reached the point where it can be used in RF waveguide assemblies. © 2017 IEEE.
1815	a57192941583	Childs B.R.	p684	True	Journal	330	Use of Personality Profile Assessments in the U.S. Commercial Construction Industry	Employee turnover is a continuing challenge in the construction industry with negative effects on construction companies. Other industries have begun using personality profile assessments as a tool for reducing employee turnover, and more specifically in their hiring, promoting, team building, and leadership development processes. However, it was unknown if this trend was effecting the construction industry. The purpose of this research was to determine if and how U.S. commercial construction companies utilize personality profiles in their employee retention processes. A survey was randomly sent to 235 of the top 400 commercial construction companies in the United States to determine if these companies were using assessments, and if it had any effect on the turnover within these companies. Interviews were conducted over the phone with human resources representatives from these companies, and responses were sorted into similar themes and ideas using qualitative pattern coding techniques. Of the 78 responding companies, one-third were using employee personality profiles within their business practices. This article reports the experiences and general attitudes for both the companies that do and do not utilize personality profiles. The results of this research provides strong evidence that using personality profile assessments can help construction companies reduce employee turnover. © 2017 Associated Schools of Construction.
1816	a6603945025	Christofferson J.P.	p684	False	Journal	330	Use of Personality Profile Assessments in the U.S. Commercial Construction Industry	Employee turnover is a continuing challenge in the construction industry with negative effects on construction companies. Other industries have begun using personality profile assessments as a tool for reducing employee turnover, and more specifically in their hiring, promoting, team building, and leadership development processes. However, it was unknown if this trend was effecting the construction industry. The purpose of this research was to determine if and how U.S. commercial construction companies utilize personality profiles in their employee retention processes. A survey was randomly sent to 235 of the top 400 commercial construction companies in the United States to determine if these companies were using assessments, and if it had any effect on the turnover within these companies. Interviews were conducted over the phone with human resources representatives from these companies, and responses were sorted into similar themes and ideas using qualitative pattern coding techniques. Of the 78 responding companies, one-third were using employee personality profiles within their business practices. This article reports the experiences and general attitudes for both the companies that do and do not utilize personality profiles. The results of this research provides strong evidence that using personality profile assessments can help construction companies reduce employee turnover. © 2017 Associated Schools of Construction.
1817	a55249877500	Coombs D.	p685	False	Journal	331	Simulations in Construction and Engineering Management Education to Explore Professional Challenges	Experiential learning opportunities in construction management courses allow students to explore principles and theories through direct, lived experiences that help them develop understandings of professional concepts foundational to their future work. This article examines the results of a multiple-case study that examines a simulation called marshmallow dodgeball conducted in an undergraduate project management course, designed to help students consider ethical and professional dilemmas that parallel those in the field. A thematic analysis of student reflections on the simulation shows students learned about dealing with ethical issues in the field, the role of teamwork, the importance of job skills and specialization, and communication on the job site. © 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1818	a57200860487	Bulloch R.	p685	False	Journal	331	Simulations in Construction and Engineering Management Education to Explore Professional Challenges	Experiential learning opportunities in construction management courses allow students to explore principles and theories through direct, lived experiences that help them develop understandings of professional concepts foundational to their future work. This article examines the results of a multiple-case study that examines a simulation called marshmallow dodgeball conducted in an undergraduate project management course, designed to help students consider ethical and professional dilemmas that parallel those in the field. A thematic analysis of student reflections on the simulation shows students learned about dealing with ethical issues in the field, the role of teamwork, the importance of job skills and specialization, and communication on the job site. © 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1819	a57191256797	Chang D.K.	p687	True	Journal	333	Use of Hi-resolution data for evaluating accuracy of traffic volume counts collected by microwave sensors	Over the past few years, the Utah Department of Transportation has developed the signal performance metrics (SPMs) system to evaluate the performance of signalized intersections dynamically. This system currently provides data summaries for several performance measures, one of them being turning movement counts collected by microwave sensors. As this system became public, there was a need to evaluate the accuracy of the data placed on the SPMs. A large-scale data collection was carried out to meet this need. Vehicles in the Hi-resolution data from microwave sensors were matched with the vehicles by ground-truth volume count data. Matching vehicles from the microwave sensor data and the ground-truth data manually collected required significant effort. A spreadsheet-based data analysis procedure was developed to carry out the task. A mixed model analysis of variance was used to analyze the effects of the factors considered on turning volume count accuracy. The analysis found that approach volume level and number of approach lanes would have significant effect on the accuracy of turning volume counts but the location of the sensors did not significantly affect the accuracy of turning volume counts. In addition, it was found that the location of lanes in relation to the sensor did not significantly affect the accuracy of lane-by-lane volume counts. This indicated that accuracy analysis could be performed by using total approach volumes without comparing specific turning counts, that is, left-turn, through and right-turn movements. In general, the accuracy of approach volume counts collected by microwave sensors were within the margin of error that traffic engineers could accept. The procedure taken to perform the analysis and a summary of accuracy of volume counts for the factor combinations considered are presented in this paper. © 2017 The Authors
1820	a13605498800	Verbert K.	p688	False	Journal	334	Review of research on student-facing learning analytics dashboards and educational recommender systems	This article is a comprehensive literature review of student-facing learning analytics reporting systems that track learning analytics data and report it directly to students. This literature review builds on four previously conducted literature reviews in similar domains. Out of the 945 articles retrieved from databases and journals, 93 articles were included in the analysis. Articles were coded based on the following five categories: functionality, data sources, design analysis, student perceptions, and measured effects. Based on this review, we need research on learning analytics reporting systems that targets the design and development process of reporting systems, not only the final products. This design and development process includes needs analyses, visual design analyses, information selection justifications, and student perception surveys. In addition, experiments to determine the effect of these systems on student behavior, achievement, and skills are needed to add to the small existing body of evidence. Furthermore, experimental studies should include usability tests and methodologies to examine student use of these systems, as these factors may affect experimental findings. Finally, observational study methods, such as propensity score matching, should be used to increase student access to these systems but still rigorously measure experimental effects. © 2016 IEEE.
1821	a56716068400	Thacker K.S.	p689	False	Journal	335	Design for excess capability to handle uncertain product requirements in a developing world setting	Products designed for the developing world often go unused or underused by the intended customers. One cause of this problem is uncertainty regarding the actual requirements of customers in the developing world. This can result when designers, with experience in technologically advanced countries, apply their own value structure to the products they design. Because of the designers’ lack of experience in the culture and environment of the developing world, the actual requirements are only partially known to them. This problem can be mitigated by (i) optimizing product flexibility and adaptability to react to uncertain requirements, and (ii) reducing the most critical uncertainties. The flexibility of a product to adapt to new or changing requirements has been shown to extend the service life of large complex engineered systems (e.g., aircraft carriers, aircraft, communication systems, and space craft). These systems must remain in service for extended periods of time, even though the environments and requirements may change dramatically. Applying these proven techniques to products designed for the developing world can alleviate the problem of uncertain requirements. This paper presents and demonstrates a technique aimed at improving the success of developing world engineering projects. Flexibility and adaptability minimize the impact of uncertainties, and are enabled by numerically optimized amounts of designed-in excess. A sensitivity analysis performed on the system model helps the designer prioritize the set of uncertain requirements and parameters for refinement. The technique is demonstrated in the design of a cookstove intended for use in the developing world. © 2017, Springer-Verlag London.
1822	a57203230997	Ferguson S.M.	p689	False	Journal	335	Design for excess capability to handle uncertain product requirements in a developing world setting	Products designed for the developing world often go unused or underused by the intended customers. One cause of this problem is uncertainty regarding the actual requirements of customers in the developing world. This can result when designers, with experience in technologically advanced countries, apply their own value structure to the products they design. Because of the designers’ lack of experience in the culture and environment of the developing world, the actual requirements are only partially known to them. This problem can be mitigated by (i) optimizing product flexibility and adaptability to react to uncertain requirements, and (ii) reducing the most critical uncertainties. The flexibility of a product to adapt to new or changing requirements has been shown to extend the service life of large complex engineered systems (e.g., aircraft carriers, aircraft, communication systems, and space craft). These systems must remain in service for extended periods of time, even though the environments and requirements may change dramatically. Applying these proven techniques to products designed for the developing world can alleviate the problem of uncertain requirements. This paper presents and demonstrates a technique aimed at improving the success of developing world engineering projects. Flexibility and adaptability minimize the impact of uncertainties, and are enabled by numerically optimized amounts of designed-in excess. A sensitivity analysis performed on the system model helps the designer prioritize the set of uncertain requirements and parameters for refinement. The technique is demonstrated in the design of a cookstove intended for use in the developing world. © 2017, Springer-Verlag London.
1823	a57191031931	Brusati M.	p690	True	Journal	336	Mitigated FPGA design of multi-gigabit transceivers for application in high radiation environments of High Energy Physics experiments	SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) logic devices are very attractive in applications where high data throughput is needed, such as the latest generation of High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments. FPGAs have been rarely used in such experiments because of their sensitivity to radiation. The present paper proposes a mitigation approach applied to commercial FPGA devices to meet the reliability requirements for the front-end electronics of the Liquid Argon (LAr) electromagnetic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment, located at CERN. Particular attention will be devoted to define a proper mitigation scheme of the multi-gigabit transceivers embedded in the FPGA, which is a critical part of the LAr data acquisition chain. A demonstrator board is being developed to validate the proposed methodology. Mitigation techniques such as Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) and scrubbing will be used to increase the robustness of the design and to maximize the fault tolerance from Single-Event Upsets (SEUs). © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1824	a37098602100	Camplani A.	p690	False	Journal	336	Mitigated FPGA design of multi-gigabit transceivers for application in high radiation environments of High Energy Physics experiments	SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) logic devices are very attractive in applications where high data throughput is needed, such as the latest generation of High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments. FPGAs have been rarely used in such experiments because of their sensitivity to radiation. The present paper proposes a mitigation approach applied to commercial FPGA devices to meet the reliability requirements for the front-end electronics of the Liquid Argon (LAr) electromagnetic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment, located at CERN. Particular attention will be devoted to define a proper mitigation scheme of the multi-gigabit transceivers embedded in the FPGA, which is a critical part of the LAr data acquisition chain. A demonstrator board is being developed to validate the proposed methodology. Mitigation techniques such as Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) and scrubbing will be used to increase the robustness of the design and to maximize the fault tolerance from Single-Event Upsets (SEUs). © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1825	a56424241200	Chen H.	p690	False	Journal	336	Mitigated FPGA design of multi-gigabit transceivers for application in high radiation environments of High Energy Physics experiments	SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) logic devices are very attractive in applications where high data throughput is needed, such as the latest generation of High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments. FPGAs have been rarely used in such experiments because of their sensitivity to radiation. The present paper proposes a mitigation approach applied to commercial FPGA devices to meet the reliability requirements for the front-end electronics of the Liquid Argon (LAr) electromagnetic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment, located at CERN. Particular attention will be devoted to define a proper mitigation scheme of the multi-gigabit transceivers embedded in the FPGA, which is a critical part of the LAr data acquisition chain. A demonstrator board is being developed to validate the proposed methodology. Mitigation techniques such as Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) and scrubbing will be used to increase the robustness of the design and to maximize the fault tolerance from Single-Event Upsets (SEUs). © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1826	a6701695863	Citterio M.	p690	False	Journal	336	Mitigated FPGA design of multi-gigabit transceivers for application in high radiation environments of High Energy Physics experiments	SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) logic devices are very attractive in applications where high data throughput is needed, such as the latest generation of High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments. FPGAs have been rarely used in such experiments because of their sensitivity to radiation. The present paper proposes a mitigation approach applied to commercial FPGA devices to meet the reliability requirements for the front-end electronics of the Liquid Argon (LAr) electromagnetic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment, located at CERN. Particular attention will be devoted to define a proper mitigation scheme of the multi-gigabit transceivers embedded in the FPGA, which is a critical part of the LAr data acquisition chain. A demonstrator board is being developed to validate the proposed methodology. Mitigation techniques such as Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) and scrubbing will be used to increase the robustness of the design and to maximize the fault tolerance from Single-Event Upsets (SEUs). © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1827	a7006631262	Lazzaroni M.	p690	False	Journal	336	Mitigated FPGA design of multi-gigabit transceivers for application in high radiation environments of High Energy Physics experiments	SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) logic devices are very attractive in applications where high data throughput is needed, such as the latest generation of High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments. FPGAs have been rarely used in such experiments because of their sensitivity to radiation. The present paper proposes a mitigation approach applied to commercial FPGA devices to meet the reliability requirements for the front-end electronics of the Liquid Argon (LAr) electromagnetic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment, located at CERN. Particular attention will be devoted to define a proper mitigation scheme of the multi-gigabit transceivers embedded in the FPGA, which is a critical part of the LAr data acquisition chain. A demonstrator board is being developed to validate the proposed methodology. Mitigation techniques such as Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) and scrubbing will be used to increase the robustness of the design and to maximize the fault tolerance from Single-Event Upsets (SEUs). © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1828	a56404157200	Takai H.	p690	False	Journal	336	Mitigated FPGA design of multi-gigabit transceivers for application in high radiation environments of High Energy Physics experiments	SRAM-based Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) logic devices are very attractive in applications where high data throughput is needed, such as the latest generation of High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments. FPGAs have been rarely used in such experiments because of their sensitivity to radiation. The present paper proposes a mitigation approach applied to commercial FPGA devices to meet the reliability requirements for the front-end electronics of the Liquid Argon (LAr) electromagnetic calorimeter of the ATLAS experiment, located at CERN. Particular attention will be devoted to define a proper mitigation scheme of the multi-gigabit transceivers embedded in the FPGA, which is a critical part of the LAr data acquisition chain. A demonstrator board is being developed to validate the proposed methodology. Mitigation techniques such as Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) and scrubbing will be used to increase the robustness of the design and to maximize the fault tolerance from Single-Event Upsets (SEUs). © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1829	a7005836251	Comer D.J.	p691	True	Conference	296	An ultra-high Q inductorless narrowband filter based on the voltage divider phase shift method	The voltage divider phase shift filter (VDPSF) has been used in the past to construct inductorless narrowband filters with moderately high Q values, for example, Q = 50. This work reports a new configuration of this filter that can achieve extremely high Q values over a range of frequencies from very low to very high values. A typical value is Q = 2500, but can be even higher. These high values of Q can be obtained at very low frequencies, solving a long-standing problem for LC tank circuits. The new configuration consists of one voltage divider phase shift filter nested within a second such filter. A simulation is done to verify the accuracy of the theory and demonstrate the stability of Q with respect to circuit element value changes. One significant application of such a filter is in the creation of a tunable oscillator with a very high degree of spectral purity. © 2017 IEEE.
1829	a7005836251	Comer D.J.	p742	False	Journal	357	Design of low-power ultra-high voltage gain differential cascode stages	The conventional cascode circuit has long been used as the basis for the differential input stage to an op amp. The voltage gain of this stage can be maximised by operating the MOS devices in the moderate inversion region rather than the strong inversion region. In so doing, the voltage gains of the differential stage can reach values of over 120 dB and the power dissipation is minimised due to the low currents required. Harmonic distortion is also minimised by moderate inversion operation. Although the composite cascode or self-cascode has been successfully used as an op-amp differential stage, the conventional cascode differential circuit offers additional advantages and is compared to the composite cascode differential circuit in this work. A design procedure is also reported in this work for low-power, high voltage gain differential stages. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
1830	a57195596864	Sorensen S.T.	p692	True	Conference	297	SAE Aero Design East: BYU-Idaho Aero Team 326 - Final Report Document	This report describes the aircraft designed and built by the Brigham Young University Idaho (BYU-Idaho) Aero Design Team. The aircraft was built for the SAE Aero East Competition 2017 hosted in Lakeland, Florida. The objective is to design an all-electric aircraft optimized to carry as much weight as possible, while also minimizing the empty weight of the aircraft capable of successfully completing a flight circuit. A flight circuit is defined as flying completely around two safety cones for a total distance of about 726ft. The challenge has provided the team with the opportunity to improve design and manufacturing skills, while also gaining experience in real life engineering challenges. As a result, the team greatly increased their knowledge of aeronautical design and manufacturing. BYU-Idaho has developed a balsa/plywood carbon fiber reinforced fixed wing aircraft weighing approximately.7lbs, capable of carrying more than 4lbs. When configured for flight, its wings span 60in, and an overall length of 20.8in. Its wing can be broken down into three 20in segments. The aircraft is easily transported in a 6in diameter tube that is 20.3in in length. In order to maximize interior space and manufacturability, the fuselage was not streamlined. Aerodynamic advantages gained from streamlining were considered negligible. The three wing segments are made out of balsa wood ribs attached to a carbon fiber balsa wood composite spar. © Copyright 2017 SAE International.
1830	a57195596864	Sorensen S.T.	p720	True	Conference	304	SAE Aero Design East: BYU-Idaho Aero Team 326 - Final Report Document	This report describes the aircraft designed and built by the Brigham Young University Idaho (BYU-Idaho) Aero Design Team. The aircraft was built for the SAE Aero East Competition 2017 hosted in Lakeland, Florida. The objective is to design an all-electric aircraft optimized to carry as much weight as possible, while also minimizing the empty weight of the aircraft capable of successfully completing a flight circuit. A flight circuit is defined as flying completely around two safety cones for a total distance of about 726ft. The challenge has provided the team with the opportunity to improve design and manufacturing skills, while also gaining experience in real life engineering challenges. As a result, the team greatly increased their knowledge of aeronautical design and manufacturing. BYU-Idaho has developed a balsa/plywood carbon fiber reinforced fixed wing aircraft weighing approximately.7lbs, capable of carrying more than 4lbs. When configured for flight, its wings span 60in, and an overall length of 20.8in. Its wing can be broken down into three 20in segments. The aircraft is easily transported in a 6in diameter tube that is 20.3in in length. In order to maximize interior space and manufacturability, the fuselage was not streamlined. Aerodynamic advantages gained from streamlining were considered negligible. The three wing segments are made out of balsa wood ribs attached to a carbon fiber balsa wood composite spar. © 2017 SAE International.
1831	a57195596391	Hopman A.	p692	False	Conference	297	SAE Aero Design East: BYU-Idaho Aero Team 326 - Final Report Document	This report describes the aircraft designed and built by the Brigham Young University Idaho (BYU-Idaho) Aero Design Team. The aircraft was built for the SAE Aero East Competition 2017 hosted in Lakeland, Florida. The objective is to design an all-electric aircraft optimized to carry as much weight as possible, while also minimizing the empty weight of the aircraft capable of successfully completing a flight circuit. A flight circuit is defined as flying completely around two safety cones for a total distance of about 726ft. The challenge has provided the team with the opportunity to improve design and manufacturing skills, while also gaining experience in real life engineering challenges. As a result, the team greatly increased their knowledge of aeronautical design and manufacturing. BYU-Idaho has developed a balsa/plywood carbon fiber reinforced fixed wing aircraft weighing approximately.7lbs, capable of carrying more than 4lbs. When configured for flight, its wings span 60in, and an overall length of 20.8in. Its wing can be broken down into three 20in segments. The aircraft is easily transported in a 6in diameter tube that is 20.3in in length. In order to maximize interior space and manufacturability, the fuselage was not streamlined. Aerodynamic advantages gained from streamlining were considered negligible. The three wing segments are made out of balsa wood ribs attached to a carbon fiber balsa wood composite spar. © Copyright 2017 SAE International.
1831	a57195596391	Hopman A.	p720	False	Conference	304	SAE Aero Design East: BYU-Idaho Aero Team 326 - Final Report Document	This report describes the aircraft designed and built by the Brigham Young University Idaho (BYU-Idaho) Aero Design Team. The aircraft was built for the SAE Aero East Competition 2017 hosted in Lakeland, Florida. The objective is to design an all-electric aircraft optimized to carry as much weight as possible, while also minimizing the empty weight of the aircraft capable of successfully completing a flight circuit. A flight circuit is defined as flying completely around two safety cones for a total distance of about 726ft. The challenge has provided the team with the opportunity to improve design and manufacturing skills, while also gaining experience in real life engineering challenges. As a result, the team greatly increased their knowledge of aeronautical design and manufacturing. BYU-Idaho has developed a balsa/plywood carbon fiber reinforced fixed wing aircraft weighing approximately.7lbs, capable of carrying more than 4lbs. When configured for flight, its wings span 60in, and an overall length of 20.8in. Its wing can be broken down into three 20in segments. The aircraft is easily transported in a 6in diameter tube that is 20.3in in length. In order to maximize interior space and manufacturability, the fuselage was not streamlined. Aerodynamic advantages gained from streamlining were considered negligible. The three wing segments are made out of balsa wood ribs attached to a carbon fiber balsa wood composite spar. © 2017 SAE International.
1832	a57195598039	Petersen M.	p692	False	Conference	297	SAE Aero Design East: BYU-Idaho Aero Team 326 - Final Report Document	This report describes the aircraft designed and built by the Brigham Young University Idaho (BYU-Idaho) Aero Design Team. The aircraft was built for the SAE Aero East Competition 2017 hosted in Lakeland, Florida. The objective is to design an all-electric aircraft optimized to carry as much weight as possible, while also minimizing the empty weight of the aircraft capable of successfully completing a flight circuit. A flight circuit is defined as flying completely around two safety cones for a total distance of about 726ft. The challenge has provided the team with the opportunity to improve design and manufacturing skills, while also gaining experience in real life engineering challenges. As a result, the team greatly increased their knowledge of aeronautical design and manufacturing. BYU-Idaho has developed a balsa/plywood carbon fiber reinforced fixed wing aircraft weighing approximately.7lbs, capable of carrying more than 4lbs. When configured for flight, its wings span 60in, and an overall length of 20.8in. Its wing can be broken down into three 20in segments. The aircraft is easily transported in a 6in diameter tube that is 20.3in in length. In order to maximize interior space and manufacturability, the fuselage was not streamlined. Aerodynamic advantages gained from streamlining were considered negligible. The three wing segments are made out of balsa wood ribs attached to a carbon fiber balsa wood composite spar. © Copyright 2017 SAE International.
1832	a57195598039	Petersen M.	p720	False	Conference	304	SAE Aero Design East: BYU-Idaho Aero Team 326 - Final Report Document	This report describes the aircraft designed and built by the Brigham Young University Idaho (BYU-Idaho) Aero Design Team. The aircraft was built for the SAE Aero East Competition 2017 hosted in Lakeland, Florida. The objective is to design an all-electric aircraft optimized to carry as much weight as possible, while also minimizing the empty weight of the aircraft capable of successfully completing a flight circuit. A flight circuit is defined as flying completely around two safety cones for a total distance of about 726ft. The challenge has provided the team with the opportunity to improve design and manufacturing skills, while also gaining experience in real life engineering challenges. As a result, the team greatly increased their knowledge of aeronautical design and manufacturing. BYU-Idaho has developed a balsa/plywood carbon fiber reinforced fixed wing aircraft weighing approximately.7lbs, capable of carrying more than 4lbs. When configured for flight, its wings span 60in, and an overall length of 20.8in. Its wing can be broken down into three 20in segments. The aircraft is easily transported in a 6in diameter tube that is 20.3in in length. In order to maximize interior space and manufacturability, the fuselage was not streamlined. Aerodynamic advantages gained from streamlining were considered negligible. The three wing segments are made out of balsa wood ribs attached to a carbon fiber balsa wood composite spar. © 2017 SAE International.
1833	a57195595627	Basko R.	p692	False	Conference	297	SAE Aero Design East: BYU-Idaho Aero Team 326 - Final Report Document	This report describes the aircraft designed and built by the Brigham Young University Idaho (BYU-Idaho) Aero Design Team. The aircraft was built for the SAE Aero East Competition 2017 hosted in Lakeland, Florida. The objective is to design an all-electric aircraft optimized to carry as much weight as possible, while also minimizing the empty weight of the aircraft capable of successfully completing a flight circuit. A flight circuit is defined as flying completely around two safety cones for a total distance of about 726ft. The challenge has provided the team with the opportunity to improve design and manufacturing skills, while also gaining experience in real life engineering challenges. As a result, the team greatly increased their knowledge of aeronautical design and manufacturing. BYU-Idaho has developed a balsa/plywood carbon fiber reinforced fixed wing aircraft weighing approximately.7lbs, capable of carrying more than 4lbs. When configured for flight, its wings span 60in, and an overall length of 20.8in. Its wing can be broken down into three 20in segments. The aircraft is easily transported in a 6in diameter tube that is 20.3in in length. In order to maximize interior space and manufacturability, the fuselage was not streamlined. Aerodynamic advantages gained from streamlining were considered negligible. The three wing segments are made out of balsa wood ribs attached to a carbon fiber balsa wood composite spar. © Copyright 2017 SAE International.
1833	a57195595627	Basko R.	p720	False	Conference	304	SAE Aero Design East: BYU-Idaho Aero Team 326 - Final Report Document	This report describes the aircraft designed and built by the Brigham Young University Idaho (BYU-Idaho) Aero Design Team. The aircraft was built for the SAE Aero East Competition 2017 hosted in Lakeland, Florida. The objective is to design an all-electric aircraft optimized to carry as much weight as possible, while also minimizing the empty weight of the aircraft capable of successfully completing a flight circuit. A flight circuit is defined as flying completely around two safety cones for a total distance of about 726ft. The challenge has provided the team with the opportunity to improve design and manufacturing skills, while also gaining experience in real life engineering challenges. As a result, the team greatly increased their knowledge of aeronautical design and manufacturing. BYU-Idaho has developed a balsa/plywood carbon fiber reinforced fixed wing aircraft weighing approximately.7lbs, capable of carrying more than 4lbs. When configured for flight, its wings span 60in, and an overall length of 20.8in. Its wing can be broken down into three 20in segments. The aircraft is easily transported in a 6in diameter tube that is 20.3in in length. In order to maximize interior space and manufacturability, the fuselage was not streamlined. Aerodynamic advantages gained from streamlining were considered negligible. The three wing segments are made out of balsa wood ribs attached to a carbon fiber balsa wood composite spar. © 2017 SAE International.
1834	a57195600276	Ochsner S.	p692	False	Conference	297	SAE Aero Design East: BYU-Idaho Aero Team 326 - Final Report Document	This report describes the aircraft designed and built by the Brigham Young University Idaho (BYU-Idaho) Aero Design Team. The aircraft was built for the SAE Aero East Competition 2017 hosted in Lakeland, Florida. The objective is to design an all-electric aircraft optimized to carry as much weight as possible, while also minimizing the empty weight of the aircraft capable of successfully completing a flight circuit. A flight circuit is defined as flying completely around two safety cones for a total distance of about 726ft. The challenge has provided the team with the opportunity to improve design and manufacturing skills, while also gaining experience in real life engineering challenges. As a result, the team greatly increased their knowledge of aeronautical design and manufacturing. BYU-Idaho has developed a balsa/plywood carbon fiber reinforced fixed wing aircraft weighing approximately.7lbs, capable of carrying more than 4lbs. When configured for flight, its wings span 60in, and an overall length of 20.8in. Its wing can be broken down into three 20in segments. The aircraft is easily transported in a 6in diameter tube that is 20.3in in length. In order to maximize interior space and manufacturability, the fuselage was not streamlined. Aerodynamic advantages gained from streamlining were considered negligible. The three wing segments are made out of balsa wood ribs attached to a carbon fiber balsa wood composite spar. © Copyright 2017 SAE International.
1834	a57195600276	Ochsner S.	p720	False	Conference	304	SAE Aero Design East: BYU-Idaho Aero Team 326 - Final Report Document	This report describes the aircraft designed and built by the Brigham Young University Idaho (BYU-Idaho) Aero Design Team. The aircraft was built for the SAE Aero East Competition 2017 hosted in Lakeland, Florida. The objective is to design an all-electric aircraft optimized to carry as much weight as possible, while also minimizing the empty weight of the aircraft capable of successfully completing a flight circuit. A flight circuit is defined as flying completely around two safety cones for a total distance of about 726ft. The challenge has provided the team with the opportunity to improve design and manufacturing skills, while also gaining experience in real life engineering challenges. As a result, the team greatly increased their knowledge of aeronautical design and manufacturing. BYU-Idaho has developed a balsa/plywood carbon fiber reinforced fixed wing aircraft weighing approximately.7lbs, capable of carrying more than 4lbs. When configured for flight, its wings span 60in, and an overall length of 20.8in. Its wing can be broken down into three 20in segments. The aircraft is easily transported in a 6in diameter tube that is 20.3in in length. In order to maximize interior space and manufacturability, the fuselage was not streamlined. Aerodynamic advantages gained from streamlining were considered negligible. The three wing segments are made out of balsa wood ribs attached to a carbon fiber balsa wood composite spar. © 2017 SAE International.
1835	a57193015007	Collins G.	p694	False	Journal	320	Estimation of 3D Ground Reaction Force Using Nanocomposite Piezo-Responsive Foam Sensors During Walking	This paper describes a method for the estimation of the 3D ground reaction force (GRF) during human walking using novel nanocomposite piezo-responsive foam (NCPF) sensors. Nine subjects (5 male, 4 female) walked on a force-instrumented treadmill at 1.34 m/s for 120 s each while wearing a shoe that was instrumented with four NCPF sensors. GRF data, measured via the treadmill, and sensor data, measured via the NCPF inserts, were used in a tenfold cross validation process to calibrate a separate model for each individual. The calibration model estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with mean average errors (MAE) of 6.52 N (2.14%), 4.79 N (6.34%), and 15.4 N (2.15%), respectively. Two additional models were created using the sensor data from all subjects and subject demographics. A tenfold cross validation process for this combined data set resulted in models that estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with less than 8.16 N (2.41%), 6.63 N (7.37%), and 19.4 N (2.31%) errors, respectively. Intra-subject estimates based on the model had a higher accuracy than inter-subject estimates, likely due to the relatively small subject cohort used in creating the model. The novel NCPF sensors demonstrate the ability to accurately estimate 3D GRF during human movement outside of the traditional biomechanics laboratory setting. © 2017, Biomedical Engineering Society.
1836	a57193015157	Tuttle N.J.	p694	False	Journal	320	Estimation of 3D Ground Reaction Force Using Nanocomposite Piezo-Responsive Foam Sensors During Walking	This paper describes a method for the estimation of the 3D ground reaction force (GRF) during human walking using novel nanocomposite piezo-responsive foam (NCPF) sensors. Nine subjects (5 male, 4 female) walked on a force-instrumented treadmill at 1.34 m/s for 120 s each while wearing a shoe that was instrumented with four NCPF sensors. GRF data, measured via the treadmill, and sensor data, measured via the NCPF inserts, were used in a tenfold cross validation process to calibrate a separate model for each individual. The calibration model estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with mean average errors (MAE) of 6.52 N (2.14%), 4.79 N (6.34%), and 15.4 N (2.15%), respectively. Two additional models were created using the sensor data from all subjects and subject demographics. A tenfold cross validation process for this combined data set resulted in models that estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with less than 8.16 N (2.41%), 6.63 N (7.37%), and 19.4 N (2.31%) errors, respectively. Intra-subject estimates based on the model had a higher accuracy than inter-subject estimates, likely due to the relatively small subject cohort used in creating the model. The novel NCPF sensors demonstrate the ability to accurately estimate 3D GRF during human movement outside of the traditional biomechanics laboratory setting. © 2017, Biomedical Engineering Society.
1837	a57193016069	Tracy J.B.	p694	False	Journal	320	Estimation of 3D Ground Reaction Force Using Nanocomposite Piezo-Responsive Foam Sensors During Walking	This paper describes a method for the estimation of the 3D ground reaction force (GRF) during human walking using novel nanocomposite piezo-responsive foam (NCPF) sensors. Nine subjects (5 male, 4 female) walked on a force-instrumented treadmill at 1.34 m/s for 120 s each while wearing a shoe that was instrumented with four NCPF sensors. GRF data, measured via the treadmill, and sensor data, measured via the NCPF inserts, were used in a tenfold cross validation process to calibrate a separate model for each individual. The calibration model estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with mean average errors (MAE) of 6.52 N (2.14%), 4.79 N (6.34%), and 15.4 N (2.15%), respectively. Two additional models were created using the sensor data from all subjects and subject demographics. A tenfold cross validation process for this combined data set resulted in models that estimated average anterior–posterior, mediolateral and vertical GRF with less than 8.16 N (2.41%), 6.63 N (7.37%), and 19.4 N (2.31%) errors, respectively. Intra-subject estimates based on the model had a higher accuracy than inter-subject estimates, likely due to the relatively small subject cohort used in creating the model. The novel NCPF sensors demonstrate the ability to accurately estimate 3D GRF during human movement outside of the traditional biomechanics laboratory setting. © 2017, Biomedical Engineering Society.
1838	a55859152500	Wheadon J.	p695	True	Journal	338	The need, development, and validation of the innovation test instrument	This study discusses the need, development, and validation of the Innovation Test Instrument (ITI). This article outlines how the researchers identified the content domain of the assessment and created test items. Then, it describes initial validation testing of the instrument. The findings suggest that the ITI is a good first step in creating an innovation assessment because it is more inclusive of both divergent and convergent thinking. In comparison, past innovation assessments have only assessed either divergence or convergence. The ITI still needs further validation and improvement to make strong claims about its ability to determine the effectiveness of an innovation course. © 2017, Virginia Polytechnic Institute. All rights reserved.
1839	a24081319400	Platt B.C.	p697	True	Journal	340	Inferring ascending auction participation from observed bidders	Participation in internet auctions goes well beyond those who place a bid. Participants arrive in random order, and if the auction's standing price has already exceeded a participant's valuation, she will not bid. Even so, her unreported valuation is a relevant part of demand for the item, and in an alternate random order, her bid would have been registered. I provide a method to estimate the average number of participants from the average number of bidders per auction. This enables estimation of the distribution of participant valuations from either the distribution of closing prices or the distribution of all observed bids. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1840	a57193435113	Kruman B.A.	p698	False	Journal	341	Differential effects of air conditioning type on residential endotoxin levels in a semi-arid climate	Residential endotoxin exposure is associated with protective and pathogenic health outcomes. Evaporative coolers, an energy-efficient type of air conditioner used in dry climates, are a potential source of indoor endotoxins; however, this association is largely unstudied. We collected settled dust biannually from four locations in homes with evaporative coolers (n=18) and central air conditioners (n=22) in Utah County, Utah (USA), during winter (Jan-Apr) and summer (Aug-Sept), 2014. Dust samples (n=281) were analyzed by the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Housing factors were measured by survey, and indoor temperature and relative humidity measures were collected during both seasons. Endotoxin concentrations (EU/mg) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons. Endotoxin surface loads (EU/m2) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons and in upholstered furniture during winter. For the nine significant season-by-location comparisons, EU/mg and EU/m2 were approximately three to six times greater in homes using evaporative coolers. A plausible explanation for these findings is that evaporative coolers serve as a reservoir and distribution system for Gram-negative bacteria or their cell wall components in homes. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
1841	a57193430035	Nelson M.C.	p698	False	Journal	341	Differential effects of air conditioning type on residential endotoxin levels in a semi-arid climate	Residential endotoxin exposure is associated with protective and pathogenic health outcomes. Evaporative coolers, an energy-efficient type of air conditioner used in dry climates, are a potential source of indoor endotoxins; however, this association is largely unstudied. We collected settled dust biannually from four locations in homes with evaporative coolers (n=18) and central air conditioners (n=22) in Utah County, Utah (USA), during winter (Jan-Apr) and summer (Aug-Sept), 2014. Dust samples (n=281) were analyzed by the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Housing factors were measured by survey, and indoor temperature and relative humidity measures were collected during both seasons. Endotoxin concentrations (EU/mg) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons. Endotoxin surface loads (EU/m2) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons and in upholstered furniture during winter. For the nine significant season-by-location comparisons, EU/mg and EU/m2 were approximately three to six times greater in homes using evaporative coolers. A plausible explanation for these findings is that evaporative coolers serve as a reservoir and distribution system for Gram-negative bacteria or their cell wall components in homes. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
1842	a57193433048	Hoybjerg T.G.	p698	False	Journal	341	Differential effects of air conditioning type on residential endotoxin levels in a semi-arid climate	Residential endotoxin exposure is associated with protective and pathogenic health outcomes. Evaporative coolers, an energy-efficient type of air conditioner used in dry climates, are a potential source of indoor endotoxins; however, this association is largely unstudied. We collected settled dust biannually from four locations in homes with evaporative coolers (n=18) and central air conditioners (n=22) in Utah County, Utah (USA), during winter (Jan-Apr) and summer (Aug-Sept), 2014. Dust samples (n=281) were analyzed by the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Housing factors were measured by survey, and indoor temperature and relative humidity measures were collected during both seasons. Endotoxin concentrations (EU/mg) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons. Endotoxin surface loads (EU/m2) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons and in upholstered furniture during winter. For the nine significant season-by-location comparisons, EU/mg and EU/m2 were approximately three to six times greater in homes using evaporative coolers. A plausible explanation for these findings is that evaporative coolers serve as a reservoir and distribution system for Gram-negative bacteria or their cell wall components in homes. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
1843	a57192660307	Tuttle S.C.	p698	False	Journal	341	Differential effects of air conditioning type on residential endotoxin levels in a semi-arid climate	Residential endotoxin exposure is associated with protective and pathogenic health outcomes. Evaporative coolers, an energy-efficient type of air conditioner used in dry climates, are a potential source of indoor endotoxins; however, this association is largely unstudied. We collected settled dust biannually from four locations in homes with evaporative coolers (n=18) and central air conditioners (n=22) in Utah County, Utah (USA), during winter (Jan-Apr) and summer (Aug-Sept), 2014. Dust samples (n=281) were analyzed by the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Housing factors were measured by survey, and indoor temperature and relative humidity measures were collected during both seasons. Endotoxin concentrations (EU/mg) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons. Endotoxin surface loads (EU/m2) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons and in upholstered furniture during winter. For the nine significant season-by-location comparisons, EU/mg and EU/m2 were approximately three to six times greater in homes using evaporative coolers. A plausible explanation for these findings is that evaporative coolers serve as a reservoir and distribution system for Gram-negative bacteria or their cell wall components in homes. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
1844	a57193429691	Myers S.J.	p698	False	Journal	341	Differential effects of air conditioning type on residential endotoxin levels in a semi-arid climate	Residential endotoxin exposure is associated with protective and pathogenic health outcomes. Evaporative coolers, an energy-efficient type of air conditioner used in dry climates, are a potential source of indoor endotoxins; however, this association is largely unstudied. We collected settled dust biannually from four locations in homes with evaporative coolers (n=18) and central air conditioners (n=22) in Utah County, Utah (USA), during winter (Jan-Apr) and summer (Aug-Sept), 2014. Dust samples (n=281) were analyzed by the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Housing factors were measured by survey, and indoor temperature and relative humidity measures were collected during both seasons. Endotoxin concentrations (EU/mg) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons. Endotoxin surface loads (EU/m2) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons and in upholstered furniture during winter. For the nine significant season-by-location comparisons, EU/mg and EU/m2 were approximately three to six times greater in homes using evaporative coolers. A plausible explanation for these findings is that evaporative coolers serve as a reservoir and distribution system for Gram-negative bacteria or their cell wall components in homes. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
1845	a57193431261	Cook R.B.	p698	False	Journal	341	Differential effects of air conditioning type on residential endotoxin levels in a semi-arid climate	Residential endotoxin exposure is associated with protective and pathogenic health outcomes. Evaporative coolers, an energy-efficient type of air conditioner used in dry climates, are a potential source of indoor endotoxins; however, this association is largely unstudied. We collected settled dust biannually from four locations in homes with evaporative coolers (n=18) and central air conditioners (n=22) in Utah County, Utah (USA), during winter (Jan-Apr) and summer (Aug-Sept), 2014. Dust samples (n=281) were analyzed by the Limulus amebocyte lysate test. Housing factors were measured by survey, and indoor temperature and relative humidity measures were collected during both seasons. Endotoxin concentrations (EU/mg) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons. Endotoxin surface loads (EU/m2) were significantly higher in homes with evaporative coolers from mattress and bedroom floor samples during both seasons and in upholstered furniture during winter. For the nine significant season-by-location comparisons, EU/mg and EU/m2 were approximately three to six times greater in homes using evaporative coolers. A plausible explanation for these findings is that evaporative coolers serve as a reservoir and distribution system for Gram-negative bacteria or their cell wall components in homes. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
1846	a57192964074	Killian M.	p700	False	Journal	339	A multi-user computer-aided design competition: Experimental findings and analysis of team-member dynamics	A competition for teams of three students using a prototype multi-user computer-aided design (MUCAD) tool was held to investigate various hypotheses regarding the performance of teams in such a setting. By comparing models from the competition to the same model in a single-user CAD environment, it is seen that use of a MUCAD system can significantly increase the value-added per unit of calendar time for a modeling effort. An investigation was also made into the causes of the performance differences among the various MUCAD teams which participated in the competition. Analysis of the results shows that teams that encouraged effective forms of communication and teams whose members scored similarly on the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Visualization of Rotations (PSVT:R) performed better than other teams. Areas of future research in analyzing teams in MUCAD environments are suggested. Copyright © 2017 by ASME.
1846	a57192964074	Killian M.	p715	False	Journal	352	Methods for determining the optimal number of simultaneous contributors for multi-user CAD parts	The development of multi-user CAD (MUCAD) tools has opened up exciting new opportunities and applications. The capability for multiple users to simultaneously model and design a CAD part has far-reaching potential. However, many basic questions remains unanswered, such as how many users should work together on a given part. This research proposes and develops a set of methods to determine the optimal number of users for a given part within a MUCAD environment, based on the characteristics of the part itself. Two candidate models are evaluated with a set of 60 experiments with design teams composed of different numbers of users. The models show modest correlations with the test data while more-refined models are explored to improve predictive power. On the other hand, highly significant correlations between the ability to predict completion time and multi-user team size were identified in the experimental data. Observations regarding the speed and quality of MUCAD teams are also made with future areas of research suggested. © 2017 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1847	a57193362917	Oldroyd J.	p700	False	Journal	339	A multi-user computer-aided design competition: Experimental findings and analysis of team-member dynamics	A competition for teams of three students using a prototype multi-user computer-aided design (MUCAD) tool was held to investigate various hypotheses regarding the performance of teams in such a setting. By comparing models from the competition to the same model in a single-user CAD environment, it is seen that use of a MUCAD system can significantly increase the value-added per unit of calendar time for a modeling effort. An investigation was also made into the causes of the performance differences among the various MUCAD teams which participated in the competition. Analysis of the results shows that teams that encouraged effective forms of communication and teams whose members scored similarly on the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Visualization of Rotations (PSVT:R) performed better than other teams. Areas of future research in analyzing teams in MUCAD environments are suggested. Copyright © 2017 by ASME.
1848	a55674595800	Rombach I.	p701	False	Journal	343	Diagnostic and prognostic value of delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) in early osteoarthritis of the hip	Background Delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) can detect glycosaminoglycan loss in the acetabular cartilage of asymptomatic individuals with cam morphology. The aims of this study were to explore the relationship between cam morphology and dGEMRIC values, and to explore whether baseline dGEMRIC can predict the development of radiographic hip osteoarthritis. Methods Prospective cohort (SibKids) study with clinical, radiographic, and MRI assessment at baseline and five-year follow-up (n = 34). The dGEMRIC values of cartilage regions were correlated with measures of cam morphology. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to baseline variables to predict radiographic loss of joint space width. Results Superolateral acetabular cartilage dGEMRIC values were significantly lower in participants with cam morphology (P < 0.001), defined as an alpha angle greater than 60°. There was a negative correlation between alpha angle and the dGEMRIC value of adjacent acetabular cartilage. This relationship was strongest superoanteriorly (r = −0.697 P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between baseline dGEMRIC and the magnitude of joint space width narrowing (r = 0.398 P = 0.030). ROC analysis of combined baseline variables (positive impingement test, alpha angle, dGEMRIC ratio) gave an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.75 for predicting joint space width narrowing greater than 0.5 mm within 5 years. Conclusions The size and position of cam morphology determines the severity and location of progressive cartilage damage, supporting the biomechanical aetiology of femoroacetabular impingement. Baseline dGEMRIC is able to predict the development of radiographic osteoarthritis. Compositional MRI offers the potential to identify patients who may benefit from early intervention to prevent the development of osteoarthritis. © 2017 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
1849	a56390719200	Park D.	p701	False	Journal	343	Diagnostic and prognostic value of delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) in early osteoarthritis of the hip	Background Delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) can detect glycosaminoglycan loss in the acetabular cartilage of asymptomatic individuals with cam morphology. The aims of this study were to explore the relationship between cam morphology and dGEMRIC values, and to explore whether baseline dGEMRIC can predict the development of radiographic hip osteoarthritis. Methods Prospective cohort (SibKids) study with clinical, radiographic, and MRI assessment at baseline and five-year follow-up (n = 34). The dGEMRIC values of cartilage regions were correlated with measures of cam morphology. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to baseline variables to predict radiographic loss of joint space width. Results Superolateral acetabular cartilage dGEMRIC values were significantly lower in participants with cam morphology (P < 0.001), defined as an alpha angle greater than 60°. There was a negative correlation between alpha angle and the dGEMRIC value of adjacent acetabular cartilage. This relationship was strongest superoanteriorly (r = −0.697 P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between baseline dGEMRIC and the magnitude of joint space width narrowing (r = 0.398 P = 0.030). ROC analysis of combined baseline variables (positive impingement test, alpha angle, dGEMRIC ratio) gave an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.75 for predicting joint space width narrowing greater than 0.5 mm within 5 years. Conclusions The size and position of cam morphology determines the severity and location of progressive cartilage damage, supporting the biomechanical aetiology of femoroacetabular impingement. Baseline dGEMRIC is able to predict the development of radiographic osteoarthritis. Compositional MRI offers the potential to identify patients who may benefit from early intervention to prevent the development of osteoarthritis. © 2017 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
1850	a7102503611	Pollard T.	p701	False	Journal	343	Diagnostic and prognostic value of delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) in early osteoarthritis of the hip	Background Delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) can detect glycosaminoglycan loss in the acetabular cartilage of asymptomatic individuals with cam morphology. The aims of this study were to explore the relationship between cam morphology and dGEMRIC values, and to explore whether baseline dGEMRIC can predict the development of radiographic hip osteoarthritis. Methods Prospective cohort (SibKids) study with clinical, radiographic, and MRI assessment at baseline and five-year follow-up (n = 34). The dGEMRIC values of cartilage regions were correlated with measures of cam morphology. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to baseline variables to predict radiographic loss of joint space width. Results Superolateral acetabular cartilage dGEMRIC values were significantly lower in participants with cam morphology (P < 0.001), defined as an alpha angle greater than 60°. There was a negative correlation between alpha angle and the dGEMRIC value of adjacent acetabular cartilage. This relationship was strongest superoanteriorly (r = −0.697 P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between baseline dGEMRIC and the magnitude of joint space width narrowing (r = 0.398 P = 0.030). ROC analysis of combined baseline variables (positive impingement test, alpha angle, dGEMRIC ratio) gave an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.75 for predicting joint space width narrowing greater than 0.5 mm within 5 years. Conclusions The size and position of cam morphology determines the severity and location of progressive cartilage damage, supporting the biomechanical aetiology of femoroacetabular impingement. Baseline dGEMRIC is able to predict the development of radiographic osteoarthritis. Compositional MRI offers the potential to identify patients who may benefit from early intervention to prevent the development of osteoarthritis. © 2017 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
1851	a57190974399	Broomfield J.	p701	False	Journal	343	Diagnostic and prognostic value of delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) in early osteoarthritis of the hip	Background Delayed Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) can detect glycosaminoglycan loss in the acetabular cartilage of asymptomatic individuals with cam morphology. The aims of this study were to explore the relationship between cam morphology and dGEMRIC values, and to explore whether baseline dGEMRIC can predict the development of radiographic hip osteoarthritis. Methods Prospective cohort (SibKids) study with clinical, radiographic, and MRI assessment at baseline and five-year follow-up (n = 34). The dGEMRIC values of cartilage regions were correlated with measures of cam morphology. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to baseline variables to predict radiographic loss of joint space width. Results Superolateral acetabular cartilage dGEMRIC values were significantly lower in participants with cam morphology (P < 0.001), defined as an alpha angle greater than 60°. There was a negative correlation between alpha angle and the dGEMRIC value of adjacent acetabular cartilage. This relationship was strongest superoanteriorly (r = −0.697 P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between baseline dGEMRIC and the magnitude of joint space width narrowing (r = 0.398 P = 0.030). ROC analysis of combined baseline variables (positive impingement test, alpha angle, dGEMRIC ratio) gave an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.75 for predicting joint space width narrowing greater than 0.5 mm within 5 years. Conclusions The size and position of cam morphology determines the severity and location of progressive cartilage damage, supporting the biomechanical aetiology of femoroacetabular impingement. Baseline dGEMRIC is able to predict the development of radiographic osteoarthritis. Compositional MRI offers the potential to identify patients who may benefit from early intervention to prevent the development of osteoarthritis. © 2017 Osteoarthritis Research Society International
1852	a54410814200	Lee T.Y.	p702	True	Journal	344	The human touch: How non-expert users perceive, interpret, and fix topic models	Topic modeling is a common tool for understanding large bodies of text, but is typically provided as a “take it or leave it” proposition. Incorporating human knowledge in unsupervised learning is a promising approach to create high-quality topic models. Existing interactive systems and modeling algorithms support a wide range of refinement operations to express feedback. However, these systems’ interactions are primarily driven by algorithmic convenience, ignoring users who may lack expertise in topic modeling. To better understand how non-expert users understand, assess, and refine topics, we conducted two user studies—an in-person interview study and an online crowdsourced study. These studies demonstrate a disconnect between what non-expert users want and the complex, low-level operations that current interactive systems support. In particular, our findings include: (1) analysis of how non-expert users perceive topic models; (2) characterization of primary refinement operations expected by non-expert users and ordered by relative preference; (3) further evidence of the benefits of supporting users in directly refining a topic model; (4) design implications for future human-in-the-loop topic modeling interfaces. © 2017
1853	a56716946800	Smith A.	p702	False	Journal	344	The human touch: How non-expert users perceive, interpret, and fix topic models	Topic modeling is a common tool for understanding large bodies of text, but is typically provided as a “take it or leave it” proposition. Incorporating human knowledge in unsupervised learning is a promising approach to create high-quality topic models. Existing interactive systems and modeling algorithms support a wide range of refinement operations to express feedback. However, these systems’ interactions are primarily driven by algorithmic convenience, ignoring users who may lack expertise in topic modeling. To better understand how non-expert users understand, assess, and refine topics, we conducted two user studies—an in-person interview study and an online crowdsourced study. These studies demonstrate a disconnect between what non-expert users want and the complex, low-level operations that current interactive systems support. In particular, our findings include: (1) analysis of how non-expert users perceive topic models; (2) characterization of primary refinement operations expected by non-expert users and ordered by relative preference; (3) further evidence of the benefits of supporting users in directly refining a topic model; (4) design implications for future human-in-the-loop topic modeling interfaces. © 2017
1854	a6506645565	Elmqvist N.	p702	False	Journal	344	The human touch: How non-expert users perceive, interpret, and fix topic models	Topic modeling is a common tool for understanding large bodies of text, but is typically provided as a “take it or leave it” proposition. Incorporating human knowledge in unsupervised learning is a promising approach to create high-quality topic models. Existing interactive systems and modeling algorithms support a wide range of refinement operations to express feedback. However, these systems’ interactions are primarily driven by algorithmic convenience, ignoring users who may lack expertise in topic modeling. To better understand how non-expert users understand, assess, and refine topics, we conducted two user studies—an in-person interview study and an online crowdsourced study. These studies demonstrate a disconnect between what non-expert users want and the complex, low-level operations that current interactive systems support. In particular, our findings include: (1) analysis of how non-expert users perceive topic models; (2) characterization of primary refinement operations expected by non-expert users and ordered by relative preference; (3) further evidence of the benefits of supporting users in directly refining a topic model; (4) design implications for future human-in-the-loop topic modeling interfaces. © 2017
1855	a14035040300	Boyd-Graber J.	p702	False	Journal	344	The human touch: How non-expert users perceive, interpret, and fix topic models	Topic modeling is a common tool for understanding large bodies of text, but is typically provided as a “take it or leave it” proposition. Incorporating human knowledge in unsupervised learning is a promising approach to create high-quality topic models. Existing interactive systems and modeling algorithms support a wide range of refinement operations to express feedback. However, these systems’ interactions are primarily driven by algorithmic convenience, ignoring users who may lack expertise in topic modeling. To better understand how non-expert users understand, assess, and refine topics, we conducted two user studies—an in-person interview study and an online crowdsourced study. These studies demonstrate a disconnect between what non-expert users want and the complex, low-level operations that current interactive systems support. In particular, our findings include: (1) analysis of how non-expert users perceive topic models; (2) characterization of primary refinement operations expected by non-expert users and ordered by relative preference; (3) further evidence of the benefits of supporting users in directly refining a topic model; (4) design implications for future human-in-the-loop topic modeling interfaces. © 2017
1856	a10040303000	Findlater L.	p702	False	Journal	344	The human touch: How non-expert users perceive, interpret, and fix topic models	Topic modeling is a common tool for understanding large bodies of text, but is typically provided as a “take it or leave it” proposition. Incorporating human knowledge in unsupervised learning is a promising approach to create high-quality topic models. Existing interactive systems and modeling algorithms support a wide range of refinement operations to express feedback. However, these systems’ interactions are primarily driven by algorithmic convenience, ignoring users who may lack expertise in topic modeling. To better understand how non-expert users understand, assess, and refine topics, we conducted two user studies—an in-person interview study and an online crowdsourced study. These studies demonstrate a disconnect between what non-expert users want and the complex, low-level operations that current interactive systems support. In particular, our findings include: (1) analysis of how non-expert users perceive topic models; (2) characterization of primary refinement operations expected by non-expert users and ordered by relative preference; (3) further evidence of the benefits of supporting users in directly refining a topic model; (4) design implications for future human-in-the-loop topic modeling interfaces. © 2017
1857	a55949256500	Hurd R.C.	p703	True	Journal	345	Shear joy of watching paint dry	This paper is associated with a video winner of a 2016 APS/DFD Milton van Dyke Award for work presented at the DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion. The original video is available from the Gallery of Fluid Motion, https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2016.GFM.V0095 © 2017 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.
1857	a55949256500	Hurd R.C.	p708	True	Journal	348	Water entry of deformable spheres	When a rigid body collides with a liquid surface with sufficient velocity, it creates a splash curtain above the surface and entrains air behind the sphere, creating a cavity below the surface. While cavity dynamics has been studied for over a century, this work focuses on the water entry characteristics of deformable elastomeric spheres, which has not been studied. Upon free surface impact, an elastomeric sphere deforms significantly, giving rise to large-scale material oscillations within the sphere resulting in unique nested cavities. We study these phenomena experimentally with high-speed imaging and image processing techniques. The water entry behaviour of deformable spheres differs from rigid spheres because of the pronounced deformation caused at impact as well as the subsequent material vibration. Our results show that this deformation and vibration can be predicted from material properties and impact conditions. Additionally, by accounting for the sphere deformation in an effective diameter term, we recover previously reported characteristics for time to cavity pinch off and hydrodynamic force coefficients for rigid spheres. Our results also show that velocity change over the first oscillation period scales with the dimensionless ratio of material shear modulus to impact hydrodynamic pressure. Therefore, we are able to describe the water entry characteristics of deformable spheres in terms of material properties and impact conditions. © 2017 Cambridge University PressÂ.
1858	a56875349800	Speirs N.B.	p703	False	Journal	345	Shear joy of watching paint dry	This paper is associated with a video winner of a 2016 APS/DFD Milton van Dyke Award for work presented at the DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion. The original video is available from the Gallery of Fluid Motion, https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2016.GFM.V0095 © 2017 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.
1859	a36106810300	Belden J.	p703	False	Journal	345	Shear joy of watching paint dry	This paper is associated with a video winner of a 2016 APS/DFD Milton van Dyke Award for work presented at the DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion. The original video is available from the Gallery of Fluid Motion, https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2016.GFM.V0095 © 2017 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.
1859	a36106810300	Belden J.	p708	False	Journal	348	Water entry of deformable spheres	When a rigid body collides with a liquid surface with sufficient velocity, it creates a splash curtain above the surface and entrains air behind the sphere, creating a cavity below the surface. While cavity dynamics has been studied for over a century, this work focuses on the water entry characteristics of deformable elastomeric spheres, which has not been studied. Upon free surface impact, an elastomeric sphere deforms significantly, giving rise to large-scale material oscillations within the sphere resulting in unique nested cavities. We study these phenomena experimentally with high-speed imaging and image processing techniques. The water entry behaviour of deformable spheres differs from rigid spheres because of the pronounced deformation caused at impact as well as the subsequent material vibration. Our results show that this deformation and vibration can be predicted from material properties and impact conditions. Additionally, by accounting for the sphere deformation in an effective diameter term, we recover previously reported characteristics for time to cavity pinch off and hydrodynamic force coefficients for rigid spheres. Our results also show that velocity change over the first oscillation period scales with the dimensionless ratio of material shear modulus to impact hydrodynamic pressure. Therefore, we are able to describe the water entry characteristics of deformable spheres in terms of material properties and impact conditions. © 2017 Cambridge University PressÂ.
1859	a36106810300	Belden J.	p776	False	Journal	383	Three-dimensional microscopic light field particle image velocimetry	A microscopic particle image velocimetry (μPIV) technique is developed based on light field microscopy and is applied to flow through a microchannel containing a backward-facing step. The only hardware difference from a conventional μPIV setup is the placement of a microlens array at the intermediate image plane of the microscope. The method combines this optical hardware alteration with post-capture computation to enable 3D reconstruction of particle fields. From these particle fields, we measure three-component velocity fields, but find that accurate velocity measurements are limited to the two in-plane components at discrete depths through the volume (i.e., 2C-3D). Results are compared with a computational fluid dynamics simulation. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
1860	a56875089300	Pan Z.	p703	False	Journal	345	Shear joy of watching paint dry	This paper is associated with a video winner of a 2016 APS/DFD Milton van Dyke Award for work presented at the DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion. The original video is available from the Gallery of Fluid Motion, https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2016.GFM.V0095 © 2017 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.
1861	a57198431633	Lovett B.	p703	False	Journal	345	Shear joy of watching paint dry	This paper is associated with a video winner of a 2016 APS/DFD Milton van Dyke Award for work presented at the DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion. The original video is available from the Gallery of Fluid Motion, https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2016.GFM.V0095 © 2017 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.
1862	a57198450286	Robinson W.	p703	False	Journal	345	Shear joy of watching paint dry	This paper is associated with a video winner of a 2016 APS/DFD Milton van Dyke Award for work presented at the DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion. The original video is available from the Gallery of Fluid Motion, https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2016.GFM.V0095 © 2017 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.
1863	a57198443855	Zamora M.A.	p703	False	Journal	345	Shear joy of watching paint dry	This paper is associated with a video winner of a 2016 APS/DFD Milton van Dyke Award for work presented at the DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion. The original video is available from the Gallery of Fluid Motion, https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2016.GFM.V0095 © 2017 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.
1864	a57198451372	Sharker S.I.	p703	False	Journal	345	Shear joy of watching paint dry	This paper is associated with a video winner of a 2016 APS/DFD Milton van Dyke Award for work presented at the DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion. The original video is available from the Gallery of Fluid Motion, https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2016.GFM.V0095 © 2017 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.
1865	a54911216200	Mansoor M.M.	p703	False	Journal	345	Shear joy of watching paint dry	This paper is associated with a video winner of a 2016 APS/DFD Milton van Dyke Award for work presented at the DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion. The original video is available from the Gallery of Fluid Motion, https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2016.GFM.V0095 © 2017 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.
1866	a57195332895	Merritt A.	p703	False	Journal	345	Shear joy of watching paint dry	This paper is associated with a video winner of a 2016 APS/DFD Milton van Dyke Award for work presented at the DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion. The original video is available from the Gallery of Fluid Motion, https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2016.GFM.V0095 © 2017 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.
1867	a14822519000	Truscott T.T.	p703	False	Journal	345	Shear joy of watching paint dry	This paper is associated with a video winner of a 2016 APS/DFD Milton van Dyke Award for work presented at the DFD Gallery of Fluid Motion. The original video is available from the Gallery of Fluid Motion, https://doi.org/10.1103/APS.DFD.2016.GFM.V0095 © 2017 authors. Published by the American Physical Society. Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the published article's title, journal citation, and DOI.
1867	a14822519000	Truscott T.T.	p708	False	Journal	348	Water entry of deformable spheres	When a rigid body collides with a liquid surface with sufficient velocity, it creates a splash curtain above the surface and entrains air behind the sphere, creating a cavity below the surface. While cavity dynamics has been studied for over a century, this work focuses on the water entry characteristics of deformable elastomeric spheres, which has not been studied. Upon free surface impact, an elastomeric sphere deforms significantly, giving rise to large-scale material oscillations within the sphere resulting in unique nested cavities. We study these phenomena experimentally with high-speed imaging and image processing techniques. The water entry behaviour of deformable spheres differs from rigid spheres because of the pronounced deformation caused at impact as well as the subsequent material vibration. Our results show that this deformation and vibration can be predicted from material properties and impact conditions. Additionally, by accounting for the sphere deformation in an effective diameter term, we recover previously reported characteristics for time to cavity pinch off and hydrodynamic force coefficients for rigid spheres. Our results also show that velocity change over the first oscillation period scales with the dimensionless ratio of material shear modulus to impact hydrodynamic pressure. Therefore, we are able to describe the water entry characteristics of deformable spheres in terms of material properties and impact conditions. © 2017 Cambridge University PressÂ.
1867	a14822519000	Truscott T.T.	p776	True	Journal	383	Three-dimensional microscopic light field particle image velocimetry	A microscopic particle image velocimetry (μPIV) technique is developed based on light field microscopy and is applied to flow through a microchannel containing a backward-facing step. The only hardware difference from a conventional μPIV setup is the placement of a microlens array at the intermediate image plane of the microscope. The method combines this optical hardware alteration with post-capture computation to enable 3D reconstruction of particle fields. From these particle fields, we measure three-component velocity fields, but find that accurate velocity measurements are limited to the two in-plane components at discrete depths through the volume (i.e., 2C-3D). Results are compared with a computational fluid dynamics simulation. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
1868	a56315352000	Shumway L.	p705	False	Journal	346	Non-perturbing voltage measurement in a coaxial cable with slab-coupled optical sensors	Voltage in a coaxial cable is measured by an electric-field optical fiber sensor exploiting the proportionality of voltage and electric field in a fixed structure. The sensor is inserted in a hole drilled through the dielectric of the RG-218 coaxial cable and sealed with epoxy to displace all air and prevent the adverse effects of charge buildup during high-voltage measurements. It is shown that the presence of the sensor in the coaxial cable does not significantly increase electrical reflections in the cable. A slab-coupled optical fiber sensor (SCOS) is used for its compact size and dielectric make. The dynamic range of 50 dB is shown experimentally with detection of signals as low as 1 V and up to 157 kV. A low corner of 0.3 Hz is demonstrated and the SCOS is shown to be able to measure 90 ns rise time. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
1868	a56315352000	Shumway L.	p740	False	Journal	346	Optical electric field sensor sensitivity direction rerouting and enhancement using a passive integrated dipole antenna	This work introduces a passive dipole antenna integrated into the packaging of a slab-coupled optical sensor to enhance the directional sensitivity of electro-optic electric field measurements parallel to the fiber axis. Using the passive integrated dipole antenna described in this work, a sensor that can typically only sense fields transverse to the fiber direction is able to sense a 1.25 kV/m field along the fiber direction with a gain of 17.5. This is verified through simulation and experiment. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
1869	a56492379200	Wall T.	p706	True	Journal	347	Optofluidic lab-on-a-chip fluorescence sensor using integrated buried ARROW (bARROW) waveguides	Optofluidic, lab-on-a-chip fluorescence sensors were fabricated using buried anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (bARROWs). The bARROWs are impervious to the negative water absorption effects that typically occur in waveguides made using hygroscopic, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) oxides. These sensors were used to detect fluorescent microbeads and had an average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that was 81.3% higher than that of single-oxide ARROW fluorescence sensors. While the single-oxide ARROW sensors were annealed at 300 ◦ C to drive moisture out of the waveguides, the bARROW sensors required no annealing process to obtain a high SNR. © 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
1869	a56492379200	Wall T.	p749	True	Journal	363	Mitigating Water Absorption in Waveguides Made from Unannealed PECVD SiO2	Water absorption was studied in two types of waveguides made from unannealed plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) SiO2. Standard rib anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) were fabricated with thin films of different intrinsic stress and indices of refraction. Buried ARROWs (bARROWs) with low and high refractive index differences between the core and cladding regions were also fabricated from the same types of PECVD films. All waveguides were subjected to a heated, high humidity environment and their optical throughput was tested over time. Due to water absorption in the SiO2 films, the optical throughput of all of the ARROWs decreased with time spent in the wet environment. The ARROWs with the lowest stress SiO2 had the slowest rate of throughput change. High index difference bARROWs showed no decrease in optical throughput after 40 days in the wet environment and are presented as a solution for environmentally stable waveguides made from unannealed PECVD SiO2. © 2017 IEEE.
1869	a56492379200	Wall T.	p750	False	Journal	364	Multiplexed efficient on-chip sample preparation and sensitive amplification-free detection of Ebola virus	An automated microfluidic sample preparation multiplexer (SPM) has been developed and evaluated for Ebola virus detection. Metered air bubbles controlled by microvalves are used to improve bead-solution mixing thereby enhancing the hybridization of the target Ebola virus RNA with capture probes bound to the beads. The method uses thermally stable 4-formyl benzamide functionalized (4FB) magnetic beads rather than streptavidin coated beads with a high density of capture probes to improve the target capture efficiency. Exploiting an on-chip concentration protocol in the SPM and the single molecule detection capability of the antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) biosensor chip, a detection limit of 0.021 pfu/mL for clinical samples is achieved without target amplification. This RNA target capture efficiency is two orders of magnitude higher than previous results using streptavidin beads and the limit of detection (LOD) improves 10×. The wide dynamic range of this technique covers the whole clinically applicable concentration range. In addition, the current sample preparation time is ~1 h which is eight times faster than previous work. This multiplexed, miniaturized sample preparation microdevice establishes a key technology that intended to develop next generation point-of-care (POC) detection system. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1869	a56492379200	Wall T.	p786	False	Conference	323	MMI waveguide based multispectral detection of nucleic acids for analysis of drug-resistant bacteria	A multi-mode interference waveguide is used for creating distinct temporal fluorescence patterns at multiple excitation wavelengths. This allows for identification of bacterial nucleic acids labeled with molecular beacons in two colors. © 2016 IEEE.
1869	a56492379200	Wall T.	p839	False	Conference	366	Preserving optical confinement in unannealed PECVD SiO2 waveguides	Rib and buried channel waveguides (BCWs) made of unannealed PECVD SiO2 were studied after exposure to high humidity. Low stressed rib waveguides had lower optical throughput change, while high index difference BCWs were practically unaffected. © 2017 OSA.
1870	a57192307368	Davidson A.D.	p707	False	Conference	299	Toward quantitative characterization of essential tremor for future tremor suppression	Tremor is the most common movement deficit and manifests in a variety of disorders, including Essential Tremor, Parkinson's Disease, Dystonia, and Cerebellar Ataxia. Although medication and surgical interventions have significantly reduced patient suffering, they are only partially effective and can carry undesired side effects, leaving many patients without satisfactory treatment options. Wearable tremor-suppressing devices could provide an alternative to medication and surgery. Multiple research groups have developed orthotic prototypes to low-pass filter tremor, but these devices have not yet been optimized for in-vivo use. Optimizing non-invasive tremor suppression requires an understanding of where the tremor originates mechanically (which muscles) and how it propagates to the hand (where it matters most). Here we present on the beginnings of our multi-pronged work to determine the origin, propagation, and distribution of Essential Tremor, and we provide preliminary results. © 2017 IEEE.
1870	a57192307368	Davidson A.D.	p761	True	Journal	320	Fundamental Principles of Tremor Propagation in the Upper Limb	Although tremor is the most common movement disorder, there exist few effective tremor-suppressing devices, in part because the characteristics of tremor throughout the upper limb are unknown. To clarify, optimally suppressing tremor requires a knowledge of the mechanical origin, propagation, and distribution of tremor throughout the upper limb. Here we present the first systematic investigation of how tremor propagates between the shoulder, elbow, forearm, and wrist. We simulated tremor propagation using a linear, time-invariant, lumped-parameter model relating joint torques and the resulting joint displacements. The model focused on the seven main degrees of freedom from the shoulder to the wrist and included coupled joint inertia, damping, and stiffness. We deliberately implemented a simple model to focus first on the most basic effects. Simulating tremorogenic joint torque as a sinusoidal input, we used the model to establish fundamental principles describing how input parameters (torque location and frequency) and joint impedance (inertia, damping, and stiffness) affect tremor propagation. We expect that the methods and principles presented here will serve as the groundwork for future refining studies to understand the origin, propagation, and distribution of tremor throughout the upper limb in order to enable the future development of optimal tremor-suppressing devices. © 2016, Biomedical Engineering Society.
1871	a57197800472	Pigg A.C.	p707	False	Conference	299	Toward quantitative characterization of essential tremor for future tremor suppression	Tremor is the most common movement deficit and manifests in a variety of disorders, including Essential Tremor, Parkinson's Disease, Dystonia, and Cerebellar Ataxia. Although medication and surgical interventions have significantly reduced patient suffering, they are only partially effective and can carry undesired side effects, leaving many patients without satisfactory treatment options. Wearable tremor-suppressing devices could provide an alternative to medication and surgery. Multiple research groups have developed orthotic prototypes to low-pass filter tremor, but these devices have not yet been optimized for in-vivo use. Optimizing non-invasive tremor suppression requires an understanding of where the tremor originates mechanically (which muscles) and how it propagates to the hand (where it matters most). Here we present on the beginnings of our multi-pronged work to determine the origin, propagation, and distribution of Essential Tremor, and we provide preliminary results. © 2017 IEEE.
1872	a57197797367	Curtis C.P.	p707	False	Conference	299	Toward quantitative characterization of essential tremor for future tremor suppression	Tremor is the most common movement deficit and manifests in a variety of disorders, including Essential Tremor, Parkinson's Disease, Dystonia, and Cerebellar Ataxia. Although medication and surgical interventions have significantly reduced patient suffering, they are only partially effective and can carry undesired side effects, leaving many patients without satisfactory treatment options. Wearable tremor-suppressing devices could provide an alternative to medication and surgery. Multiple research groups have developed orthotic prototypes to low-pass filter tremor, but these devices have not yet been optimized for in-vivo use. Optimizing non-invasive tremor suppression requires an understanding of where the tremor originates mechanically (which muscles) and how it propagates to the hand (where it matters most). Here we present on the beginnings of our multi-pronged work to determine the origin, propagation, and distribution of Essential Tremor, and we provide preliminary results. © 2017 IEEE.
1873	a56453304300	Jandron M.A.	p708	False	Journal	348	Water entry of deformable spheres	When a rigid body collides with a liquid surface with sufficient velocity, it creates a splash curtain above the surface and entrains air behind the sphere, creating a cavity below the surface. While cavity dynamics has been studied for over a century, this work focuses on the water entry characteristics of deformable elastomeric spheres, which has not been studied. Upon free surface impact, an elastomeric sphere deforms significantly, giving rise to large-scale material oscillations within the sphere resulting in unique nested cavities. We study these phenomena experimentally with high-speed imaging and image processing techniques. The water entry behaviour of deformable spheres differs from rigid spheres because of the pronounced deformation caused at impact as well as the subsequent material vibration. Our results show that this deformation and vibration can be predicted from material properties and impact conditions. Additionally, by accounting for the sphere deformation in an effective diameter term, we recover previously reported characteristics for time to cavity pinch off and hydrodynamic force coefficients for rigid spheres. Our results also show that velocity change over the first oscillation period scales with the dimensionless ratio of material shear modulus to impact hydrodynamic pressure. Therefore, we are able to describe the water entry characteristics of deformable spheres in terms of material properties and impact conditions. © 2017 Cambridge University PressÂ.
1874	a57194875876	Tate Fanning D.	p708	False	Journal	348	Water entry of deformable spheres	When a rigid body collides with a liquid surface with sufficient velocity, it creates a splash curtain above the surface and entrains air behind the sphere, creating a cavity below the surface. While cavity dynamics has been studied for over a century, this work focuses on the water entry characteristics of deformable elastomeric spheres, which has not been studied. Upon free surface impact, an elastomeric sphere deforms significantly, giving rise to large-scale material oscillations within the sphere resulting in unique nested cavities. We study these phenomena experimentally with high-speed imaging and image processing techniques. The water entry behaviour of deformable spheres differs from rigid spheres because of the pronounced deformation caused at impact as well as the subsequent material vibration. Our results show that this deformation and vibration can be predicted from material properties and impact conditions. Additionally, by accounting for the sphere deformation in an effective diameter term, we recover previously reported characteristics for time to cavity pinch off and hydrodynamic force coefficients for rigid spheres. Our results also show that velocity change over the first oscillation period scales with the dimensionless ratio of material shear modulus to impact hydrodynamic pressure. Therefore, we are able to describe the water entry characteristics of deformable spheres in terms of material properties and impact conditions. © 2017 Cambridge University PressÂ.
1875	a7005666650	Bower A.F.	p708	False	Journal	348	Water entry of deformable spheres	When a rigid body collides with a liquid surface with sufficient velocity, it creates a splash curtain above the surface and entrains air behind the sphere, creating a cavity below the surface. While cavity dynamics has been studied for over a century, this work focuses on the water entry characteristics of deformable elastomeric spheres, which has not been studied. Upon free surface impact, an elastomeric sphere deforms significantly, giving rise to large-scale material oscillations within the sphere resulting in unique nested cavities. We study these phenomena experimentally with high-speed imaging and image processing techniques. The water entry behaviour of deformable spheres differs from rigid spheres because of the pronounced deformation caused at impact as well as the subsequent material vibration. Our results show that this deformation and vibration can be predicted from material properties and impact conditions. Additionally, by accounting for the sphere deformation in an effective diameter term, we recover previously reported characteristics for time to cavity pinch off and hydrodynamic force coefficients for rigid spheres. Our results also show that velocity change over the first oscillation period scales with the dimensionless ratio of material shear modulus to impact hydrodynamic pressure. Therefore, we are able to describe the water entry characteristics of deformable spheres in terms of material properties and impact conditions. © 2017 Cambridge University PressÂ.
1876	a35186389400	Senic D.	p710	True	Journal	319	Improved Antenna Efficiency Measurement Uncertainty in a Reverberation Chamber at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies	We provide results of antenna radiation and total radiation efficiency at millimeter-wave frequencies gathered with a new open-ended waveguide-plate method that is compared to a well-known two-antenna method. The new method yields improved uncertainty in antenna efficiency measurements. Both methods are based on use of a reverberation chamber. Measurement results are compared to numerical simulations and good agreement (3% maximum difference) is achieved. Before performing the efficiency measurements, the chamber configuration was assessed with respect to the Rician $K$ -factor, number of uncorrelated paddle orientations, and coherence bandwidth. We calculated the uncertainty using the NIST microwave uncertainty framework capable of performing parallel sensitivity and Monte Carlo analyses. The framework enables us to capture and propagate the uncertainties in the S-parameter measurements to the final efficiency result. The expanded uncertainty that we achieved for these antenna efficiency measurements is 2.60%. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
1877	a7406552522	Williams D.F.	p710	False	Journal	319	Improved Antenna Efficiency Measurement Uncertainty in a Reverberation Chamber at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies	We provide results of antenna radiation and total radiation efficiency at millimeter-wave frequencies gathered with a new open-ended waveguide-plate method that is compared to a well-known two-antenna method. The new method yields improved uncertainty in antenna efficiency measurements. Both methods are based on use of a reverberation chamber. Measurement results are compared to numerical simulations and good agreement (3% maximum difference) is achieved. Before performing the efficiency measurements, the chamber configuration was assessed with respect to the Rician $K$ -factor, number of uncorrelated paddle orientations, and coherence bandwidth. We calculated the uncertainty using the NIST microwave uncertainty framework capable of performing parallel sensitivity and Monte Carlo analyses. The framework enables us to capture and propagate the uncertainties in the S-parameter measurements to the final efficiency result. The expanded uncertainty that we achieved for these antenna efficiency measurements is 2.60%. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
1878	a7006715937	Remley K.A.	p710	False	Journal	319	Improved Antenna Efficiency Measurement Uncertainty in a Reverberation Chamber at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies	We provide results of antenna radiation and total radiation efficiency at millimeter-wave frequencies gathered with a new open-ended waveguide-plate method that is compared to a well-known two-antenna method. The new method yields improved uncertainty in antenna efficiency measurements. Both methods are based on use of a reverberation chamber. Measurement results are compared to numerical simulations and good agreement (3% maximum difference) is achieved. Before performing the efficiency measurements, the chamber configuration was assessed with respect to the Rician $K$ -factor, number of uncorrelated paddle orientations, and coherence bandwidth. We calculated the uncertainty using the NIST microwave uncertainty framework capable of performing parallel sensitivity and Monte Carlo analyses. The framework enables us to capture and propagate the uncertainties in the S-parameter measurements to the final efficiency result. The expanded uncertainty that we achieved for these antenna efficiency measurements is 2.60%. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
1879	a57192595504	Wang C.-M.	p710	False	Journal	319	Improved Antenna Efficiency Measurement Uncertainty in a Reverberation Chamber at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies	We provide results of antenna radiation and total radiation efficiency at millimeter-wave frequencies gathered with a new open-ended waveguide-plate method that is compared to a well-known two-antenna method. The new method yields improved uncertainty in antenna efficiency measurements. Both methods are based on use of a reverberation chamber. Measurement results are compared to numerical simulations and good agreement (3% maximum difference) is achieved. Before performing the efficiency measurements, the chamber configuration was assessed with respect to the Rician $K$ -factor, number of uncorrelated paddle orientations, and coherence bandwidth. We calculated the uncertainty using the NIST microwave uncertainty framework capable of performing parallel sensitivity and Monte Carlo analyses. The framework enables us to capture and propagate the uncertainties in the S-parameter measurements to the final efficiency result. The expanded uncertainty that we achieved for these antenna efficiency measurements is 2.60%. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
1880	a7101643443	Holloway C.L.	p710	False	Journal	319	Improved Antenna Efficiency Measurement Uncertainty in a Reverberation Chamber at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies	We provide results of antenna radiation and total radiation efficiency at millimeter-wave frequencies gathered with a new open-ended waveguide-plate method that is compared to a well-known two-antenna method. The new method yields improved uncertainty in antenna efficiency measurements. Both methods are based on use of a reverberation chamber. Measurement results are compared to numerical simulations and good agreement (3% maximum difference) is achieved. Before performing the efficiency measurements, the chamber configuration was assessed with respect to the Rician $K$ -factor, number of uncorrelated paddle orientations, and coherence bandwidth. We calculated the uncertainty using the NIST microwave uncertainty framework capable of performing parallel sensitivity and Monte Carlo analyses. The framework enables us to capture and propagate the uncertainties in the S-parameter measurements to the final efficiency result. The expanded uncertainty that we achieved for these antenna efficiency measurements is 2.60%. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
1881	a55511230900	Yang Z.	p710	False	Journal	319	Improved Antenna Efficiency Measurement Uncertainty in a Reverberation Chamber at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies	We provide results of antenna radiation and total radiation efficiency at millimeter-wave frequencies gathered with a new open-ended waveguide-plate method that is compared to a well-known two-antenna method. The new method yields improved uncertainty in antenna efficiency measurements. Both methods are based on use of a reverberation chamber. Measurement results are compared to numerical simulations and good agreement (3% maximum difference) is achieved. Before performing the efficiency measurements, the chamber configuration was assessed with respect to the Rician $K$ -factor, number of uncorrelated paddle orientations, and coherence bandwidth. We calculated the uncertainty using the NIST microwave uncertainty framework capable of performing parallel sensitivity and Monte Carlo analyses. The framework enables us to capture and propagate the uncertainties in the S-parameter measurements to the final efficiency result. The expanded uncertainty that we achieved for these antenna efficiency measurements is 2.60%. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
1881	a55511230900	Yang Z.	p740	False	Journal	346	Optical electric field sensor sensitivity direction rerouting and enhancement using a passive integrated dipole antenna	This work introduces a passive dipole antenna integrated into the packaging of a slab-coupled optical sensor to enhance the directional sensitivity of electro-optic electric field measurements parallel to the fiber axis. Using the passive integrated dipole antenna described in this work, a sensor that can typically only sense fields transverse to the fiber direction is able to sense a 1.25 kV/m field along the fiber direction with a gain of 17.5. This is verified through simulation and experiment. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
1882	a24465414600	Palmer J.	p711	False	Journal	350	Space-Time Coding for Aeronautical Telemetry: Part i - Estimators	This paper derives and analyzes the estimators required for detection and decoding of Alamouti-encoded-shaped offset QPSK version TG (SOQPSK-TG). The joint maximum likelihood (ML) estimators for the frequency offset, channel delays, and channel gains are derived and analyzed. As a complexity-reducing technique, a sequential version of the ML estimators is developed. The Cramér-Rao bound for the parameters is derived and used to analyze the performance of the estimators to determine pilot sequence length. The complexity of the frequency estimator is reduced by applying the Zoom FFT algorithm in the coarse search. The complexity of the channel delay estimator was reduced by developing a novel version of the simplex search algorithm that operated on a discrete two-dimensional grid. These estimation algorithms were implemented in a prototype demodulator that was field tested at Edwards AFB. © 2017 IEEE.
1882	a24465414600	Palmer J.	p712	False	Journal	350	Space-Time Coding for Aeronautical Telemetry: Part II - Decoder and System Performance	This paper describes the use of Alamouti-encoded-shaped offset QPSK version TG (SOQPSK-TG) to solve the two-antenna problem in aeronautical telemetry. The Alamouti space-time block code is used to encode the phase states in the complex exponential representation of SOQPSK-TG. Because SOQPSK-TG possesses memory, the Alamouti decoder is a sequence estimator. Maximum likelihood and least squares sequence decoders are derived. To reduce the number of states, the eight-waveform cross-correlated trellis-coded quadrature modulation (XTCQM) approximate representation of SOQPSK-TG is used. A prototype decoder based on the least squares decoder and the estimators described in Part I and operating at a data rate of 10 Mb/s was tested in the laboratory in test flights at the Air Force Test Center, Edwards AFB. The test flights demonstrate that Alamouti-encoded SOQPSK-TG, as described in this paper, using the least squares decoder based on the estimators described in Part I solves the two antenna problem in aeronautical telemetry. © 2017 IEEE.
1883	a26644144000	Lavin C.	p711	False	Journal	350	Space-Time Coding for Aeronautical Telemetry: Part i - Estimators	This paper derives and analyzes the estimators required for detection and decoding of Alamouti-encoded-shaped offset QPSK version TG (SOQPSK-TG). The joint maximum likelihood (ML) estimators for the frequency offset, channel delays, and channel gains are derived and analyzed. As a complexity-reducing technique, a sequential version of the ML estimators is developed. The Cramér-Rao bound for the parameters is derived and used to analyze the performance of the estimators to determine pilot sequence length. The complexity of the frequency estimator is reduced by applying the Zoom FFT algorithm in the coarse search. The complexity of the channel delay estimator was reduced by developing a novel version of the simplex search algorithm that operated on a discrete two-dimensional grid. These estimation algorithms were implemented in a prototype demodulator that was field tested at Edwards AFB. © 2017 IEEE.
1883	a26644144000	Lavin C.	p712	False	Journal	350	Space-Time Coding for Aeronautical Telemetry: Part II - Decoder and System Performance	This paper describes the use of Alamouti-encoded-shaped offset QPSK version TG (SOQPSK-TG) to solve the two-antenna problem in aeronautical telemetry. The Alamouti space-time block code is used to encode the phase states in the complex exponential representation of SOQPSK-TG. Because SOQPSK-TG possesses memory, the Alamouti decoder is a sequence estimator. Maximum likelihood and least squares sequence decoders are derived. To reduce the number of states, the eight-waveform cross-correlated trellis-coded quadrature modulation (XTCQM) approximate representation of SOQPSK-TG is used. A prototype decoder based on the least squares decoder and the estimators described in Part I and operating at a data rate of 10 Mb/s was tested in the laboratory in test flights at the Air Force Test Center, Edwards AFB. The test flights demonstrate that Alamouti-encoded SOQPSK-TG, as described in this paper, using the least squares decoder based on the estimators described in Part I solves the two antenna problem in aeronautical telemetry. © 2017 IEEE.
1884	a55547115089	Nelson T.	p711	False	Journal	350	Space-Time Coding for Aeronautical Telemetry: Part i - Estimators	This paper derives and analyzes the estimators required for detection and decoding of Alamouti-encoded-shaped offset QPSK version TG (SOQPSK-TG). The joint maximum likelihood (ML) estimators for the frequency offset, channel delays, and channel gains are derived and analyzed. As a complexity-reducing technique, a sequential version of the ML estimators is developed. The Cramér-Rao bound for the parameters is derived and used to analyze the performance of the estimators to determine pilot sequence length. The complexity of the frequency estimator is reduced by applying the Zoom FFT algorithm in the coarse search. The complexity of the channel delay estimator was reduced by developing a novel version of the simplex search algorithm that operated on a discrete two-dimensional grid. These estimation algorithms were implemented in a prototype demodulator that was field tested at Edwards AFB. © 2017 IEEE.
1884	a55547115089	Nelson T.	p712	False	Journal	350	Space-Time Coding for Aeronautical Telemetry: Part II - Decoder and System Performance	This paper describes the use of Alamouti-encoded-shaped offset QPSK version TG (SOQPSK-TG) to solve the two-antenna problem in aeronautical telemetry. The Alamouti space-time block code is used to encode the phase states in the complex exponential representation of SOQPSK-TG. Because SOQPSK-TG possesses memory, the Alamouti decoder is a sequence estimator. Maximum likelihood and least squares sequence decoders are derived. To reduce the number of states, the eight-waveform cross-correlated trellis-coded quadrature modulation (XTCQM) approximate representation of SOQPSK-TG is used. A prototype decoder based on the least squares decoder and the estimators described in Part I and operating at a data rate of 10 Mb/s was tested in the laboratory in test flights at the Air Force Test Center, Edwards AFB. The test flights demonstrate that Alamouti-encoded SOQPSK-TG, as described in this paper, using the least squares decoder based on the estimators described in Part I solves the two antenna problem in aeronautical telemetry. © 2017 IEEE.
1885	a57193564939	Ahn E.-Y.	p713	True	Journal	351	Process responses and resultant joint properties of friction stir welding of dissimilar 5083 and 6061aluminum alloys	The effects of combinations of dissimilar aluminum alloys during Friction stir welding (FSW) on the process response and resultant joint properties are experimentally investigated using two dissimilar automotive structural aluminum alloys. Depending on the materials on the advancing and retreating sides of the tool travel direction during FSW, four different material combinations are considered. FSW joints without macroscopic defects are successfully fabricated for the four different material combinations. The optical microscopy results show that the macroscopic material mixing behaviors of the two dissimilar material combinations during FSW are somewhat different from each other, even though the process responses during joining are not much different. The results of the quasi-static tensile tests and EBSD analysis demonstrate that the mechanical behaviors and orientation changes of the joint during tensile deformation are affected by the material locations with respect to the tool travel direction during FSW. © 2017, The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
1885	a57193564939	Ahn E.-Y.	p772	False	Journal	379	Effect of tool geometry and process parameters on mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded dissimilar aluminum alloys	The effects of tool geometry and process parameters on the mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded (FSSW) dissimilar aluminum alloys are experimentally investigated. Two tools with different shoulder profiles, concave and convex, were considered. Two typical automotive aluminum alloys were selected for FSSW, thus resulting in two different material combinations for each shoulder profile. The experimental results showed that the two shoulder profiles caused significant differences in the axial force, the mixing of materials, and the mechanical properties of the joint. The sensitivity of joint strength to the variation of the tool rotation speed and the plunge speed was also quite dependent on the shoulder profile. The experimental result shows that the change of joint strength can be quite significant. © 2017, Korean Society for Precision Engineering and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
1886	a54399816500	Das H.	p713	False	Journal	351	Process responses and resultant joint properties of friction stir welding of dissimilar 5083 and 6061aluminum alloys	The effects of combinations of dissimilar aluminum alloys during Friction stir welding (FSW) on the process response and resultant joint properties are experimentally investigated using two dissimilar automotive structural aluminum alloys. Depending on the materials on the advancing and retreating sides of the tool travel direction during FSW, four different material combinations are considered. FSW joints without macroscopic defects are successfully fabricated for the four different material combinations. The optical microscopy results show that the macroscopic material mixing behaviors of the two dissimilar material combinations during FSW are somewhat different from each other, even though the process responses during joining are not much different. The results of the quasi-static tensile tests and EBSD analysis demonstrate that the mechanical behaviors and orientation changes of the joint during tensile deformation are affected by the material locations with respect to the tool travel direction during FSW. © 2017, The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
1886	a54399816500	Das H.	p772	False	Journal	379	Effect of tool geometry and process parameters on mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded dissimilar aluminum alloys	The effects of tool geometry and process parameters on the mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded (FSSW) dissimilar aluminum alloys are experimentally investigated. Two tools with different shoulder profiles, concave and convex, were considered. Two typical automotive aluminum alloys were selected for FSSW, thus resulting in two different material combinations for each shoulder profile. The experimental results showed that the two shoulder profiles caused significant differences in the axial force, the mixing of materials, and the mechanical properties of the joint. The sensitivity of joint strength to the variation of the tool rotation speed and the plunge speed was also quite dependent on the shoulder profile. The experimental result shows that the change of joint strength can be quite significant. © 2017, Korean Society for Precision Engineering and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
1887	a55726346900	Hong S.-T.	p713	False	Journal	351	Process responses and resultant joint properties of friction stir welding of dissimilar 5083 and 6061aluminum alloys	The effects of combinations of dissimilar aluminum alloys during Friction stir welding (FSW) on the process response and resultant joint properties are experimentally investigated using two dissimilar automotive structural aluminum alloys. Depending on the materials on the advancing and retreating sides of the tool travel direction during FSW, four different material combinations are considered. FSW joints without macroscopic defects are successfully fabricated for the four different material combinations. The optical microscopy results show that the macroscopic material mixing behaviors of the two dissimilar material combinations during FSW are somewhat different from each other, even though the process responses during joining are not much different. The results of the quasi-static tensile tests and EBSD analysis demonstrate that the mechanical behaviors and orientation changes of the joint during tensile deformation are affected by the material locations with respect to the tool travel direction during FSW. © 2017, The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
1887	a55726346900	Hong S.-T.	p772	False	Journal	379	Effect of tool geometry and process parameters on mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded dissimilar aluminum alloys	The effects of tool geometry and process parameters on the mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded (FSSW) dissimilar aluminum alloys are experimentally investigated. Two tools with different shoulder profiles, concave and convex, were considered. Two typical automotive aluminum alloys were selected for FSSW, thus resulting in two different material combinations for each shoulder profile. The experimental results showed that the two shoulder profiles caused significant differences in the axial force, the mixing of materials, and the mechanical properties of the joint. The sensitivity of joint strength to the variation of the tool rotation speed and the plunge speed was also quite dependent on the shoulder profile. The experimental result shows that the change of joint strength can be quite significant. © 2017, Korean Society for Precision Engineering and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
1888	a55585953300	Han K.-S.	p713	False	Journal	351	Process responses and resultant joint properties of friction stir welding of dissimilar 5083 and 6061aluminum alloys	The effects of combinations of dissimilar aluminum alloys during Friction stir welding (FSW) on the process response and resultant joint properties are experimentally investigated using two dissimilar automotive structural aluminum alloys. Depending on the materials on the advancing and retreating sides of the tool travel direction during FSW, four different material combinations are considered. FSW joints without macroscopic defects are successfully fabricated for the four different material combinations. The optical microscopy results show that the macroscopic material mixing behaviors of the two dissimilar material combinations during FSW are somewhat different from each other, even though the process responses during joining are not much different. The results of the quasi-static tensile tests and EBSD analysis demonstrate that the mechanical behaviors and orientation changes of the joint during tensile deformation are affected by the material locations with respect to the tool travel direction during FSW. © 2017, The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
1889	a8935514400	Lee K.-J.	p713	False	Journal	351	Process responses and resultant joint properties of friction stir welding of dissimilar 5083 and 6061aluminum alloys	The effects of combinations of dissimilar aluminum alloys during Friction stir welding (FSW) on the process response and resultant joint properties are experimentally investigated using two dissimilar automotive structural aluminum alloys. Depending on the materials on the advancing and retreating sides of the tool travel direction during FSW, four different material combinations are considered. FSW joints without macroscopic defects are successfully fabricated for the four different material combinations. The optical microscopy results show that the macroscopic material mixing behaviors of the two dissimilar material combinations during FSW are somewhat different from each other, even though the process responses during joining are not much different. The results of the quasi-static tensile tests and EBSD analysis demonstrate that the mechanical behaviors and orientation changes of the joint during tensile deformation are affected by the material locations with respect to the tool travel direction during FSW. © 2017, The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
1889	a8935514400	Lee K.-J.	p772	False	Journal	379	Effect of tool geometry and process parameters on mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded dissimilar aluminum alloys	The effects of tool geometry and process parameters on the mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded (FSSW) dissimilar aluminum alloys are experimentally investigated. Two tools with different shoulder profiles, concave and convex, were considered. Two typical automotive aluminum alloys were selected for FSSW, thus resulting in two different material combinations for each shoulder profile. The experimental results showed that the two shoulder profiles caused significant differences in the axial force, the mixing of materials, and the mechanical properties of the joint. The sensitivity of joint strength to the variation of the tool rotation speed and the plunge speed was also quite dependent on the shoulder profile. The experimental result shows that the change of joint strength can be quite significant. © 2017, Korean Society for Precision Engineering and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
1890	a56762988100	Park J.-W.	p713	False	Journal	351	Process responses and resultant joint properties of friction stir welding of dissimilar 5083 and 6061aluminum alloys	The effects of combinations of dissimilar aluminum alloys during Friction stir welding (FSW) on the process response and resultant joint properties are experimentally investigated using two dissimilar automotive structural aluminum alloys. Depending on the materials on the advancing and retreating sides of the tool travel direction during FSW, four different material combinations are considered. FSW joints without macroscopic defects are successfully fabricated for the four different material combinations. The optical microscopy results show that the macroscopic material mixing behaviors of the two dissimilar material combinations during FSW are somewhat different from each other, even though the process responses during joining are not much different. The results of the quasi-static tensile tests and EBSD analysis demonstrate that the mechanical behaviors and orientation changes of the joint during tensile deformation are affected by the material locations with respect to the tool travel direction during FSW. © 2017, The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
1891	a7401969039	Han H.N.	p713	False	Journal	351	Process responses and resultant joint properties of friction stir welding of dissimilar 5083 and 6061aluminum alloys	The effects of combinations of dissimilar aluminum alloys during Friction stir welding (FSW) on the process response and resultant joint properties are experimentally investigated using two dissimilar automotive structural aluminum alloys. Depending on the materials on the advancing and retreating sides of the tool travel direction during FSW, four different material combinations are considered. FSW joints without macroscopic defects are successfully fabricated for the four different material combinations. The optical microscopy results show that the macroscopic material mixing behaviors of the two dissimilar material combinations during FSW are somewhat different from each other, even though the process responses during joining are not much different. The results of the quasi-static tensile tests and EBSD analysis demonstrate that the mechanical behaviors and orientation changes of the joint during tensile deformation are affected by the material locations with respect to the tool travel direction during FSW. © 2017, The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.
1892	a6603040755	Red E.	p715	False	Journal	352	Methods for determining the optimal number of simultaneous contributors for multi-user CAD parts	The development of multi-user CAD (MUCAD) tools has opened up exciting new opportunities and applications. The capability for multiple users to simultaneously model and design a CAD part has far-reaching potential. However, many basic questions remains unanswered, such as how many users should work together on a given part. This research proposes and develops a set of methods to determine the optimal number of users for a given part within a MUCAD environment, based on the characteristics of the part itself. Two candidate models are evaluated with a set of 60 experiments with design teams composed of different numbers of users. The models show modest correlations with the test data while more-refined models are explored to improve predictive power. On the other hand, highly significant correlations between the ability to predict completion time and multi-user team size were identified in the experimental data. Observations regarding the speed and quality of MUCAD teams are also made with future areas of research suggested. © 2017 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1893	a57192959498	Pedersen A.	p715	False	Journal	352	Methods for determining the optimal number of simultaneous contributors for multi-user CAD parts	The development of multi-user CAD (MUCAD) tools has opened up exciting new opportunities and applications. The capability for multiple users to simultaneously model and design a CAD part has far-reaching potential. However, many basic questions remains unanswered, such as how many users should work together on a given part. This research proposes and develops a set of methods to determine the optimal number of users for a given part within a MUCAD environment, based on the characteristics of the part itself. Two candidate models are evaluated with a set of 60 experiments with design teams composed of different numbers of users. The models show modest correlations with the test data while more-refined models are explored to improve predictive power. On the other hand, highly significant correlations between the ability to predict completion time and multi-user team size were identified in the experimental data. Observations regarding the speed and quality of MUCAD teams are also made with future areas of research suggested. © 2017 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1894	a57192961253	Jones T.	p715	False	Journal	352	Methods for determining the optimal number of simultaneous contributors for multi-user CAD parts	The development of multi-user CAD (MUCAD) tools has opened up exciting new opportunities and applications. The capability for multiple users to simultaneously model and design a CAD part has far-reaching potential. However, many basic questions remains unanswered, such as how many users should work together on a given part. This research proposes and develops a set of methods to determine the optimal number of users for a given part within a MUCAD environment, based on the characteristics of the part itself. Two candidate models are evaluated with a set of 60 experiments with design teams composed of different numbers of users. The models show modest correlations with the test data while more-refined models are explored to improve predictive power. On the other hand, highly significant correlations between the ability to predict completion time and multi-user team size were identified in the experimental data. Observations regarding the speed and quality of MUCAD teams are also made with future areas of research suggested. © 2017 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1895	a57197710678	Tolman S.	p716	True	Conference	300	Counter UAS using a formation controlled dragnet	Rapidly developing UAS technology necessitates reliable counter UAS systems. This paper proposes a formation controlled dragnet as a possible solution and compares potential intercept algorithms that can be used in this scenario. Proportional navigation and target-predictive path planning, both existing algorithms, are explored and an original approach, Adaptive Radius Optimal Defense (AROD), is introduced. Simulation results are given and the strengths and weaknesses of each approach are discussed. Based on the simulation results, some advantages that AROD offers over other existing algorithms are listed. Possible improvements and future research directions are also suggested. © 2017 IEEE.
1896	a57188688103	Wilson J.P.	p717	True	Conference	301	Variable stiffness adaptation to mitigate system failure in inflatable robots	Although inflatable soft robots are not yet a common robot platform, air leaking from the internal structure is a common and undesirable mode of failure for these platforms. In this paper we demonstrate a method to detect leaks in the structural chamber of an inflatable, pneumatically actuated robot. We then show that our method can adaptively lower commanded joint stiffness which slows the mass flow rate of the leak. This extends the operational life of the robot by decreasing long term error during operation by as much as 50% of the steady state error at the end effector when compared to the same leak if our adaptation method is not used. In future applications where we expect soft, inflatable robots to be useful, our methods can enable failure mitigation in resource-limited situations such as space exploration or disaster response. © 2017 IEEE.
1897	a57195420301	Bodily D.M.	p718	True	Conference	302	Multi-objective design optimization of a soft, pneumatic robot	We present a method for the design optimization of a soft, inflatable robot. The method described utilizes a multi-objective fitness function together with custom, platform-specific metrics related to the dexterity and load-bearing capacity of inflatable manipulators. Candidate designs are scored by computing these metrics at many randomly generated configurations and then by appropriately combining these scores within the multi-objective optimization framework. High performing designs are propagated through a genetic algorithm. The final result is a set of diverse, optimal designs lying along a Pareto front spanning the design space. By examining variations and trade-offs within this set, a designer can more appropriately choose design parameters for a target application. This is especially relevant for robots with many design parameters that can quickly be manufactured as is the case with emerging, soft robot technologies. © 2017 IEEE.
1897	a57195420301	Bodily D.M.	p719	True	Conference	303	Motion planning for mobile robots using inverse kinematics branching	A novel algorithm for planning robotic manipulation tasks is presented in which the base position and joint motions of a robot are simultaneously optimized to follow a smooth desired end-effector trajectory. During the optimization routine, the manipulator's base position and joint motions are planned simultaneously by strategically moving a set of virtual robot arms (each representing a single configuration in a sequence) branching from a common base to a number of assigned target poses associated with a task. Additional goals (e.g. collision avoidance) and hard constraints, including joint limits are also incorporated. The optimization problem at the core of this method is a quadratic program, allowing constrained high-dimensional problems to be solved in very little time. This method has successfully planned motions allowing an 8-DOF manipulator to paint walls, and has proven to be highly efficient and scalable in practice. © 2017 IEEE.
1898	a7401970125	Allen T.F.	p718	False	Conference	302	Multi-objective design optimization of a soft, pneumatic robot	We present a method for the design optimization of a soft, inflatable robot. The method described utilizes a multi-objective fitness function together with custom, platform-specific metrics related to the dexterity and load-bearing capacity of inflatable manipulators. Candidate designs are scored by computing these metrics at many randomly generated configurations and then by appropriately combining these scores within the multi-objective optimization framework. High performing designs are propagated through a genetic algorithm. The final result is a set of diverse, optimal designs lying along a Pareto front spanning the design space. By examining variations and trade-offs within this set, a designer can more appropriately choose design parameters for a target application. This is especially relevant for robots with many design parameters that can quickly be manufactured as is the case with emerging, soft robot technologies. © 2017 IEEE.
1898	a7401970125	Allen T.F.	p719	False	Conference	303	Motion planning for mobile robots using inverse kinematics branching	A novel algorithm for planning robotic manipulation tasks is presented in which the base position and joint motions of a robot are simultaneously optimized to follow a smooth desired end-effector trajectory. During the optimization routine, the manipulator's base position and joint motions are planned simultaneously by strategically moving a set of virtual robot arms (each representing a single configuration in a sequence) branching from a common base to a number of assigned target poses associated with a task. Additional goals (e.g. collision avoidance) and hard constraints, including joint limits are also incorporated. The optimization problem at the core of this method is a quadratic program, allowing constrained high-dimensional problems to be solved in very little time. This method has successfully planned motions allowing an 8-DOF manipulator to paint walls, and has proven to be highly efficient and scalable in practice. © 2017 IEEE.
1899	a7103395611	Swift G.	p721	False	Conference	305	Move the Laser Spot, Not the DUT: Investigating the New Micro-mirror Capability and Challenges for Localizing SEE Sites on Large Modern ICs	Small spot size laser testing for single-event effects has proven to be a particularly productive path to insights on the physics of charge collection and circuit response that are difficult or impossible to obtain through broad ion beam tests. As a result, there are a number of such laser facilities; for example, four of them were compared in 2012 [1], but a relatively new facility at the facility at the University of Saskatchewan offers a unique galvo-mirror, laser-spot scanning capability in addition to the usual micrometer-based DUT motion stage [2]. Operating in a fashion similar to LASIX eye surgery, fast pin-point redirection of the laser beam makes tractable (seconds, not hours or days) comprehensive scanning of a millimeter size field-of-view. Combined with auto-stepping the field-of-view, this new spot scanning capability opens up the possibility of comprehensively covering a large die and finding all SEE sites, including the rare, but important, ones such as SEFIs. © 2017 IEEE.
1899	a7103395611	Swift G.	p722	True	Conference	306	Dynamic SEE Testing of Selected Architectural Features of Xilinx 28 nm Virtex-7 FPGAs	Recent proton and heavy ion SEE data are presented for selected Virtex-7 architectural features requiring dynamic in-beam testing: I/O blocks in various modes, IOSERDES, digital- and phase-locked loop clocks, and block memory's error correction circuitry. © 2017 IEEE.
1900	a24831334500	Wong R.	p721	False	Conference	305	Move the Laser Spot, Not the DUT: Investigating the New Micro-mirror Capability and Challenges for Localizing SEE Sites on Large Modern ICs	Small spot size laser testing for single-event effects has proven to be a particularly productive path to insights on the physics of charge collection and circuit response that are difficult or impossible to obtain through broad ion beam tests. As a result, there are a number of such laser facilities; for example, four of them were compared in 2012 [1], but a relatively new facility at the facility at the University of Saskatchewan offers a unique galvo-mirror, laser-spot scanning capability in addition to the usual micrometer-based DUT motion stage [2]. Operating in a fashion similar to LASIX eye surgery, fast pin-point redirection of the laser beam makes tractable (seconds, not hours or days) comprehensive scanning of a millimeter size field-of-view. Combined with auto-stepping the field-of-view, this new spot scanning capability opens up the possibility of comprehensively covering a large die and finding all SEE sites, including the rare, but important, ones such as SEFIs. © 2017 IEEE.
1901	a18038642000	Stone S.E.	p722	False	Conference	306	Dynamic SEE Testing of Selected Architectural Features of Xilinx 28 nm Virtex-7 FPGAs	Recent proton and heavy ion SEE data are presented for selected Virtex-7 architectural features requiring dynamic in-beam testing: I/O blocks in various modes, IOSERDES, digital- and phase-locked loop clocks, and block memory's error correction circuitry. © 2017 IEEE.
1902	a57208709468	Garcia S.E.	p722	False	Conference	306	Dynamic SEE Testing of Selected Architectural Features of Xilinx 28 nm Virtex-7 FPGAs	Recent proton and heavy ion SEE data are presented for selected Virtex-7 architectural features requiring dynamic in-beam testing: I/O blocks in various modes, IOSERDES, digital- and phase-locked loop clocks, and block memory's error correction circuitry. © 2017 IEEE.
1903	a57208710317	Wray K.W.	p722	False	Conference	306	Dynamic SEE Testing of Selected Architectural Features of Xilinx 28 nm Virtex-7 FPGAs	Recent proton and heavy ion SEE data are presented for selected Virtex-7 architectural features requiring dynamic in-beam testing: I/O blocks in various modes, IOSERDES, digital- and phase-locked loop clocks, and block memory's error correction circuitry. © 2017 IEEE.
1904	a57208709846	Rowe W.J.	p722	False	Conference	306	Dynamic SEE Testing of Selected Architectural Features of Xilinx 28 nm Virtex-7 FPGAs	Recent proton and heavy ion SEE data are presented for selected Virtex-7 architectural features requiring dynamic in-beam testing: I/O blocks in various modes, IOSERDES, digital- and phase-locked loop clocks, and block memory's error correction circuitry. © 2017 IEEE.
1905	a57170532300	Pfau K.H.	p722	False	Conference	306	Dynamic SEE Testing of Selected Architectural Features of Xilinx 28 nm Virtex-7 FPGAs	Recent proton and heavy ion SEE data are presented for selected Virtex-7 architectural features requiring dynamic in-beam testing: I/O blocks in various modes, IOSERDES, digital- and phase-locked loop clocks, and block memory's error correction circuitry. © 2017 IEEE.
1906	a57208702517	Liu R.	p722	False	Conference	306	Dynamic SEE Testing of Selected Architectural Features of Xilinx 28 nm Virtex-7 FPGAs	Recent proton and heavy ion SEE data are presented for selected Virtex-7 architectural features requiring dynamic in-beam testing: I/O blocks in various modes, IOSERDES, digital- and phase-locked loop clocks, and block memory's error correction circuitry. © 2017 IEEE.
1907	a57208707588	Holden J.	p722	False	Conference	306	Dynamic SEE Testing of Selected Architectural Features of Xilinx 28 nm Virtex-7 FPGAs	Recent proton and heavy ion SEE data are presented for selected Virtex-7 architectural features requiring dynamic in-beam testing: I/O blocks in various modes, IOSERDES, digital- and phase-locked loop clocks, and block memory's error correction circuitry. © 2017 IEEE.
1908	a57208707585	Angeles A.	p722	False	Conference	306	Dynamic SEE Testing of Selected Architectural Features of Xilinx 28 nm Virtex-7 FPGAs	Recent proton and heavy ion SEE data are presented for selected Virtex-7 architectural features requiring dynamic in-beam testing: I/O blocks in various modes, IOSERDES, digital- and phase-locked loop clocks, and block memory's error correction circuitry. © 2017 IEEE.
1909	a6508147112	Willits B.L.	p722	False	Conference	306	Dynamic SEE Testing of Selected Architectural Features of Xilinx 28 nm Virtex-7 FPGAs	Recent proton and heavy ion SEE data are presented for selected Virtex-7 architectural features requiring dynamic in-beam testing: I/O blocks in various modes, IOSERDES, digital- and phase-locked loop clocks, and block memory's error correction circuitry. © 2017 IEEE.
1910	a57208706948	Robinson K.P.	p722	False	Conference	306	Dynamic SEE Testing of Selected Architectural Features of Xilinx 28 nm Virtex-7 FPGAs	Recent proton and heavy ion SEE data are presented for selected Virtex-7 architectural features requiring dynamic in-beam testing: I/O blocks in various modes, IOSERDES, digital- and phase-locked loop clocks, and block memory's error correction circuitry. © 2017 IEEE.
1911	a57021948900	Jafek A.	p723	True	Journal	353	A Systems Engineering Approach to Harnessing Human Energy in Public Places: A Feasibility Study	This study analyzes the feasibility of placing modified exercise equipment in public places to enable human energy harnessing. By assessing the impacts as a system-level synthesis of economic, environmental, productivity, and health benefits, it is shown that introducing human-powered equipment (HPE) in public places would be feasible and beneficial both to society in general and to the specific stakeholders investing in this technology. This study develops a framework to evaluate applications of this technology using benefits to costs analyses. The benefits and challenges for successful implementation of HPE technology are also presented and evaluated in various case studies involving public places at airports and schools. Copyright © 2017 by ASME.
1912	a55078951500	Bodily P.M.	p724	False	Conference	307	Modeling global and local codon bias with deep language models	Codon bias, the usage patterns of synonymous codons for encoding a protein sequence as nucleotides, is a biological phenomenon that is not fully understood. Several methods exist to represent the codon bias of an organism: codon adaptation index (CAI) [1], individual codon usage (ICU), hidden stop codons (HSC) [2] and codon context (CC) [3]. These methods are often employed in the optimization of heterologous gene expression to increase the accuracy and rate of translation. They, however, have many shortcomings as they dont take into account the local and global context of a gene. We present a method for modeling global and local codon bias through deep language models that is more robust than current methods by providing more contextual information and long-range dependencies. © 2017 IEEE.
1912	a55078951500	Bodily P.M.	p727	False	Conference	308	Whole genome phylogenetic tree reconstruction using colored de bruijn graphs	We present kleuren, a novel assembly-free method to reconstruct phylogenetic trees using the Colored de Bruijn Graph. kleuren works by constructing the Colored de Bruijn Graph and then traversing it, finding bubble structures in the graph that provide phylogenetic signal. The bubbles are then aligned and concatenated to form a supermatrix, from which a phylogenetic tree is inferred. We introduce the algorithms that kleuren uses to accomplish this task, and show its performance on reconstructing the phylogenetic tree of 12 Drosophila species. kleuren reconstructed the established phylogenetic tree accurately, and is a viable tool for phylogenetic tree reconstruction using whole genome sequences. Software package available at: https://github.com/Colelyman/kleuren. © 2017 IEEE.
1912	a55078951500	Bodily P.M.	p728	False	Conference	309	Genome polymorphism detection through relaxed de bruijn graph construction	Comparing genomes to identify polymorphisms is a difficult task, especially beyond single nucleotide poly-morphisms. Polymorphism detection is important in disease association studies as well as in phylogenetic tree reconstruc-tion. We present a method for identifying polymorphisms in genomes by using a modified version de Bruijn graphs, data structures widely used in genome assembly from Next-Generation Sequencing. Using our method, we are able to identify polymorphisms that exist within a genome as well as well as see graph structures that form in the de Bruijn graph for particular types of polymorphisms (translocations, etc.) © 2017 IEEE.
1913	a57215280005	Jacobsen A.J.	p724	False	Conference	307	Modeling global and local codon bias with deep language models	Codon bias, the usage patterns of synonymous codons for encoding a protein sequence as nucleotides, is a biological phenomenon that is not fully understood. Several methods exist to represent the codon bias of an organism: codon adaptation index (CAI) [1], individual codon usage (ICU), hidden stop codons (HSC) [2] and codon context (CC) [3]. These methods are often employed in the optimization of heterologous gene expression to increase the accuracy and rate of translation. They, however, have many shortcomings as they dont take into account the local and global context of a gene. We present a method for modeling global and local codon bias through deep language models that is more robust than current methods by providing more contextual information and long-range dependencies. © 2017 IEEE.
1914	a6602958570	Snell Q.	p724	False	Conference	307	Modeling global and local codon bias with deep language models	Codon bias, the usage patterns of synonymous codons for encoding a protein sequence as nucleotides, is a biological phenomenon that is not fully understood. Several methods exist to represent the codon bias of an organism: codon adaptation index (CAI) [1], individual codon usage (ICU), hidden stop codons (HSC) [2] and codon context (CC) [3]. These methods are often employed in the optimization of heterologous gene expression to increase the accuracy and rate of translation. They, however, have many shortcomings as they dont take into account the local and global context of a gene. We present a method for modeling global and local codon bias through deep language models that is more robust than current methods by providing more contextual information and long-range dependencies. © 2017 IEEE.
1914	a6602958570	Snell Q.	p727	False	Conference	308	Whole genome phylogenetic tree reconstruction using colored de bruijn graphs	We present kleuren, a novel assembly-free method to reconstruct phylogenetic trees using the Colored de Bruijn Graph. kleuren works by constructing the Colored de Bruijn Graph and then traversing it, finding bubble structures in the graph that provide phylogenetic signal. The bubbles are then aligned and concatenated to form a supermatrix, from which a phylogenetic tree is inferred. We introduce the algorithms that kleuren uses to accomplish this task, and show its performance on reconstructing the phylogenetic tree of 12 Drosophila species. kleuren reconstructed the established phylogenetic tree accurately, and is a viable tool for phylogenetic tree reconstruction using whole genome sequences. Software package available at: https://github.com/Colelyman/kleuren. © 2017 IEEE.
1914	a6602958570	Snell Q.	p728	False	Conference	309	Genome polymorphism detection through relaxed de bruijn graph construction	Comparing genomes to identify polymorphisms is a difficult task, especially beyond single nucleotide poly-morphisms. Polymorphism detection is important in disease association studies as well as in phylogenetic tree reconstruc-tion. We present a method for identifying polymorphisms in genomes by using a modified version de Bruijn graphs, data structures widely used in genome assembly from Next-Generation Sequencing. Using our method, we are able to identify polymorphisms that exist within a genome as well as well as see graph structures that form in the de Bruijn graph for particular types of polymorphisms (translocations, etc.) © 2017 IEEE.
1915	a57214010282	Barrett L.K.	p725	True	Journal	354	Carbon monolith scaffolding for high volumetric capacity silicon Li-ion battery anodes	A nanoporous carbon monolith structure has been developed for use as a scaffold for silicon anodes for lithium batteries. This scaffold was fabricated by coating vertically aligned carbon nanotubes in a highly conformal coating of nanocrystalline carbon, applied via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. The coating increases the mechanical stability of the nanotube structure, which provides electrically conductive pathways through the anode. Silicon anodes were fabricated with the monoliths by low pressure chemical vapor infiltration of silicon. This platform allows the carbon and silicon volume fractions to be independently varied in the anode. Anodes with a low silicon content (less than 5% by volume) showed high stability in cycling against lithium with a capacity retention of 89.7% between cycles 2 and 185. Anodes with a high silicon content (∼25% by volume) showed poor capacity retention when the carbon content was low (<40% by volume), and transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated that the anodes failed due to the destruction of the nanocrystalline carbon coating during cycling. However, by increasing the carbon content to ∼60% volume percent in the monolith, capacity retention was substantially stabilized even for anodes with very high silicon loadings. These stabilized electrodes exhibited volumetric capacities as high as ∼1000 mA h/ml and retained over 725 mA h/ml by cycle 100. © 2017 American Vacuum Society.
1916	a57189351639	Fan J.	p725	False	Journal	354	Carbon monolith scaffolding for high volumetric capacity silicon Li-ion battery anodes	A nanoporous carbon monolith structure has been developed for use as a scaffold for silicon anodes for lithium batteries. This scaffold was fabricated by coating vertically aligned carbon nanotubes in a highly conformal coating of nanocrystalline carbon, applied via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. The coating increases the mechanical stability of the nanotube structure, which provides electrically conductive pathways through the anode. Silicon anodes were fabricated with the monoliths by low pressure chemical vapor infiltration of silicon. This platform allows the carbon and silicon volume fractions to be independently varied in the anode. Anodes with a low silicon content (less than 5% by volume) showed high stability in cycling against lithium with a capacity retention of 89.7% between cycles 2 and 185. Anodes with a high silicon content (∼25% by volume) showed poor capacity retention when the carbon content was low (<40% by volume), and transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated that the anodes failed due to the destruction of the nanocrystalline carbon coating during cycling. However, by increasing the carbon content to ∼60% volume percent in the monolith, capacity retention was substantially stabilized even for anodes with very high silicon loadings. These stabilized electrodes exhibited volumetric capacities as high as ∼1000 mA h/ml and retained over 725 mA h/ml by cycle 100. © 2017 American Vacuum Society.
1917	a57194697486	Laughlin K.	p725	False	Journal	354	Carbon monolith scaffolding for high volumetric capacity silicon Li-ion battery anodes	A nanoporous carbon monolith structure has been developed for use as a scaffold for silicon anodes for lithium batteries. This scaffold was fabricated by coating vertically aligned carbon nanotubes in a highly conformal coating of nanocrystalline carbon, applied via atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition. The coating increases the mechanical stability of the nanotube structure, which provides electrically conductive pathways through the anode. Silicon anodes were fabricated with the monoliths by low pressure chemical vapor infiltration of silicon. This platform allows the carbon and silicon volume fractions to be independently varied in the anode. Anodes with a low silicon content (less than 5% by volume) showed high stability in cycling against lithium with a capacity retention of 89.7% between cycles 2 and 185. Anodes with a high silicon content (∼25% by volume) showed poor capacity retention when the carbon content was low (<40% by volume), and transmission electron microscopy analysis indicated that the anodes failed due to the destruction of the nanocrystalline carbon coating during cycling. However, by increasing the carbon content to ∼60% volume percent in the monolith, capacity retention was substantially stabilized even for anodes with very high silicon loadings. These stabilized electrodes exhibited volumetric capacities as high as ∼1000 mA h/ml and retained over 725 mA h/ml by cycle 100. © 2017 American Vacuum Society.
1918	a57194141209	Danforth E.M.	p726	True	Journal	355	Strategies employed and lessons learned by commercial construction companies during economic recession and recovery	The purpose of this research was to identify strategies used and lessons learned by western U.S. commercial construction companies during the great recession (2007-2009). The experience gained by companies who weather an economic downturn must be absorbed into the corporate structure in a meaningful way if that knowledge is to be accessible for future recessions. This study focused on identifying and better understanding the specific approaches that commercial construction companies employed to weather the great recession and the corresponding lessons learned. A stratified purposeful sampling survey was conducted across 15 different commercial construction companies and included 57 participants in various management roles. This paper provides a comprehensive list of 124 different strategies or lessons learned across six principal categories: (1) contracting, (2) risk management, (3) cost-control, (4) human resources, (5) financial, and (6) investment related responses. This paper also provides recommendations for commercial construction companies to consider during various economic cycles on the basis of the lessons learned during this recession and recovery. © 2017 American Society of Civil Engineers.
1919	a55376424100	Suvorov A.	p727	False	Conference	308	Whole genome phylogenetic tree reconstruction using colored de bruijn graphs	We present kleuren, a novel assembly-free method to reconstruct phylogenetic trees using the Colored de Bruijn Graph. kleuren works by constructing the Colored de Bruijn Graph and then traversing it, finding bubble structures in the graph that provide phylogenetic signal. The bubbles are then aligned and concatenated to form a supermatrix, from which a phylogenetic tree is inferred. We introduce the algorithms that kleuren uses to accomplish this task, and show its performance on reconstructing the phylogenetic tree of 12 Drosophila species. kleuren reconstructed the established phylogenetic tree accurately, and is a viable tool for phylogenetic tree reconstruction using whole genome sequences. Software package available at: https://github.com/Colelyman/kleuren. © 2017 IEEE.
1919	a55376424100	Suvorov A.	p728	False	Conference	309	Genome polymorphism detection through relaxed de bruijn graph construction	Comparing genomes to identify polymorphisms is a difficult task, especially beyond single nucleotide poly-morphisms. Polymorphism detection is important in disease association studies as well as in phylogenetic tree reconstruc-tion. We present a method for identifying polymorphisms in genomes by using a modified version de Bruijn graphs, data structures widely used in genome assembly from Next-Generation Sequencing. Using our method, we are able to identify polymorphisms that exist within a genome as well as well as see graph structures that form in the de Bruijn graph for particular types of polymorphisms (translocations, etc.) © 2017 IEEE.
1920	a7006440923	Crandall K.A.	p727	False	Conference	308	Whole genome phylogenetic tree reconstruction using colored de bruijn graphs	We present kleuren, a novel assembly-free method to reconstruct phylogenetic trees using the Colored de Bruijn Graph. kleuren works by constructing the Colored de Bruijn Graph and then traversing it, finding bubble structures in the graph that provide phylogenetic signal. The bubbles are then aligned and concatenated to form a supermatrix, from which a phylogenetic tree is inferred. We introduce the algorithms that kleuren uses to accomplish this task, and show its performance on reconstructing the phylogenetic tree of 12 Drosophila species. kleuren reconstructed the established phylogenetic tree accurately, and is a viable tool for phylogenetic tree reconstruction using whole genome sequences. Software package available at: https://github.com/Colelyman/kleuren. © 2017 IEEE.
1920	a7006440923	Crandall K.A.	p728	False	Conference	309	Genome polymorphism detection through relaxed de bruijn graph construction	Comparing genomes to identify polymorphisms is a difficult task, especially beyond single nucleotide poly-morphisms. Polymorphism detection is important in disease association studies as well as in phylogenetic tree reconstruc-tion. We present a method for identifying polymorphisms in genomes by using a modified version de Bruijn graphs, data structures widely used in genome assembly from Next-Generation Sequencing. Using our method, we are able to identify polymorphisms that exist within a genome as well as well as see graph structures that form in the de Bruijn graph for particular types of polymorphisms (translocations, etc.) © 2017 IEEE.
1921	a14057706900	Bybee S.M.	p727	False	Conference	308	Whole genome phylogenetic tree reconstruction using colored de bruijn graphs	We present kleuren, a novel assembly-free method to reconstruct phylogenetic trees using the Colored de Bruijn Graph. kleuren works by constructing the Colored de Bruijn Graph and then traversing it, finding bubble structures in the graph that provide phylogenetic signal. The bubbles are then aligned and concatenated to form a supermatrix, from which a phylogenetic tree is inferred. We introduce the algorithms that kleuren uses to accomplish this task, and show its performance on reconstructing the phylogenetic tree of 12 Drosophila species. kleuren reconstructed the established phylogenetic tree accurately, and is a viable tool for phylogenetic tree reconstruction using whole genome sequences. Software package available at: https://github.com/Colelyman/kleuren. © 2017 IEEE.
1921	a14057706900	Bybee S.M.	p728	False	Conference	309	Genome polymorphism detection through relaxed de bruijn graph construction	Comparing genomes to identify polymorphisms is a difficult task, especially beyond single nucleotide poly-morphisms. Polymorphism detection is important in disease association studies as well as in phylogenetic tree reconstruc-tion. We present a method for identifying polymorphisms in genomes by using a modified version de Bruijn graphs, data structures widely used in genome assembly from Next-Generation Sequencing. Using our method, we are able to identify polymorphisms that exist within a genome as well as well as see graph structures that form in the de Bruijn graph for particular types of polymorphisms (translocations, etc.) © 2017 IEEE.
1922	a57195317234	Hurst W.	p729	True	Conference	310	Cooperation induction in two player bertand markets with linear demand	We present a two player gradient play differential game in a producer market with quadratic payoff as a model of behavior in a competitive environment and show that the Nash equilibrium is not efficient. An algorithm is then presented which uses side payments to induce cooperation between firms, and rules for side payment strategies are shown. The stability of the new system at a reasonable equilibrium is proved, and it is shown that all participants are at least as well off as they would be at the non-cooperative equilibrium. Numerical examples show the existence of a reasonable equilibrium and that the basin of attraction of that equilibrium appears to cover all reasonable initial conditions. © 2017 American Automatic Control Council (AACC).
1923	a7102534973	Parkinson A.R.	p730	True	Conference	311	Student perceptions and attitudes towards a required vs. An optional course in leadership	For almost ten years, the majority of students in the College of Engineering and Technology at Brigham Young University have been required to take a sophomore level leadership foundations course focused on leadership principles, ethics, and global issues. The course is part of an overall leadership framework whereby students are introduced to the importance of leadership as freshmen, learn foundational leadership principles as sophomores, and practice these principles as juniors and seniors. The leadership foundations course is required for graduation by 7 of 10 programs within the College of Engineering and Technology. Students external to the college also participate in the course as it fulfills two general education requirements for graduation. As a result, the college teaches approximately 12 sections each academic year averaging 60-80 students per section. Approximately 10-15% of student course participants are external to the college. In this paper a survey is presented of 163 students initially enrolled in the leadership foundations course regarding their perceptions and attitudes towards leadership. Results include a comparison of students who are required to take the course and those for whom it is optional. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups of students except for their expectation regarding workload. The engineering and technology students expected the leadership foundations course to be easier, relative to their other classes, than the nonengineering and technology group. In general, both sets of students had high expectations for the course and expressed positive attitudes towards learning about leadership. For example, students in both groups indicated they felt learning about leadership was somewhat more important than learning the skills of their discipline. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2017.
1924	a57195962821	Patrick B.	p733	True	Conference	314	Cross platform usability: Evaluating computing tasks performed on multiple platforms	Evaluating the usability of software across various computing hardware, including desktop computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones, is becoming increasingly important as our need to complete computing tasks on various computing platforms becomes more commonplace in our daily lives. This shift in computing expectations focuses on the ability to compute horizontally, performing the same tasks within different computing environments, as opposed to vertically, performing different tasks in the same computing environment. In this paper, we propose a method by which the usability of a given piece of software can be comparatively analyzed across all hardware platforms on which it is available. This methodology is based on the Majrashi and Hamilton's twelve factors of usability and has been extended to include specific applications and metrics for the following computing platforms: desktop computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones. These metrics focus on collecting quantitative data about the usability of each platform. This quantitative data contrasts with recent studies which focus extensively on qualitative data regarding the user experience. Combining these two types of studies will allow researchers to capture a more comprehensive picture of software usability across computing platforms. The methodology has been validated by performing an initial study using the tasks and performance metrics across each of the defined computing platforms. The results from these initial tests have allowed us to make improvements to the testing methodology as well as some hypotheses for further testing. This proposed methodology, when used in conjunction with qualitative research, can provide a reliable approach for cross-platform usability analysis. Some considerations for educational design of cross platform methodology are discussed. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2017.
1925	a6507659000	Helps R.G.	p733	False	Conference	314	Cross platform usability: Evaluating computing tasks performed on multiple platforms	Evaluating the usability of software across various computing hardware, including desktop computers, laptops, tablets, and smartphones, is becoming increasingly important as our need to complete computing tasks on various computing platforms becomes more commonplace in our daily lives. This shift in computing expectations focuses on the ability to compute horizontally, performing the same tasks within different computing environments, as opposed to vertically, performing different tasks in the same computing environment. In this paper, we propose a method by which the usability of a given piece of software can be comparatively analyzed across all hardware platforms on which it is available. This methodology is based on the Majrashi and Hamilton's twelve factors of usability and has been extended to include specific applications and metrics for the following computing platforms: desktop computers, laptops, tablets, smartphones. These metrics focus on collecting quantitative data about the usability of each platform. This quantitative data contrasts with recent studies which focus extensively on qualitative data regarding the user experience. Combining these two types of studies will allow researchers to capture a more comprehensive picture of software usability across computing platforms. The methodology has been validated by performing an initial study using the tasks and performance metrics across each of the defined computing platforms. The results from these initial tests have allowed us to make improvements to the testing methodology as well as some hypotheses for further testing. This proposed methodology, when used in conjunction with qualitative research, can provide a reliable approach for cross-platform usability analysis. Some considerations for educational design of cross platform methodology are discussed. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2017.
1926	a57195962037	Sutton M.	p734	False	Conference	315	Sustainable water filters in southern Peru	[No abstract available]
1927	a57195964820	Hasler E.	p734	False	Conference	315	Sustainable water filters in southern Peru	[No abstract available]
1928	a57195961036	Williams J.L.	p734	False	Conference	315	Sustainable water filters in southern Peru	[No abstract available]
1929	a57195964763	Irvin J.J.	p734	False	Conference	315	Sustainable water filters in southern Peru	[No abstract available]
1930	a57195961251	Hirt J.R.	p734	False	Conference	315	Sustainable water filters in southern Peru	[No abstract available]
1931	a55672496100	Ziegenfuss D.H.	p737	False	Conference	318	A model workshop for helping new faculty engage students in the STEM Classroom	In May 2016 a workshop entitled "Engaging Students in the STEM Classroom" was presented to faculty at Southern Utah University. Although not exclusive to new faculty, the target audience and predominant attendees, were new faculty from the science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines on campus. The three-day workshop focused on basic principles of effective learning and teaching, aligning learning outcomes to assessments and teaching activities, methods for active learning, and strategies for effective classroom presentation. The workshop curriculum was centered around the following goals: 1) promoting broader awareness of alternative teaching strategies for STEM classrooms, 2) increasing faculty comfort level in using alternative teaching strategies, 3) increasing adoption of active learning and other evidence-based pedagogies, 4) building a campus community dedicated to improving teaching, and 5) increasing multi-disciplinary collaborations amongst faculty attendees. The purpose of this paper is to provide an example of a model workshop designed to help new faculty engage students in STEM disciplines, and includes the planning, implementation, and assessment of this workshop. The paper begins by introducing the development of the workshop, including the logic model and assessment plan, the curriculum outline, and preparation processes. The paper also explores the implementation lessons learned. Finally, this paper includes the assessment results of the effectiveness of the workshop in meeting the workshop goals. This includes a preand post-workshop comparison of the participant's attitudes regarding evidence based pedagogies and their perceived competency in using them. This paper is useful for engineering educators in developing teaching expertise, researchers interested in faculty attitudes and perceived competency in using alternate teaching strategies, and faculty and administrators planning to create professional development opportunities to help faculty of all levels become more proficient in evidence-based pedagogies. This paper also serves as an example of a model workshop to develop interdisciplinary communities of educational practice, as well as strengthen the abilities of a new faculty in establishing an engaging and effective classroom. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2017.
1932	a35413539100	Roberts M.W.	p737	False	Conference	318	A model workshop for helping new faculty engage students in the STEM Classroom	In May 2016 a workshop entitled "Engaging Students in the STEM Classroom" was presented to faculty at Southern Utah University. Although not exclusive to new faculty, the target audience and predominant attendees, were new faculty from the science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) disciplines on campus. The three-day workshop focused on basic principles of effective learning and teaching, aligning learning outcomes to assessments and teaching activities, methods for active learning, and strategies for effective classroom presentation. The workshop curriculum was centered around the following goals: 1) promoting broader awareness of alternative teaching strategies for STEM classrooms, 2) increasing faculty comfort level in using alternative teaching strategies, 3) increasing adoption of active learning and other evidence-based pedagogies, 4) building a campus community dedicated to improving teaching, and 5) increasing multi-disciplinary collaborations amongst faculty attendees. The purpose of this paper is to provide an example of a model workshop designed to help new faculty engage students in STEM disciplines, and includes the planning, implementation, and assessment of this workshop. The paper begins by introducing the development of the workshop, including the logic model and assessment plan, the curriculum outline, and preparation processes. The paper also explores the implementation lessons learned. Finally, this paper includes the assessment results of the effectiveness of the workshop in meeting the workshop goals. This includes a preand post-workshop comparison of the participant's attitudes regarding evidence based pedagogies and their perceived competency in using them. This paper is useful for engineering educators in developing teaching expertise, researchers interested in faculty attitudes and perceived competency in using alternate teaching strategies, and faculty and administrators planning to create professional development opportunities to help faculty of all levels become more proficient in evidence-based pedagogies. This paper also serves as an example of a model workshop to develop interdisciplinary communities of educational practice, as well as strengthen the abilities of a new faculty in establishing an engaging and effective classroom. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2017.
1933	a57190806425	Fuentes D.S.	p738	False	Conference	319	Investigating engineering students' understandings of social and ethical responsibility: Coding framework and initial findings	[No abstract available]
1934	a36536647200	Claussen S.	p738	False	Conference	319	Investigating engineering students' understandings of social and ethical responsibility: Coding framework and initial findings	[No abstract available]
1935	a57198919773	Martínez A.	p739	True	Journal	356	Analytical fragility curves for non-skewed highway bridges in Chile	Recent earthquakes in Chile and worldwide have caused significant economic losses due to the damage on the road bridge network. To conduct seismic risk assessment studies and to improve resilience of bridges, seismic vulnerability studies are required. The main objective of this study is to construct fragility curves of typical non-skewed highway bridges in Chile. The fragility curves are obtained from an incremental dynamic analysis of a two-dimensional model of the bent cap of a two-span simply supported underpass. As most bridges are constructed with seismic tie-down bars, their constitutive behavior was obtained experimentally. A total of five seismic bar specimens were tested to characterize their cyclic behavior in bridges with and without transverse diaphragms. The incremental dynamic analysis was performed with the two horizontal components of seven seismic records obtained from the Mw 8.8, 2010 Chile earthquake. Additionally, a parametric study is conducted to assess the seismic behavior of bridges with different configurations of seismic bars, with lateral stoppers, and with varying length of the transverse seat width. Results from this study reveal that seismic bars have a limited contribution to the seismic performance of the studied bridge, especially when lateral stoppers are incorporated. Additionally, the transverse seat width is found to be critical to reduce the collapse probability of the superstructure. The provided fragility curves may be used for seismic risk assessment and to evaluate possible improvements in seismic bridge design codes. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1936	a54787829800	Hube M.A.	p739	False	Journal	356	Analytical fragility curves for non-skewed highway bridges in Chile	Recent earthquakes in Chile and worldwide have caused significant economic losses due to the damage on the road bridge network. To conduct seismic risk assessment studies and to improve resilience of bridges, seismic vulnerability studies are required. The main objective of this study is to construct fragility curves of typical non-skewed highway bridges in Chile. The fragility curves are obtained from an incremental dynamic analysis of a two-dimensional model of the bent cap of a two-span simply supported underpass. As most bridges are constructed with seismic tie-down bars, their constitutive behavior was obtained experimentally. A total of five seismic bar specimens were tested to characterize their cyclic behavior in bridges with and without transverse diaphragms. The incremental dynamic analysis was performed with the two horizontal components of seven seismic records obtained from the Mw 8.8, 2010 Chile earthquake. Additionally, a parametric study is conducted to assess the seismic behavior of bridges with different configurations of seismic bars, with lateral stoppers, and with varying length of the transverse seat width. Results from this study reveal that seismic bars have a limited contribution to the seismic performance of the studied bridge, especially when lateral stoppers are incorporated. Additionally, the transverse seat width is found to be critical to reduce the collapse probability of the superstructure. The provided fragility curves may be used for seismic risk assessment and to evaluate possible improvements in seismic bridge design codes. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1937	a56672834700	Staves D.R.	p741	True	Journal	352	Associative CAD references in the neutral parametric canonical form	Due to the multiplicity of computer-aided engineering applications used in industry, interoperability between programs has become increasingly important. A 1999 study by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) estimated that inadequate interoperability between the original engineering manufacturers (OEM) and their suppliers cost the US automotive industry over $1 billion per year, with the majority spent fixing data after translations. The Neutral Parametric Canonical Form (NPCF) prototype standard developed by the BYU Site of the NSF Center for e-Design offers a solution to this problem by enabling real-time collaboration between heterogeneous systems while preserving design intent. The NPCF is implemented within a SQL database and defines the schema both for neutral features and for the parameters defining the inter-feature relationships and associations. © 2016 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1938	a6603625990	Red W.E.	p741	False	Journal	352	Associative CAD references in the neutral parametric canonical form	Due to the multiplicity of computer-aided engineering applications used in industry, interoperability between programs has become increasingly important. A 1999 study by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) estimated that inadequate interoperability between the original engineering manufacturers (OEM) and their suppliers cost the US automotive industry over $1 billion per year, with the majority spent fixing data after translations. The Neutral Parametric Canonical Form (NPCF) prototype standard developed by the BYU Site of the NSF Center for e-Design offers a solution to this problem by enabling real-time collaboration between heterogeneous systems while preserving design intent. The NPCF is implemented within a SQL database and defines the schema both for neutral features and for the parameters defining the inter-feature relationships and associations. © 2016 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1939	a57193008289	Zhang W.	p742	True	Journal	357	Design of low-power ultra-high voltage gain differential cascode stages	The conventional cascode circuit has long been used as the basis for the differential input stage to an op amp. The voltage gain of this stage can be maximised by operating the MOS devices in the moderate inversion region rather than the strong inversion region. In so doing, the voltage gains of the differential stage can reach values of over 120 dB and the power dissipation is minimised due to the low currents required. Harmonic distortion is also minimised by moderate inversion operation. Although the composite cascode or self-cascode has been successfully used as an op-amp differential stage, the conventional cascode differential circuit offers additional advantages and is compared to the composite cascode differential circuit in this work. A design procedure is also reported in this work for low-power, high voltage gain differential stages. © 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
1940	a57192816311	Renouard J.	p743	False	Journal	358	Village Drill: A Case Study in Engineering for Global Development with Five Years of Data Post Market-Introduction	This paper presents a case study in engineering for global development. It introduces the Village Drill, which is an engineered product that has - 5 years after its introduction to the market - enabled hundreds of thousands of people across 15 countries and three continents to have access to clean water. The Village Drill creates a 15 cm (6 in) borehole as deep as 76 m (250 ft) to reach groundwater suitable for drinking. The case study presents facts for the actual development and sustaining and are unaltered for the purpose of publication. This approach provides the reader with a realistic view of the development time, testing conditions, fundraising, and the work needed to sustain the drill through 5 years of sales and distribution. The purpose of the case study is to provide sufficient and frank data about a real project so as to promote discussion, critique, and other evaluations that will lead to new developments that inspire and inform successful engineering for global development. As part of the case, the paper describes six fundamental items: the product, the customer, the impact, the manufacturing, the delivery, and the revenue model of the drill. Copyright © 2017 by ASME.
1941	a55550262000	Wang N.	p744	True	Journal	359	Simulation-based coefficients for adjusting climate impact on energy consumption of commercial buildings	This paper presents a new technique for and the results of normalizing building energy consumption to enable a fair comparison among various types of buildings located near different weather stations across the United States. The method was developed for the U.S. Building Energy Asset Score, a whole-building energy efficiency rating system focusing on building envelope, mechanical systems, and lighting systems. The Asset Score is based on simulated energy use under standard operating conditions. Existing weather normalization methods such as those based on heating and cooling degrees days are not robust enough to adjust all climatic factors such as humidity and solar radiation. In this work, over 1000 sets of climate coefficients were developed to separately adjust building heating, cooling, and fan energy use at each weather station in the United States. This paper also presents a robust, standardized weather station mapping based on climate similarity rather than choosing the closest weather station. This proposed simulated-based climate adjustment was validated through testing on several hundreds of thousands of modeled buildings. Results indicated the developed climate coefficients can adjust the climate variations to enable a fair comparison of building energy efficiency. © 2016, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
1942	a36167063600	Makhmalbaf A.	p744	False	Journal	359	Simulation-based coefficients for adjusting climate impact on energy consumption of commercial buildings	This paper presents a new technique for and the results of normalizing building energy consumption to enable a fair comparison among various types of buildings located near different weather stations across the United States. The method was developed for the U.S. Building Energy Asset Score, a whole-building energy efficiency rating system focusing on building envelope, mechanical systems, and lighting systems. The Asset Score is based on simulated energy use under standard operating conditions. Existing weather normalization methods such as those based on heating and cooling degrees days are not robust enough to adjust all climatic factors such as humidity and solar radiation. In this work, over 1000 sets of climate coefficients were developed to separately adjust building heating, cooling, and fan energy use at each weather station in the United States. This paper also presents a robust, standardized weather station mapping based on climate similarity rather than choosing the closest weather station. This proposed simulated-based climate adjustment was validated through testing on several hundreds of thousands of modeled buildings. Results indicated the developed climate coefficients can adjust the climate variations to enable a fair comparison of building energy efficiency. © 2016, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
1943	a55550264900	Srivastava V.	p744	False	Journal	359	Simulation-based coefficients for adjusting climate impact on energy consumption of commercial buildings	This paper presents a new technique for and the results of normalizing building energy consumption to enable a fair comparison among various types of buildings located near different weather stations across the United States. The method was developed for the U.S. Building Energy Asset Score, a whole-building energy efficiency rating system focusing on building envelope, mechanical systems, and lighting systems. The Asset Score is based on simulated energy use under standard operating conditions. Existing weather normalization methods such as those based on heating and cooling degrees days are not robust enough to adjust all climatic factors such as humidity and solar radiation. In this work, over 1000 sets of climate coefficients were developed to separately adjust building heating, cooling, and fan energy use at each weather station in the United States. This paper also presents a robust, standardized weather station mapping based on climate similarity rather than choosing the closest weather station. This proposed simulated-based climate adjustment was validated through testing on several hundreds of thousands of modeled buildings. Results indicated the developed climate coefficients can adjust the climate variations to enable a fair comparison of building energy efficiency. © 2016, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
1944	a7006420570	Hathaway J.E.	p744	False	Journal	359	Simulation-based coefficients for adjusting climate impact on energy consumption of commercial buildings	This paper presents a new technique for and the results of normalizing building energy consumption to enable a fair comparison among various types of buildings located near different weather stations across the United States. The method was developed for the U.S. Building Energy Asset Score, a whole-building energy efficiency rating system focusing on building envelope, mechanical systems, and lighting systems. The Asset Score is based on simulated energy use under standard operating conditions. Existing weather normalization methods such as those based on heating and cooling degrees days are not robust enough to adjust all climatic factors such as humidity and solar radiation. In this work, over 1000 sets of climate coefficients were developed to separately adjust building heating, cooling, and fan energy use at each weather station in the United States. This paper also presents a robust, standardized weather station mapping based on climate similarity rather than choosing the closest weather station. This proposed simulated-based climate adjustment was validated through testing on several hundreds of thousands of modeled buildings. Results indicated the developed climate coefficients can adjust the climate variations to enable a fair comparison of building energy efficiency. © 2016, Tsinghua University Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
1945	a57192156100	Lorenzo G.	p745	True	Journal	360	Hierarchically refined and coarsened splines for moving interface problems, with particular application to phase-field models of prostate tumor growth	Moving interface problems are ubiquitous in science and engineering. To develop an accurate and efficient methodology for this class of problems, we present algorithms for local h-adaptivity of hierarchical B-splines to be utilized in isogeometric analysis. We extend Bézier projection, an efficient quadrature-free local projection technique, to the hierarchical setting. In this case, extraction operators may not be invertible. To address this issue we develop a multi-level reconstruction operator which maintains the locality properties of the projection. We also introduce a balance parameter to control the overlap of hierarchical functions leading to improved numerical conditioning. We apply our algorithms to the simulation of localized prostate cancer growth. We model this disease using the phase-field method and a set of diffusion–reaction equations to account for the dynamics of nutrients and a key biomarker termed Prostate Specific Antigen. Our results include examples on simple 2D and 3D domains and a more compelling tissue-scale, patient-specific simulation, which is run over a prostate anatomy extracted from medical images. Our methods for local h-adaptivity efficiently capture the evolving interface between the tumor and the neighboring healthy tissue with remarkable accuracy in all cases. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1946	a36675881600	Tew K.	p745	False	Journal	360	Hierarchically refined and coarsened splines for moving interface problems, with particular application to phase-field models of prostate tumor growth	Moving interface problems are ubiquitous in science and engineering. To develop an accurate and efficient methodology for this class of problems, we present algorithms for local h-adaptivity of hierarchical B-splines to be utilized in isogeometric analysis. We extend Bézier projection, an efficient quadrature-free local projection technique, to the hierarchical setting. In this case, extraction operators may not be invertible. To address this issue we develop a multi-level reconstruction operator which maintains the locality properties of the projection. We also introduce a balance parameter to control the overlap of hierarchical functions leading to improved numerical conditioning. We apply our algorithms to the simulation of localized prostate cancer growth. We model this disease using the phase-field method and a set of diffusion–reaction equations to account for the dynamics of nutrients and a key biomarker termed Prostate Specific Antigen. Our results include examples on simple 2D and 3D domains and a more compelling tissue-scale, patient-specific simulation, which is run over a prostate anatomy extracted from medical images. Our methods for local h-adaptivity efficiently capture the evolving interface between the tumor and the neighboring healthy tissue with remarkable accuracy in all cases. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1947	a35366248300	Gomez H.	p745	False	Journal	360	Hierarchically refined and coarsened splines for moving interface problems, with particular application to phase-field models of prostate tumor growth	Moving interface problems are ubiquitous in science and engineering. To develop an accurate and efficient methodology for this class of problems, we present algorithms for local h-adaptivity of hierarchical B-splines to be utilized in isogeometric analysis. We extend Bézier projection, an efficient quadrature-free local projection technique, to the hierarchical setting. In this case, extraction operators may not be invertible. To address this issue we develop a multi-level reconstruction operator which maintains the locality properties of the projection. We also introduce a balance parameter to control the overlap of hierarchical functions leading to improved numerical conditioning. We apply our algorithms to the simulation of localized prostate cancer growth. We model this disease using the phase-field method and a set of diffusion–reaction equations to account for the dynamics of nutrients and a key biomarker termed Prostate Specific Antigen. Our results include examples on simple 2D and 3D domains and a more compelling tissue-scale, patient-specific simulation, which is run over a prostate anatomy extracted from medical images. Our methods for local h-adaptivity efficiently capture the evolving interface between the tumor and the neighboring healthy tissue with remarkable accuracy in all cases. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1948	a57193845336	Kleinbaum S.	p746	False	Journal	361	Enabling Dissimilar Material Joining Using Friction Stir Scribe Technology	One challenge in adapting welding processes to dissimilar material joining is the diversity of melting temperatures of the different materials. Although the use of mechanical fasteners and adhesives have mostly paved the way for near-term implementation of dissimilar material systems, these processes only accentuate the need for low-cost welding processes capable of impartially joining dissimilar material components regardless of alloy, properties, or melting temperature. Friction stir scribe technology was developed to overcome the challenges of joining dissimilar material components where melting temperatures vary greatly, and properties and/or chemistry are not compatible with more traditional welding processes. Although the friction stir scribe process is capable of joining dissimilar metals and metal/polymer systems, a more detailed evaluation of several aluminum/steel joints is presented herein to demonstrate the ability to both chemically and mechanically join dissimilar materials. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
1949	a57193533805	Boettcher E.	p746	False	Journal	361	Enabling Dissimilar Material Joining Using Friction Stir Scribe Technology	One challenge in adapting welding processes to dissimilar material joining is the diversity of melting temperatures of the different materials. Although the use of mechanical fasteners and adhesives have mostly paved the way for near-term implementation of dissimilar material systems, these processes only accentuate the need for low-cost welding processes capable of impartially joining dissimilar material components regardless of alloy, properties, or melting temperature. Friction stir scribe technology was developed to overcome the challenges of joining dissimilar material components where melting temperatures vary greatly, and properties and/or chemistry are not compatible with more traditional welding processes. Although the friction stir scribe process is capable of joining dissimilar metals and metal/polymer systems, a more detailed evaluation of several aluminum/steel joints is presented herein to demonstrate the ability to both chemically and mechanically join dissimilar materials. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
1949	a57193533805	Boettcher E.	p887	False	Journal	412	Joining Dissimilar Material Using Friction Stir Scribe Technique	The ability to effectively join materials with vastly different melting points, like aluminum to steel, and polymer composites to metals, has been one of the roadblocks to realizing multi-material components for lightweighting efforts. The friction stir scribe (FSS) technique is a promising method that produces continuous overlap joints between materials with vastly different melting regimes and high-temperature flow characteristics. FSS uses an offset cutting tool at the tip of the friction stir welding pin to create an in situ mechanical interlock between material interfaces. With investments from the U.S. Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office and several automotive manufacturers and suppliers, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is developing the FSS process and has demonstrated the viability of joining several material combinations. Details of welding trials, unique challenges, and mitigation strategies in different material combinations will be discussed. Joint characterization, including mechanical tests and joint performance, will also be presented. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
1950	a23983490300	Ruokolainen R.	p746	False	Journal	361	Enabling Dissimilar Material Joining Using Friction Stir Scribe Technology	One challenge in adapting welding processes to dissimilar material joining is the diversity of melting temperatures of the different materials. Although the use of mechanical fasteners and adhesives have mostly paved the way for near-term implementation of dissimilar material systems, these processes only accentuate the need for low-cost welding processes capable of impartially joining dissimilar material components regardless of alloy, properties, or melting temperature. Friction stir scribe technology was developed to overcome the challenges of joining dissimilar material components where melting temperatures vary greatly, and properties and/or chemistry are not compatible with more traditional welding processes. Although the friction stir scribe process is capable of joining dissimilar metals and metal/polymer systems, a more detailed evaluation of several aluminum/steel joints is presented herein to demonstrate the ability to both chemically and mechanically join dissimilar materials. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
1950	a23983490300	Ruokolainen R.	p887	False	Journal	412	Joining Dissimilar Material Using Friction Stir Scribe Technique	The ability to effectively join materials with vastly different melting points, like aluminum to steel, and polymer composites to metals, has been one of the roadblocks to realizing multi-material components for lightweighting efforts. The friction stir scribe (FSS) technique is a promising method that produces continuous overlap joints between materials with vastly different melting regimes and high-temperature flow characteristics. FSS uses an offset cutting tool at the tip of the friction stir welding pin to create an in situ mechanical interlock between material interfaces. With investments from the U.S. Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office and several automotive manufacturers and suppliers, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is developing the FSS process and has demonstrated the viability of joining several material combinations. Details of welding trials, unique challenges, and mitigation strategies in different material combinations will be discussed. Joint characterization, including mechanical tests and joint performance, will also be presented. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
1951	a26323686000	Lee M.-G.	p748	False	Journal	362	An RVE procedure for micromechanical prediction of mechanical behavior of dual-phase steel	A “bottom-up” representative volume element (RVE) for a dual phase steel was constructed based on measured microstructural properties (“microproperties”). This differs from the common procedure of inferring hypothetical microproperties by fitting to macroscopic behavior using an assumed micro-to-macrolaw. The bottom-up approach allows the assessment of the law itself by comparing RVE-predicted mechanical behavior with independent macroscopic measurements, thus revealing the nature of the controlling micromechanisms. An RVE for DP980 steel was constructed using actual microproperties. Finite element (FE) simulations of elastic-plastic transitions were compared with independent loading-unloading-loading and compression-tension experiments. Constitutive models of three types were utilized: 1) a standard continuum model, 2) a standard Crystal Plasticity (CP) model, and 3) a SuperDislocation (SD) model similar to CP but including the elastic interactions of discrete dislocations. These comparisons led to following conclusions: 1) While a constitutive model that ignores elastic interaction of defects can be fit to macroscopic or microscopic behavior, it cannot represent both accurately, 2) Elastic interactions among dislocations are the predominant source of nonlinearity in the nominally-elastic region (i.e. at stresses below the standard yield stress), and 3) Continuum stress inhomogeneity arising from the hard martensite / soft ferrite microstructure has a minor role in the observed transitional nonlinearity in the absence of discrete dislocation interactions. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1952	a57194162490	Hammon S.	p749	False	Journal	363	Mitigating Water Absorption in Waveguides Made from Unannealed PECVD SiO2	Water absorption was studied in two types of waveguides made from unannealed plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) SiO2. Standard rib anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) were fabricated with thin films of different intrinsic stress and indices of refraction. Buried ARROWs (bARROWs) with low and high refractive index differences between the core and cladding regions were also fabricated from the same types of PECVD films. All waveguides were subjected to a heated, high humidity environment and their optical throughput was tested over time. Due to water absorption in the SiO2 films, the optical throughput of all of the ARROWs decreased with time spent in the wet environment. The ARROWs with the lowest stress SiO2 had the slowest rate of throughput change. High index difference bARROWs showed no decrease in optical throughput after 40 days in the wet environment and are presented as a solution for environmentally stable waveguides made from unannealed PECVD SiO2. © 2017 IEEE.
1952	a57194162490	Hammon S.	p839	True	Conference	366	Preserving optical confinement in unannealed PECVD SiO2 waveguides	Rib and buried channel waveguides (BCWs) made of unannealed PECVD SiO2 were studied after exposure to high humidity. Low stressed rib waveguides had lower optical throughput change, while high index difference BCWs were practically unaffected. © 2017 OSA.
1953	a57194158491	Zacheu G.	p749	False	Journal	363	Mitigating Water Absorption in Waveguides Made from Unannealed PECVD SiO2	Water absorption was studied in two types of waveguides made from unannealed plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) SiO2. Standard rib anti-resonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROWs) were fabricated with thin films of different intrinsic stress and indices of refraction. Buried ARROWs (bARROWs) with low and high refractive index differences between the core and cladding regions were also fabricated from the same types of PECVD films. All waveguides were subjected to a heated, high humidity environment and their optical throughput was tested over time. Due to water absorption in the SiO2 films, the optical throughput of all of the ARROWs decreased with time spent in the wet environment. The ARROWs with the lowest stress SiO2 had the slowest rate of throughput change. High index difference bARROWs showed no decrease in optical throughput after 40 days in the wet environment and are presented as a solution for environmentally stable waveguides made from unannealed PECVD SiO2. © 2017 IEEE.
1953	a57194158491	Zacheu G.	p839	False	Conference	366	Preserving optical confinement in unannealed PECVD SiO2 waveguides	Rib and buried channel waveguides (BCWs) made of unannealed PECVD SiO2 were studied after exposure to high humidity. Low stressed rib waveguides had lower optical throughput change, while high index difference BCWs were practically unaffected. © 2017 OSA.
1954	a35182844400	Du K.	p750	True	Journal	364	Multiplexed efficient on-chip sample preparation and sensitive amplification-free detection of Ebola virus	An automated microfluidic sample preparation multiplexer (SPM) has been developed and evaluated for Ebola virus detection. Metered air bubbles controlled by microvalves are used to improve bead-solution mixing thereby enhancing the hybridization of the target Ebola virus RNA with capture probes bound to the beads. The method uses thermally stable 4-formyl benzamide functionalized (4FB) magnetic beads rather than streptavidin coated beads with a high density of capture probes to improve the target capture efficiency. Exploiting an on-chip concentration protocol in the SPM and the single molecule detection capability of the antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) biosensor chip, a detection limit of 0.021 pfu/mL for clinical samples is achieved without target amplification. This RNA target capture efficiency is two orders of magnitude higher than previous results using streptavidin beads and the limit of detection (LOD) improves 10×. The wide dynamic range of this technique covers the whole clinically applicable concentration range. In addition, the current sample preparation time is ~1 h which is eight times faster than previous work. This multiplexed, miniaturized sample preparation microdevice establishes a key technology that intended to develop next generation point-of-care (POC) detection system. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1955	a57217654846	Cai H.	p750	False	Journal	364	Multiplexed efficient on-chip sample preparation and sensitive amplification-free detection of Ebola virus	An automated microfluidic sample preparation multiplexer (SPM) has been developed and evaluated for Ebola virus detection. Metered air bubbles controlled by microvalves are used to improve bead-solution mixing thereby enhancing the hybridization of the target Ebola virus RNA with capture probes bound to the beads. The method uses thermally stable 4-formyl benzamide functionalized (4FB) magnetic beads rather than streptavidin coated beads with a high density of capture probes to improve the target capture efficiency. Exploiting an on-chip concentration protocol in the SPM and the single molecule detection capability of the antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) biosensor chip, a detection limit of 0.021 pfu/mL for clinical samples is achieved without target amplification. This RNA target capture efficiency is two orders of magnitude higher than previous results using streptavidin beads and the limit of detection (LOD) improves 10×. The wide dynamic range of this technique covers the whole clinically applicable concentration range. In addition, the current sample preparation time is ~1 h which is eight times faster than previous work. This multiplexed, miniaturized sample preparation microdevice establishes a key technology that intended to develop next generation point-of-care (POC) detection system. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1955	a57217654846	Cai H.	p860	False	Journal	402	Optofluidic bioanalysis: Fundamentals and applications	Over the past decade, optofluidics has established itself as a new and dynamic research field for exciting developments at the interface of photonics, microfluidics, and the life sciences. The strong desire for developing miniaturized bioanalytic devices and instruments, in particular, has led to novel and powerful approaches to integrating optical elements and biological fluids on the same chip-scale system. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in optofluidic research with emphasis on applications in bioanalysis and a focus on waveguide-based approaches that represent the most advanced level of integration between optics and fluidics. We discuss recent work in photonically reconfigurable devices and various application areas. We show how optofluidic approaches have been pushing the performance limits in bioanalysis, e.g. in terms of sensitivity and portability, satisfying many of the key requirements for point-of-care devices. This illustrates how the requirements for bianalysis instruments are increasingly being met by the symbiotic integration of novel photonic capabilities in a miniaturized system. © 2017, Holger Schmidt et al.
1956	a57192893058	Park M.	p750	False	Journal	364	Multiplexed efficient on-chip sample preparation and sensitive amplification-free detection of Ebola virus	An automated microfluidic sample preparation multiplexer (SPM) has been developed and evaluated for Ebola virus detection. Metered air bubbles controlled by microvalves are used to improve bead-solution mixing thereby enhancing the hybridization of the target Ebola virus RNA with capture probes bound to the beads. The method uses thermally stable 4-formyl benzamide functionalized (4FB) magnetic beads rather than streptavidin coated beads with a high density of capture probes to improve the target capture efficiency. Exploiting an on-chip concentration protocol in the SPM and the single molecule detection capability of the antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) biosensor chip, a detection limit of 0.021 pfu/mL for clinical samples is achieved without target amplification. This RNA target capture efficiency is two orders of magnitude higher than previous results using streptavidin beads and the limit of detection (LOD) improves 10×. The wide dynamic range of this technique covers the whole clinically applicable concentration range. In addition, the current sample preparation time is ~1 h which is eight times faster than previous work. This multiplexed, miniaturized sample preparation microdevice establishes a key technology that intended to develop next generation point-of-care (POC) detection system. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1957	a55544941800	Alfson K.J.	p750	False	Journal	364	Multiplexed efficient on-chip sample preparation and sensitive amplification-free detection of Ebola virus	An automated microfluidic sample preparation multiplexer (SPM) has been developed and evaluated for Ebola virus detection. Metered air bubbles controlled by microvalves are used to improve bead-solution mixing thereby enhancing the hybridization of the target Ebola virus RNA with capture probes bound to the beads. The method uses thermally stable 4-formyl benzamide functionalized (4FB) magnetic beads rather than streptavidin coated beads with a high density of capture probes to improve the target capture efficiency. Exploiting an on-chip concentration protocol in the SPM and the single molecule detection capability of the antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) biosensor chip, a detection limit of 0.021 pfu/mL for clinical samples is achieved without target amplification. This RNA target capture efficiency is two orders of magnitude higher than previous results using streptavidin beads and the limit of detection (LOD) improves 10×. The wide dynamic range of this technique covers the whole clinically applicable concentration range. In addition, the current sample preparation time is ~1 h which is eight times faster than previous work. This multiplexed, miniaturized sample preparation microdevice establishes a key technology that intended to develop next generation point-of-care (POC) detection system. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1958	a7202812767	Griffiths A.	p750	False	Journal	364	Multiplexed efficient on-chip sample preparation and sensitive amplification-free detection of Ebola virus	An automated microfluidic sample preparation multiplexer (SPM) has been developed and evaluated for Ebola virus detection. Metered air bubbles controlled by microvalves are used to improve bead-solution mixing thereby enhancing the hybridization of the target Ebola virus RNA with capture probes bound to the beads. The method uses thermally stable 4-formyl benzamide functionalized (4FB) magnetic beads rather than streptavidin coated beads with a high density of capture probes to improve the target capture efficiency. Exploiting an on-chip concentration protocol in the SPM and the single molecule detection capability of the antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) biosensor chip, a detection limit of 0.021 pfu/mL for clinical samples is achieved without target amplification. This RNA target capture efficiency is two orders of magnitude higher than previous results using streptavidin beads and the limit of detection (LOD) improves 10×. The wide dynamic range of this technique covers the whole clinically applicable concentration range. In addition, the current sample preparation time is ~1 h which is eight times faster than previous work. This multiplexed, miniaturized sample preparation microdevice establishes a key technology that intended to develop next generation point-of-care (POC) detection system. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1959	a6603907334	Carrion R.	p750	False	Journal	364	Multiplexed efficient on-chip sample preparation and sensitive amplification-free detection of Ebola virus	An automated microfluidic sample preparation multiplexer (SPM) has been developed and evaluated for Ebola virus detection. Metered air bubbles controlled by microvalves are used to improve bead-solution mixing thereby enhancing the hybridization of the target Ebola virus RNA with capture probes bound to the beads. The method uses thermally stable 4-formyl benzamide functionalized (4FB) magnetic beads rather than streptavidin coated beads with a high density of capture probes to improve the target capture efficiency. Exploiting an on-chip concentration protocol in the SPM and the single molecule detection capability of the antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) biosensor chip, a detection limit of 0.021 pfu/mL for clinical samples is achieved without target amplification. This RNA target capture efficiency is two orders of magnitude higher than previous results using streptavidin beads and the limit of detection (LOD) improves 10×. The wide dynamic range of this technique covers the whole clinically applicable concentration range. In addition, the current sample preparation time is ~1 h which is eight times faster than previous work. This multiplexed, miniaturized sample preparation microdevice establishes a key technology that intended to develop next generation point-of-care (POC) detection system. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1960	a7103123753	Mathies R.A.	p750	False	Journal	364	Multiplexed efficient on-chip sample preparation and sensitive amplification-free detection of Ebola virus	An automated microfluidic sample preparation multiplexer (SPM) has been developed and evaluated for Ebola virus detection. Metered air bubbles controlled by microvalves are used to improve bead-solution mixing thereby enhancing the hybridization of the target Ebola virus RNA with capture probes bound to the beads. The method uses thermally stable 4-formyl benzamide functionalized (4FB) magnetic beads rather than streptavidin coated beads with a high density of capture probes to improve the target capture efficiency. Exploiting an on-chip concentration protocol in the SPM and the single molecule detection capability of the antiresonant reflecting optical waveguide (ARROW) biosensor chip, a detection limit of 0.021 pfu/mL for clinical samples is achieved without target amplification. This RNA target capture efficiency is two orders of magnitude higher than previous results using streptavidin beads and the limit of detection (LOD) improves 10×. The wide dynamic range of this technique covers the whole clinically applicable concentration range. In addition, the current sample preparation time is ~1 h which is eight times faster than previous work. This multiplexed, miniaturized sample preparation microdevice establishes a key technology that intended to develop next generation point-of-care (POC) detection system. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1961	a55945072200	Prince D.	p751	True	Journal	365	Semi-empirical Model for Fire Spread in Shrubs with Spatially-Defined Fuel Elements and Flames	A semi-empirical model was developed which forms shrub geometries from distinct fuel elements (e.g. leaves) and describes flame spread from element to element. Ignition, flame growth and flame decay patterns were based on combustion data of single leaves. Extension of the model to various heating conditions was achieved by scaling the flame growth parameters using physics-based heat transfer models. The resulting model offers a novel approach to examine fire spread and to explicitly describe both distinct fuel elements and fire behavior. This approach balances computational speed and modeling detail while providing a unique perspective into fire spread phenomena. Comparisons of the tuned model to fire spread behavior measured in an open-roofed wind tunnel benchmarked the model’s ability to simulate fire spread in manzanita shrubs. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
1961	a55945072200	Prince D.	p801	False	Conference	337	Semi-empirical model for fire spread in chamise and big sagebrush shrubs with spatially-defined fuel elements and flames	Current operational fire spread models are mostly based on experimental results from dead, low moisture fuel beds and thus do not perform well when modeling fire behavior in live shrubs. A previously-developed semi-empirical shrub combustion model was improved and expanded to treat live chamise and big sagebrush. Fire spread in live chamise and big sagebrush shrubs was measured in an open-roofed wind tunnel, which was used as the basis to develop the current model. Shrub geometry was modeled by coupling a Lindenmayer-systems (L-systems) approach with terrestrial LiDAR scan data. Wind speed was held constant at 1.4 m/s. Species specific correlations for physical properties and combustion characteristics of individual fuel element were incorporate in this model. Modeling results compared well with measured time-dependent fire behavior. Variations in local fuel density affected flame spread more than the overall fuel bed density. This model is an innovative approach to simulate shrub combustion via flame propagation at individual fuel element scale with a fairly low computational cost. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
1962	a55944583700	Shen C.	p751	False	Journal	365	Semi-empirical Model for Fire Spread in Shrubs with Spatially-Defined Fuel Elements and Flames	A semi-empirical model was developed which forms shrub geometries from distinct fuel elements (e.g. leaves) and describes flame spread from element to element. Ignition, flame growth and flame decay patterns were based on combustion data of single leaves. Extension of the model to various heating conditions was achieved by scaling the flame growth parameters using physics-based heat transfer models. The resulting model offers a novel approach to examine fire spread and to explicitly describe both distinct fuel elements and fire behavior. This approach balances computational speed and modeling detail while providing a unique perspective into fire spread phenomena. Comparisons of the tuned model to fire spread behavior measured in an open-roofed wind tunnel benchmarked the model’s ability to simulate fire spread in manzanita shrubs. © 2017, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
1962	a55944583700	Shen C.	p801	True	Conference	337	Semi-empirical model for fire spread in chamise and big sagebrush shrubs with spatially-defined fuel elements and flames	Current operational fire spread models are mostly based on experimental results from dead, low moisture fuel beds and thus do not perform well when modeling fire behavior in live shrubs. A previously-developed semi-empirical shrub combustion model was improved and expanded to treat live chamise and big sagebrush. Fire spread in live chamise and big sagebrush shrubs was measured in an open-roofed wind tunnel, which was used as the basis to develop the current model. Shrub geometry was modeled by coupling a Lindenmayer-systems (L-systems) approach with terrestrial LiDAR scan data. Wind speed was held constant at 1.4 m/s. Species specific correlations for physical properties and combustion characteristics of individual fuel element were incorporate in this model. Modeling results compared well with measured time-dependent fire behavior. Variations in local fuel density affected flame spread more than the overall fuel bed density. This model is an innovative approach to simulate shrub combustion via flame propagation at individual fuel element scale with a fairly low computational cost. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
1963	a35099253600	Parent J.R.	p752	False	Journal	366	Using vegetation management and LiDAR-derived tree height data to improve outage predictions for electric utilities	The interaction of severe weather, overhead electric infrastructure and surrounding vegetation contributes to power outages. Given that 90% of storm outages in Connecticut are tree-related, accurate modeling of power outages before a storm arrives could result in improved pre-staging of crews and equipment resulting in improved electric reliability. The authors have generated a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data product that provides a 1-m resolution measurement of vegetation that is tall enough to strike overhead distribution powerlines, called “ProxPix”. These data, along with other vegetation management (e.g. tree trimming) and infrastructure data were evaluated for their improvement an outage prediction model over eastern Connecticut during Hurricane Sandy. A random forest model utilizing a repeated balanced sampling (RBS) approach with 10,000 iterations was used to evaluate which model forcing data accurately predicted the occurrence of a power outage in a 0.5 km grid cell. The authors found that models inputted with infrastructure, vegetation management, ProxPix, performed up to 5–13% better than simpler models depending on model evaluation criteria and input data; and that the model forced with utility infrastructure and ProxPix had the best overall performance. The ProxPix data created for this study have application to other research topics such as prioritizing areas for vegetation management near utilities and providing data on potential tree threats to roads, railways, or other infrastructure networks. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
1964	a56364369100	Qi C.	p755	True	Journal	368	Pathology-targeted cell delivery via injectable micro-scaffold capsule mediated by endogenous TGase	Targeted cell delivery to lesion sites via minimally invasive approach remains an unmet need in regenerative medicine to endow satisfactory therapeutic efficacy and minimized side-effects. Here, we rationally designed a pathology-targeted cell delivery strategy leveraging injectable micro-scaffolds as cell-loading capsule and endogenous tissue transglutaminase (TGase) at lesion site as adhesive. Up-regulated TGase post-liver injury catalyzed chemical bonding between the glutamine and lysine residues on liver surface and micro-scaffolds both ex vivo and in vivo, facilitating sufficient adhesion on the pathological liver. Upon intraperitoneal injection, Mesenchymal Stem Cell-loaded capsules, exhibiting cell protection from shear-induced damage and post-transplantation anoikis, adhered to the CCl4-treated liver with a hundred-fold improvement in targeting efficiency (70.72%) compared to free-cell injection, which dramatically improved mice survival (33.3% vs. 0% for free-cell therapy) even with low-dosage treatment. This unique and widely-applicable cell delivery mechanism and strategy hold great promise for transforming cell therapy for refractory diseases. © 2017 The Author(s)
1965	a57202367046	Li Y.	p755	False	Journal	368	Pathology-targeted cell delivery via injectable micro-scaffold capsule mediated by endogenous TGase	Targeted cell delivery to lesion sites via minimally invasive approach remains an unmet need in regenerative medicine to endow satisfactory therapeutic efficacy and minimized side-effects. Here, we rationally designed a pathology-targeted cell delivery strategy leveraging injectable micro-scaffolds as cell-loading capsule and endogenous tissue transglutaminase (TGase) at lesion site as adhesive. Up-regulated TGase post-liver injury catalyzed chemical bonding between the glutamine and lysine residues on liver surface and micro-scaffolds both ex vivo and in vivo, facilitating sufficient adhesion on the pathological liver. Upon intraperitoneal injection, Mesenchymal Stem Cell-loaded capsules, exhibiting cell protection from shear-induced damage and post-transplantation anoikis, adhered to the CCl4-treated liver with a hundred-fold improvement in targeting efficiency (70.72%) compared to free-cell injection, which dramatically improved mice survival (33.3% vs. 0% for free-cell therapy) even with low-dosage treatment. This unique and widely-applicable cell delivery mechanism and strategy hold great promise for transforming cell therapy for refractory diseases. © 2017 The Author(s)
1966	a57193409777	Badger P.	p755	False	Journal	368	Pathology-targeted cell delivery via injectable micro-scaffold capsule mediated by endogenous TGase	Targeted cell delivery to lesion sites via minimally invasive approach remains an unmet need in regenerative medicine to endow satisfactory therapeutic efficacy and minimized side-effects. Here, we rationally designed a pathology-targeted cell delivery strategy leveraging injectable micro-scaffolds as cell-loading capsule and endogenous tissue transglutaminase (TGase) at lesion site as adhesive. Up-regulated TGase post-liver injury catalyzed chemical bonding between the glutamine and lysine residues on liver surface and micro-scaffolds both ex vivo and in vivo, facilitating sufficient adhesion on the pathological liver. Upon intraperitoneal injection, Mesenchymal Stem Cell-loaded capsules, exhibiting cell protection from shear-induced damage and post-transplantation anoikis, adhered to the CCl4-treated liver with a hundred-fold improvement in targeting efficiency (70.72%) compared to free-cell injection, which dramatically improved mice survival (33.3% vs. 0% for free-cell therapy) even with low-dosage treatment. This unique and widely-applicable cell delivery mechanism and strategy hold great promise for transforming cell therapy for refractory diseases. © 2017 The Author(s)
1967	a57193401477	Yu H.	p755	False	Journal	368	Pathology-targeted cell delivery via injectable micro-scaffold capsule mediated by endogenous TGase	Targeted cell delivery to lesion sites via minimally invasive approach remains an unmet need in regenerative medicine to endow satisfactory therapeutic efficacy and minimized side-effects. Here, we rationally designed a pathology-targeted cell delivery strategy leveraging injectable micro-scaffolds as cell-loading capsule and endogenous tissue transglutaminase (TGase) at lesion site as adhesive. Up-regulated TGase post-liver injury catalyzed chemical bonding between the glutamine and lysine residues on liver surface and micro-scaffolds both ex vivo and in vivo, facilitating sufficient adhesion on the pathological liver. Upon intraperitoneal injection, Mesenchymal Stem Cell-loaded capsules, exhibiting cell protection from shear-induced damage and post-transplantation anoikis, adhered to the CCl4-treated liver with a hundred-fold improvement in targeting efficiency (70.72%) compared to free-cell injection, which dramatically improved mice survival (33.3% vs. 0% for free-cell therapy) even with low-dosage treatment. This unique and widely-applicable cell delivery mechanism and strategy hold great promise for transforming cell therapy for refractory diseases. © 2017 The Author(s)
1968	a56896749800	You Z.	p755	False	Journal	368	Pathology-targeted cell delivery via injectable micro-scaffold capsule mediated by endogenous TGase	Targeted cell delivery to lesion sites via minimally invasive approach remains an unmet need in regenerative medicine to endow satisfactory therapeutic efficacy and minimized side-effects. Here, we rationally designed a pathology-targeted cell delivery strategy leveraging injectable micro-scaffolds as cell-loading capsule and endogenous tissue transglutaminase (TGase) at lesion site as adhesive. Up-regulated TGase post-liver injury catalyzed chemical bonding between the glutamine and lysine residues on liver surface and micro-scaffolds both ex vivo and in vivo, facilitating sufficient adhesion on the pathological liver. Upon intraperitoneal injection, Mesenchymal Stem Cell-loaded capsules, exhibiting cell protection from shear-induced damage and post-transplantation anoikis, adhered to the CCl4-treated liver with a hundred-fold improvement in targeting efficiency (70.72%) compared to free-cell injection, which dramatically improved mice survival (33.3% vs. 0% for free-cell therapy) even with low-dosage treatment. This unique and widely-applicable cell delivery mechanism and strategy hold great promise for transforming cell therapy for refractory diseases. © 2017 The Author(s)
1969	a55877167500	Yan X.	p755	False	Journal	368	Pathology-targeted cell delivery via injectable micro-scaffold capsule mediated by endogenous TGase	Targeted cell delivery to lesion sites via minimally invasive approach remains an unmet need in regenerative medicine to endow satisfactory therapeutic efficacy and minimized side-effects. Here, we rationally designed a pathology-targeted cell delivery strategy leveraging injectable micro-scaffolds as cell-loading capsule and endogenous tissue transglutaminase (TGase) at lesion site as adhesive. Up-regulated TGase post-liver injury catalyzed chemical bonding between the glutamine and lysine residues on liver surface and micro-scaffolds both ex vivo and in vivo, facilitating sufficient adhesion on the pathological liver. Upon intraperitoneal injection, Mesenchymal Stem Cell-loaded capsules, exhibiting cell protection from shear-induced damage and post-transplantation anoikis, adhered to the CCl4-treated liver with a hundred-fold improvement in targeting efficiency (70.72%) compared to free-cell injection, which dramatically improved mice survival (33.3% vs. 0% for free-cell therapy) even with low-dosage treatment. This unique and widely-applicable cell delivery mechanism and strategy hold great promise for transforming cell therapy for refractory diseases. © 2017 The Author(s)
1970	a56247393100	Liu W.	p755	False	Journal	368	Pathology-targeted cell delivery via injectable micro-scaffold capsule mediated by endogenous TGase	Targeted cell delivery to lesion sites via minimally invasive approach remains an unmet need in regenerative medicine to endow satisfactory therapeutic efficacy and minimized side-effects. Here, we rationally designed a pathology-targeted cell delivery strategy leveraging injectable micro-scaffolds as cell-loading capsule and endogenous tissue transglutaminase (TGase) at lesion site as adhesive. Up-regulated TGase post-liver injury catalyzed chemical bonding between the glutamine and lysine residues on liver surface and micro-scaffolds both ex vivo and in vivo, facilitating sufficient adhesion on the pathological liver. Upon intraperitoneal injection, Mesenchymal Stem Cell-loaded capsules, exhibiting cell protection from shear-induced damage and post-transplantation anoikis, adhered to the CCl4-treated liver with a hundred-fold improvement in targeting efficiency (70.72%) compared to free-cell injection, which dramatically improved mice survival (33.3% vs. 0% for free-cell therapy) even with low-dosage treatment. This unique and widely-applicable cell delivery mechanism and strategy hold great promise for transforming cell therapy for refractory diseases. © 2017 The Author(s)
1971	a7404963860	Shi Y.	p755	False	Journal	368	Pathology-targeted cell delivery via injectable micro-scaffold capsule mediated by endogenous TGase	Targeted cell delivery to lesion sites via minimally invasive approach remains an unmet need in regenerative medicine to endow satisfactory therapeutic efficacy and minimized side-effects. Here, we rationally designed a pathology-targeted cell delivery strategy leveraging injectable micro-scaffolds as cell-loading capsule and endogenous tissue transglutaminase (TGase) at lesion site as adhesive. Up-regulated TGase post-liver injury catalyzed chemical bonding between the glutamine and lysine residues on liver surface and micro-scaffolds both ex vivo and in vivo, facilitating sufficient adhesion on the pathological liver. Upon intraperitoneal injection, Mesenchymal Stem Cell-loaded capsules, exhibiting cell protection from shear-induced damage and post-transplantation anoikis, adhered to the CCl4-treated liver with a hundred-fold improvement in targeting efficiency (70.72%) compared to free-cell injection, which dramatically improved mice survival (33.3% vs. 0% for free-cell therapy) even with low-dosage treatment. This unique and widely-applicable cell delivery mechanism and strategy hold great promise for transforming cell therapy for refractory diseases. © 2017 The Author(s)
1972	a37105487900	Xia T.	p755	False	Journal	368	Pathology-targeted cell delivery via injectable micro-scaffold capsule mediated by endogenous TGase	Targeted cell delivery to lesion sites via minimally invasive approach remains an unmet need in regenerative medicine to endow satisfactory therapeutic efficacy and minimized side-effects. Here, we rationally designed a pathology-targeted cell delivery strategy leveraging injectable micro-scaffolds as cell-loading capsule and endogenous tissue transglutaminase (TGase) at lesion site as adhesive. Up-regulated TGase post-liver injury catalyzed chemical bonding between the glutamine and lysine residues on liver surface and micro-scaffolds both ex vivo and in vivo, facilitating sufficient adhesion on the pathological liver. Upon intraperitoneal injection, Mesenchymal Stem Cell-loaded capsules, exhibiting cell protection from shear-induced damage and post-transplantation anoikis, adhered to the CCl4-treated liver with a hundred-fold improvement in targeting efficiency (70.72%) compared to free-cell injection, which dramatically improved mice survival (33.3% vs. 0% for free-cell therapy) even with low-dosage treatment. This unique and widely-applicable cell delivery mechanism and strategy hold great promise for transforming cell therapy for refractory diseases. © 2017 The Author(s)
1973	a7403361614	Dong J.	p755	False	Journal	368	Pathology-targeted cell delivery via injectable micro-scaffold capsule mediated by endogenous TGase	Targeted cell delivery to lesion sites via minimally invasive approach remains an unmet need in regenerative medicine to endow satisfactory therapeutic efficacy and minimized side-effects. Here, we rationally designed a pathology-targeted cell delivery strategy leveraging injectable micro-scaffolds as cell-loading capsule and endogenous tissue transglutaminase (TGase) at lesion site as adhesive. Up-regulated TGase post-liver injury catalyzed chemical bonding between the glutamine and lysine residues on liver surface and micro-scaffolds both ex vivo and in vivo, facilitating sufficient adhesion on the pathological liver. Upon intraperitoneal injection, Mesenchymal Stem Cell-loaded capsules, exhibiting cell protection from shear-induced damage and post-transplantation anoikis, adhered to the CCl4-treated liver with a hundred-fold improvement in targeting efficiency (70.72%) compared to free-cell injection, which dramatically improved mice survival (33.3% vs. 0% for free-cell therapy) even with low-dosage treatment. This unique and widely-applicable cell delivery mechanism and strategy hold great promise for transforming cell therapy for refractory diseases. © 2017 The Author(s)
1974	a52663627000	Huang C.	p755	False	Journal	368	Pathology-targeted cell delivery via injectable micro-scaffold capsule mediated by endogenous TGase	Targeted cell delivery to lesion sites via minimally invasive approach remains an unmet need in regenerative medicine to endow satisfactory therapeutic efficacy and minimized side-effects. Here, we rationally designed a pathology-targeted cell delivery strategy leveraging injectable micro-scaffolds as cell-loading capsule and endogenous tissue transglutaminase (TGase) at lesion site as adhesive. Up-regulated TGase post-liver injury catalyzed chemical bonding between the glutamine and lysine residues on liver surface and micro-scaffolds both ex vivo and in vivo, facilitating sufficient adhesion on the pathological liver. Upon intraperitoneal injection, Mesenchymal Stem Cell-loaded capsules, exhibiting cell protection from shear-induced damage and post-transplantation anoikis, adhered to the CCl4-treated liver with a hundred-fold improvement in targeting efficiency (70.72%) compared to free-cell injection, which dramatically improved mice survival (33.3% vs. 0% for free-cell therapy) even with low-dosage treatment. This unique and widely-applicable cell delivery mechanism and strategy hold great promise for transforming cell therapy for refractory diseases. © 2017 The Author(s)
1975	a14321763900	Du Y.	p755	False	Journal	368	Pathology-targeted cell delivery via injectable micro-scaffold capsule mediated by endogenous TGase	Targeted cell delivery to lesion sites via minimally invasive approach remains an unmet need in regenerative medicine to endow satisfactory therapeutic efficacy and minimized side-effects. Here, we rationally designed a pathology-targeted cell delivery strategy leveraging injectable micro-scaffolds as cell-loading capsule and endogenous tissue transglutaminase (TGase) at lesion site as adhesive. Up-regulated TGase post-liver injury catalyzed chemical bonding between the glutamine and lysine residues on liver surface and micro-scaffolds both ex vivo and in vivo, facilitating sufficient adhesion on the pathological liver. Upon intraperitoneal injection, Mesenchymal Stem Cell-loaded capsules, exhibiting cell protection from shear-induced damage and post-transplantation anoikis, adhered to the CCl4-treated liver with a hundred-fold improvement in targeting efficiency (70.72%) compared to free-cell injection, which dramatically improved mice survival (33.3% vs. 0% for free-cell therapy) even with low-dosage treatment. This unique and widely-applicable cell delivery mechanism and strategy hold great promise for transforming cell therapy for refractory diseases. © 2017 The Author(s)
1976	a57195340095	Mishra R.K.	p756	False	Journal	361	Microstructure Correlation with Formability for Biaxial Stretching of Magnesium Alloy AZ31B at Mildly Elevated Temperatures	Magnesium AZ31B sheets of 2 mm thickness were stretch formed with a 101.6-mm-diameter punch at temperatures from 25°C to 150°C, in 25°C increments. Surface strains were measured with a digital image correlation method. The punch height versus load curve was found to be the same for temperatures of 25°C and for 50°C, whereas at 75°C and above, the load for a given punch height started to decrease, indicating a potential change in deformation mechanism. Electron backscatter diffraction was used to quantify features of the microstructure in the tested specimens. In particular, the gradual decrease in twinning activity as a result of easier thermally activated slip with increasing temperatures is quantified across this range. Moreover, twin activity was found to predominantly involve the formation of {10 1 ¯ 1 } compression twins that rapidly transform to create secondary twins for easier strain accommodation. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
1976	a57195340095	Mishra R.K.	p884	False	Conference	397	Formability of magnesium alloy AZ31B from room temperature to 125, °C under biaxial tension	Magnesium AZ31B sheets of 2, mm thickness were stretch formed using a 101.6, mm diameter punch at room temperature and subsequent increments from 25 to 125, °C. Surface strains were measured using a digital image correlation method in order to ensure that biaxial stretching was achieved. The punch height versus load curve was found to be the same for temperatures of 25 and for 50, °C, while at 75, °C the load for a given punch height was less. This difference seems to indicate a change in deformation mechanism between 50 and 75, °C. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) was used to quantify features of the microstructure in the as-received and the strained specimens. Rather than a sudden transition from twinning to slip at low temperatures, it appears that twinning gradually decreases and slip activity increases as temperatures rise across the range from 25 to 125, °C. This confirms recent predictions found in the literature. The twin activity predominantly involves the formation of compression twins which rapidly transform further to create secondary twins for easier strain accommodation. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
1977	a57193099661	Embley J.S.	p757	False	Journal	369	Tuning Ferritin's band gap through mixed metal oxide nanoparticle formation	This study uses the formation of a mixed metal oxide inside ferritin to tune the band gap energy of the ferritin mineral. The mixed metal oxide is composed of both Co and Mn, and is formed by reacting aqueous Co2+ with MnO4in the presence of apoferritin. Altering the ratio between the two reactants allowed for controlled tuning of the band gap energies. All minerals formed were indirect band gap materials, with indirect band gap energies ranging from 0.52 to 1.30 eV. The direct transitions were also measured, with energy values ranging from 2.71 to 3.11 eV. Tuning the band gap energies of these samples changes the wavelengths absorbed by each mineral, increasing ferritin's potential in solar-energy harvesting. Additionally, the success of using MnO4 in ferritin mineral formation opens the possibility for new mixed metal oxide cores inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1977	a57193099661	Embley J.S.	p758	False	Journal	369	Permanganate-based synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles in ferritin	This paper investigates the comproportionation reaction of MnII with as a route for manganese oxide nanoparticle synthesis in the protein ferritin. We report that serves as the electron acceptor and reacts with MnII in the presence of apoferritin to form manganese oxide cores inside the protein shell. Manganese loading into ferritin was studied under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions and the ratios of MnII and permanganate were varied at each pH. The manganese-containing ferritin samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV/Vis absorption, and by measuring the band gap energies for each sample. Manganese cores were deposited inside ferritin under both the acidic and basic conditions. All resulting manganese ferritin samples were found to be indirect band gap materials with band gap energies ranging from 1.01 to 1.34 eV. An increased UV/Vis absorption around 370 nm was observed for samples formed under acidic conditions, suggestive of MnO2 formation inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1978	a57194047820	Henrichsen A.M.	p757	False	Journal	369	Tuning Ferritin's band gap through mixed metal oxide nanoparticle formation	This study uses the formation of a mixed metal oxide inside ferritin to tune the band gap energy of the ferritin mineral. The mixed metal oxide is composed of both Co and Mn, and is formed by reacting aqueous Co2+ with MnO4in the presence of apoferritin. Altering the ratio between the two reactants allowed for controlled tuning of the band gap energies. All minerals formed were indirect band gap materials, with indirect band gap energies ranging from 0.52 to 1.30 eV. The direct transitions were also measured, with energy values ranging from 2.71 to 3.11 eV. Tuning the band gap energies of these samples changes the wavelengths absorbed by each mineral, increasing ferritin's potential in solar-energy harvesting. Additionally, the success of using MnO4 in ferritin mineral formation opens the possibility for new mixed metal oxide cores inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1978	a57194047820	Henrichsen A.M.	p758	False	Journal	369	Permanganate-based synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles in ferritin	This paper investigates the comproportionation reaction of MnII with as a route for manganese oxide nanoparticle synthesis in the protein ferritin. We report that serves as the electron acceptor and reacts with MnII in the presence of apoferritin to form manganese oxide cores inside the protein shell. Manganese loading into ferritin was studied under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions and the ratios of MnII and permanganate were varied at each pH. The manganese-containing ferritin samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV/Vis absorption, and by measuring the band gap energies for each sample. Manganese cores were deposited inside ferritin under both the acidic and basic conditions. All resulting manganese ferritin samples were found to be indirect band gap materials with band gap energies ranging from 1.01 to 1.34 eV. An increased UV/Vis absorption around 370 nm was observed for samples formed under acidic conditions, suggestive of MnO2 formation inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1979	a55938156500	Smith T.J.	p758	False	Journal	369	Permanganate-based synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles in ferritin	This paper investigates the comproportionation reaction of MnII with as a route for manganese oxide nanoparticle synthesis in the protein ferritin. We report that serves as the electron acceptor and reacts with MnII in the presence of apoferritin to form manganese oxide cores inside the protein shell. Manganese loading into ferritin was studied under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions and the ratios of MnII and permanganate were varied at each pH. The manganese-containing ferritin samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV/Vis absorption, and by measuring the band gap energies for each sample. Manganese cores were deposited inside ferritin under both the acidic and basic conditions. All resulting manganese ferritin samples were found to be indirect band gap materials with band gap energies ranging from 1.01 to 1.34 eV. An increased UV/Vis absorption around 370 nm was observed for samples formed under acidic conditions, suggestive of MnO2 formation inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1980	a57194061052	Maxfield J.H.	p758	False	Journal	369	Permanganate-based synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles in ferritin	This paper investigates the comproportionation reaction of MnII with as a route for manganese oxide nanoparticle synthesis in the protein ferritin. We report that serves as the electron acceptor and reacts with MnII in the presence of apoferritin to form manganese oxide cores inside the protein shell. Manganese loading into ferritin was studied under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions and the ratios of MnII and permanganate were varied at each pH. The manganese-containing ferritin samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV/Vis absorption, and by measuring the band gap energies for each sample. Manganese cores were deposited inside ferritin under both the acidic and basic conditions. All resulting manganese ferritin samples were found to be indirect band gap materials with band gap energies ranging from 1.01 to 1.34 eV. An increased UV/Vis absorption around 370 nm was observed for samples formed under acidic conditions, suggestive of MnO2 formation inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1981	a56080900100	Erickson S.D.	p758	False	Journal	369	Permanganate-based synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles in ferritin	This paper investigates the comproportionation reaction of MnII with as a route for manganese oxide nanoparticle synthesis in the protein ferritin. We report that serves as the electron acceptor and reacts with MnII in the presence of apoferritin to form manganese oxide cores inside the protein shell. Manganese loading into ferritin was studied under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions and the ratios of MnII and permanganate were varied at each pH. The manganese-containing ferritin samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV/Vis absorption, and by measuring the band gap energies for each sample. Manganese cores were deposited inside ferritin under both the acidic and basic conditions. All resulting manganese ferritin samples were found to be indirect band gap materials with band gap energies ranging from 1.01 to 1.34 eV. An increased UV/Vis absorption around 370 nm was observed for samples formed under acidic conditions, suggestive of MnO2 formation inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1982	a57196655805	Buck D.C.	p758	False	Journal	369	Permanganate-based synthesis of manganese oxide nanoparticles in ferritin	This paper investigates the comproportionation reaction of MnII with as a route for manganese oxide nanoparticle synthesis in the protein ferritin. We report that serves as the electron acceptor and reacts with MnII in the presence of apoferritin to form manganese oxide cores inside the protein shell. Manganese loading into ferritin was studied under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions and the ratios of MnII and permanganate were varied at each pH. The manganese-containing ferritin samples were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, UV/Vis absorption, and by measuring the band gap energies for each sample. Manganese cores were deposited inside ferritin under both the acidic and basic conditions. All resulting manganese ferritin samples were found to be indirect band gap materials with band gap energies ranging from 1.01 to 1.34 eV. An increased UV/Vis absorption around 370 nm was observed for samples formed under acidic conditions, suggestive of MnO2 formation inside ferritin. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
1983	a15831070600	Bowman K.E.	p759	True	Journal	352	Pseudo-singleton pattern and agnostic business layer for multi-engineer, synchronous, heterogeneous CAD	Product development processes are currently highly serial workflows that prevent needed cycle time reduction. Multi-user synchronous CAD is already improving the parallelization of these workflows and the next step is to facilitate multi-user synchronous heterogeneous CAD. This paper proposes a pseudo-singleton design pattern and a class signature which are necessary in the business logic layer of an application architecture that affects multi-user synchronous collaboration across heterogeneous CAD clients. © 2016 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1984	a35615891900	Jensen C.G.	p759	False	Journal	352	Pseudo-singleton pattern and agnostic business layer for multi-engineer, synchronous, heterogeneous CAD	Product development processes are currently highly serial workflows that prevent needed cycle time reduction. Multi-user synchronous CAD is already improving the parallelization of these workflows and the next step is to facilitate multi-user synchronous heterogeneous CAD. This paper proposes a pseudo-singleton design pattern and a class signature which are necessary in the business logic layer of an application architecture that affects multi-user synchronous collaboration across heterogeneous CAD clients. © 2016 CAD Solutions, LLC.
1985	a12646129300	Xing C.	p760	True	Journal	370	Thermal characterization of natural and synthetic spider silks by both the 3ω and transient electrothermal methods	Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity of three spider silks are measured in this paper as a benchmark for further studies. These silks include the major and minor ampullate silks of the Nephila clavipes spider, and a synthetic spider silk fiber made from recombinant dragline silk proteins purified from transgenic goats’ milk. Two complementary measurement techniques are employed in the thermal characterization of these microscale single fibers for self-verification. One is the transient electrothermal technique (TET) and the other is the 3ω method. Experimental measurements indicate that thermal properties of the dragline silk are very close to those of the minor ampullate silk, whereas the ones for the synthetic silk are much lower due in part to its low crystallinity. The directly measured thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity of the major and minor ampullate silks are 1.2–1.26 W m− 1 K− 1, 5.7–6 × 10− 7 m2 s− 1, and 2–2.17 MJm− 3 K− 1, respectively. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the as-spun synthetic silk are 0.24 W m− 1 K− 1 and 1.6 × 10− 7 m2 s− 1 respectively. As part of this study, a detailed comparison of the TET and 3ω methods is provided showing the complementary nature of the techniques and illustrating the strengths and weaknesses of each. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1986	a36933855300	Jensen C.	p760	False	Journal	370	Thermal characterization of natural and synthetic spider silks by both the 3ω and transient electrothermal methods	Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity of three spider silks are measured in this paper as a benchmark for further studies. These silks include the major and minor ampullate silks of the Nephila clavipes spider, and a synthetic spider silk fiber made from recombinant dragline silk proteins purified from transgenic goats’ milk. Two complementary measurement techniques are employed in the thermal characterization of these microscale single fibers for self-verification. One is the transient electrothermal technique (TET) and the other is the 3ω method. Experimental measurements indicate that thermal properties of the dragline silk are very close to those of the minor ampullate silk, whereas the ones for the synthetic silk are much lower due in part to its low crystallinity. The directly measured thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity of the major and minor ampullate silks are 1.2–1.26 W m− 1 K− 1, 5.7–6 × 10− 7 m2 s− 1, and 2–2.17 MJm− 3 K− 1, respectively. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the as-spun synthetic silk are 0.24 W m− 1 K− 1 and 1.6 × 10− 7 m2 s− 1 respectively. As part of this study, a detailed comparison of the TET and 3ω methods is provided showing the complementary nature of the techniques and illustrating the strengths and weaknesses of each. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1987	a55812858700	Copeland C.G.	p760	False	Journal	370	Thermal characterization of natural and synthetic spider silks by both the 3ω and transient electrothermal methods	Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity of three spider silks are measured in this paper as a benchmark for further studies. These silks include the major and minor ampullate silks of the Nephila clavipes spider, and a synthetic spider silk fiber made from recombinant dragline silk proteins purified from transgenic goats’ milk. Two complementary measurement techniques are employed in the thermal characterization of these microscale single fibers for self-verification. One is the transient electrothermal technique (TET) and the other is the 3ω method. Experimental measurements indicate that thermal properties of the dragline silk are very close to those of the minor ampullate silk, whereas the ones for the synthetic silk are much lower due in part to its low crystallinity. The directly measured thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity of the major and minor ampullate silks are 1.2–1.26 W m− 1 K− 1, 5.7–6 × 10− 7 m2 s− 1, and 2–2.17 MJm− 3 K− 1, respectively. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the as-spun synthetic silk are 0.24 W m− 1 K− 1 and 1.6 × 10− 7 m2 s− 1 respectively. As part of this study, a detailed comparison of the TET and 3ω methods is provided showing the complementary nature of the techniques and illustrating the strengths and weaknesses of each. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1988	a57203178543	Lewis R.V.	p760	False	Journal	370	Thermal characterization of natural and synthetic spider silks by both the 3ω and transient electrothermal methods	Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity of three spider silks are measured in this paper as a benchmark for further studies. These silks include the major and minor ampullate silks of the Nephila clavipes spider, and a synthetic spider silk fiber made from recombinant dragline silk proteins purified from transgenic goats’ milk. Two complementary measurement techniques are employed in the thermal characterization of these microscale single fibers for self-verification. One is the transient electrothermal technique (TET) and the other is the 3ω method. Experimental measurements indicate that thermal properties of the dragline silk are very close to those of the minor ampullate silk, whereas the ones for the synthetic silk are much lower due in part to its low crystallinity. The directly measured thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and volumetric heat capacity of the major and minor ampullate silks are 1.2–1.26 W m− 1 K− 1, 5.7–6 × 10− 7 m2 s− 1, and 2–2.17 MJm− 3 K− 1, respectively. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the as-spun synthetic silk are 0.24 W m− 1 K− 1 and 1.6 × 10− 7 m2 s− 1 respectively. As part of this study, a detailed comparison of the TET and 3ω methods is provided showing the complementary nature of the techniques and illustrating the strengths and weaknesses of each. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
1989	a7403131979	Hamada M.S.	p763	True	Journal	372	Planning and Analyzing Experiments with Models that Distinguish Between Replicates and Repeats	A commonly used model to analyze experiments with normal responses does not distinguish between replicates and repeats. The same problem arises with binary and count responses where we can use a generalized linear model. In this article, we propose using models that explicitly allow for two sources of variation, that due to replicates and that due to repeats. In addition, for experiments carried out on high-volume, existing processes, there are often large amounts of data, collected in different ways, that are available to aid in the planning and analysis of the experiment. We demonstrate the value of using these available data with two detailed examples. We finish with a brief summary and raise some further issues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1990	a7103186661	Steiner S.H.	p763	False	Journal	372	Planning and Analyzing Experiments with Models that Distinguish Between Replicates and Repeats	A commonly used model to analyze experiments with normal responses does not distinguish between replicates and repeats. The same problem arises with binary and count responses where we can use a generalized linear model. In this article, we propose using models that explicitly allow for two sources of variation, that due to replicates and that due to repeats. In addition, for experiments carried out on high-volume, existing processes, there are often large amounts of data, collected in different ways, that are available to aid in the planning and analysis of the experiment. We demonstrate the value of using these available data with two detailed examples. We finish with a brief summary and raise some further issues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1991	a7202711709	MacKay R.J.	p763	False	Journal	372	Planning and Analyzing Experiments with Models that Distinguish Between Replicates and Repeats	A commonly used model to analyze experiments with normal responses does not distinguish between replicates and repeats. The same problem arises with binary and count responses where we can use a generalized linear model. In this article, we propose using models that explicitly allow for two sources of variation, that due to replicates and that due to repeats. In addition, for experiments carried out on high-volume, existing processes, there are often large amounts of data, collected in different ways, that are available to aid in the planning and analysis of the experiment. We demonstrate the value of using these available data with two detailed examples. We finish with a brief summary and raise some further issues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1992	a39862017300	Reese C.S.	p763	False	Journal	372	Planning and Analyzing Experiments with Models that Distinguish Between Replicates and Repeats	A commonly used model to analyze experiments with normal responses does not distinguish between replicates and repeats. The same problem arises with binary and count responses where we can use a generalized linear model. In this article, we propose using models that explicitly allow for two sources of variation, that due to replicates and that due to repeats. In addition, for experiments carried out on high-volume, existing processes, there are often large amounts of data, collected in different ways, that are available to aid in the planning and analysis of the experiment. We demonstrate the value of using these available data with two detailed examples. We finish with a brief summary and raise some further issues. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1993	a57194015684	Willoughby D.	p764	False	Journal	373	A Geometrically Exact Isogeometric Blended Shell: Formulation, Benchmarking, and Automotive Application	We present a geometrically exact isogeometric blended shell formulation. In other words, all geometric quantities appearing in the blended theory are evaluated exactly and no approximations are employed. The blended approach allows higher-order shell theories, like Kirchhoff-Love, to be combined with Reissner-Mindlin shell formulations, which have rotational degrees of freedom. In this way, rotations can be employed only where needed to simplify shell modeling such as at kinks and intersections. Away from these regions shear locking free formulations can be employed to improve robustness, accuracy, and efficiency. We compare our approach to standard shell elements commonly used in industry on several benchmarks to explore the behavior of the element. We then model an inner car hood to demonstrate our ability to handle complex CAD geometry in a simple manner without geometry cleanup and mesh generation steps. This shell element forms the basis of the newly developed Isogeometrx structural solver. © 2017 SAE International.
1994	a57194006378	El-Essawi M.	p764	False	Journal	373	A Geometrically Exact Isogeometric Blended Shell: Formulation, Benchmarking, and Automotive Application	We present a geometrically exact isogeometric blended shell formulation. In other words, all geometric quantities appearing in the blended theory are evaluated exactly and no approximations are employed. The blended approach allows higher-order shell theories, like Kirchhoff-Love, to be combined with Reissner-Mindlin shell formulations, which have rotational degrees of freedom. In this way, rotations can be employed only where needed to simplify shell modeling such as at kinks and intersections. Away from these regions shear locking free formulations can be employed to improve robustness, accuracy, and efficiency. We compare our approach to standard shell elements commonly used in industry on several benchmarks to explore the behavior of the element. We then model an inner car hood to demonstrate our ability to handle complex CAD geometry in a simple manner without geometry cleanup and mesh generation steps. This shell element forms the basis of the newly developed Isogeometrx structural solver. © 2017 SAE International.
1995	a35316779800	Baskaran R.	p764	False	Journal	373	A Geometrically Exact Isogeometric Blended Shell: Formulation, Benchmarking, and Automotive Application	We present a geometrically exact isogeometric blended shell formulation. In other words, all geometric quantities appearing in the blended theory are evaluated exactly and no approximations are employed. The blended approach allows higher-order shell theories, like Kirchhoff-Love, to be combined with Reissner-Mindlin shell formulations, which have rotational degrees of freedom. In this way, rotations can be employed only where needed to simplify shell modeling such as at kinks and intersections. Away from these regions shear locking free formulations can be employed to improve robustness, accuracy, and efficiency. We compare our approach to standard shell elements commonly used in industry on several benchmarks to explore the behavior of the element. We then model an inner car hood to demonstrate our ability to handle complex CAD geometry in a simple manner without geometry cleanup and mesh generation steps. This shell element forms the basis of the newly developed Isogeometrx structural solver. © 2017 SAE International.
1996	a6508342170	Alanoly J.	p764	False	Journal	373	A Geometrically Exact Isogeometric Blended Shell: Formulation, Benchmarking, and Automotive Application	We present a geometrically exact isogeometric blended shell formulation. In other words, all geometric quantities appearing in the blended theory are evaluated exactly and no approximations are employed. The blended approach allows higher-order shell theories, like Kirchhoff-Love, to be combined with Reissner-Mindlin shell formulations, which have rotational degrees of freedom. In this way, rotations can be employed only where needed to simplify shell modeling such as at kinks and intersections. Away from these regions shear locking free formulations can be employed to improve robustness, accuracy, and efficiency. We compare our approach to standard shell elements commonly used in industry on several benchmarks to explore the behavior of the element. We then model an inner car hood to demonstrate our ability to handle complex CAD geometry in a simple manner without geometry cleanup and mesh generation steps. This shell element forms the basis of the newly developed Isogeometrx structural solver. © 2017 SAE International.
1997	a57189227384	McDonald S.J.	p766	True	Conference	322	Haptic Shape-Based Management of Robot Teams in Cordon and Patrol	There is a growing need to develop effective interaction methods that enable a single operator to manage a team of multiple robots. This paper presents a novel approach that involves treating the team as a moldable volume, in which deformations of the volume correspond to changes in team shape. The team possesses a level of autonomy that allows the team to travel to and surround buildings of interest in a patrol and cordon scenario. During surround mode, the operator explores or manipulates the team shape to create desired formations around a building. A spacing interaction method also allows the operator to adjust how robots are spaced within the current shape. Separate haptic feedback is developed for each method to allow the operator to "feel" the shape or spacing manipulation. During travel mode, the operator chooses desired travel locations and receives feedback to help identify how and where the team travels. Results from a user study suggest that haptic feedback significantly improves operator performance in a reconnaissance task when task demand is higher, but may slightly increase operator workload. In the context of the experimental setup, these results suggest that haptic feedback may contribute to heads-up control of a team of autonomous robots. There were no significant differences in levels of situation awareness due to haptic feedback in this study. © 2017 ACM.
1998	a19639917400	Colton M.B.	p766	False	Conference	322	Haptic Shape-Based Management of Robot Teams in Cordon and Patrol	There is a growing need to develop effective interaction methods that enable a single operator to manage a team of multiple robots. This paper presents a novel approach that involves treating the team as a moldable volume, in which deformations of the volume correspond to changes in team shape. The team possesses a level of autonomy that allows the team to travel to and surround buildings of interest in a patrol and cordon scenario. During surround mode, the operator explores or manipulates the team shape to create desired formations around a building. A spacing interaction method also allows the operator to adjust how robots are spaced within the current shape. Separate haptic feedback is developed for each method to allow the operator to "feel" the shape or spacing manipulation. During travel mode, the operator chooses desired travel locations and receives feedback to help identify how and where the team travels. Results from a user study suggest that haptic feedback significantly improves operator performance in a reconnaissance task when task demand is higher, but may slightly increase operator workload. In the context of the experimental setup, these results suggest that haptic feedback may contribute to heads-up control of a team of autonomous robots. There were no significant differences in levels of situation awareness due to haptic feedback in this study. © 2017 ACM.
1999	a57189219942	Alder C.K.	p766	False	Conference	322	Haptic Shape-Based Management of Robot Teams in Cordon and Patrol	There is a growing need to develop effective interaction methods that enable a single operator to manage a team of multiple robots. This paper presents a novel approach that involves treating the team as a moldable volume, in which deformations of the volume correspond to changes in team shape. The team possesses a level of autonomy that allows the team to travel to and surround buildings of interest in a patrol and cordon scenario. During surround mode, the operator explores or manipulates the team shape to create desired formations around a building. A spacing interaction method also allows the operator to adjust how robots are spaced within the current shape. Separate haptic feedback is developed for each method to allow the operator to "feel" the shape or spacing manipulation. During travel mode, the operator chooses desired travel locations and receives feedback to help identify how and where the team travels. Results from a user study suggest that haptic feedback significantly improves operator performance in a reconnaissance task when task demand is higher, but may slightly increase operator workload. In the context of the experimental setup, these results suggest that haptic feedback may contribute to heads-up control of a team of autonomous robots. There were no significant differences in levels of situation awareness due to haptic feedback in this study. © 2017 ACM.
2000	a57193266780	Penner J.F.	p767	True	Journal	374	Ground-based 3D radar imaging of trees using a 2D synthetic aperture	Motivated by the desire to gain insight into the details of conventional airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging of trees, a ground-based SAR system designed for short-range three-dimensional (3D) radar imaging is developed using a two-dimensional (2D) synthetic aperture. The heart of the system is a compact linear frequency modulation-continuous wave (LFM-CW) radar, a custom two-dimensional scan mechanism, and a three-dimensional time-domain backprojection algorithm that generates three-dimensional backscatter images at an over-sampled resolution of 10 cm by 10 cm by 10 cm. The backprojection algorithm is formulated directly in spatial coordinates. A new method for estimating and compensating for signal attenuation within the canopy is used that exploits the backprojection image formation approach. Several three-dimensional C-band backscatter images of different individual trees of multiple species are generated from data collected for trees both in isolation and near buildings. The trees imaged in this study are about 10 m in height. The transformation of the three-dimensional images to airborne SAR images is described and a sample result provided. © 2017 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
2001	a56941526100	Eaton A.N.	p768	False	Journal	375	Overview of estimation methods for industrial dynamic systems	Measurement technology is advancing in the oil and gas industry. Factors such as wireless transmitters, reduced cost of measurement technology, and increased regulations that require active monitoring tend to increase the number of available measurements. There is a clear opportunity to distill the recent flood of measurements into relevant and actionable information. Common methods to do this include a filtered bias update, implicit dynamic feedback, Kalman filtering, and moving horizon estimation. The purpose of these techniques is to validate measurements and align imperfect mathematical models to the actual process. Additionally, they can determine a best-estimate of the current state of the process and any potential disturbances. These methods allow potential improvements in earlier detection of disturbances, process equipment faults, and improved state estimates for optimization and control. © 2015, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
2001	a56941526100	Eaton A.N.	p859	False	Conference	381	Automatic model calibration for drilling automation	Physics-based hydraulic models are essential for proceeding to a high level of automation in drilling. Mathematical models can facilitate process understanding and problem detection, and determine appropriate actions in case of mismatch between model and data. Furthermore, calculations may replace measurements where and when the latter are not available, as normally occurs during connections or when instruments or signal transmissions fail. However, advanced hydraulic models rely on a large set of inputs, such as pipe and wellbore geometry, various tuning parameters and fluid properties. The models are therefore time-consuming and difficult to configure in the field, where third-party experts may be needed at each well, to properly initiate the automation system and adjust it during the drilling process. Although the methods described in this paper are relevant to any critical drilling operation, they are applied to Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) as a widely deployed example of drilling automation. In MPD, hydraulic models predict downhole conditions and determine the requisite choke pressure for automatic adjustment. A new method for automatic configuration of key model parameters simplifies the tedious job of setting up the model and ensures that the automation system remains tuned to the well, even without onsite model tuning expertise. The proposed scheme is based on a simple method for separating inaccuracies due to co-linearity in frictional pressure losses and static mud weight. The search for optimal correction factors is based on a sequence of small oscillations of pump rate that can be applied during drilling without interrupting the operation. A massively parallel computing architecture improves the speed of the calibration algorithm proportional to the number of available CPU cores. A set of hydraulic model instances runs in parallel, allowing for efficient testing of changes in input signals within ranges of uncertainty. A method for selecting a subset of the best models that more accurately represent a given well is proposed. Computer simulations demonstrate how the novel calibration scheme allows automatic tuning of the friction factor and density correction factor, giving accurate prediction of the bottom hole pressure (BHP). The tuning scheme is run with a parallel architecture to demonstrate that correct values of unknown configuration parameters can be automatically determined sufficiently fast for real-time drilling control or as an advisory tool. The deployment of automation systems in drilling is hampered by the need for dedicated expert personnel to maintain systems that could have reduced the personnel needed on the rig. The proposed automated physics-based model tuning contributes to removing this roadblock, aiming at making automation systems a more cost-efficient option for drilling operations. Copyright 2017, Society of Petroleum Engineers.
2002	a56710953300	George M.W.	p769	True	Journal	376	Reservoir sustainability and sediment management	Despite mounting demand for a more sustainable worldwide water supply system, available reservoir capacity is relentlessly diminishing due to sedimentation. Neither sustainable reservoir life spans nor intergenerational equity is achieved through conventional cost-benefit analyses (CBAs), which render all benefits and costs projected to occur more than several decades into a project as negligible. Consequently, future costs, including dam decommissioning or retrofitting with sediment management facilities, would be regarded as nonfactors in an analysis. CBAs have also historically failed to account for infrastructure and environmental impacts of sedimentation over time. Alternatives to the traditional application of the CBA do exist, however, such as dam owners instituting retirement funds or insurance policies, beneficiaries paying for rehabilitation or maintenance, and economists incorporating infrastructure damages and potentially logistic discount rates into their analyses. A brief case study of Gavins Point Dam shows that available information on damages due to a lack of sediment management account for 70% of the actual construction cost and would likely exceed construction costs if all damage information were available. By integrating these alternatives, economic analyses for reservoirs will be more accurate, reservoir life spans will be more sustainable, profits will be extended indefinitely, and the economic burdens placed on future generations will be lessened. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
2003	a7005883030	Huffaker R.	p769	False	Journal	376	Reservoir sustainability and sediment management	Despite mounting demand for a more sustainable worldwide water supply system, available reservoir capacity is relentlessly diminishing due to sedimentation. Neither sustainable reservoir life spans nor intergenerational equity is achieved through conventional cost-benefit analyses (CBAs), which render all benefits and costs projected to occur more than several decades into a project as negligible. Consequently, future costs, including dam decommissioning or retrofitting with sediment management facilities, would be regarded as nonfactors in an analysis. CBAs have also historically failed to account for infrastructure and environmental impacts of sedimentation over time. Alternatives to the traditional application of the CBA do exist, however, such as dam owners instituting retirement funds or insurance policies, beneficiaries paying for rehabilitation or maintenance, and economists incorporating infrastructure damages and potentially logistic discount rates into their analyses. A brief case study of Gavins Point Dam shows that available information on damages due to a lack of sediment management account for 70% of the actual construction cost and would likely exceed construction costs if all damage information were available. By integrating these alternatives, economic analyses for reservoirs will be more accurate, reservoir life spans will be more sustainable, profits will be extended indefinitely, and the economic burdens placed on future generations will be lessened. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
2004	a55194109800	Sun G.	p771	True	Journal	378	Evaluation of stochastic particle dispersion modeling in turbulent round jets	ODT (one-dimensional turbulence) simulations of particle-carrier gas interactions are performed in the jet flow configuration. Particles with different diameters are injected onto the centerline of a turbulent air jet. The particles are passive and do not impact the fluid phase. Their radial dispersion and axial velocities are obtained as functions of axial position. The time and length scales of the jet are varied through control of the jet exit velocity and nozzle diameter. Dispersion data at long times of flight for the nozzle diameter (7 mm), particle diameters (60 and 90 µm), and Reynolds numbers (10, 000–30, 000) are analyzed to obtain the Lagrangian particle dispersivity. Flow statistics of the ODT particle model are compared to experimental measurements. It is shown that the particle tracking method is capable of yielding Lagrangian prediction of the dispersive transport of particles in a round jet. In this paper, three particle-eddy interaction models (Type-I, -C, and -IC) are presented to examine the details of particle dispersion and particle-eddy interaction in jet flow. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
2005	a7004834766	Hewson J.C.	p771	False	Journal	378	Evaluation of stochastic particle dispersion modeling in turbulent round jets	ODT (one-dimensional turbulence) simulations of particle-carrier gas interactions are performed in the jet flow configuration. Particles with different diameters are injected onto the centerline of a turbulent air jet. The particles are passive and do not impact the fluid phase. Their radial dispersion and axial velocities are obtained as functions of axial position. The time and length scales of the jet are varied through control of the jet exit velocity and nozzle diameter. Dispersion data at long times of flight for the nozzle diameter (7 mm), particle diameters (60 and 90 µm), and Reynolds numbers (10, 000–30, 000) are analyzed to obtain the Lagrangian particle dispersivity. Flow statistics of the ODT particle model are compared to experimental measurements. It is shown that the particle tracking method is capable of yielding Lagrangian prediction of the dispersive transport of particles in a round jet. In this paper, three particle-eddy interaction models (Type-I, -C, and -IC) are presented to examine the details of particle dispersion and particle-eddy interaction in jet flow. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
2006	a57192106462	Kim J.-R.	p772	True	Journal	379	Effect of tool geometry and process parameters on mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded dissimilar aluminum alloys	The effects of tool geometry and process parameters on the mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded (FSSW) dissimilar aluminum alloys are experimentally investigated. Two tools with different shoulder profiles, concave and convex, were considered. Two typical automotive aluminum alloys were selected for FSSW, thus resulting in two different material combinations for each shoulder profile. The experimental results showed that the two shoulder profiles caused significant differences in the axial force, the mixing of materials, and the mechanical properties of the joint. The sensitivity of joint strength to the variation of the tool rotation speed and the plunge speed was also quite dependent on the shoulder profile. The experimental result shows that the change of joint strength can be quite significant. © 2017, Korean Society for Precision Engineering and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
2007	a56012868500	Jeong Y.-H.	p772	False	Journal	379	Effect of tool geometry and process parameters on mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded dissimilar aluminum alloys	The effects of tool geometry and process parameters on the mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded (FSSW) dissimilar aluminum alloys are experimentally investigated. Two tools with different shoulder profiles, concave and convex, were considered. Two typical automotive aluminum alloys were selected for FSSW, thus resulting in two different material combinations for each shoulder profile. The experimental results showed that the two shoulder profiles caused significant differences in the axial force, the mixing of materials, and the mechanical properties of the joint. The sensitivity of joint strength to the variation of the tool rotation speed and the plunge speed was also quite dependent on the shoulder profile. The experimental result shows that the change of joint strength can be quite significant. © 2017, Korean Society for Precision Engineering and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
2008	a57190189579	He J.	p773	True	Journal	380	Nonparametric Tree-Based Predictive Modeling of Storm Outages on an Electric Distribution Network	This article compares two nonparametric tree-based models, quantile regression forests (QRF) and Bayesian additive regression trees (BART), for predicting storm outages on an electric distribution network in Connecticut, USA. We evaluated point estimates and prediction intervals of outage predictions for both models using high-resolution weather, infrastructure, and land use data for 89 storm events (including hurricanes, blizzards, and thunderstorms). We found that spatially BART predicted more accurate point estimates than QRF. However, QRF produced better prediction intervals for high spatial resolutions (2-km grid cells and towns), while BART predictions aggregated to coarser resolutions (divisions and service territory) more effectively. We also found that the predictive accuracy was dependent on the season (e.g., tree-leaf condition, storm characteristics), and that the predictions were most accurate for winter storms. Given the merits of each individual model, we suggest that BART and QRF be implemented together to show the complete picture of a storm's potential impact on the electric distribution network, which would allow for a utility to make better decisions about allocating prestorm resources. © 2016 Society for Risk Analysis
2009	a8372868700	Astitha M.	p773	False	Journal	380	Nonparametric Tree-Based Predictive Modeling of Storm Outages on an Electric Distribution Network	This article compares two nonparametric tree-based models, quantile regression forests (QRF) and Bayesian additive regression trees (BART), for predicting storm outages on an electric distribution network in Connecticut, USA. We evaluated point estimates and prediction intervals of outage predictions for both models using high-resolution weather, infrastructure, and land use data for 89 storm events (including hurricanes, blizzards, and thunderstorms). We found that spatially BART predicted more accurate point estimates than QRF. However, QRF produced better prediction intervals for high spatial resolutions (2-km grid cells and towns), while BART predictions aggregated to coarser resolutions (divisions and service territory) more effectively. We also found that the predictive accuracy was dependent on the season (e.g., tree-leaf condition, storm characteristics), and that the predictions were most accurate for winter storms. Given the merits of each individual model, we suggest that BART and QRF be implemented together to show the complete picture of a storm's potential impact on the electric distribution network, which would allow for a utility to make better decisions about allocating prestorm resources. © 2016 Society for Risk Analysis
2010	a55946345200	Frediani M.E.B.	p773	False	Journal	380	Nonparametric Tree-Based Predictive Modeling of Storm Outages on an Electric Distribution Network	This article compares two nonparametric tree-based models, quantile regression forests (QRF) and Bayesian additive regression trees (BART), for predicting storm outages on an electric distribution network in Connecticut, USA. We evaluated point estimates and prediction intervals of outage predictions for both models using high-resolution weather, infrastructure, and land use data for 89 storm events (including hurricanes, blizzards, and thunderstorms). We found that spatially BART predicted more accurate point estimates than QRF. However, QRF produced better prediction intervals for high spatial resolutions (2-km grid cells and towns), while BART predictions aggregated to coarser resolutions (divisions and service territory) more effectively. We also found that the predictive accuracy was dependent on the season (e.g., tree-leaf condition, storm characteristics), and that the predictions were most accurate for winter storms. Given the merits of each individual model, we suggest that BART and QRF be implemented together to show the complete picture of a storm's potential impact on the electric distribution network, which would allow for a utility to make better decisions about allocating prestorm resources. © 2016 Society for Risk Analysis
2011	a55574195279	Rose M.A.	p774	True	Journal	381	Status of elementary teacher development: Preparing elementary teachers to deliver technology and engineering experiences	For over a century, teacher preparation programs (TPPs) have experienced peaks and valleys in preparing preservice teachers to deliver technology and engineering (TE) experiences in elementary classrooms. Calls to integrate engineering concepts into elementary education (Katehi, Pearson, & Feder, 2009; Kimmel, Carpinelli, Curr-Alexander, & Rockland, 2006)—especially as it relates to the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS; NGSS Lead States, 2013) and science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education—compels TE teacher educators to evaluate their curricular programs relative to elementary education. To assist teacher educators in this selfassessment, the Teacher Preparation Committee of the Council on Technology and Engineering Teacher Education undertook a mixed methods study, the purpose of which was to identify and characterize the models of teacher preparation programs that prepared preservice elementary teachers to deliver TE experiences in elementary classrooms. © 2017, Virginia Polytechnic Institute. All Right Reserved.
2012	a56608873500	Carter V.	p774	False	Journal	381	Status of elementary teacher development: Preparing elementary teachers to deliver technology and engineering experiences	For over a century, teacher preparation programs (TPPs) have experienced peaks and valleys in preparing preservice teachers to deliver technology and engineering (TE) experiences in elementary classrooms. Calls to integrate engineering concepts into elementary education (Katehi, Pearson, & Feder, 2009; Kimmel, Carpinelli, Curr-Alexander, & Rockland, 2006)—especially as it relates to the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS; NGSS Lead States, 2013) and science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education—compels TE teacher educators to evaluate their curricular programs relative to elementary education. To assist teacher educators in this selfassessment, the Teacher Preparation Committee of the Council on Technology and Engineering Teacher Education undertook a mixed methods study, the purpose of which was to identify and characterize the models of teacher preparation programs that prepared preservice elementary teachers to deliver TE experiences in elementary classrooms. © 2017, Virginia Polytechnic Institute. All Right Reserved.
2013	a56608333500	Brown J.	p774	False	Journal	381	Status of elementary teacher development: Preparing elementary teachers to deliver technology and engineering experiences	For over a century, teacher preparation programs (TPPs) have experienced peaks and valleys in preparing preservice teachers to deliver technology and engineering (TE) experiences in elementary classrooms. Calls to integrate engineering concepts into elementary education (Katehi, Pearson, & Feder, 2009; Kimmel, Carpinelli, Curr-Alexander, & Rockland, 2006)—especially as it relates to the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS; NGSS Lead States, 2013) and science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education—compels TE teacher educators to evaluate their curricular programs relative to elementary education. To assist teacher educators in this selfassessment, the Teacher Preparation Committee of the Council on Technology and Engineering Teacher Education undertook a mixed methods study, the purpose of which was to identify and characterize the models of teacher preparation programs that prepared preservice elementary teachers to deliver TE experiences in elementary classrooms. © 2017, Virginia Polytechnic Institute. All Right Reserved.
2014	a7004980415	Shumway S.	p774	False	Journal	381	Status of elementary teacher development: Preparing elementary teachers to deliver technology and engineering experiences	For over a century, teacher preparation programs (TPPs) have experienced peaks and valleys in preparing preservice teachers to deliver technology and engineering (TE) experiences in elementary classrooms. Calls to integrate engineering concepts into elementary education (Katehi, Pearson, & Feder, 2009; Kimmel, Carpinelli, Curr-Alexander, & Rockland, 2006)—especially as it relates to the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS; NGSS Lead States, 2013) and science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education—compels TE teacher educators to evaluate their curricular programs relative to elementary education. To assist teacher educators in this selfassessment, the Teacher Preparation Committee of the Council on Technology and Engineering Teacher Education undertook a mixed methods study, the purpose of which was to identify and characterize the models of teacher preparation programs that prepared preservice elementary teachers to deliver TE experiences in elementary classrooms. © 2017, Virginia Polytechnic Institute. All Right Reserved.
2015	a6506269903	Vermeltfoort A.T.	p775	False	Journal	382	Strength, behavior, and failure mode of hollow concrete masonry constructed with mortars of different strengths	This study reports the failure modes of hollow concrete masonry prisms, taking into account the block and mortar stress-strain behavior. An extensive and detailed experimental program has been conducted on three-block high stack-bonded prisms, built using a combination of one hollow block type and three mortars with different strengths. Based on the results of the experiments, masonry failure was assessed. The main conclusion of this is that the mortar in all cases governs the masonry failure mechanism. The ratio between the masonry and block moduli of elasticity, which can be used as a measure of loss of stiffness, indicates that masonry built with a strong mortar behaves almost as a homogenous material. The typical failure mode observed during testing for this type of masonry was due to tensile stresses developed in the block. A crack developed at and propagated instantly through the block face until reaching the mortar bed joint; the crack then propagated through the head joint causing a localized split at the interface between block and mortar. For masonry built with two different weak mortars, as the stress/strength ratio increased, the ratio between the masonry and mortar moduli of elasticity decreased to 0.32 and 0.55, for the weak and the weaker mortar respectively. The observed failure mode, however, was independent of how weak the mortar was since, for both cases, the masonry failed due to localized mortar crushing. Another conclusion from the study presented herein is that a robust and reliable prediction of the masonry compressive strength requires the use of the nonlinear stress-strain relationship of the component materials. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
2016	a23134948300	Martens D.R.W.	p775	False	Journal	382	Strength, behavior, and failure mode of hollow concrete masonry constructed with mortars of different strengths	This study reports the failure modes of hollow concrete masonry prisms, taking into account the block and mortar stress-strain behavior. An extensive and detailed experimental program has been conducted on three-block high stack-bonded prisms, built using a combination of one hollow block type and three mortars with different strengths. Based on the results of the experiments, masonry failure was assessed. The main conclusion of this is that the mortar in all cases governs the masonry failure mechanism. The ratio between the masonry and block moduli of elasticity, which can be used as a measure of loss of stiffness, indicates that masonry built with a strong mortar behaves almost as a homogenous material. The typical failure mode observed during testing for this type of masonry was due to tensile stresses developed in the block. A crack developed at and propagated instantly through the block face until reaching the mortar bed joint; the crack then propagated through the head joint causing a localized split at the interface between block and mortar. For masonry built with two different weak mortars, as the stress/strength ratio increased, the ratio between the masonry and mortar moduli of elasticity decreased to 0.32 and 0.55, for the weak and the weaker mortar respectively. The observed failure mode, however, was independent of how weak the mortar was since, for both cases, the masonry failed due to localized mortar crushing. Another conclusion from the study presented herein is that a robust and reliable prediction of the masonry compressive strength requires the use of the nonlinear stress-strain relationship of the component materials. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
2017	a7004615647	Lourenço P.B.	p775	False	Journal	382	Strength, behavior, and failure mode of hollow concrete masonry constructed with mortars of different strengths	This study reports the failure modes of hollow concrete masonry prisms, taking into account the block and mortar stress-strain behavior. An extensive and detailed experimental program has been conducted on three-block high stack-bonded prisms, built using a combination of one hollow block type and three mortars with different strengths. Based on the results of the experiments, masonry failure was assessed. The main conclusion of this is that the mortar in all cases governs the masonry failure mechanism. The ratio between the masonry and block moduli of elasticity, which can be used as a measure of loss of stiffness, indicates that masonry built with a strong mortar behaves almost as a homogenous material. The typical failure mode observed during testing for this type of masonry was due to tensile stresses developed in the block. A crack developed at and propagated instantly through the block face until reaching the mortar bed joint; the crack then propagated through the head joint causing a localized split at the interface between block and mortar. For masonry built with two different weak mortars, as the stress/strength ratio increased, the ratio between the masonry and mortar moduli of elasticity decreased to 0.32 and 0.55, for the weak and the weaker mortar respectively. The observed failure mode, however, was independent of how weak the mortar was since, for both cases, the masonry failed due to localized mortar crushing. Another conclusion from the study presented herein is that a robust and reliable prediction of the masonry compressive strength requires the use of the nonlinear stress-strain relationship of the component materials. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
2018	a23973526000	Ni R.	p776	False	Journal	383	Three-dimensional microscopic light field particle image velocimetry	A microscopic particle image velocimetry (μPIV) technique is developed based on light field microscopy and is applied to flow through a microchannel containing a backward-facing step. The only hardware difference from a conventional μPIV setup is the placement of a microlens array at the intermediate image plane of the microscope. The method combines this optical hardware alteration with post-capture computation to enable 3D reconstruction of particle fields. From these particle fields, we measure three-component velocity fields, but find that accurate velocity measurements are limited to the two in-plane components at discrete depths through the volume (i.e., 2C-3D). Results are compared with a computational fluid dynamics simulation. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
2019	a56369566500	Pendlebury J.	p776	False	Journal	383	Three-dimensional microscopic light field particle image velocimetry	A microscopic particle image velocimetry (μPIV) technique is developed based on light field microscopy and is applied to flow through a microchannel containing a backward-facing step. The only hardware difference from a conventional μPIV setup is the placement of a microlens array at the intermediate image plane of the microscope. The method combines this optical hardware alteration with post-capture computation to enable 3D reconstruction of particle fields. From these particle fields, we measure three-component velocity fields, but find that accurate velocity measurements are limited to the two in-plane components at discrete depths through the volume (i.e., 2C-3D). Results are compared with a computational fluid dynamics simulation. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
2020	a57193265581	McEwen B.	p776	False	Journal	383	Three-dimensional microscopic light field particle image velocimetry	A microscopic particle image velocimetry (μPIV) technique is developed based on light field microscopy and is applied to flow through a microchannel containing a backward-facing step. The only hardware difference from a conventional μPIV setup is the placement of a microlens array at the intermediate image plane of the microscope. The method combines this optical hardware alteration with post-capture computation to enable 3D reconstruction of particle fields. From these particle fields, we measure three-component velocity fields, but find that accurate velocity measurements are limited to the two in-plane components at discrete depths through the volume (i.e., 2C-3D). Results are compared with a computational fluid dynamics simulation. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
2021	a24921842300	Liarte D.B.	p777	True	Journal	384	Theoretical estimates of maximum fields in superconducting resonant radio frequency cavities: Stability theory, disorder, and laminates	Theoretical limits to the performance of superconductors in high magnetic fields parallel to their surfaces are of key relevance to current and future accelerating cavities, especially those made of new higher-T c materials such as Nb3Sn, NbN, and MgB2. Indeed, beyond the so-called superheating field , flux will spontaneously penetrate even a perfect superconducting surface and ruin the performance. We present intuitive arguments and simple estimates for , and combine them with our previous rigorous calculations, which we summarize. We briefly discuss experimental measurements of the superheating field, comparing to our estimates. We explore the effects of materials anisotropy and the danger of disorder in nucleating vortex entry. Will we need to control surface orientation in the layered compound MgB2? Can we estimate theoretically whether dirt and defects make these new materials fundamentally more challenging to optimize than niobium? Finally, we discuss and analyze recent proposals to use thin superconducting layers or laminates to enhance the performance of superconducting cavities. Flux entering a laminate can lead to so-called pancake vortices; we consider the physics of the dislocation motion and potential re-annihilation or stabilization of these vortices after their entry. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
2022	a55034648400	Posen S.	p777	False	Journal	384	Theoretical estimates of maximum fields in superconducting resonant radio frequency cavities: Stability theory, disorder, and laminates	Theoretical limits to the performance of superconductors in high magnetic fields parallel to their surfaces are of key relevance to current and future accelerating cavities, especially those made of new higher-T c materials such as Nb3Sn, NbN, and MgB2. Indeed, beyond the so-called superheating field , flux will spontaneously penetrate even a perfect superconducting surface and ruin the performance. We present intuitive arguments and simple estimates for , and combine them with our previous rigorous calculations, which we summarize. We briefly discuss experimental measurements of the superheating field, comparing to our estimates. We explore the effects of materials anisotropy and the danger of disorder in nucleating vortex entry. Will we need to control surface orientation in the layered compound MgB2? Can we estimate theoretically whether dirt and defects make these new materials fundamentally more challenging to optimize than niobium? Finally, we discuss and analyze recent proposals to use thin superconducting layers or laminates to enhance the performance of superconducting cavities. Flux entering a laminate can lead to so-called pancake vortices; we consider the physics of the dislocation motion and potential re-annihilation or stabilization of these vortices after their entry. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
2023	a25222495900	Catelani G.	p777	False	Journal	384	Theoretical estimates of maximum fields in superconducting resonant radio frequency cavities: Stability theory, disorder, and laminates	Theoretical limits to the performance of superconductors in high magnetic fields parallel to their surfaces are of key relevance to current and future accelerating cavities, especially those made of new higher-T c materials such as Nb3Sn, NbN, and MgB2. Indeed, beyond the so-called superheating field , flux will spontaneously penetrate even a perfect superconducting surface and ruin the performance. We present intuitive arguments and simple estimates for , and combine them with our previous rigorous calculations, which we summarize. We briefly discuss experimental measurements of the superheating field, comparing to our estimates. We explore the effects of materials anisotropy and the danger of disorder in nucleating vortex entry. Will we need to control surface orientation in the layered compound MgB2? Can we estimate theoretically whether dirt and defects make these new materials fundamentally more challenging to optimize than niobium? Finally, we discuss and analyze recent proposals to use thin superconducting layers or laminates to enhance the performance of superconducting cavities. Flux entering a laminate can lead to so-called pancake vortices; we consider the physics of the dislocation motion and potential re-annihilation or stabilization of these vortices after their entry. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
2024	a6601987763	Liepe M.	p777	False	Journal	384	Theoretical estimates of maximum fields in superconducting resonant radio frequency cavities: Stability theory, disorder, and laminates	Theoretical limits to the performance of superconductors in high magnetic fields parallel to their surfaces are of key relevance to current and future accelerating cavities, especially those made of new higher-T c materials such as Nb3Sn, NbN, and MgB2. Indeed, beyond the so-called superheating field , flux will spontaneously penetrate even a perfect superconducting surface and ruin the performance. We present intuitive arguments and simple estimates for , and combine them with our previous rigorous calculations, which we summarize. We briefly discuss experimental measurements of the superheating field, comparing to our estimates. We explore the effects of materials anisotropy and the danger of disorder in nucleating vortex entry. Will we need to control surface orientation in the layered compound MgB2? Can we estimate theoretically whether dirt and defects make these new materials fundamentally more challenging to optimize than niobium? Finally, we discuss and analyze recent proposals to use thin superconducting layers or laminates to enhance the performance of superconducting cavities. Flux entering a laminate can lead to so-called pancake vortices; we consider the physics of the dislocation motion and potential re-annihilation or stabilization of these vortices after their entry. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
2025	a7004441442	Sethna J.P.	p777	False	Journal	384	Theoretical estimates of maximum fields in superconducting resonant radio frequency cavities: Stability theory, disorder, and laminates	Theoretical limits to the performance of superconductors in high magnetic fields parallel to their surfaces are of key relevance to current and future accelerating cavities, especially those made of new higher-T c materials such as Nb3Sn, NbN, and MgB2. Indeed, beyond the so-called superheating field , flux will spontaneously penetrate even a perfect superconducting surface and ruin the performance. We present intuitive arguments and simple estimates for , and combine them with our previous rigorous calculations, which we summarize. We briefly discuss experimental measurements of the superheating field, comparing to our estimates. We explore the effects of materials anisotropy and the danger of disorder in nucleating vortex entry. Will we need to control surface orientation in the layered compound MgB2? Can we estimate theoretically whether dirt and defects make these new materials fundamentally more challenging to optimize than niobium? Finally, we discuss and analyze recent proposals to use thin superconducting layers or laminates to enhance the performance of superconducting cavities. Flux entering a laminate can lead to so-called pancake vortices; we consider the physics of the dislocation motion and potential re-annihilation or stabilization of these vortices after their entry. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.
2026	a57190000029	McCall A.J.	p780	True	Journal	386	Structural analysis and optimization of tall buildings connected with skybridges and atria	Multi-level skybridges and atria between tall buildings make possible a new urban paradigm that has the potential to dramatically reduce resource consumption, air pollution, and traffic accidents. Structural analysis and optimization methods and results are presented for tall buildings connected with roller or hinge-skybridges at multiple levels and atria between buildings. Generic building systems were studied with controlled factors such as number of buildings, equal-height vs. variable-height, skybridge connection type, site seismicity and wind intensity, and presence/absence of skybridges and atria. The 48 optimization problems held all other factors constant such as building width, shape, configuration, and spacing. A simplified lateral load analysis model is described which makes optimization of large systems possible. The simplified lateral load analysis model was compared to a finite element model for accuracy. An optimization strategy was developed involving gradient and evolutionary algorithms. Results show that atria and hinge-connected skybridges reduced the total structural volume by as much as 10 %. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
2027	a55953141600	Balling R.J.	p780	False	Journal	386	Structural analysis and optimization of tall buildings connected with skybridges and atria	Multi-level skybridges and atria between tall buildings make possible a new urban paradigm that has the potential to dramatically reduce resource consumption, air pollution, and traffic accidents. Structural analysis and optimization methods and results are presented for tall buildings connected with roller or hinge-skybridges at multiple levels and atria between buildings. Generic building systems were studied with controlled factors such as number of buildings, equal-height vs. variable-height, skybridge connection type, site seismicity and wind intensity, and presence/absence of skybridges and atria. The 48 optimization problems held all other factors constant such as building width, shape, configuration, and spacing. A simplified lateral load analysis model is described which makes optimization of large systems possible. The simplified lateral load analysis model was compared to a finite element model for accuracy. An optimization strategy was developed involving gradient and evolutionary algorithms. Results show that atria and hinge-connected skybridges reduced the total structural volume by as much as 10 %. © 2016, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
2028	a51461758000	Niedfeldt P.C.	p781	True	Journal	350	Comparison and Analysis of Recursive-RANSAC for Multiple Target Tracking	In both simulated and real experiments, the recursive random sample consensus (R-RANSAC) algorithm has shown promise as an efficient multiple target tracking (MTT) filter. In this paper, we introduce a generalized and modular framework for the R-RANSAC algorithm, analyze the sensitivity of the R-RANSAC tuning parameters, and compare R-RANSAC to five well-known MTT algorithms. We show that R-RANSAC offers a unique balance between low computational complexity, excellent track continuity, and good performance in cluttered environments. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
2029	a56825569600	Ingersoll K.	p781	False	Journal	350	Comparison and Analysis of Recursive-RANSAC for Multiple Target Tracking	In both simulated and real experiments, the recursive random sample consensus (R-RANSAC) algorithm has shown promise as an efficient multiple target tracking (MTT) filter. In this paper, we introduce a generalized and modular framework for the R-RANSAC algorithm, analyze the sensitivity of the R-RANSAC tuning parameters, and compare R-RANSAC to five well-known MTT algorithms. We show that R-RANSAC offers a unique balance between low computational complexity, excellent track continuity, and good performance in cluttered environments. © 1965-2011 IEEE.
2030	a7005903021	Archibald J.L.	p782	False	Journal	346	Light splitting with imperfect wave plates	We discuss the use of wave plates with arbitrary retardances, in conjunction with a linear polarizer, to split linearly polarized light into two linearly polarized beams with an arbitrary splitting fraction. We show that for non-ideal wave plates, a much broader range of splitting ratios is typically possible when a pair of wave plates, rather than a single wave plate, is used. We discuss the maximum range of splitting fractions possible with one or two wave plates as a function of the wave plate retardances, and how to align the wave plates to achieve the maximum splitting range possible when simply rotating one of the wave plates while keeping the other one fixed. We also briefly discuss an alignment-free polarization rotator constructed from a pair of half-wave plates. © 2017 Optical Society of America.
2031	a12808778700	Ames D.P.	p783	False	Journal	387	Comprehensive and quality-controlled bedload transport database	The processes involved in bed-load sediment transport are complex and difficult to quantify. Field measurements provide insight and a chance to improve predictive methods. A comprehensive database is described that contains more than 15,000 observations from nearly 500 data sets of bed-load sediment transport. Observations are compiled from published sources, author responses to queries, and personal visits to offices. Each entry has been checked twice for accuracy against the original data and converted to a common set of units. The database contains sections for sample descriptions, discharge and transport data, channel and bankfull characteristics, surface and subsurface grain size distributions, and, where possible, stream classification descriptors. Discharges range from far below to several times bankfull values. The database is freely available to the public and may be accessed via direct download and through WaterML based web services from the BYU World Water Data Sediment Transport Database portal at http://worldwater.byu.edu/app/index.php/sediment. The intent of this database is to provide useful data to researchers as they continue to investigate bed-load transport processes. Data can be added to the database by contacting the authors. © 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers.
2032	a36240601900	Khoshniat A.	p784	True	Journal	388	Active Integrated Antenna Supporting Linear and Circular Polarizations	A patch antenna and class B power amplifier are integrated for size reduction and high power added efficiency (PAE) through harmonic suppression. Harmonic suppressing slits are etched on the patch such that both linear and circular polarizations are supported. The mechanism of the slits is explained, and both components are characterized and examined for performance validation. Measured results show that the harmonic suppression leads to up to 5% improvement in PAE and that the antenna's radiation pattern is not disturbed by the added harmonic suppressing slits for all supported polarizations. © 2016 IEEE.
2033	a57189030360	Yekan T.	p784	False	Journal	388	Active Integrated Antenna Supporting Linear and Circular Polarizations	A patch antenna and class B power amplifier are integrated for size reduction and high power added efficiency (PAE) through harmonic suppression. Harmonic suppressing slits are etched on the patch such that both linear and circular polarizations are supported. The mechanism of the slits is explained, and both components are characterized and examined for performance validation. Measured results show that the harmonic suppression leads to up to 5% improvement in PAE and that the antenna's radiation pattern is not disturbed by the added harmonic suppressing slits for all supported polarizations. © 2016 IEEE.
2034	a16027856900	Baktur R.	p784	False	Journal	388	Active Integrated Antenna Supporting Linear and Circular Polarizations	A patch antenna and class B power amplifier are integrated for size reduction and high power added efficiency (PAE) through harmonic suppression. Harmonic suppressing slits are etched on the patch such that both linear and circular polarizations are supported. The mechanism of the slits is explained, and both components are characterized and examined for performance validation. Measured results show that the harmonic suppression leads to up to 5% improvement in PAE and that the antenna's radiation pattern is not disturbed by the added harmonic suppressing slits for all supported polarizations. © 2016 IEEE.
2035	a35213554500	Johnson M.A.	p785	False	Journal	389	Stability of Viscous St. Venant Roll Waves: From Onset to Infinite Froude Number Limit	We study the spectral stability of roll wave solutions of the viscous St. Venant equations modeling inclined shallow water flow, both at onset in the small Froude number or “weakly unstable” limit F→ 2 + and for general values of the Froude number F, including the limit F→ + ∞. In the former, F→ 2 +, limit, the shallow water equations are formally approximated by a Korteweg-de Vries/Kuramoto–Sivashinsky (KdV–KS) equation that is a singular perturbation of the standard Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation modeling horizontal shallow water flow. Our main analytical result is to rigorously validate this formal limit, showing that stability as F→ 2 + is equivalent to stability of the corresponding KdV–KS waves in the KdV limit. Together with recent results obtained for KdV–KS by Johnson–Noble–Rodrigues–Zumbrun and Barker, this gives not only the first rigorous verification of stability for any single viscous St. Venant roll wave, but a complete classification of stability in the weakly unstable limit. In the remainder of the paper, we investigate numerically and analytically the evolution of the stability diagram as Froude number increases to infinity. Notably, we find transition at around F= 2.3 from weakly unstable to different, large-F behavior, with stability determined by simple power-law relations. The latter stability criteria are potentially useful in hydraulic engineering applications, for which typically 2.5 ≤ F≤ 6.0. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
2036	a23012861700	Noble P.	p785	False	Journal	389	Stability of Viscous St. Venant Roll Waves: From Onset to Infinite Froude Number Limit	We study the spectral stability of roll wave solutions of the viscous St. Venant equations modeling inclined shallow water flow, both at onset in the small Froude number or “weakly unstable” limit F→ 2 + and for general values of the Froude number F, including the limit F→ + ∞. In the former, F→ 2 +, limit, the shallow water equations are formally approximated by a Korteweg-de Vries/Kuramoto–Sivashinsky (KdV–KS) equation that is a singular perturbation of the standard Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation modeling horizontal shallow water flow. Our main analytical result is to rigorously validate this formal limit, showing that stability as F→ 2 + is equivalent to stability of the corresponding KdV–KS waves in the KdV limit. Together with recent results obtained for KdV–KS by Johnson–Noble–Rodrigues–Zumbrun and Barker, this gives not only the first rigorous verification of stability for any single viscous St. Venant roll wave, but a complete classification of stability in the weakly unstable limit. In the remainder of the paper, we investigate numerically and analytically the evolution of the stability diagram as Froude number increases to infinity. Notably, we find transition at around F= 2.3 from weakly unstable to different, large-F behavior, with stability determined by simple power-law relations. The latter stability criteria are potentially useful in hydraulic engineering applications, for which typically 2.5 ≤ F≤ 6.0. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
2037	a55444802600	Rodrigues L.M.	p785	False	Journal	389	Stability of Viscous St. Venant Roll Waves: From Onset to Infinite Froude Number Limit	We study the spectral stability of roll wave solutions of the viscous St. Venant equations modeling inclined shallow water flow, both at onset in the small Froude number or “weakly unstable” limit F→ 2 + and for general values of the Froude number F, including the limit F→ + ∞. In the former, F→ 2 +, limit, the shallow water equations are formally approximated by a Korteweg-de Vries/Kuramoto–Sivashinsky (KdV–KS) equation that is a singular perturbation of the standard Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation modeling horizontal shallow water flow. Our main analytical result is to rigorously validate this formal limit, showing that stability as F→ 2 + is equivalent to stability of the corresponding KdV–KS waves in the KdV limit. Together with recent results obtained for KdV–KS by Johnson–Noble–Rodrigues–Zumbrun and Barker, this gives not only the first rigorous verification of stability for any single viscous St. Venant roll wave, but a complete classification of stability in the weakly unstable limit. In the remainder of the paper, we investigate numerically and analytically the evolution of the stability diagram as Froude number increases to infinity. Notably, we find transition at around F= 2.3 from weakly unstable to different, large-F behavior, with stability determined by simple power-law relations. The latter stability criteria are potentially useful in hydraulic engineering applications, for which typically 2.5 ≤ F≤ 6.0. © 2016, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
2038	a55326050200	Ozcelik D.	p786	False	Conference	323	MMI waveguide based multispectral detection of nucleic acids for analysis of drug-resistant bacteria	A multi-mode interference waveguide is used for creating distinct temporal fluorescence patterns at multiple excitation wavelengths. This allows for identification of bacterial nucleic acids labeled with molecular beacons in two colors. © 2016 IEEE.
2038	a55326050200	Ozcelik D.	p840	True	Conference	367	Multimodal multiplexing of single-virus detection using multi-mode interference waveguides	Multi-mode interference waveguides are used to implement simultaneous spectral and spatial multiplex fluorescence analysis in liquid-core waveguide channels. A six-times multiplex identification of single influenza viruses is demonstrated with two excitation colors and threechannels. © 2017 OSA.
2038	a55326050200	Ozcelik D.	p860	True	Journal	402	Optofluidic bioanalysis: Fundamentals and applications	Over the past decade, optofluidics has established itself as a new and dynamic research field for exciting developments at the interface of photonics, microfluidics, and the life sciences. The strong desire for developing miniaturized bioanalytic devices and instruments, in particular, has led to novel and powerful approaches to integrating optical elements and biological fluids on the same chip-scale system. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in optofluidic research with emphasis on applications in bioanalysis and a focus on waveguide-based approaches that represent the most advanced level of integration between optics and fluidics. We discuss recent work in photonically reconfigurable devices and various application areas. We show how optofluidic approaches have been pushing the performance limits in bioanalysis, e.g. in terms of sensitivity and portability, satisfying many of the key requirements for point-of-care devices. This illustrates how the requirements for bianalysis instruments are increasingly being met by the symbiotic integration of novel photonic capabilities in a miniaturized system. © 2017, Holger Schmidt et al.
2039	a57212184217	Rahman M.	p787	True	Conference	324	Design and characterization of integrated 2D ABEL trap	Design and characterization of a chip-based electro-optic single-particle trap with feedback-based confinement in two dimensions is demonstrated. Improvements over 1D confinement and integration of nanopores for gated delivery of individual nanoparticles are discussed. © 2016 IEEE.
2039	a57212184217	Rahman M.	p841	True	Conference	368	Single particle fluorescence analysis on demand on electro-optofluidic chip with gated particle delivery	Electronic feedback enables introduction of single microbeads and DNA molecules into a liquid-core waveguide through a micro/nanopore. Subsequent fluorescence detection from a controlled number of individual particles is demonstrated, enabling single particle analysis on demand. © 2017 OSA.
2040	a57189292901	Duffield M.O.	p788	True	Conference	325	A well clear recommendation for small UAS in high-density, ADS-B-enabled airspace	With the growing popularity of small unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), there is a significant need to enable small UAS to detect and avoid collisions with both manned and unmanned aircraft. The capabilities of ADS-B make it an attractive sensor for detect and avoid (DAA), but it is susceptible to frequency congestion. This paper quantitatively analyzes the frequency limitations of 978 MHz ADS-B. It then uses these limitations to make a recommendation for well clear in ADS-B-equipped airspace that has a high density of small UAS operations. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
2041	a36137344800	Laycock R.G.	p789	True	Conference	326	Formation of deposits from heavy fuel oil ash in an Accelerated Deposition Facility at temperatures up to 1206°C	Some industrial gas turbines are currently being fired directly using heavy fuel oil, which contains a small percentage of inorganic material that can lead to fouling and corrosion of turbine components. Deposits of heavy fuel oil ash were created in the Turbine Accelerated Deposition Facility (TADF) at Brigham Young University under gas turbine-related conditions. Ash was produced by burning heavy fuel oil in a downward-fired combustor and collecting the ash from the exhaust stream. The mass mean ash particle diameter from these tests was 33 microns. This ash was then introduced into the TADF and entrained in a hot gas flow that varied from 1088 to 1206°C. The gas and particle velocity was accelerated to over 200 m/s in these tests. This particle-laden hot gas stream then impinged on a nickel base superalloy metal coupon approximately 3 cm in diameter, and an ash deposit formed on the coupon. Sulfur dioxide was introduced to the system to achieve 1.1 mol% SO2 in the exhaust stream in order to simulate SO2 levels in turbines currently burning heavy fuel oil. The ash deposits were collected, and the capture efficiency, surface roughness, and deposit composition were measured. The deposits were then washed with deionized water, dried, and underwent the same analysis. It was found that, as the gas temperature increased, there was no effect on capture efficiency and the post-wash roughness of the samples decreased. Washing aided in the removal of sulfur, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
2042	a55486520500	Fernelius M.H.	p790	True	Conference	327	Predicting efficiency of a turbine driven by pulsing flow	One of the challenges of integrating pressure gain combustion into a gas turbine engine is that a turbine driven by pulsing flow experiences a decrease in efficiency. Computational fluid dynamic simulations validated with experiments showed that pulse amplitude is the driving factor for decreased turbine efficiency and not the pulsing frequency. A quadratic correlation between turbine efficiency and corrected pulse amplitude is presented. Incidence variation is shown to cause the change in turbine efficiency and a correlation between corrected incidence and corrected amplitude is shown to predict turbine efficiency. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
2043	a56950317400	Wilding P.R.	p791	True	Conference	328	Mixed-integer multi-objective optimization applied to the PCS design of the I 2S-LWR	[No abstract available]
2044	a15521557600	Memmott M.J.	p791	False	Conference	328	Mixed-integer multi-objective optimization applied to the PCS design of the I 2S-LWR	[No abstract available]
2045	a57209397116	O’Neill M.	p793	True	Conference	330	TrustBase: An architecture to repair and strengthen certificate-based authentication	The current state of certificate-based authentication is messy, with broken authentication in applications and proxies, along with serious flaws in the CA system. To solve these problems, we design TrustBase, an architecture that provides certificate-based authentication as an operating system service, with system administrator control over authentication policy. TrustBase transparently enforces best practices for certificate validation on all applications, while also providing a variety of authentication services to strengthen the CA system. We describe a research prototype of TrustBase for Linux, which uses a loadable kernel module to intercept traffic in the socket layer, then consults a userspace policy engine to evaluate certificate validity using a variety of plugins. We evaluate the security of TrustBase, including a threat analysis, application coverage, and hardening of the Linux prototype. We also describe prototypes of TrustBase for Android and Windows, illustrating the generality of our approach. We show that TrustBase has negligible overhead and universal compatibility with applications. We demonstrate its utility by describing eight authentication services that extend CA hardening to all applications. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All Rights Reserved.
2046	a57212209717	Bunker D.	p793	False	Conference	330	TrustBase: An architecture to repair and strengthen certificate-based authentication	The current state of certificate-based authentication is messy, with broken authentication in applications and proxies, along with serious flaws in the CA system. To solve these problems, we design TrustBase, an architecture that provides certificate-based authentication as an operating system service, with system administrator control over authentication policy. TrustBase transparently enforces best practices for certificate validation on all applications, while also providing a variety of authentication services to strengthen the CA system. We describe a research prototype of TrustBase for Linux, which uses a loadable kernel module to intercept traffic in the socket layer, then consults a userspace policy engine to evaluate certificate validity using a variety of plugins. We evaluate the security of TrustBase, including a threat analysis, application coverage, and hardening of the Linux prototype. We also describe prototypes of TrustBase for Android and Windows, illustrating the generality of our approach. We show that TrustBase has negligible overhead and universal compatibility with applications. We demonstrate its utility by describing eight authentication services that extend CA hardening to all applications. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All Rights Reserved.
2047	a57191997521	Hendershot T.	p793	False	Conference	330	TrustBase: An architecture to repair and strengthen certificate-based authentication	The current state of certificate-based authentication is messy, with broken authentication in applications and proxies, along with serious flaws in the CA system. To solve these problems, we design TrustBase, an architecture that provides certificate-based authentication as an operating system service, with system administrator control over authentication policy. TrustBase transparently enforces best practices for certificate validation on all applications, while also providing a variety of authentication services to strengthen the CA system. We describe a research prototype of TrustBase for Linux, which uses a loadable kernel module to intercept traffic in the socket layer, then consults a userspace policy engine to evaluate certificate validity using a variety of plugins. We evaluate the security of TrustBase, including a threat analysis, application coverage, and hardening of the Linux prototype. We also describe prototypes of TrustBase for Android and Windows, illustrating the generality of our approach. We show that TrustBase has negligible overhead and universal compatibility with applications. We demonstrate its utility by describing eight authentication services that extend CA hardening to all applications. © 2017 by The USENIX Association. All Rights Reserved.
2048	a57200659857	Richard F.R.Y.	p795	True	Conference	332	Introducing second-Year students to concept-Based projects for increased success in third-Year sponsored projects	To increase the performance and decrease the stress of students in a third-year externally sponsored project experience, second-year industrial design students are introduced to a critical performance skill for the third year experience - clarifying a broad conceptual topic and making it usable for an effective design exploration. The educational goal is for students to gain confidence in their ability to gather insights through interviews, observations, and participatory experiences; simplify this data down to a handful of experience drivers; and use these drivers to create a framework that provides new insight for the more mature design exploration required in the third-year studios. The introduction of this skill earlier than immediately necessary brings tradeoffs. Disconnected from an actual sponsored project, the importance of the skill is not completely evident to the second-year students. However, in course evaluations, students comment that introducing the skill and practicing it earlier than required, helps their initial third-year product studio performance and decrease stress. This paper reports on the introductory project, the simplified process of taking observations and building a driver-based framework, and highlights some of the difficulties and successes in working with students toward this goal.
2049	a57200641848	Briscoe T.	p797	False	Conference	334	Design education and the new culture of design centric intellectual property	This paper addresses the relevance of integrating intellectual property (IP) rights studies within contemporary industrial design studio courses. As recently as 2014, an article on design and IP argues that “recent legal and cultural evolutions within the United States Intellectual Property system”… “do not favour student inventors and hinder their ability to protect their creative work” and students would be better served using their resources on more fruitful pursuits. However, IP culture surrounding Design Patents/Design Rights has substantially changed in the last decade and it is time for this position to be readdressed. This paper reviews the reframing of Brigham Young University’s third-year industrial design studio course to include training on IP. It appraises the current state of IP training in design schools and how design related IP has markedly shifted in recent years. It outlines basic IP exercises and introduces case studies for the four the primary types of IP: Copyrights, Trademarks, Design and Utility Patents. Students are exposed to two opposing mindsets regarding IP: the traditional position that views IP as a defensive tool to build a fence around an individual’s rights; and more importantly, how to use IP as a collaborative bridge between other market players enabling meaningful market offerings.
2050	a57117361200	Stark C.G.	p798	True	Conference	335	Integrating a multidisciplinary design methods mindset into classroom practice	Sanders and Stappers (2013) propose a new interpretation of design disciplines that is not delineated by traditional fields such as industrial design, graphic design, or architecture, but by themes focusing on “people in the context of their lives” such as design for sustainability and design for well-being. Howell, Stark, et al (2016) teaches that multiple design fields May be employed in tandem to explore human centered design projects. This mindset allows for more holistic design solutions. When students are introduced to this framework, they are opened up to more flexibility in their design process and potential solutions. This paper outlines an industrial design student’s self-directed thesis project on encouraging self-compassionate thought patterns. We will examine how the process was affected by viewing the project as a multidisciplinary design field challenge instead of a traditional form, color and material-driven industrial design challenge. Importantly, the paper will discuss how research and design methods from industrial design, graphic design, interaction design, storytelling, and psychological science played into the creation of a meaningful designed project and experience. The paper concludes with several suggestions for integrating multidisciplinary design methods into classroom practice.
2051	a57192010162	Willett K.	p799	True	Conference	336	Using local invasive species and flora to manufacture collagen based biodegradable plastic tableware	This paper explains how we designed, developed and tested a locally sourced; environmentally sensitive, biodegradable collagen plastic. It discusses the creation of simple moulds for manufacturing tableware and the accompanying workshop proving the viability of both the process and product. Tests were conducted using commercially available collagen materials to understand its attributes. A unique formulation was developed from hides of local agricultural vermin and powders derived from invasive flora. Plaster and concrete moulds were created for the manufacture of simple tableware. A workshop occurred were 12 participants tested the quality of the plastic, the robustness of the moulds, the simplicity of the manufacturing process and the aesthetics of the tableware. Finally, four of the bowls were successfully tested for bio-degradability and fully degraded within 12 weeks of contact with soil. The workshop demonstrated the success of all aspects of the process and how this development process could be used in emerging communities globally to encourage local manufacture of sustainable products.
2052	a57214281810	Hill J.C.	p800	True	Journal	390	Extension of the QuikSCAT Sea Ice Extent Data Set with OSCAT Data	The Ku-band Oceansat-2 Scatterometer (OSCAT) is very similar to the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT), which operated from 1999 to 2009. OSCAT continues the Ku-band scatterometer data record through 2014 with an overlap of 19 days with QuikSCAT's mission in 2009. This letter discusses a particular climate application of the time series for sea ice extent observation. In this letter, a QuikSCAT sea ice extent algorithm is modified for OSCAT. Gaps in OSCAT data are accounted for and filled in to support sea ice extent mapping. The OSCAT sea ice extent data are validated with QuikSCAT and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager sea ice extent data. © 2004-2012 IEEE.
2053	a55945088000	Fletcher M.E.	p801	False	Conference	337	Semi-empirical model for fire spread in chamise and big sagebrush shrubs with spatially-defined fuel elements and flames	Current operational fire spread models are mostly based on experimental results from dead, low moisture fuel beds and thus do not perform well when modeling fire behavior in live shrubs. A previously-developed semi-empirical shrub combustion model was improved and expanded to treat live chamise and big sagebrush. Fire spread in live chamise and big sagebrush shrubs was measured in an open-roofed wind tunnel, which was used as the basis to develop the current model. Shrub geometry was modeled by coupling a Lindenmayer-systems (L-systems) approach with terrestrial LiDAR scan data. Wind speed was held constant at 1.4 m/s. Species specific correlations for physical properties and combustion characteristics of individual fuel element were incorporate in this model. Modeling results compared well with measured time-dependent fire behavior. Variations in local fuel density affected flame spread more than the overall fuel bed density. This model is an innovative approach to simulate shrub combustion via flame propagation at individual fuel element scale with a fairly low computational cost. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
2054	a57202648414	Rhamati M.	p802	True	Conference	338	Investigation of merging flames in horizontal and vertical geometries	One of the main needs for accurate shrub combustion modeling is the complicated flame growth pattern due to merging of flames from multiple leaves and small branches. The interactions of neighboring flames have only been studied using regularly spaced fuel sources located on a horizontal plane. Flames in a burning shrub or tree merge to form large flames from fuel arrangements, which are not described by horizontal plane geometries. A careful study of flame interactions from fuels in three-dimensional arrangements is a necessary step in strengthening operational field models in complex fuel structures. The purpose of this research is to imitate the flame merging of the solid fuels in different geometries in order to describe fire behavior in complex fuel structures, such as trees or shrubs. Ceramic felt soaked in n-heptane were used as a fuel source to conduct flame-merging experiments. Flame characteristics such as flame length and flame width were measured for both single and merged flames. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
2055	a57188753800	Richards A.P.	p803	True	Conference	339	A comprehensive model for predicting elemental composition of coal pyrolysis products	Large-scale coal combustion simulations depend highly on the accuracy and utility of the physical submodels used to describe the various physical behaviors of the system. Coal combustion simulations depend on the particle physics to predict product compositions, temperatures, energy outputs, and other useful information. The focus of this paper is to improve the accuracy of devolatilization submodels, to be used in conjunction with other particle physics models. Many large simulations today rely on inaccurate assumptions about particle compositions, including that the volatiles that are released during pyrolysis are of the same elemental composition as the char particle. Another common assumption is that the char particle can be approximated by pure carbon. These assumptions will lead to inaccuracies in the overall simulation. There are many factors that influence pyrolysis product composition, including parent coal composition, pyrolysis conditions (including particle temperature history and heating rate), and others. All of these factors are incorporated into the correlations to predict the elemental composition of the major pyrolysis products, including coal tar, char, and light gases. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
2056	a57202642302	Shutt T.	p803	False	Conference	339	A comprehensive model for predicting elemental composition of coal pyrolysis products	Large-scale coal combustion simulations depend highly on the accuracy and utility of the physical submodels used to describe the various physical behaviors of the system. Coal combustion simulations depend on the particle physics to predict product compositions, temperatures, energy outputs, and other useful information. The focus of this paper is to improve the accuracy of devolatilization submodels, to be used in conjunction with other particle physics models. Many large simulations today rely on inaccurate assumptions about particle compositions, including that the volatiles that are released during pyrolysis are of the same elemental composition as the char particle. Another common assumption is that the char particle can be approximated by pure carbon. These assumptions will lead to inaccuracies in the overall simulation. There are many factors that influence pyrolysis product composition, including parent coal composition, pyrolysis conditions (including particle temperature history and heating rate), and others. All of these factors are incorporated into the correlations to predict the elemental composition of the major pyrolysis products, including coal tar, char, and light gases. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
2057	a57191474405	Buckmiller E.	p805	False	Journal	391	Re-epithelialization of whole porcine kidneys with renal epithelial cells	Decellularized porcine kidneys were recellularized with renal epithelial cells by three methods: perfusion through the vasculature under high pressure, perfusion through the ureter under high pressure, or perfusion through the ureter under moderate vacuum. Histology, scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging were used to assess vasculature preservation and the distribution of cells throughout the kidneys. Cells were detected in the magnetic resonance imaging by labeling them with iron oxide. Perfusion of cells through the ureter under moderate vacuum (40 mmHg) produced the most uniform distribution of cells throughout the kidneys. © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017.
2058	a57191477766	Schaumann L.	p805	False	Journal	391	Re-epithelialization of whole porcine kidneys with renal epithelial cells	Decellularized porcine kidneys were recellularized with renal epithelial cells by three methods: perfusion through the vasculature under high pressure, perfusion through the ureter under high pressure, or perfusion through the ureter under moderate vacuum. Histology, scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging were used to assess vasculature preservation and the distribution of cells throughout the kidneys. Cells were detected in the magnetic resonance imaging by labeling them with iron oxide. Perfusion of cells through the ureter under moderate vacuum (40 mmHg) produced the most uniform distribution of cells throughout the kidneys. © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017.
2059	a57205589719	Wang H.	p805	False	Journal	391	Re-epithelialization of whole porcine kidneys with renal epithelial cells	Decellularized porcine kidneys were recellularized with renal epithelial cells by three methods: perfusion through the vasculature under high pressure, perfusion through the ureter under high pressure, or perfusion through the ureter under moderate vacuum. Histology, scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging were used to assess vasculature preservation and the distribution of cells throughout the kidneys. Cells were detected in the magnetic resonance imaging by labeling them with iron oxide. Perfusion of cells through the ureter under moderate vacuum (40 mmHg) produced the most uniform distribution of cells throughout the kidneys. © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017.
2060	a8725937600	Wisco J.	p805	False	Journal	391	Re-epithelialization of whole porcine kidneys with renal epithelial cells	Decellularized porcine kidneys were recellularized with renal epithelial cells by three methods: perfusion through the vasculature under high pressure, perfusion through the ureter under high pressure, or perfusion through the ureter under moderate vacuum. Histology, scanning electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and magnetic resonance imaging were used to assess vasculature preservation and the distribution of cells throughout the kidneys. Cells were detected in the magnetic resonance imaging by labeling them with iron oxide. Perfusion of cells through the ureter under moderate vacuum (40 mmHg) produced the most uniform distribution of cells throughout the kidneys. © 2017, © The Author(s) 2017.
2061	a57125618000	Nash C.	p807	False	Conference	342	On if-to-baseband translation and resampling in sampled-data receivers	This paper summarizes the design of a discrete-time quadrature downconversion and resampling processor that operates on samples of a 70 MHz IF signal. The unique properties of discrete-time processing-aliasing due to resampling bandpass signals and polyphase filter decompositions- are applied to create a low-complexity approach that does not require any arithmetic operations at the IF sample rate. The required tasks are performed in two stages: a downsample-by-2 operation followed by a more traditional resampler based on a polyphase filterbank.
2061	a57125618000	Nash C.	p886	False	Conference	398	A summary of data-aided equalizer experiments at edwards AFB	This paper summarizes the analysis of bit error rate data captured during flight tests designed to compare data-aided equalizers with SOQPSK-TG to unequalized and currently available blind, adaptive equalizers with SOQPSK-TG. The number of bit errors, on a second-by-second basis, are analyzed. The results are different for each test point. Given the uncertain behavior of the preamble detector for the data-aided equalizer and the differing channel conditions between the data-aided equalizer channel and the conventional serial streaming telemetry channel, we are unable to draw any firm comparative conclusions.
2062	a57195419580	Rahmati M.	p809	False	Conference	344	Analysis of pyrolysis products from live shrub fuels	Approximately 6 million acres per year are burned by prescribed fire shrublands in the southeastern United States. Burning the understory every 2-4 years prevents fires from spreading to the canopy. However, combustion of live shrubs is not well understood, and has been shown to differ from combustion of dead biomass fuels. The purpose of this study is to investigate pyrolysis products from live shrub fuels. The pyrolysis products constitute the fuel for the gaseous flames in a fire. Amounts of pyrolyzed species depend on heating rate, temperature, fuel type, and fuel properties. In order to provide pyrolysis conditions and oxygen-free environment, a flat-flame burner (FFB) was designed and operated in a fuel-rich mode. Hot and cold traps were used to separate low and high molecular weight (tars) pyrolysis products and then analyzed in two different GC-MS systems. The data obtained help focus modeling efforts for combustion of live shrubs. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
2062	a57195419580	Rahmati M.	p810	False	Conference	345	Pyrolysis of live vegetation at slow heating rates	Wildland fire is an important component of many American ecosystems. Wildland fires can have necessary ecological influences in many North American ecosystems or can dangerously affect life, property and natural resources. These hazards decrease with the proper application of controlled burning. Controlled burning destroys smaller plants and also decreases combustible materials and the potential for ignition and fire propagation in the fuel bed. Fuel bed pyrolysis and ignition determine fire ignition and propagation rates in both wildland fires and prescribed burning, but the details of solid fuel reaction under wildland fire conditions remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to provide fundamental information about pyrolysis of live shrub fuels at slow heating rates. A programmable heater apparatus was used to study the pyrolysis products of three different kind of live shrubs from forests of the Southeastern United States. Low and high molecular weight pyrolysis products were collected in a cold trap and then analyzed using GC-MS.
2062	a57195419580	Rahmati M.	p812	True	Conference	347	Investigation of merging flames in Horizontal and vertical Geometries	One of the main needs for accurate shrub combustion modeling is the complicated flame growth pattern due to merging of flames from multiple leaves and small branches. A careful study of flame interactions from fuels in three-dimensional arrangements is a necessary step in strengthening operational field models in complex fuel structures. The purpose of this research is to imitate the flame merging of the solid fuels in different geometries in order to describe fire behavior in complex fuel structures, such as trees or shrubs. Ceramic felts soaked in n-heptane were used as a fuel source to conduct flame-merging experiments. Flame characteristics such as flame length and flame width were measured for both single and merged flames. Our data shows that by altering the separation distance between felts in both vertical and horizontal directions, flame area, height and width vary to a large extent. The region of flame merging is mapped in both the horizontal and vertical directions. These data are being used to develop flame-merging correlations as a function of flame spacing, similar to correlations that have been developed for multiple flames in the horizontal plane.
2063	a57200206650	Howarth J.	p810	False	Conference	345	Pyrolysis of live vegetation at slow heating rates	Wildland fire is an important component of many American ecosystems. Wildland fires can have necessary ecological influences in many North American ecosystems or can dangerously affect life, property and natural resources. These hazards decrease with the proper application of controlled burning. Controlled burning destroys smaller plants and also decreases combustible materials and the potential for ignition and fire propagation in the fuel bed. Fuel bed pyrolysis and ignition determine fire ignition and propagation rates in both wildland fires and prescribed burning, but the details of solid fuel reaction under wildland fire conditions remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to provide fundamental information about pyrolysis of live shrub fuels at slow heating rates. A programmable heater apparatus was used to study the pyrolysis products of three different kind of live shrubs from forests of the Southeastern United States. Low and high molecular weight pyrolysis products were collected in a cold trap and then analyzed using GC-MS.
2064	a57200203866	DeYoung J.	p810	False	Conference	345	Pyrolysis of live vegetation at slow heating rates	Wildland fire is an important component of many American ecosystems. Wildland fires can have necessary ecological influences in many North American ecosystems or can dangerously affect life, property and natural resources. These hazards decrease with the proper application of controlled burning. Controlled burning destroys smaller plants and also decreases combustible materials and the potential for ignition and fire propagation in the fuel bed. Fuel bed pyrolysis and ignition determine fire ignition and propagation rates in both wildland fires and prescribed burning, but the details of solid fuel reaction under wildland fire conditions remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study is to provide fundamental information about pyrolysis of live shrub fuels at slow heating rates. A programmable heater apparatus was used to study the pyrolysis products of three different kind of live shrubs from forests of the Southeastern United States. Low and high molecular weight pyrolysis products were collected in a cold trap and then analyzed using GC-MS.
2065	a57200201882	Hosler T.	p811	True	Conference	346	Impact of particle properties on radiative heat flux in an oxy-coal reactor	A sensitivity study testing the significance of particle size, scattering phase functions, and distribution in oxy-coal combustion was conducted. Literature review suggests that particle size and number density play a more critical role in determination of radiative properties than the complex index of refraction. Radiative data was produced from numerical experiments using one of two particle distribution profiles (narrow or wide). A comparison of highly forward scattering cases for two particle sizes (25μm vs. 75μm) revealed a significant difference in incident heat flux maximum (25%). This difference was observed in both profiles examined. It was also generally observed that as particle size increases the difference between incident heat flux for forward and backward scattering decreases. No significant difference was observed between the large diffuse sphere and no scattering cases, suggesting that accurate modelling of larger particle size distributions can be achieved while neglecting scattering and phase functions. This result agrees with current practice in industry for air - coal mixtures. However, data suggests that phase function/scattering coefficient influence becomes more and more important with increasingly fine particle size.
2066	a57200201106	Harper C.	p812	False	Conference	347	Investigation of merging flames in Horizontal and vertical Geometries	One of the main needs for accurate shrub combustion modeling is the complicated flame growth pattern due to merging of flames from multiple leaves and small branches. A careful study of flame interactions from fuels in three-dimensional arrangements is a necessary step in strengthening operational field models in complex fuel structures. The purpose of this research is to imitate the flame merging of the solid fuels in different geometries in order to describe fire behavior in complex fuel structures, such as trees or shrubs. Ceramic felts soaked in n-heptane were used as a fuel source to conduct flame-merging experiments. Flame characteristics such as flame length and flame width were measured for both single and merged flames. Our data shows that by altering the separation distance between felts in both vertical and horizontal directions, flame area, height and width vary to a large extent. The region of flame merging is mapped in both the horizontal and vertical directions. These data are being used to develop flame-merging correlations as a function of flame spacing, similar to correlations that have been developed for multiple flames in the horizontal plane.
2067	a57200819002	Butler M.	p812	False	Conference	347	Investigation of merging flames in Horizontal and vertical Geometries	One of the main needs for accurate shrub combustion modeling is the complicated flame growth pattern due to merging of flames from multiple leaves and small branches. A careful study of flame interactions from fuels in three-dimensional arrangements is a necessary step in strengthening operational field models in complex fuel structures. The purpose of this research is to imitate the flame merging of the solid fuels in different geometries in order to describe fire behavior in complex fuel structures, such as trees or shrubs. Ceramic felts soaked in n-heptane were used as a fuel source to conduct flame-merging experiments. Flame characteristics such as flame length and flame width were measured for both single and merged flames. Our data shows that by altering the separation distance between felts in both vertical and horizontal directions, flame area, height and width vary to a large extent. The region of flame merging is mapped in both the horizontal and vertical directions. These data are being used to develop flame-merging correlations as a function of flame spacing, similar to correlations that have been developed for multiple flames in the horizontal plane.
2068	a57200201511	Williams T.	p814	True	Conference	349	A fast-running simulation tool for axisymmetric oxy-coal combustors	FENICS (Flame Equilibrium Numeric Iterative Calculation Software) is a code developed to be a fast running tool for use in designing axisymmetric, oxy-coal furnaces. The code calculates gas temperature and composition, wall heat flux, and wall and refractory temperatures using 1D, equilibrium chemistry and a 3D discrete ordinates radiation solver. Chemistry and temperature calculations are made for a discrete number of axial zones wherein the temperature and species composition are assumed to be uniform. Radiation calculations are performed on a finer grid and assume gray gases. The code was validated by comparing to experimental data obtained from the L1500 Multifuel Furnace. The experimental data were taken from a single oxy-coal combustion experiment with flue gas recirculation run at a firing rate of 880kW and an air-fuel ratio of 3.6. FENICS was able to qualitatively match the wall flux and temperature profiles quite well. The major exception to this being that peak flux cannot accurately be predicted due the assumptions utilized 'smearing' the flame. Quantitatively, FENICS showed good agreement with the data. Wall temperatures were accurate to within 150K (13%) while total wall radiative heat loss was within 4%. FENICS was also used to evaluate temperatue and flux profiles for a new pilot-scale oxy-coal reactor.
2069	a57189243866	Allen J.T.	p816	True	Conference	351	Designing for power transfer across fold-lines in mechanisms with origami-like movement using surrogate folds	As mechanisms with origami-like movement increase in popularity, there is a need for conducting electrical power across folds. This need could potentially be filled by the use of surrogate folds. Surrogate folds are a localized reduction in stiffness in a given direction allowing the material to function like a fold. Current methods for conducting across folds are reviewed along with current opportunities. A framework for designing conductive surrogate folds that can be adapted to fit specific applications is presented. Equations for calculating the resistance in single surrogate folds as well as arrays are given. Prototypes of several conductive joints are presented and discussed. The framework is then followed in the designing and manufacturing of a conductive origami-inspired mechanism. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
2070	a57197765649	Hirschi E.	p819	False	Conference	354	A simple starting point for designing for and/or assessing the social impact of products	In this paper we present a starting point for designing for and/or assessing the social impact of engineered products. The starting point is a set of tables comprising products, their general functional characteristics, and the accompanying social impacts. We have constructed these tables by first extracting a set of social impact categories from the literature, then 65 products were qualitatively reviewed to find their social impact. The resulting product impact tables can be used at either the beginning of the product development process to decide what social impact to design for and discover product functions that lead to it, or later to qualitatively assess the social impact of a product being designed and/or to assess the impact of an existing product. © 2017 ASME.
2071	a57195290099	Sperry R.	p820	True	Conference	355	Impact of computational mesh on CFD combustion predictions	This study has examined the impact of cell type and mesh refinement on predicted combustion results. Mesh refinement in regions of high velocity gradients was shown to be the most critical factor in achieving realistic simulation results. In Case 5 where mesh refinement was focused near the geometric shapes of the cooling tubes and burner tile, insufficient mesh refinement existed in the fuel-air mixing zones around and above the burner to accurately predict fuel jet penetration and fuel-air mixing, resulting in inaccurate predictions for flame shape and heat flux profiles at the cooling tubes. Differences in predicted incident flux, total heat transfer and flame shape between the highest levels of mesh refinement (~2 million cells) between the structured trimmed-cell mesh and the unstructured polyhedral mesh were minimal. At lower mesh levels of 1 million cells, there were slightly greater discrepancies between the structured trimmed-cell mesh and the unstructured polyhedral mesh, particularly with respect to the flame shape and upper furnace flux profile predicted in Case 3. Interestingly, the differences in thermal efficiency and total heat transfer were greater between Case 2 and Case 1 (2 million versus 1 million cells) than between Case 2 and Case 5 (2 million versus 1 million cells with poor refinement). This trend was also observed with Case 4 and Case 3. This suggests both cell count and local mesh refinement are important to achieving accurate combustion predictions, but that there is minimal difference between the results with differing mesh types as long as the cell count and refinement are sufficient to represent the expected jet mixing behavior. These results also suggest that while the flame shape does impact the boundary flux profile as expected, the impact on thermal efficiency may be less well correlated. Thus, total heat transfer results should not be used to assess flame shape behavior; boundary flux profiles provided better correlation to flame shape.
2072	a57191918589	Stoddard A.	p823	True	Journal	393	A Hybrid Approach to FPGA Configuration Scrubbing	This paper describes a FPGA configuration scrubbing approach for Xilinx 7-Series FPGAs that combines the high-speed internal scrubbing available within these devices with an external scrubber. The internal scrubbing unit continuously monitors the frames of the FPGA configuration memory and corrects single-bit frame errors and is used to detect multi-bit frame errors. Multi-bit upsets are repaired by means of a secondary scrubbing mechanism that is primarily external to the FPGA fabric. This Xilinx 7-Series hybrid configuration scrubbing architecture scans 25,636,224 bits of the XC7Z020 device in several microseconds and detects upsets within 8 ms and then corrects most multi-cell upsets in under an additional 6 ms. This configuration scrubber was validated with configuration fault injection and neutron radiation testing. © 2016 IEEE.
2073	a57191921086	Gruwell A.	p823	False	Journal	393	A Hybrid Approach to FPGA Configuration Scrubbing	This paper describes a FPGA configuration scrubbing approach for Xilinx 7-Series FPGAs that combines the high-speed internal scrubbing available within these devices with an external scrubber. The internal scrubbing unit continuously monitors the frames of the FPGA configuration memory and corrects single-bit frame errors and is used to detect multi-bit frame errors. Multi-bit upsets are repaired by means of a secondary scrubbing mechanism that is primarily external to the FPGA fabric. This Xilinx 7-Series hybrid configuration scrubbing architecture scans 25,636,224 bits of the XC7Z020 device in several microseconds and detects upsets within 8 ms and then corrects most multi-cell upsets in under an additional 6 ms. This configuration scrubber was validated with configuration fault injection and neutron radiation testing. © 2016 IEEE.
2074	a57191923986	Zabriskie P.	p823	False	Journal	393	A Hybrid Approach to FPGA Configuration Scrubbing	This paper describes a FPGA configuration scrubbing approach for Xilinx 7-Series FPGAs that combines the high-speed internal scrubbing available within these devices with an external scrubber. The internal scrubbing unit continuously monitors the frames of the FPGA configuration memory and corrects single-bit frame errors and is used to detect multi-bit frame errors. Multi-bit upsets are repaired by means of a secondary scrubbing mechanism that is primarily external to the FPGA fabric. This Xilinx 7-Series hybrid configuration scrubbing architecture scans 25,636,224 bits of the XC7Z020 device in several microseconds and detects upsets within 8 ms and then corrects most multi-cell upsets in under an additional 6 ms. This configuration scrubber was validated with configuration fault injection and neutron radiation testing. © 2016 IEEE.
2075	a7004848095	Turley R.S.	p826	False	Conference	356	Adding EUV reflectance to aluminum-coated mirrors for space-based observation	Protective layers on aluminum mirror surfaces which can be removed via the use of atomic hydrogen or hydrogen plasmas at the point of use in space may allow an expansion of broad-band mirrors into the EUV. LUVOIR (large, UV-optical-IR telescope) is a potential NASA flagship space-based observatory of the 2020's or 30's. It would utilize the largest mirrors ever flown1. Their reflective coating will almost certainly be aluminum, since such telescopes would profit from truly broad-band mirrors. To achieve reflectance over the broadest band, the top surface of such aluminum mirrors, however, needs to be bare, without the oxide layers that naturally form in air. This will open the 11 to 15 eV band. Since thin aluminum films are largely transparent between 15 and 70 eV an EUV mirror under the aluminum could make EUV bands such as 30.4 nm available for space-based astrophysics without sacrificing mirror IR, visible and UV reflectance. The local space environment for the observatory is sufficiently oxygen-free that the surface should remain bare for decades. We discuss protecting as-deposited aluminum mirrors with robust, oxygenimpenetrable, barrier layers applied in vacuo to the aluminum immediately after deposition and before air contact. The goal is that the barrier could also be cleanly, and relatively easily, removed once the mirror is in space. We propose hydrogen atoms as the means for removing the overcoat, since they can be expected to meet the criteria that the means is gentle enough to not roughen the mirror surface, and does not redeposit material on the mirror or other spacecraft components. We have investigated both organic and inorganic (such as, a-Si) hydrogen-removable films that can be applied to the aluminum immediately after its deposition have been investigated. We also examined the REVAP technique, using Cd and Zn. Agglomeration limited their effectiveness as barrier layers. That and dealing with the reevaporated atoms may limit their utility as barrier materials. © COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
2076	a57196471974	Thomas S.M.	p826	False	Conference	356	Adding EUV reflectance to aluminum-coated mirrors for space-based observation	Protective layers on aluminum mirror surfaces which can be removed via the use of atomic hydrogen or hydrogen plasmas at the point of use in space may allow an expansion of broad-band mirrors into the EUV. LUVOIR (large, UV-optical-IR telescope) is a potential NASA flagship space-based observatory of the 2020's or 30's. It would utilize the largest mirrors ever flown1. Their reflective coating will almost certainly be aluminum, since such telescopes would profit from truly broad-band mirrors. To achieve reflectance over the broadest band, the top surface of such aluminum mirrors, however, needs to be bare, without the oxide layers that naturally form in air. This will open the 11 to 15 eV band. Since thin aluminum films are largely transparent between 15 and 70 eV an EUV mirror under the aluminum could make EUV bands such as 30.4 nm available for space-based astrophysics without sacrificing mirror IR, visible and UV reflectance. The local space environment for the observatory is sufficiently oxygen-free that the surface should remain bare for decades. We discuss protecting as-deposited aluminum mirrors with robust, oxygenimpenetrable, barrier layers applied in vacuo to the aluminum immediately after deposition and before air contact. The goal is that the barrier could also be cleanly, and relatively easily, removed once the mirror is in space. We propose hydrogen atoms as the means for removing the overcoat, since they can be expected to meet the criteria that the means is gentle enough to not roughen the mirror surface, and does not redeposit material on the mirror or other spacecraft components. We have investigated both organic and inorganic (such as, a-Si) hydrogen-removable films that can be applied to the aluminum immediately after its deposition have been investigated. We also examined the REVAP technique, using Cd and Zn. Agglomeration limited their effectiveness as barrier layers. That and dealing with the reevaporated atoms may limit their utility as barrier materials. © COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
2077	a57196475822	Willett S.G.	p826	False	Conference	356	Adding EUV reflectance to aluminum-coated mirrors for space-based observation	Protective layers on aluminum mirror surfaces which can be removed via the use of atomic hydrogen or hydrogen plasmas at the point of use in space may allow an expansion of broad-band mirrors into the EUV. LUVOIR (large, UV-optical-IR telescope) is a potential NASA flagship space-based observatory of the 2020's or 30's. It would utilize the largest mirrors ever flown1. Their reflective coating will almost certainly be aluminum, since such telescopes would profit from truly broad-band mirrors. To achieve reflectance over the broadest band, the top surface of such aluminum mirrors, however, needs to be bare, without the oxide layers that naturally form in air. This will open the 11 to 15 eV band. Since thin aluminum films are largely transparent between 15 and 70 eV an EUV mirror under the aluminum could make EUV bands such as 30.4 nm available for space-based astrophysics without sacrificing mirror IR, visible and UV reflectance. The local space environment for the observatory is sufficiently oxygen-free that the surface should remain bare for decades. We discuss protecting as-deposited aluminum mirrors with robust, oxygenimpenetrable, barrier layers applied in vacuo to the aluminum immediately after deposition and before air contact. The goal is that the barrier could also be cleanly, and relatively easily, removed once the mirror is in space. We propose hydrogen atoms as the means for removing the overcoat, since they can be expected to meet the criteria that the means is gentle enough to not roughen the mirror surface, and does not redeposit material on the mirror or other spacecraft components. We have investigated both organic and inorganic (such as, a-Si) hydrogen-removable films that can be applied to the aluminum immediately after its deposition have been investigated. We also examined the REVAP technique, using Cd and Zn. Agglomeration limited their effectiveness as barrier layers. That and dealing with the reevaporated atoms may limit their utility as barrier materials. © COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
2078	a57196468765	Greenburg M.J.	p826	False	Conference	356	Adding EUV reflectance to aluminum-coated mirrors for space-based observation	Protective layers on aluminum mirror surfaces which can be removed via the use of atomic hydrogen or hydrogen plasmas at the point of use in space may allow an expansion of broad-band mirrors into the EUV. LUVOIR (large, UV-optical-IR telescope) is a potential NASA flagship space-based observatory of the 2020's or 30's. It would utilize the largest mirrors ever flown1. Their reflective coating will almost certainly be aluminum, since such telescopes would profit from truly broad-band mirrors. To achieve reflectance over the broadest band, the top surface of such aluminum mirrors, however, needs to be bare, without the oxide layers that naturally form in air. This will open the 11 to 15 eV band. Since thin aluminum films are largely transparent between 15 and 70 eV an EUV mirror under the aluminum could make EUV bands such as 30.4 nm available for space-based astrophysics without sacrificing mirror IR, visible and UV reflectance. The local space environment for the observatory is sufficiently oxygen-free that the surface should remain bare for decades. We discuss protecting as-deposited aluminum mirrors with robust, oxygenimpenetrable, barrier layers applied in vacuo to the aluminum immediately after deposition and before air contact. The goal is that the barrier could also be cleanly, and relatively easily, removed once the mirror is in space. We propose hydrogen atoms as the means for removing the overcoat, since they can be expected to meet the criteria that the means is gentle enough to not roughen the mirror surface, and does not redeposit material on the mirror or other spacecraft components. We have investigated both organic and inorganic (such as, a-Si) hydrogen-removable films that can be applied to the aluminum immediately after its deposition have been investigated. We also examined the REVAP technique, using Cd and Zn. Agglomeration limited their effectiveness as barrier layers. That and dealing with the reevaporated atoms may limit their utility as barrier materials. © COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
2079	a57192318731	Perry S.B.	p826	False	Conference	356	Adding EUV reflectance to aluminum-coated mirrors for space-based observation	Protective layers on aluminum mirror surfaces which can be removed via the use of atomic hydrogen or hydrogen plasmas at the point of use in space may allow an expansion of broad-band mirrors into the EUV. LUVOIR (large, UV-optical-IR telescope) is a potential NASA flagship space-based observatory of the 2020's or 30's. It would utilize the largest mirrors ever flown1. Their reflective coating will almost certainly be aluminum, since such telescopes would profit from truly broad-band mirrors. To achieve reflectance over the broadest band, the top surface of such aluminum mirrors, however, needs to be bare, without the oxide layers that naturally form in air. This will open the 11 to 15 eV band. Since thin aluminum films are largely transparent between 15 and 70 eV an EUV mirror under the aluminum could make EUV bands such as 30.4 nm available for space-based astrophysics without sacrificing mirror IR, visible and UV reflectance. The local space environment for the observatory is sufficiently oxygen-free that the surface should remain bare for decades. We discuss protecting as-deposited aluminum mirrors with robust, oxygenimpenetrable, barrier layers applied in vacuo to the aluminum immediately after deposition and before air contact. The goal is that the barrier could also be cleanly, and relatively easily, removed once the mirror is in space. We propose hydrogen atoms as the means for removing the overcoat, since they can be expected to meet the criteria that the means is gentle enough to not roughen the mirror surface, and does not redeposit material on the mirror or other spacecraft components. We have investigated both organic and inorganic (such as, a-Si) hydrogen-removable films that can be applied to the aluminum immediately after its deposition have been investigated. We also examined the REVAP technique, using Cd and Zn. Agglomeration limited their effectiveness as barrier layers. That and dealing with the reevaporated atoms may limit their utility as barrier materials. © COPYRIGHT SPIE. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
2080	a55660173800	McClelland H.G.	p828	True	Conference	357	Small aircraft flight encounters database for UAS sense and avoid	Hardware and software technologies that enable unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to reliably sense and avoid (SAA) other aircraft are critical to the safe operation of UAS beyond an operator's line of sight. For small UAS, the need is especially critical because of the clutter and the air-traffic density at low altitudes where they operate. For the community of researchers who are developing SAA technology for small UAS, there is a critical need for a rich, openly-accessible compendium of encounter data with which to develop, test, and evaluate SAA algorithms. In this paper we introduce a publicly available database of small UAS encounter data, the small aircraft flight encounter (SAFE) database, with an initial deposit of 11 flight encounters. In these encounters two target aircraft, a fixed-wing and a multi-rotor are imaged by a separate fixed-wing aircraft carrying two high-definition video cameras and a unique radar unit. The data contain ground-truth navigation estimates for both the target and imaging aircraft. The target aircraft are observed in the video footage but not in the radar imagery; continuing efforts include tuning and refinement of the radar parameters and expansion of the SAFE database to support small UAS SAA technology development. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
2081	a57193903292	Kang C.K.	p828	False	Conference	357	Small aircraft flight encounters database for UAS sense and avoid	Hardware and software technologies that enable unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to reliably sense and avoid (SAA) other aircraft are critical to the safe operation of UAS beyond an operator's line of sight. For small UAS, the need is especially critical because of the clutter and the air-traffic density at low altitudes where they operate. For the community of researchers who are developing SAA technology for small UAS, there is a critical need for a rich, openly-accessible compendium of encounter data with which to develop, test, and evaluate SAA algorithms. In this paper we introduce a publicly available database of small UAS encounter data, the small aircraft flight encounter (SAFE) database, with an initial deposit of 11 flight encounters. In these encounters two target aircraft, a fixed-wing and a multi-rotor are imaged by a separate fixed-wing aircraft carrying two high-definition video cameras and a unique radar unit. The data contain ground-truth navigation estimates for both the target and imaging aircraft. The target aircraft are observed in the video footage but not in the radar imagery; continuing efforts include tuning and refinement of the radar parameters and expansion of the SAFE database to support small UAS SAA technology development. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
2082	a6701876192	Woolsey C.A.	p828	False	Conference	357	Small aircraft flight encounters database for UAS sense and avoid	Hardware and software technologies that enable unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to reliably sense and avoid (SAA) other aircraft are critical to the safe operation of UAS beyond an operator's line of sight. For small UAS, the need is especially critical because of the clutter and the air-traffic density at low altitudes where they operate. For the community of researchers who are developing SAA technology for small UAS, there is a critical need for a rich, openly-accessible compendium of encounter data with which to develop, test, and evaluate SAA algorithms. In this paper we introduce a publicly available database of small UAS encounter data, the small aircraft flight encounter (SAFE) database, with an initial deposit of 11 flight encounters. In these encounters two target aircraft, a fixed-wing and a multi-rotor are imaged by a separate fixed-wing aircraft carrying two high-definition video cameras and a unique radar unit. The data contain ground-truth navigation estimates for both the target and imaging aircraft. The target aircraft are observed in the video footage but not in the radar imagery; continuing efforts include tuning and refinement of the radar parameters and expansion of the SAFE database to support small UAS SAA technology development. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
2083	a57193902758	Roberts A.K.	p828	False	Conference	357	Small aircraft flight encounters database for UAS sense and avoid	Hardware and software technologies that enable unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to reliably sense and avoid (SAA) other aircraft are critical to the safe operation of UAS beyond an operator's line of sight. For small UAS, the need is especially critical because of the clutter and the air-traffic density at low altitudes where they operate. For the community of researchers who are developing SAA technology for small UAS, there is a critical need for a rich, openly-accessible compendium of encounter data with which to develop, test, and evaluate SAA algorithms. In this paper we introduce a publicly available database of small UAS encounter data, the small aircraft flight encounter (SAFE) database, with an initial deposit of 11 flight encounters. In these encounters two target aircraft, a fixed-wing and a multi-rotor are imaged by a separate fixed-wing aircraft carrying two high-definition video cameras and a unique radar unit. The data contain ground-truth navigation estimates for both the target and imaging aircraft. The target aircraft are observed in the video footage but not in the radar imagery; continuing efforts include tuning and refinement of the radar parameters and expansion of the SAFE database to support small UAS SAA technology development. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
2084	a57193895552	Buck D.	p828	False	Conference	357	Small aircraft flight encounters database for UAS sense and avoid	Hardware and software technologies that enable unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to reliably sense and avoid (SAA) other aircraft are critical to the safe operation of UAS beyond an operator's line of sight. For small UAS, the need is especially critical because of the clutter and the air-traffic density at low altitudes where they operate. For the community of researchers who are developing SAA technology for small UAS, there is a critical need for a rich, openly-accessible compendium of encounter data with which to develop, test, and evaluate SAA algorithms. In this paper we introduce a publicly available database of small UAS encounter data, the small aircraft flight encounter (SAFE) database, with an initial deposit of 11 flight encounters. In these encounters two target aircraft, a fixed-wing and a multi-rotor are imaged by a separate fixed-wing aircraft carrying two high-definition video cameras and a unique radar unit. The data contain ground-truth navigation estimates for both the target and imaging aircraft. The target aircraft are observed in the video footage but not in the radar imagery; continuing efforts include tuning and refinement of the radar parameters and expansion of the SAFE database to support small UAS SAA technology development. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
2085	a57193900229	Cheney T.	p828	False	Conference	357	Small aircraft flight encounters database for UAS sense and avoid	Hardware and software technologies that enable unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) to reliably sense and avoid (SAA) other aircraft are critical to the safe operation of UAS beyond an operator's line of sight. For small UAS, the need is especially critical because of the clutter and the air-traffic density at low altitudes where they operate. For the community of researchers who are developing SAA technology for small UAS, there is a critical need for a rich, openly-accessible compendium of encounter data with which to develop, test, and evaluate SAA algorithms. In this paper we introduce a publicly available database of small UAS encounter data, the small aircraft flight encounter (SAFE) database, with an initial deposit of 11 flight encounters. In these encounters two target aircraft, a fixed-wing and a multi-rotor are imaged by a separate fixed-wing aircraft carrying two high-definition video cameras and a unique radar unit. The data contain ground-truth navigation estimates for both the target and imaging aircraft. The target aircraft are observed in the video footage but not in the radar imagery; continuing efforts include tuning and refinement of the radar parameters and expansion of the SAFE database to support small UAS SAA technology development. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
2086	a57208928114	Frustaci J.B.	p829	True	Journal	396	Implementing highway safety manual life-cycle benefit–cost analysis of safety improvements	The Highway Safety Manual (HSM) lists four methods for determining the change in crash severity in order of reliability. The life-cycle benefit– cost analysis currently used by the Utah Department of Transportation is similar to the least reliable method. To provide a tool to perform the most reliable method defined by the HSM—the predictive method— this research developed a spreadsheet-based tool to allow department engineers to perform life-cycle benefit–cost analyses for the 11 roadway segment types included in the HSM. The tool can be used to analyze the cost-effectiveness of safety-related improvements identified by the Utah crash prediction model, which was previously developed to identify safety hot spots on the state highway system. The concept and the spreadsheet layout are presented by using the rural two-lane, two-way highway spreadsheet as an example. Then a case of a rural two-lane, two-way highway with two selected countermeasures is presented to demonstrate the use of this spreadsheet to compare their benefit–cost ratios. One important aspect associated with life-cycle benefit–cost analyses of safety-related improvements is the cost of implementing such improvements. Safety-related improvements are often included in larger construction contracts and such costs vary significantly, depending on the way they are included in the larger contracts. Hence, construction costs of safety-related improvements—such as initial cost, periodic rehabilitation cost, and annual maintenance costs—must be prepared outside this spreadsheet by the user. © 2017, SAGE Publications Ltd. All rights reserved.
2087	a55354928800	Heath D.	p830	True	Conference	358	Semantic style creation	Visual style transfer involves combining the content of one image with the style of another, and recent work has produced some compelling results. This paper proposes a related task that requires additional system intelligence and autonomy-that of style creation. Rather than using the style of an existing source image, the goal is to have the system autonomously create a rendering style based on a simple (text-based) semantic description. Results demonstrate the system's ability to autonomously create interesting, semantically appropriate styles that can be applied for image rendering. © 2017, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved.
2088	a57195720669	Ngo K.	p831	False	Conference	359	Implementation of lean practices among finishing contractors in the US	Many parties to the construction process have implemented lean construction practices to improve efficiency within their respective scopes of work. Academics have researched a wide range of these applications in an effort to assess barriers, benefits, and other associated impacts. One area of construction that is currently under-represented in lean literature is finishing contractors. The purpose of this paper was to assess lean implementation by finishing contractors in the US. 33% of the sample of contractors specializing in the finishing methods reported implementation of some level of lean practices. For those attempting lean, the most common tool being utilized was Last Planner System. The same group reported that implementation was driven by a desire to improve efficiency by cutting costs and reducing schedules. Non-practicing respondents indicated that the primary barrier to implementation was a lack of knowledge in the area.
2089	a57195718233	Thameem M.	p832	True	Conference	360	Delivery methods and social network analysis of unethical behavior in the construction industry	The construction industry accounts for about one-third of gross capital formation and is ranked as one of the most corrupt. It is a multifaceted industry with unregulated transactions in which illicit behavior can be difficult to detect. The effects of corruption go beyond demoralization associated with bribery, it can lead to substandard quality of infrastructure and insufficient funds available for project maintenance. There are a multitude of reasons identified as possible causes for unethical conduct. A few researchers cited corruption as a result of an unethical decision. Prior research concerning corruption in construction has called for several main strategies: enhanced transparency, ethical codes, project governance, and audit and information technology. However, strategies to combat corruption may not be sufficient. This research first presents an overview of unethical conduct in the industry. Then it examines the ethics in the industry followed by types of relationships and their structure which may be conducive to unethical conduct within the framework of different delivery methods. Finally, an argument is made regarding the importance of strength of relationships in curbing unethical conduct.
2090	a57190859038	Peterson M.W.	p833	True	Conference	361	Fourier descriptors for improved analysis of distortion transfer and generation	For fan/compressor design, quantifying distortion transfer and generation bladerow by bladerow through a fan/compressor is important to understand the flow physics and predict performance. What is needed are descriptors capable of describing distortion profiles with both high and low distortion content and account for the reshaping of distortion profiles. Four key parameters were identified as desirable to quantitatively capture distortion transfer, generation and effects on performance: distortion magnitude, shape, severity and phase. A set of distortion descriptors based on Fourier analysis are shown to quantitatively capture distortion magnitude, shape and phase change across bladerows. These Fourier descriptors are modal amplitude, total amplitude, and phase shift. When used together, these Fourier descriptors can be used to qualitatively describe any conceivable profile shape for any parameter. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
2091	a57203222139	Webber T.	p834	False	Conference	362	Improved bottomhole pressure control with wired drillpipe and physics-based models	Wired Drillpipe (WDP) technology provides two-way and high speed measurements from bottom hole and along-string sensors. The data offered by WDP technology has maximum benefit when applied in an automation system or as a real-time advisory tool. Improved control is demonstrated for Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) with the use of high-speed telemetry and physics-based models. Stabilizing and minimizing pressure within an acceptable bound leads to higher and more consistent Rate of Penetration (ROP). MPD control is challenging due to tight pressure windows and the nonlinearity of the choke and pump response on Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP). This work demonstrates a new Hammerstein-Wiener nonlinear model predictive controller for BHP regulation in drilling. Hammerstein-Wiener models employ input and output static nonlinear blocks before and after linear dynamics blocks and thereby simplify the controller design. The control performance is evaluated in scenarios such as drilling, pipe connections, and kick attenuation. A physics-based drilling simulator, WeMod, is used for model identification and control performance evaluation. The control performance of the new nonlinear controller is compared to conventional controllers in various scenarios. Because of the interconnected multivariable and nonlinear nature of the drilling operation, conventional controllers show severe limitations. In a first scenario, the performance of set point tracking during normal drilling operation is compared. By changing the set point of the BHP, the conventional controller manipulates only the choke valve opening while the nonlinear controller moves choke valve opening, mud pump, and back pressure pump simultaneously. In a second scenario, a pipe connection of a typical drillpipe stand is demonstrated. The conventional controller is not able to regulate the BHP by adjusting the choke valve only. Although a linear version of the controller is able to exploit multivariable relationships, absence of the nonlinear relationships results in severe oscillation when the operational range is shifted outside of the training region. The nonlinear controller maintains a BHP within ±1 bar of the requested set point. A third scenario investigates the kick attenuation performance of conventional and nonlinear control algorithms. The nonlinear controller attenuates the kick within well control conditions, without requiring a well shut-in procedure. Recent advances in drilling simulators and the reliability of the WDP data highway have enabled tighter BHP control. This study presents a robust method to control BHP by applying Hammerstein-Wiener models in an efficient model predictive controller. The proposed methods have been validated in the downstream industry, but are applied for the first time to drilling with nonlinear control functionality. The multivariable control adjusts three main manipulated variables in MPD simultaneously. Copyright © 2017, SPE/IADC Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
2092	a56156055700	Shishavan R.A.	p834	False	Conference	362	Improved bottomhole pressure control with wired drillpipe and physics-based models	Wired Drillpipe (WDP) technology provides two-way and high speed measurements from bottom hole and along-string sensors. The data offered by WDP technology has maximum benefit when applied in an automation system or as a real-time advisory tool. Improved control is demonstrated for Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) with the use of high-speed telemetry and physics-based models. Stabilizing and minimizing pressure within an acceptable bound leads to higher and more consistent Rate of Penetration (ROP). MPD control is challenging due to tight pressure windows and the nonlinearity of the choke and pump response on Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP). This work demonstrates a new Hammerstein-Wiener nonlinear model predictive controller for BHP regulation in drilling. Hammerstein-Wiener models employ input and output static nonlinear blocks before and after linear dynamics blocks and thereby simplify the controller design. The control performance is evaluated in scenarios such as drilling, pipe connections, and kick attenuation. A physics-based drilling simulator, WeMod, is used for model identification and control performance evaluation. The control performance of the new nonlinear controller is compared to conventional controllers in various scenarios. Because of the interconnected multivariable and nonlinear nature of the drilling operation, conventional controllers show severe limitations. In a first scenario, the performance of set point tracking during normal drilling operation is compared. By changing the set point of the BHP, the conventional controller manipulates only the choke valve opening while the nonlinear controller moves choke valve opening, mud pump, and back pressure pump simultaneously. In a second scenario, a pipe connection of a typical drillpipe stand is demonstrated. The conventional controller is not able to regulate the BHP by adjusting the choke valve only. Although a linear version of the controller is able to exploit multivariable relationships, absence of the nonlinear relationships results in severe oscillation when the operational range is shifted outside of the training region. The nonlinear controller maintains a BHP within ±1 bar of the requested set point. A third scenario investigates the kick attenuation performance of conventional and nonlinear control algorithms. The nonlinear controller attenuates the kick within well control conditions, without requiring a well shut-in procedure. Recent advances in drilling simulators and the reliability of the WDP data highway have enabled tighter BHP control. This study presents a robust method to control BHP by applying Hammerstein-Wiener models in an efficient model predictive controller. The proposed methods have been validated in the downstream industry, but are applied for the first time to drilling with nonlinear control functionality. The multivariable control adjusts three main manipulated variables in MPD simultaneously. Copyright © 2017, SPE/IADC Drilling Conference and Exhibition.
2093	a57200576069	Sayre A.	p835	True	Conference	363	Field testing of Cryogenic Carbon Capture	Sustainable Energy Solutions has been developing Cryogenic Carbon Capture™(CCC) since 2008. In that time two processes have been developed, the External Cooling Loop and Compressed Flue Gas Cryogenic Carbon Capture processes (CCC ECL™ and CCC CFG™ respectively). The CCC ECL™ process has been scaled up to a 1 TPD CO2 system. In this process the flue gas is cooled by an external refrigerant loop. SES has tested CCC ECL™ on real flue gas slip streams from subbituminous coal, bituminous coal, biomass, natural gas, shredded tires, and municipal waste fuels at field sites that include utility power stations, heating plants, cement kilns, and pilot-scale research reactors. The CO2 concentrations from these tests ranged from 5 to 22% on a dry basis. CO2 capture ranged from 95-99+% during these tests. Several other condensable species were also captured including NO2, SO2 and PMxx at 95+%. NO was also captured at a modest rate. The CCC CFG™ process has been scaled up to a.25 ton per day system. This system has been tested on real flue gas streams including subbituminous coal, bituminous coal and natural gas at field sites that include utility power stations, heating plants, and pilot-scale research reactors. CO2 concentrations for these tests ranged from 5 to 15% on a dry basis. CO2 capture ranged from 95-99+% during these tests. Several other condensable species were also captured including NO2, SO2 and PMxx at 95+%. NO was also captured at 90+%. Hg capture was also verified and the resulting effluent from CCC CFG™ was below a lppt concentration. This paper will focus on discussion of the capabilities of CCC, the results of field testing and the future steps surrounding the development of this technology. Copyright 2017, Carbon Management Technology Conference.
2094	a10540655600	Frankman D.	p835	False	Conference	363	Field testing of Cryogenic Carbon Capture	Sustainable Energy Solutions has been developing Cryogenic Carbon Capture™(CCC) since 2008. In that time two processes have been developed, the External Cooling Loop and Compressed Flue Gas Cryogenic Carbon Capture processes (CCC ECL™ and CCC CFG™ respectively). The CCC ECL™ process has been scaled up to a 1 TPD CO2 system. In this process the flue gas is cooled by an external refrigerant loop. SES has tested CCC ECL™ on real flue gas slip streams from subbituminous coal, bituminous coal, biomass, natural gas, shredded tires, and municipal waste fuels at field sites that include utility power stations, heating plants, cement kilns, and pilot-scale research reactors. The CO2 concentrations from these tests ranged from 5 to 22% on a dry basis. CO2 capture ranged from 95-99+% during these tests. Several other condensable species were also captured including NO2, SO2 and PMxx at 95+%. NO was also captured at a modest rate. The CCC CFG™ process has been scaled up to a.25 ton per day system. This system has been tested on real flue gas streams including subbituminous coal, bituminous coal and natural gas at field sites that include utility power stations, heating plants, and pilot-scale research reactors. CO2 concentrations for these tests ranged from 5 to 15% on a dry basis. CO2 capture ranged from 95-99+% during these tests. Several other condensable species were also captured including NO2, SO2 and PMxx at 95+%. NO was also captured at 90+%. Hg capture was also verified and the resulting effluent from CCC CFG™ was below a lppt concentration. This paper will focus on discussion of the capabilities of CCC, the results of field testing and the future steps surrounding the development of this technology. Copyright 2017, Carbon Management Technology Conference.
2095	a36924577900	Baxter A.	p835	False	Conference	363	Field testing of Cryogenic Carbon Capture	Sustainable Energy Solutions has been developing Cryogenic Carbon Capture™(CCC) since 2008. In that time two processes have been developed, the External Cooling Loop and Compressed Flue Gas Cryogenic Carbon Capture processes (CCC ECL™ and CCC CFG™ respectively). The CCC ECL™ process has been scaled up to a 1 TPD CO2 system. In this process the flue gas is cooled by an external refrigerant loop. SES has tested CCC ECL™ on real flue gas slip streams from subbituminous coal, bituminous coal, biomass, natural gas, shredded tires, and municipal waste fuels at field sites that include utility power stations, heating plants, cement kilns, and pilot-scale research reactors. The CO2 concentrations from these tests ranged from 5 to 22% on a dry basis. CO2 capture ranged from 95-99+% during these tests. Several other condensable species were also captured including NO2, SO2 and PMxx at 95+%. NO was also captured at a modest rate. The CCC CFG™ process has been scaled up to a.25 ton per day system. This system has been tested on real flue gas streams including subbituminous coal, bituminous coal and natural gas at field sites that include utility power stations, heating plants, and pilot-scale research reactors. CO2 concentrations for these tests ranged from 5 to 15% on a dry basis. CO2 capture ranged from 95-99+% during these tests. Several other condensable species were also captured including NO2, SO2 and PMxx at 95+%. NO was also captured at 90+%. Hg capture was also verified and the resulting effluent from CCC CFG™ was below a lppt concentration. This paper will focus on discussion of the capabilities of CCC, the results of field testing and the future steps surrounding the development of this technology. Copyright 2017, Carbon Management Technology Conference.
2096	a55541477400	Stitt K.	p835	False	Conference	363	Field testing of Cryogenic Carbon Capture	Sustainable Energy Solutions has been developing Cryogenic Carbon Capture™(CCC) since 2008. In that time two processes have been developed, the External Cooling Loop and Compressed Flue Gas Cryogenic Carbon Capture processes (CCC ECL™ and CCC CFG™ respectively). The CCC ECL™ process has been scaled up to a 1 TPD CO2 system. In this process the flue gas is cooled by an external refrigerant loop. SES has tested CCC ECL™ on real flue gas slip streams from subbituminous coal, bituminous coal, biomass, natural gas, shredded tires, and municipal waste fuels at field sites that include utility power stations, heating plants, cement kilns, and pilot-scale research reactors. The CO2 concentrations from these tests ranged from 5 to 22% on a dry basis. CO2 capture ranged from 95-99+% during these tests. Several other condensable species were also captured including NO2, SO2 and PMxx at 95+%. NO was also captured at a modest rate. The CCC CFG™ process has been scaled up to a.25 ton per day system. This system has been tested on real flue gas streams including subbituminous coal, bituminous coal and natural gas at field sites that include utility power stations, heating plants, and pilot-scale research reactors. CO2 concentrations for these tests ranged from 5 to 15% on a dry basis. CO2 capture ranged from 95-99+% during these tests. Several other condensable species were also captured including NO2, SO2 and PMxx at 95+%. NO was also captured at 90+%. Hg capture was also verified and the resulting effluent from CCC CFG™ was below a lppt concentration. This paper will focus on discussion of the capabilities of CCC, the results of field testing and the future steps surrounding the development of this technology. Copyright 2017, Carbon Management Technology Conference.
2097	a56559677100	Ekstrom L.T.	p838	False	Conference	365	Probabilistic Lateral Spread Evaluation for Long, Linear Infrastructure Using Performance-Based Reference Parameter Maps	The design of long, linear infrastructure such as pipelines, levees, roads, and canals can be challenging in areas of moderate to high seismicity due to numerous seismic and geologic hazards that can be encountered along proposed alignments. One of the most challenging earthquake-related hazards in the design of large infrastructure is liquefaction-induced lateral spread displacement. This paper presents a new simplified probabilistic approach to estimate lateral spread displacements at targeted return periods across large geographic areas using performance-based lateral spread displacement reference parameter maps and (if available) site-specific geotechnical information. The approach is demonstrated on a hypothetical pipeline extending from Rock Springs, Wyoming, to West Bountiful, Utah, in the United States. Advantages and limitations of the proposed approach are discussed. The results of the demonstrative calculation show how the approach can be used to identify areas where additional geotechnical investigations might be needed, and how probabilistic lateral spread displacements can be easily predicted along numerous proposed alignments of the pipeline once geotechnical subsurface investigation and ground surveys become available. © 2017 ASCE.
2098	a57194576753	He J.	p838	False	Conference	365	Probabilistic Lateral Spread Evaluation for Long, Linear Infrastructure Using Performance-Based Reference Parameter Maps	The design of long, linear infrastructure such as pipelines, levees, roads, and canals can be challenging in areas of moderate to high seismicity due to numerous seismic and geologic hazards that can be encountered along proposed alignments. One of the most challenging earthquake-related hazards in the design of large infrastructure is liquefaction-induced lateral spread displacement. This paper presents a new simplified probabilistic approach to estimate lateral spread displacements at targeted return periods across large geographic areas using performance-based lateral spread displacement reference parameter maps and (if available) site-specific geotechnical information. The approach is demonstrated on a hypothetical pipeline extending from Rock Springs, Wyoming, to West Bountiful, Utah, in the United States. Advantages and limitations of the proposed approach are discussed. The results of the demonstrative calculation show how the approach can be used to identify areas where additional geotechnical investigations might be needed, and how probabilistic lateral spread displacements can be easily predicted along numerous proposed alignments of the pipeline once geotechnical subsurface investigation and ground surveys become available. © 2017 ASCE.
2099	a57213582934	Harrington M.	p841	False	Conference	368	Single particle fluorescence analysis on demand on electro-optofluidic chip with gated particle delivery	Electronic feedback enables introduction of single microbeads and DNA molecules into a liquid-core waveguide through a micro/nanopore. Subsequent fluorescence detection from a controlled number of individual particles is demonstrated, enabling single particle analysis on demand. © 2017 OSA.
2100	a24824356000	Kochenderfer M.J.	p842	False	Journal	397	Efficient feature descriptor for unmanned aerial vehicle ground moving object tracking	A synthetic basis (SYBA) feature descriptor was used to perform frame-to-frame feature matching for frame differencing. The SYBAfeature descriptor is a robust algorithm that performs well with different degrees of image variation including: illumination, blurring, rotation, and perspective variations. The first step in detecting moving objects is to find the absolute difference between two image frames. To find the difference, the homography that describes the geometric relationship between the two frames is calculated using matched image feature points. The homography is then used to transform and align the images accurately. The transformed images are then used to calculate the absolute difference of the two images. It is then visually apparent where objects have moved or changed between the two images. Frame-to-frame object movement can be approximated to a linear process making the Kalman filter algorithm the best option. Once an object is lost, its corresponding track is deleted along with its corresponding motion model. During tracking, an object may be occluded by other objects in the scene. The MOT metric is designed to evaluate the performance of an object tracker by considering the tracking continuity, distance error for each path, and the reliability of detection. Thus, only the position of the object is considered in generating the MOT metric. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the method and prove that the SYBA descriptor works well with various image deformations.
2101	a56559765400	Fredrickson A.	p843	True	Conference	369	Passive force-deflection behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced soil backfill based on large-scale tests	A correct understanding of passive force-deflection response is important for lateral load evaluations of bridges during extreme events such as earthquakes and during in-service conditions resulting from thermal expansion and contraction of the superstructure. The goal of this study was to better understand this behavior for abutments backfilled with both gravel and geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS). Large-scale testing was performed with non-skewed and 30° skewed abutment configurations. Two tests were performed at each skew angle, one with gravel backfill and one with GRS backfill. The test abutment backwall was 3.35 m wide, non-skewed, and 1.68 m high and loaded laterally into the backfill. Both backfills exhibited greater passive resistance than sand backfills owing to increased internal friction angle and unit weight. Skew angle reduced the passive force in both cases by about 40%. The GRS backfills had reduced initial stiffness and only reached 79% to 87% of the passive force developed by the unreinforced gravel backfill. This reduction was considered to be a result of reduced interface friction at the geotextile-backwall interface due to wrapping. Reduced stiffness may be favorable for abutment configurations because it allows thermal movement without developing excessive induced stresses in the bridge superstructure. © ASCE.
2102	a23009691800	Nicks J.	p843	False	Conference	369	Passive force-deflection behavior of geosynthetic-reinforced soil backfill based on large-scale tests	A correct understanding of passive force-deflection response is important for lateral load evaluations of bridges during extreme events such as earthquakes and during in-service conditions resulting from thermal expansion and contraction of the superstructure. The goal of this study was to better understand this behavior for abutments backfilled with both gravel and geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS). Large-scale testing was performed with non-skewed and 30° skewed abutment configurations. Two tests were performed at each skew angle, one with gravel backfill and one with GRS backfill. The test abutment backwall was 3.35 m wide, non-skewed, and 1.68 m high and loaded laterally into the backfill. Both backfills exhibited greater passive resistance than sand backfills owing to increased internal friction angle and unit weight. Skew angle reduced the passive force in both cases by about 40%. The GRS backfills had reduced initial stiffness and only reached 79% to 87% of the passive force developed by the unreinforced gravel backfill. This reduction was considered to be a result of reduced interface friction at the geotextile-backwall interface due to wrapping. Reduced stiffness may be favorable for abutment configurations because it allows thermal movement without developing excessive induced stresses in the bridge superstructure. © ASCE.
2103	a57191416025	Mojica J.L.	p844	True	Journal	398	Optimal combined long-term facility design and short-term operational strategy for CHP capacity investments	This work presents a detailed case study for the optimization of the expansion of a district energy system evaluating the investment decision timing, type of capacity expansion, and fine-scale operational modes. The study develops an optimization framework to find the investment schedule over 30 years with options of investing in traditional heating sources (boilers) or a next-generation combined heat and power (CHP) plant that provides heat and electricity. In district energy systems, the selected capacity and type of system is dependent on demand-side requirements, energy prices, and environmental costs. This work formulates capacity planning over a time horizon as a dynamic optimal control problem considering both operational modes and capital investment decisions. The initial plant is modified by the dynamic optimization throughout the 30 years to maximize profitability. The combined optimal controller and capital investment planner solves a large scale mixed integer nonlinear programming problem to provide the timing and size of the capacity investment (30 year outlook) and also guidance on the mode of operation (1 h time intervals). The optimizer meets optimal economic, environmental, and regulatory constraints with the suggested design and operational guidance with daily cyclical load following of heat and electricity demand. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
2104	a57192545746	Petersen D.	p844	False	Journal	398	Optimal combined long-term facility design and short-term operational strategy for CHP capacity investments	This work presents a detailed case study for the optimization of the expansion of a district energy system evaluating the investment decision timing, type of capacity expansion, and fine-scale operational modes. The study develops an optimization framework to find the investment schedule over 30 years with options of investing in traditional heating sources (boilers) or a next-generation combined heat and power (CHP) plant that provides heat and electricity. In district energy systems, the selected capacity and type of system is dependent on demand-side requirements, energy prices, and environmental costs. This work formulates capacity planning over a time horizon as a dynamic optimal control problem considering both operational modes and capital investment decisions. The initial plant is modified by the dynamic optimization throughout the 30 years to maximize profitability. The combined optimal controller and capital investment planner solves a large scale mixed integer nonlinear programming problem to provide the timing and size of the capacity investment (30 year outlook) and also guidance on the mode of operation (1 h time intervals). The optimizer meets optimal economic, environmental, and regulatory constraints with the suggested design and operational guidance with daily cyclical load following of heat and electricity demand. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
2105	a57192573362	Hansen B.	p844	False	Journal	398	Optimal combined long-term facility design and short-term operational strategy for CHP capacity investments	This work presents a detailed case study for the optimization of the expansion of a district energy system evaluating the investment decision timing, type of capacity expansion, and fine-scale operational modes. The study develops an optimization framework to find the investment schedule over 30 years with options of investing in traditional heating sources (boilers) or a next-generation combined heat and power (CHP) plant that provides heat and electricity. In district energy systems, the selected capacity and type of system is dependent on demand-side requirements, energy prices, and environmental costs. This work formulates capacity planning over a time horizon as a dynamic optimal control problem considering both operational modes and capital investment decisions. The initial plant is modified by the dynamic optimization throughout the 30 years to maximize profitability. The combined optimal controller and capital investment planner solves a large scale mixed integer nonlinear programming problem to provide the timing and size of the capacity investment (30 year outlook) and also guidance on the mode of operation (1 h time intervals). The optimizer meets optimal economic, environmental, and regulatory constraints with the suggested design and operational guidance with daily cyclical load following of heat and electricity demand. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
2106	a6701925700	Jellen E.N.	p845	True	Journal	399	Oat improvement and innovation using wild genetic resources (poaceae, Avena spp.): Elevating “oats” to a new level and stature	Common oat (Avena sativa, 2n = 6x = 42) has been steadily declining in harvested acreage across much of its traditional cultivation range, in spite of the crop’s tremendous health benefits. Wild and primitive domesticated genetic resources in Avena - including taxa at lower ploidy levels - represent esoteric opportunities to produce novel, innovative oat crops and products to stem this tide. Creative approaches for exploiting these resources will first require deconvolution of cryptic genotypic variation in exotic and elite germplasm. Through access to this knowledge, which is rapidly being accumulated by genome scientists, oat breeders will be able to refine improvement processes involving wide hybridization and introgression for a variety of traits, both single-gene and complex; domestication of wild and improvement of primitive domesticated taxa, especially the highly variable and stress-tolerant A-genome diploids; and creation of novel synthetic polyploids. © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
2107	a56299790500	Jackson E.W.	p845	False	Journal	399	Oat improvement and innovation using wild genetic resources (poaceae, Avena spp.): Elevating “oats” to a new level and stature	Common oat (Avena sativa, 2n = 6x = 42) has been steadily declining in harvested acreage across much of its traditional cultivation range, in spite of the crop’s tremendous health benefits. Wild and primitive domesticated genetic resources in Avena - including taxa at lower ploidy levels - represent esoteric opportunities to produce novel, innovative oat crops and products to stem this tide. Creative approaches for exploiting these resources will first require deconvolution of cryptic genotypic variation in exotic and elite germplasm. Through access to this knowledge, which is rapidly being accumulated by genome scientists, oat breeders will be able to refine improvement processes involving wide hybridization and introgression for a variety of traits, both single-gene and complex; domestication of wild and improvement of primitive domesticated taxa, especially the highly variable and stress-tolerant A-genome diploids; and creation of novel synthetic polyploids. © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
2108	a7003959730	Maughan P.J.	p845	False	Journal	399	Oat improvement and innovation using wild genetic resources (poaceae, Avena spp.): Elevating “oats” to a new level and stature	Common oat (Avena sativa, 2n = 6x = 42) has been steadily declining in harvested acreage across much of its traditional cultivation range, in spite of the crop’s tremendous health benefits. Wild and primitive domesticated genetic resources in Avena - including taxa at lower ploidy levels - represent esoteric opportunities to produce novel, innovative oat crops and products to stem this tide. Creative approaches for exploiting these resources will first require deconvolution of cryptic genotypic variation in exotic and elite germplasm. Through access to this knowledge, which is rapidly being accumulated by genome scientists, oat breeders will be able to refine improvement processes involving wide hybridization and introgression for a variety of traits, both single-gene and complex; domestication of wild and improvement of primitive domesticated taxa, especially the highly variable and stress-tolerant A-genome diploids; and creation of novel synthetic polyploids. © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
2109	a57201704300	Wang Y.	p846	True	Conference	370	Ash deposition during advanced oxy-coal combustion using minimum recycled flue gas	Research on oxy-coal combustion has heretofore primarily focused on retrofit, or near retrofit, applications, where flame temperatures or heat transfer profiles under oxy-firing are similar to those under air firing. These profiles are modulated using recycled flue gas that acts as the diluent normally served by nitrogen during air firing. The large amounts of recycled flue gas (RFG) required leads to efficiency losses, making the economics of this process less attractive. Oxy-coal combustion economics can be improved in advanced oxy-combustion processes that may involve zero or minimal RFG and possibly high combustion pressures. This paper addresses effects of high combustion temperatures resulting from minimal RFG, on ash aerosol formation and ash deposition mechanisms. Issues related to ash deposition play important roles in being able to predict overall boiler performance. Effects of high pressure will be reported in future work. A 100kW downfired laboratory combustor is used to compare ash aerosol formation and deposition under two conditions: 1) using 27% O2 in the inlet oxidant gas (denoted as OXY27), representing first generation oxy-combustion (heat transfer conditions similar to air firing for retrofit); 2) with 70% O2 in the inlet oxidant gas (denoted as OXY70), representing advanced oxy-combustion where the RFG is used only to transport the coal, not to modulate flame temperatures. The ash aerosol particle size distributions and its size segregated composition were determined using on-line electric mobility/light scattering analyzers and low pressure impactors, respectively. Their relationship to ash deposition rates as determined using a specially designed deposition probe was explored. The data show that, compared to the retrofit conditions of OXY27, the advanced oxy-coal combustion in OXY70 produce much higher concentrations of submicron particles due to increased mineral vaporization at the high flame temperature and the decreased flue gas flow rate. This appeared to lead to significant increases in deposition rates. Changes in the supermicron particle concentration were in line with those expected by the lower flue gas alone, suggesting that mineral fragmentation is not greatly affected by temperature. Deposition rates of both inside and outside deposits, as defined in earlier work, are interpreted in the light of recently developed hypotheses that point to the importance of the submicron particle ash concentration. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
2110	a57171695300	Fry A.	p846	False	Conference	370	Ash deposition during advanced oxy-coal combustion using minimum recycled flue gas	Research on oxy-coal combustion has heretofore primarily focused on retrofit, or near retrofit, applications, where flame temperatures or heat transfer profiles under oxy-firing are similar to those under air firing. These profiles are modulated using recycled flue gas that acts as the diluent normally served by nitrogen during air firing. The large amounts of recycled flue gas (RFG) required leads to efficiency losses, making the economics of this process less attractive. Oxy-coal combustion economics can be improved in advanced oxy-combustion processes that may involve zero or minimal RFG and possibly high combustion pressures. This paper addresses effects of high combustion temperatures resulting from minimal RFG, on ash aerosol formation and ash deposition mechanisms. Issues related to ash deposition play important roles in being able to predict overall boiler performance. Effects of high pressure will be reported in future work. A 100kW downfired laboratory combustor is used to compare ash aerosol formation and deposition under two conditions: 1) using 27% O2 in the inlet oxidant gas (denoted as OXY27), representing first generation oxy-combustion (heat transfer conditions similar to air firing for retrofit); 2) with 70% O2 in the inlet oxidant gas (denoted as OXY70), representing advanced oxy-combustion where the RFG is used only to transport the coal, not to modulate flame temperatures. The ash aerosol particle size distributions and its size segregated composition were determined using on-line electric mobility/light scattering analyzers and low pressure impactors, respectively. Their relationship to ash deposition rates as determined using a specially designed deposition probe was explored. The data show that, compared to the retrofit conditions of OXY27, the advanced oxy-coal combustion in OXY70 produce much higher concentrations of submicron particles due to increased mineral vaporization at the high flame temperature and the decreased flue gas flow rate. This appeared to lead to significant increases in deposition rates. Changes in the supermicron particle concentration were in line with those expected by the lower flue gas alone, suggesting that mineral fragmentation is not greatly affected by temperature. Deposition rates of both inside and outside deposits, as defined in earlier work, are interpreted in the light of recently developed hypotheses that point to the importance of the submicron particle ash concentration. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
2111	a7101671848	Wendt J.O.L.	p846	False	Conference	370	Ash deposition during advanced oxy-coal combustion using minimum recycled flue gas	Research on oxy-coal combustion has heretofore primarily focused on retrofit, or near retrofit, applications, where flame temperatures or heat transfer profiles under oxy-firing are similar to those under air firing. These profiles are modulated using recycled flue gas that acts as the diluent normally served by nitrogen during air firing. The large amounts of recycled flue gas (RFG) required leads to efficiency losses, making the economics of this process less attractive. Oxy-coal combustion economics can be improved in advanced oxy-combustion processes that may involve zero or minimal RFG and possibly high combustion pressures. This paper addresses effects of high combustion temperatures resulting from minimal RFG, on ash aerosol formation and ash deposition mechanisms. Issues related to ash deposition play important roles in being able to predict overall boiler performance. Effects of high pressure will be reported in future work. A 100kW downfired laboratory combustor is used to compare ash aerosol formation and deposition under two conditions: 1) using 27% O2 in the inlet oxidant gas (denoted as OXY27), representing first generation oxy-combustion (heat transfer conditions similar to air firing for retrofit); 2) with 70% O2 in the inlet oxidant gas (denoted as OXY70), representing advanced oxy-combustion where the RFG is used only to transport the coal, not to modulate flame temperatures. The ash aerosol particle size distributions and its size segregated composition were determined using on-line electric mobility/light scattering analyzers and low pressure impactors, respectively. Their relationship to ash deposition rates as determined using a specially designed deposition probe was explored. The data show that, compared to the retrofit conditions of OXY27, the advanced oxy-coal combustion in OXY70 produce much higher concentrations of submicron particles due to increased mineral vaporization at the high flame temperature and the decreased flue gas flow rate. This appeared to lead to significant increases in deposition rates. Changes in the supermicron particle concentration were in line with those expected by the lower flue gas alone, suggesting that mineral fragmentation is not greatly affected by temperature. Deposition rates of both inside and outside deposits, as defined in earlier work, are interpreted in the light of recently developed hypotheses that point to the importance of the submicron particle ash concentration. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
2112	a57200204063	Hopkins E.	p849	False	Conference	373	Modeling soot formation from solid complex fuels	While the phenomena of soot formation in gaseous flames is well studied and understood, extension of the fundamental mechanisms to systems containing complex solid fuels can introduce large uncertainties and inaccuracies. In this study, we have developed a detailed physicsbased model for predicting the evolution of soot particles formed in systems containing complexsolid fuels such as wood or coal. This detailed physics-based model includes two particle-size distributions: that for soot particles and for soot precursor molecules. Sub-models for precursor creation, growth, and thermal cracking are included along with soot particle nucleation, coagulation, surface growth, aggregation, oxidation, and gasification. Validation work is presented comparing experimental results for a coal flame and biomass gasifier against model predicted values for soot concentrations and size distributions. The full detailed model can be computationally expensive when incorporated into CFD simulations; therefore, model simplifications are explored and presented in this work along with some preliminary work of applying particle formation physics to wildfire simulations.
2113	a56559548600	Holland T.	p850	True	Conference	374	Modeling effects of annealing on coal char reactivity to O2 and CO2 based on preparation conditions	Oxy-fired coal combustion is a promising potential carbon capture technology. Predictive CFD simulations are valuable tools in evaluating and deploying oxy-fuel and other carbon capture technologies either as retrofit technologies or for new construction. However, accurate predictive combustor simulations require physically realistic submodels with low computational requirements. A recent sensitivity analysis of a detailed char conversion model (Char Conversion Kinetics (CCK)) found thermal annealing to be an extremely sensitive submodel. In the present work, further analysis of the previous annealing model revealed significant disagreement with numerous data sets from experiments performed after that annealing model was developed. The annealing model was accordingly extended to reflect experimentally observed reactivity loss due to thermal annealing of a variety of coals in diverse char preparation conditions. The model extension was informed by a Bayesian calibration analysis. Additionally, because oxy-fuel conditions include extraordinarily high levels of CO2, development of a first-ever CO2 reactivity loss model due to annealing is presented.
2113	a56559548600	Holland T.	p871	True	Conference	391	A comprehensive model of single particle pulverized coal combustion extended to oxy-coal conditions	Oxy-fired coal combustion is a promising potential carbon capture technology. Predictive CFD simulations are valuable tools in evaluating and deploying oxy-fuel and other carbon capture technologies either as retrofit technologies or for new construction. However, accurate predictive simulations require physically realistic submodels with low computational requirements. In particular, comprehensive char oxidation and gasification models have been developed that describe multiple reaction and diffusion processes. This work extends a comprehensive char conversion code (CCK), which treats surface oxidation and gasification reactions as well as the processes such as film diffusion, pore diffusion, ash encapsulation, and annealing. In this work several submodels in the CCK code were updated with more realistic physics or otherwise extended to function in oxycoal conditions. Improved submodels include the annealing model, the swelling model, the mode of burning parameter, and the kinetic model, as well as the addition of the Chemical Percolation Devolatilization (CPD) model. Results of the char combustion model are compared to oxy-coal data, and further compared to parallel data sets near conventional conditions. © 2017 Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute. All rights reserved.
2114	a57200200833	Billings B.	p851	True	Conference	375	Modeling the coanda effect with FDS and STARCCM+ to predict the effect of fires on slopes for implications of wildland firefighter safety	The Coanda effect is the behavior of a fluid flowing next to a solid surface which creates a change in pressure, thereby causing the fluid to attach to the surface. Little is known concerning the Coanda effect as it pertains to flame attachment in relation to wildfires. There is a need for improvement in the correlations between fire behavior on or near a slope and fire safety zones. An understanding of this effect could lead to more reliable guidelines for the establishment of firefighter safety zones, which are regions in wildfire areas that have been determined as safe for the survival of the firefighter. This paper discusses the ability of two commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes (Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and STAR-CCM+) to model the results of actual flame experiments near barren slopes. Simulation results were compared to measured values of flame attachment length and radiative and convective heat fluxes. Pressure and temperature gradient measurements along the slope are reported. Proper modeling of small-scale experiments with such software packages can lead to more confidence in large scale simulations and eventual development of firefighter safety zones in wildfires.
2115	a57200207993	Roberts M.	p851	False	Conference	375	Modeling the coanda effect with FDS and STARCCM+ to predict the effect of fires on slopes for implications of wildland firefighter safety	The Coanda effect is the behavior of a fluid flowing next to a solid surface which creates a change in pressure, thereby causing the fluid to attach to the surface. Little is known concerning the Coanda effect as it pertains to flame attachment in relation to wildfires. There is a need for improvement in the correlations between fire behavior on or near a slope and fire safety zones. An understanding of this effect could lead to more reliable guidelines for the establishment of firefighter safety zones, which are regions in wildfire areas that have been determined as safe for the survival of the firefighter. This paper discusses the ability of two commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes (Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and STAR-CCM+) to model the results of actual flame experiments near barren slopes. Simulation results were compared to measured values of flame attachment length and radiative and convective heat fluxes. Pressure and temperature gradient measurements along the slope are reported. Proper modeling of small-scale experiments with such software packages can lead to more confidence in large scale simulations and eventual development of firefighter safety zones in wildfires.
2116	a56748981000	Tolman S.S.	p852	True	Conference	376	Elastic energy absorption of origami-based corrugations	The mechanical properties of origami tessellations may provide innovative new designs for energy absorbing applications. The elastic energy absorbing properties of a particular tesselation, the Miura-ori, is investigated. Analytical models for the kinematics and force-deflection of a unit cell based on two different modes of elastic energy absorption are derived. The force-deflection model is developed based on the application of compliant mechanism theory and virtual work analysis. The models are verified through comparison with published results for similar models, analysis using commercial kinematics software and comparison to physical testing. Physical prototypes are used to determine values stiffness terms. The analytical models are used to explore the effects of the key geometrical parameters of the tessellation. This work lays a foundation for the use of origami-based corrugations in elastic energy absorption applications. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
2117	a56577146500	Ma F.	p853	False	Conference	377	A framework for energy-based kinetostatic modeling of compliant mechanisms	Although energy-based methods have advantages over the Newtonian methods for kinetostatic modeling, the geometric nonlinearities inherent in deflections of compliant mechanisms preclude most of the energy-based theorems. Castigliano's first theorem and the Crotti-Engesser theorem, which don't require the problem being solved to be linear, are selected to construct the energy-based kinetostatic modeling framework for compliant mechanisms in this work. Utilization of these two theorems requires explicitly formulating the strain energy in terms of deflections and the complementary strain energy in terms of loads, which are derived based on the beam constraint model. The kinetostatic modeling of two compliant mechanisms are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of using Castigliano's first theorem and the Crotti-Engesser theorem with the explicit formulations in this framework. Future work will be focused on incorporating use of the principle of minimum strain energy and the principle of minimum complementary strain energy. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
2118	a57188764210	Bai R.	p853	False	Conference	377	A framework for energy-based kinetostatic modeling of compliant mechanisms	Although energy-based methods have advantages over the Newtonian methods for kinetostatic modeling, the geometric nonlinearities inherent in deflections of compliant mechanisms preclude most of the energy-based theorems. Castigliano's first theorem and the Crotti-Engesser theorem, which don't require the problem being solved to be linear, are selected to construct the energy-based kinetostatic modeling framework for compliant mechanisms in this work. Utilization of these two theorems requires explicitly formulating the strain energy in terms of deflections and the complementary strain energy in terms of loads, which are derived based on the beam constraint model. The kinetostatic modeling of two compliant mechanisms are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of using Castigliano's first theorem and the Crotti-Engesser theorem with the explicit formulations in this framework. Future work will be focused on incorporating use of the principle of minimum strain energy and the principle of minimum complementary strain energy. Copyright © 2017 ASME.
2119	a55632390400	Nevers D.R.	p857	True	Journal	400	Engineering radical polymer electrodes for electrochemical energy storage	In principle a wide range of organic materials can store energy in the form of reversible redox conversions of stable radicals. Such chemistry holds great promise for energy storage applications due to high theoretical capacities, high rate capabilities, intrinsic structural tunability, and the possibility of low-cost “green” syntheses from renewable sources. There have been steady improvements in the design of organic radical polymers, in which radicals are incorporated into the backbone and/or as pendant groups. This review highlights opportunities for improved redox molecule and polymer design along with the key challenges (e.g., transport phenomena, solubility, and reaction mechanisms) to transitioning known organic radicals into high-performance electrodes. Ultimately, organic-based batteries are still a nascent field with many open questions. Further advances in molecular design, electrode engineering, and device architecture will be required for these systems to reach their full potential and meet the diverse and increasing demands for energy storage. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
2120	a35489877400	Brushett F.R.	p857	False	Journal	400	Engineering radical polymer electrodes for electrochemical energy storage	In principle a wide range of organic materials can store energy in the form of reversible redox conversions of stable radicals. Such chemistry holds great promise for energy storage applications due to high theoretical capacities, high rate capabilities, intrinsic structural tunability, and the possibility of low-cost “green” syntheses from renewable sources. There have been steady improvements in the design of organic radical polymers, in which radicals are incorporated into the backbone and/or as pendant groups. This review highlights opportunities for improved redox molecule and polymer design along with the key challenges (e.g., transport phenomena, solubility, and reaction mechanisms) to transitioning known organic radicals into high-performance electrodes. Ultimately, organic-based batteries are still a nascent field with many open questions. Further advances in molecular design, electrode engineering, and device architecture will be required for these systems to reach their full potential and meet the diverse and increasing demands for energy storage. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
2121	a57203030537	Wheeler D.R.	p857	False	Journal	400	Engineering radical polymer electrodes for electrochemical energy storage	In principle a wide range of organic materials can store energy in the form of reversible redox conversions of stable radicals. Such chemistry holds great promise for energy storage applications due to high theoretical capacities, high rate capabilities, intrinsic structural tunability, and the possibility of low-cost “green” syntheses from renewable sources. There have been steady improvements in the design of organic radical polymers, in which radicals are incorporated into the backbone and/or as pendant groups. This review highlights opportunities for improved redox molecule and polymer design along with the key challenges (e.g., transport phenomena, solubility, and reaction mechanisms) to transitioning known organic radicals into high-performance electrodes. Ultimately, organic-based batteries are still a nascent field with many open questions. Further advances in molecular design, electrode engineering, and device architecture will be required for these systems to reach their full potential and meet the diverse and increasing demands for energy storage. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
2122	a56800225200	Marr K.M.	p858	False	Journal	401	Improving sensitivity of electrochemical sensors with convective transport in free-standing, carbon nanotube structures	High-aspect-ratio, porous membrane of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were developed through a templated microfabrication approach for electrochemical sensing. Nanostructured platinum (Pt) catalyst was deposited onto the CNTs with a facile, electroless deposition method, resulting in a Pt-nanowire-coated, CNT sensor (PN-CNT). Convective mass transfer enhancement was shown to improve PN-CNT sensor performance in the non‐enzymatic, amperometric sensing of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In particular, convective enhancement was achieved through the use of high surface area to fluid volume structures and concentration boundary layer confinement in a channel. Stir speed and sensor orientation especially influenced the measured current in stirred environments for sensors with through-channel diameters of 16 μm. Through-flow sensing produced drastically higher signals than stirred sensing with over 90% of the H2O2being oxidized as it passed through the PN-CNT sensor, even for low concentrations in the range of 50 nM to 500 μM. This effective utilization of the analyte in detection demonstrates the utility of exploiting convection in electrochemical sensing. For through‐flow at 100 μL s−1, a sensitivity of 24,300 μA mM−1 cm−2was achieved based on the frontal projected area (871 μA mM−1cm−2based on the nominal microchannel surface area), with a 0.03 μM limit of detection and a linear sensing range of 0.03–500 μM. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
2123	a37052385600	Leake K.D.	p860	False	Journal	402	Optofluidic bioanalysis: Fundamentals and applications	Over the past decade, optofluidics has established itself as a new and dynamic research field for exciting developments at the interface of photonics, microfluidics, and the life sciences. The strong desire for developing miniaturized bioanalytic devices and instruments, in particular, has led to novel and powerful approaches to integrating optical elements and biological fluids on the same chip-scale system. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in optofluidic research with emphasis on applications in bioanalysis and a focus on waveguide-based approaches that represent the most advanced level of integration between optics and fluidics. We discuss recent work in photonically reconfigurable devices and various application areas. We show how optofluidic approaches have been pushing the performance limits in bioanalysis, e.g. in terms of sensitivity and portability, satisfying many of the key requirements for point-of-care devices. This illustrates how the requirements for bianalysis instruments are increasingly being met by the symbiotic integration of novel photonic capabilities in a miniaturized system. © 2017, Holger Schmidt et al.
2124	a13410345300	Gallagher H.L.	p861	False	Conference	382	Acoustic shock formation in noise propagation during ground run-up operations of military aircraft	A distinctive feature of many propagating, high-amplitude jet noise waveforms is the presence of acoustic shocks. Metrics indicative of shock presence, specifically the skewness of the time derivative of the waveform, the average steepening factor, and a new wavelet-based metric called the shock energy fraction (SEF), are used to quantify the strength and prevalence of acoustic shocks within waveforms recorded 10-305 m from a tethered military aircraft. The derivative skewness is more sensitive to the presence of the largest and steepest shocks, while the ASF and SEF tend to emphasize aggregate behavior of the entire waveform. These metrics are applied at engine conditions ranging from 50% to 150% engine thrust request, over a wide range of angles and distances, to assess the growth and decay of shock waves. The responses of these metrics point to significant shock formation occurring through nonlinear propagation out to 76 m from the microphone array reference position. Although these strongest shocks decay, the metrics point to continued nonlinear propagation in the far-field, out to 305 m. Many of these features are accurately characterized using a nonlinear propagation scheme based on the Burgers equation, but this scheme fails to account for multipath interference and significant atmospheric effects over the long propagation distances, resulting in an overestimation of nonlinearity metrics. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
2125	a55693760600	Harker B.M.	p863	True	Conference	384	Beamforming-based wavepacket model for noise environment predictions of tactical aircraft	Jet noise consists of extended, partially correlated sources such that a single-wavepacket source representation is inadequate. A multiple-wavepacket (MWP) model provides an analytical framework for jet-noise-like radiation to simulate jet noise field levels as well as the corresponding spatial coherence properties within the field. Here, a beamforming method with regularization is applied to noise measured by a linear array near a high-performance military aircraft. Beamforming results are decomposed into a reduced-order MWP model and the predicted radiation is validated in terms of level and coherence properties using benchmark measurements. Sound levels and coherence lengths generated by the beamforming results show good agreement with benchmark measurements over a range of frequencies that contribute significantly to the overall radiation. The MWP model is shown to predict full-scale specific features such as multilobe directivity patterns, and the addition of an uncorrelated distribution (UD) model adequately predicts the sideline radiation that is otherwise difficult to reproduce from wavepacket radiation. The MWP model predicted radiation characteristics are an improvement over single-wavepacket models, which do not incorporate spatiotemporal features of the radiation. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
2126	a57194853790	Cook M.R.	p864	False	Conference	385	Characterization of supersonic laboratory-scale jet noise with vector acoustic intensity	A new method for the calculation of vector acoustic intensity from pressure microphone measurements has been applied to the aeroacoustic source characterization of an unheated, Mach 1.8 laboratory-scale jet. Because of the ability to unwrap the phase of the transfer functions between microphone pairs in the measurement of a radiating, broadband source, physically meaningful near-field intensity vectors are calculated up to the maximum analysis frequency of 32 kHz. The new intensity method is used to obtain a detailed description of the sound energy flow near the jet. The resulting intensity vectors have been used with a ray-tracing technique to identify the dominant source region over a broad range of frequencies. Additional aeroacoustics analyses provide insight into the frequency-dependent characteristics of jet noise radiation, including the nature of the hydrodynamic field and the transition between the principal lobe and sideline radiation. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
2127	a35578275000	McKinley R.L.	p865	False	Conference	386	Preliminary investigation of multilobe fighter jet noise sources using acoustical holography	An understanding of jet noise source mechanisms can facilitate targeted noise reduction efforts. This understanding has been enhanced with acoustic imaging technologies, such as near-field acoustical holography (NAH). In this study, multisource statistically optimized NAH (M-SONAH) was used to image the sound field near a tethered F-35 aircraft at multiple frequencies. A linear microphone array, placed along the ground, spanned the length of the jet exhaust plume. A multisource model of the sound field was included in the algorithm to incorporate the effects of the ground reflection on the measurement. Narrowband reconstructions elucidated fine details of the radiation patterns, such as multilobe radiation patterns (which may supersede “dual-lobe” patterns shown in previous studies), and broadband shock-associated noise. [Work supported by F-35 JPO.] © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
2128	a26658095100	Gonzalez-Juez E.D.	p866	True	Conference	387	Effect of the turbulence modeling in large-eddy simulations of nonpremixed flames undergoing extinction and reignition	Simulating practical combustion systems requires the approximation of the interaction between turbulence, molecular transport and chemical reactions. Turbulent combustion models are used for this purpose, but their behavior is difficult to anticipate based on their mathematical formulations, making the use of numerical experimentation necessary. Therefore, the present work explores the effect of three turbulent-combustion models, two eddy-viscosity models, and their parameters on a combustion problem which is notoriously difficult to model: flame extinction and reignition. For this purpose, two types of temporal jets are considered, and direct-numerical-simulation results are compared qualitatively with those from large-eddy simulations. © 2017 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
2129	a56362659400	Dasgupta A.	p866	False	Conference	387	Effect of the turbulence modeling in large-eddy simulations of nonpremixed flames undergoing extinction and reignition	Simulating practical combustion systems requires the approximation of the interaction between turbulence, molecular transport and chemical reactions. Turbulent combustion models are used for this purpose, but their behavior is difficult to anticipate based on their mathematical formulations, making the use of numerical experimentation necessary. Therefore, the present work explores the effect of three turbulent-combustion models, two eddy-viscosity models, and their parameters on a combustion problem which is notoriously difficult to model: flame extinction and reignition. For this purpose, two types of temporal jets are considered, and direct-numerical-simulation results are compared qualitatively with those from large-eddy simulations. © 2017 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
2130	a57193867023	Arshad S.	p866	False	Conference	387	Effect of the turbulence modeling in large-eddy simulations of nonpremixed flames undergoing extinction and reignition	Simulating practical combustion systems requires the approximation of the interaction between turbulence, molecular transport and chemical reactions. Turbulent combustion models are used for this purpose, but their behavior is difficult to anticipate based on their mathematical formulations, making the use of numerical experimentation necessary. Therefore, the present work explores the effect of three turbulent-combustion models, two eddy-viscosity models, and their parameters on a combustion problem which is notoriously difficult to model: flame extinction and reignition. For this purpose, two types of temporal jets are considered, and direct-numerical-simulation results are compared qualitatively with those from large-eddy simulations. © 2017 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved.
2131	a56913378600	Skousen D.J.	p867	True	Conference	388	Exploration of carbon-filled carbon nanotube vascular stents	The purpose of this research was to design, fabricate, and test coronary stent designs composed of carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotubes (CI-CNTs). Coronary stents currently have two major complications: restenosis and thrombosis. CI-CNT stents may provide improved clinical outcomes for both of these issues. Multiple stent design concepts were generated, evaluated, and two stent designs were selected: one with a semi-auxetic nature, and one designed for maximum force. These designs were further developed and optimized using analytical tools along with finite element analysis. Planar versions of the stent designs were manufactured and mechanically tested to verify performance. The performance of the cylindrical stent configurations was analyzed using finite element modeling. A sample cylindrical stent was also fabricated. This research demonstrates that feasible coronary stent designs can be manufactured from CI-CNTs. However, a major challenge for CI-CNT stent designs is meeting the design requirement of sufficient radial force. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017.
2132	a56086163900	Jones K.N.	p867	False	Conference	388	Exploration of carbon-filled carbon nanotube vascular stents	The purpose of this research was to design, fabricate, and test coronary stent designs composed of carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotubes (CI-CNTs). Coronary stents currently have two major complications: restenosis and thrombosis. CI-CNT stents may provide improved clinical outcomes for both of these issues. Multiple stent design concepts were generated, evaluated, and two stent designs were selected: one with a semi-auxetic nature, and one designed for maximum force. These designs were further developed and optimized using analytical tools along with finite element analysis. Planar versions of the stent designs were manufactured and mechanically tested to verify performance. The performance of the cylindrical stent configurations was analyzed using finite element modeling. A sample cylindrical stent was also fabricated. This research demonstrates that feasible coronary stent designs can be manufactured from CI-CNTs. However, a major challenge for CI-CNT stent designs is meeting the design requirement of sufficient radial force. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017.
2133	a57191407630	Kowalski T.	p867	False	Conference	388	Exploration of carbon-filled carbon nanotube vascular stents	The purpose of this research was to design, fabricate, and test coronary stent designs composed of carbon-infiltrated carbon nanotubes (CI-CNTs). Coronary stents currently have two major complications: restenosis and thrombosis. CI-CNT stents may provide improved clinical outcomes for both of these issues. Multiple stent design concepts were generated, evaluated, and two stent designs were selected: one with a semi-auxetic nature, and one designed for maximum force. These designs were further developed and optimized using analytical tools along with finite element analysis. Planar versions of the stent designs were manufactured and mechanically tested to verify performance. The performance of the cylindrical stent configurations was analyzed using finite element modeling. A sample cylindrical stent was also fabricated. This research demonstrates that feasible coronary stent designs can be manufactured from CI-CNTs. However, a major challenge for CI-CNT stent designs is meeting the design requirement of sufficient radial force. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017.
2134	a57201909948	Tiwari R.	p868	True	Conference	389	Effect of leader placement on robotic swarm control	Human control of a robotic swarm entails selecting a few influential leaders who can steer the collective efficiently and robustly. However, a clear measure of influence with respect to leader position is not adequately studied. Studies with animal systems have shown that leaders who exert strong couplings may be located in front, where they provide energy benefits, or in the middle, where they can be seen by a larger section of the group. In this paper, we systematically vary number of leaders and leader positions in simulated robotic swarms of two different sizes, and assess their effect on steering effectiveness and energy expenditure. In particular, we analyze the effect of placing leaders in the front, middle, and periphery, on the time to converge and lateral acceleration of a swarm of robotic agents as it performs a single turn to reach the desired goal direction. Our results show that swarms with leaders in the middle and periphery take less time to converge than swarms with leaders in the front, while the lateral acceleration between the three placement strategies is not different. We also find that the time to converge towards the goal direction reduces with the increase in percentage of leaders in the swarm, although this value decays slowly beyond the percentage of leaders at 30%. As the swarm size is increased, we find that the leaders in the periphery become less effective in reducing the time to converge. Finally, closer analysis of leader placement and coverage reveals that front leaders within the swarm tend to expand their coverage and move towards the center as the maneuver is performed. Results from this study are expected to inform leader placement strategies towards more effective human swarm interaction systems. © Copyright 2017, International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (www.ifaamas.org). All rights reserved.
2135	a35344727500	Jain P.	p868	False	Conference	389	Effect of leader placement on robotic swarm control	Human control of a robotic swarm entails selecting a few influential leaders who can steer the collective efficiently and robustly. However, a clear measure of influence with respect to leader position is not adequately studied. Studies with animal systems have shown that leaders who exert strong couplings may be located in front, where they provide energy benefits, or in the middle, where they can be seen by a larger section of the group. In this paper, we systematically vary number of leaders and leader positions in simulated robotic swarms of two different sizes, and assess their effect on steering effectiveness and energy expenditure. In particular, we analyze the effect of placing leaders in the front, middle, and periphery, on the time to converge and lateral acceleration of a swarm of robotic agents as it performs a single turn to reach the desired goal direction. Our results show that swarms with leaders in the middle and periphery take less time to converge than swarms with leaders in the front, while the lateral acceleration between the three placement strategies is not different. We also find that the time to converge towards the goal direction reduces with the increase in percentage of leaders in the swarm, although this value decays slowly beyond the percentage of leaders at 30%. As the swarm size is increased, we find that the leaders in the periphery become less effective in reducing the time to converge. Finally, closer analysis of leader placement and coverage reveals that front leaders within the swarm tend to expand their coverage and move towards the center as the maneuver is performed. Results from this study are expected to inform leader placement strategies towards more effective human swarm interaction systems. © Copyright 2017, International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (www.ifaamas.org). All rights reserved.
2136	a35408719100	Butail S.	p868	False	Conference	389	Effect of leader placement on robotic swarm control	Human control of a robotic swarm entails selecting a few influential leaders who can steer the collective efficiently and robustly. However, a clear measure of influence with respect to leader position is not adequately studied. Studies with animal systems have shown that leaders who exert strong couplings may be located in front, where they provide energy benefits, or in the middle, where they can be seen by a larger section of the group. In this paper, we systematically vary number of leaders and leader positions in simulated robotic swarms of two different sizes, and assess their effect on steering effectiveness and energy expenditure. In particular, we analyze the effect of placing leaders in the front, middle, and periphery, on the time to converge and lateral acceleration of a swarm of robotic agents as it performs a single turn to reach the desired goal direction. Our results show that swarms with leaders in the middle and periphery take less time to converge than swarms with leaders in the front, while the lateral acceleration between the three placement strategies is not different. We also find that the time to converge towards the goal direction reduces with the increase in percentage of leaders in the swarm, although this value decays slowly beyond the percentage of leaders at 30%. As the swarm size is increased, we find that the leaders in the periphery become less effective in reducing the time to converge. Finally, closer analysis of leader placement and coverage reveals that front leaders within the swarm tend to expand their coverage and move towards the center as the maneuver is performed. Results from this study are expected to inform leader placement strategies towards more effective human swarm interaction systems. © Copyright 2017, International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (www.ifaamas.org). All rights reserved.
2137	a55807632000	Baliyarasimhuni S.P.	p868	False	Conference	389	Effect of leader placement on robotic swarm control	Human control of a robotic swarm entails selecting a few influential leaders who can steer the collective efficiently and robustly. However, a clear measure of influence with respect to leader position is not adequately studied. Studies with animal systems have shown that leaders who exert strong couplings may be located in front, where they provide energy benefits, or in the middle, where they can be seen by a larger section of the group. In this paper, we systematically vary number of leaders and leader positions in simulated robotic swarms of two different sizes, and assess their effect on steering effectiveness and energy expenditure. In particular, we analyze the effect of placing leaders in the front, middle, and periphery, on the time to converge and lateral acceleration of a swarm of robotic agents as it performs a single turn to reach the desired goal direction. Our results show that swarms with leaders in the middle and periphery take less time to converge than swarms with leaders in the front, while the lateral acceleration between the three placement strategies is not different. We also find that the time to converge towards the goal direction reduces with the increase in percentage of leaders in the swarm, although this value decays slowly beyond the percentage of leaders at 30%. As the swarm size is increased, we find that the leaders in the periphery become less effective in reducing the time to converge. Finally, closer analysis of leader placement and coverage reveals that front leaders within the swarm tend to expand their coverage and move towards the center as the maneuver is performed. Results from this study are expected to inform leader placement strategies towards more effective human swarm interaction systems. © Copyright 2017, International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (www.ifaamas.org). All rights reserved.
2138	a57194116428	Scott E.	p869	False	Conference	390	Geofoam inclusions for reducing passive force on bridge abutments based on large-scale tests	To decrease lateral earth pressures on structures, a zone of compressible material or an "inclusion" can be used as a barrier to decrease lateral earth pressures on structures. The compressible material is typically expanded polystyrene or geofoam. Little guidance is available on the development of passive force with an inclusion. To explore this issue, large-scale passive force tests were conducted with and without a geofoam inclusion acting as a barrier between the backfill soil and a simulated bridge abutment. The presence of the geofoam inclusion reduced the passive force by 70% relative to the sand backfill alone. Although the measured force and failure geometry appeared to conform to a log-spiral mechanism when only sand backfill was used, the geofoam inclusion transforms the failure geometry to a Rankine failure mechanism. This suggests that the geofoam acted to reduce the interface friction between the wall and the backfill sand thereby reducing the passive resistance. © ASCE.
2139	a55932655400	Marsh A.	p869	False	Conference	390	Geofoam inclusions for reducing passive force on bridge abutments based on large-scale tests	To decrease lateral earth pressures on structures, a zone of compressible material or an "inclusion" can be used as a barrier to decrease lateral earth pressures on structures. The compressible material is typically expanded polystyrene or geofoam. Little guidance is available on the development of passive force with an inclusion. To explore this issue, large-scale passive force tests were conducted with and without a geofoam inclusion acting as a barrier between the backfill soil and a simulated bridge abutment. The presence of the geofoam inclusion reduced the passive force by 70% relative to the sand backfill alone. Although the measured force and failure geometry appeared to conform to a log-spiral mechanism when only sand backfill was used, the geofoam inclusion transforms the failure geometry to a Rankine failure mechanism. This suggests that the geofoam acted to reduce the interface friction between the wall and the backfill sand thereby reducing the passive resistance. © ASCE.
2140	a6701753933	Jüttler B.	p870	True	Journal	403	Isogeometric design and analysis	[No abstract available]
2141	a55722439300	Qian X.	p870	False	Journal	403	Isogeometric design and analysis	[No abstract available]
2142	a6507743831	Barker E.I.	p872	True	Journal	404	Predicting Lap Shear Strength for Friction Stir Scribe Joining of Dissimilar Materials	Friction stir scribe technology has been developed to join materials with vastly different properties, most importantly different melting regimes. Specifically lighter, lower temperature materials such as aluminum or magnesium can be joined to higher temperature materials such as steel and titanium. The scribe portion of the modified friction stir welding pin tool creates in situ mechanical interlocks at the material interface. This mechanical interlocking, or hook-like interface morphology, has shown promising joint strength. However, this morphology can vary along a weld length and is sensitive to joining and tooling parameters. The current work seeks to determine the sensitivity of joint strength to the morphology of the hook interface and predict joint strength based on key morphology parameters. Key morphology features of the hooks extracted from joined samples are varied to quantify their impact on simulated lap shear strength. Predictable joint strength is key to wide spread use of this technique. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
2143	a8624941100	Sun X.	p872	False	Journal	404	Predicting Lap Shear Strength for Friction Stir Scribe Joining of Dissimilar Materials	Friction stir scribe technology has been developed to join materials with vastly different properties, most importantly different melting regimes. Specifically lighter, lower temperature materials such as aluminum or magnesium can be joined to higher temperature materials such as steel and titanium. The scribe portion of the modified friction stir welding pin tool creates in situ mechanical interlocks at the material interface. This mechanical interlocking, or hook-like interface morphology, has shown promising joint strength. However, this morphology can vary along a weld length and is sensitive to joining and tooling parameters. The current work seeks to determine the sensitivity of joint strength to the morphology of the hook interface and predict joint strength based on key morphology parameters. Key morphology features of the hooks extracted from joined samples are varied to quantify their impact on simulated lap shear strength. Predictable joint strength is key to wide spread use of this technique. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
2144	a57202394793	Harris R.	p875	True	Journal	406	Waves of destruction in the East Indies: The Wichmann catalogue of earthquakes and tsunami in the Indonesian region from 1538 to 1877	The two volumes of Arthur Wichmann's Die Erdbeben Des Indischen Archipels [The Earthquakes of the Indian Archipelago] (1918 and 1922) document 61 regional earthquakes and 36 tsunamis between 1538 and 1877 in the Indonesian region. The largest and best documented are the events of 1770 and 1859 in the Molucca Sea region, of 1629, 1774 and 1852 in the Banda Sea region, the 1820 event in Makassar, the 1857 event in Dili, Timor, the 1815 event in Bali and Lombok, the events of 1699, 1771, 1780, 1815, 1848 and 1852 in Java, and the events of 1797, 1818, 1833 and 1861 in Sumatra. Most of these events caused damage over a broad region, and are associated with years of temporal and spatial clustering of earthquakes. The earthquakes left many cities in 'rubble heaps'. Some events spawned tsunamis with run-up heights >15 m that swept many coastal villages away. 2004 marked the recurrence of some of these events in western Indonesia. However, there has not been a major shallow earthquake (M ≥ 8) in Java and eastern Indonesia for the past 160 years. During this time of relative quiescence, enough tectonic strain energy has accumulated across several active faults to cause major earthquake and tsunami events, such as those documented in the historical records presented here. The disaster potential of these events is much greater now than in the past due to exponential growth in population and urbanization in areas destroyed by past events. © 2017 The Author(s).
2145	a56587519900	Major J.	p875	False	Journal	406	Waves of destruction in the East Indies: The Wichmann catalogue of earthquakes and tsunami in the Indonesian region from 1538 to 1877	The two volumes of Arthur Wichmann's Die Erdbeben Des Indischen Archipels [The Earthquakes of the Indian Archipelago] (1918 and 1922) document 61 regional earthquakes and 36 tsunamis between 1538 and 1877 in the Indonesian region. The largest and best documented are the events of 1770 and 1859 in the Molucca Sea region, of 1629, 1774 and 1852 in the Banda Sea region, the 1820 event in Makassar, the 1857 event in Dili, Timor, the 1815 event in Bali and Lombok, the events of 1699, 1771, 1780, 1815, 1848 and 1852 in Java, and the events of 1797, 1818, 1833 and 1861 in Sumatra. Most of these events caused damage over a broad region, and are associated with years of temporal and spatial clustering of earthquakes. The earthquakes left many cities in 'rubble heaps'. Some events spawned tsunamis with run-up heights >15 m that swept many coastal villages away. 2004 marked the recurrence of some of these events in western Indonesia. However, there has not been a major shallow earthquake (M ≥ 8) in Java and eastern Indonesia for the past 160 years. During this time of relative quiescence, enough tectonic strain energy has accumulated across several active faults to cause major earthquake and tsunami events, such as those documented in the historical records presented here. The disaster potential of these events is much greater now than in the past due to exponential growth in population and urbanization in areas destroyed by past events. © 2017 The Author(s).
2146	a12797217700	Zentner L.	p876	True	Journal	407	Preface	[No abstract available]
2147	a6602247507	Corves B.	p876	False	Journal	407	Preface	[No abstract available]
2148	a25628175700	Lovasz E.-C.	p876	False	Journal	407	Preface	[No abstract available]
2149	a57209165874	Nguyen T.	p879	False	Conference	395	The use of unmanned aerial vehicles and structures from motion to measure the volume change at a deep dynamic compaction site	A small unmanned aerial vehicle (sUAV) is used with structure from motion (SfM) computer vision (Marr and Nishihara 1978; Snavely et al. 2008) to measure the amount of settlement that is induced by deep dynamic compaction at a site of a new casino near Lake Havasu City, AZ. Details of the project and field operations are provided, and comparisons are made between induced settlement measurements from traditional techniques and induced settlement measurements from the new sUAV/SfM approach. Results of the study show that the sUAV/SfM approach estimates an average induced settlement of 38 cm across the site, which straddles within 2.5 cm of the average induced settlements that were measured with other traditional techniques. Additionally, the sUAV/SfM technique is shown to provide significant detail of the distribution of induced settlements across the site. This distribution of settlements could be indicative of the distribution of subsurface soils that were more affected by the DDC such as looser or cleaner sands. Implications of the findings of this study are briefly discussed. © ASCE.
2150	a7202842875	Shao L.	p879	False	Conference	395	The use of unmanned aerial vehicles and structures from motion to measure the volume change at a deep dynamic compaction site	A small unmanned aerial vehicle (sUAV) is used with structure from motion (SfM) computer vision (Marr and Nishihara 1978; Snavely et al. 2008) to measure the amount of settlement that is induced by deep dynamic compaction at a site of a new casino near Lake Havasu City, AZ. Details of the project and field operations are provided, and comparisons are made between induced settlement measurements from traditional techniques and induced settlement measurements from the new sUAV/SfM approach. Results of the study show that the sUAV/SfM approach estimates an average induced settlement of 38 cm across the site, which straddles within 2.5 cm of the average induced settlements that were measured with other traditional techniques. Additionally, the sUAV/SfM technique is shown to provide significant detail of the distribution of induced settlements across the site. This distribution of settlements could be indicative of the distribution of subsurface soils that were more affected by the DDC such as looser or cleaner sands. Implications of the findings of this study are briefly discussed. © ASCE.
2151	a57193807582	Bender C.	p879	False	Conference	395	The use of unmanned aerial vehicles and structures from motion to measure the volume change at a deep dynamic compaction site	A small unmanned aerial vehicle (sUAV) is used with structure from motion (SfM) computer vision (Marr and Nishihara 1978; Snavely et al. 2008) to measure the amount of settlement that is induced by deep dynamic compaction at a site of a new casino near Lake Havasu City, AZ. Details of the project and field operations are provided, and comparisons are made between induced settlement measurements from traditional techniques and induced settlement measurements from the new sUAV/SfM approach. Results of the study show that the sUAV/SfM approach estimates an average induced settlement of 38 cm across the site, which straddles within 2.5 cm of the average induced settlements that were measured with other traditional techniques. Additionally, the sUAV/SfM technique is shown to provide significant detail of the distribution of induced settlements across the site. This distribution of settlements could be indicative of the distribution of subsurface soils that were more affected by the DDC such as looser or cleaner sands. Implications of the findings of this study are briefly discussed. © ASCE.
2152	a57194008450	Wolfe D.	p879	False	Conference	395	The use of unmanned aerial vehicles and structures from motion to measure the volume change at a deep dynamic compaction site	A small unmanned aerial vehicle (sUAV) is used with structure from motion (SfM) computer vision (Marr and Nishihara 1978; Snavely et al. 2008) to measure the amount of settlement that is induced by deep dynamic compaction at a site of a new casino near Lake Havasu City, AZ. Details of the project and field operations are provided, and comparisons are made between induced settlement measurements from traditional techniques and induced settlement measurements from the new sUAV/SfM approach. Results of the study show that the sUAV/SfM approach estimates an average induced settlement of 38 cm across the site, which straddles within 2.5 cm of the average induced settlements that were measured with other traditional techniques. Additionally, the sUAV/SfM technique is shown to provide significant detail of the distribution of induced settlements across the site. This distribution of settlements could be indicative of the distribution of subsurface soils that were more affected by the DDC such as looser or cleaner sands. Implications of the findings of this study are briefly discussed. © ASCE.
2153	a57193811936	Reimschiissel B.	p879	False	Conference	395	The use of unmanned aerial vehicles and structures from motion to measure the volume change at a deep dynamic compaction site	A small unmanned aerial vehicle (sUAV) is used with structure from motion (SfM) computer vision (Marr and Nishihara 1978; Snavely et al. 2008) to measure the amount of settlement that is induced by deep dynamic compaction at a site of a new casino near Lake Havasu City, AZ. Details of the project and field operations are provided, and comparisons are made between induced settlement measurements from traditional techniques and induced settlement measurements from the new sUAV/SfM approach. Results of the study show that the sUAV/SfM approach estimates an average induced settlement of 38 cm across the site, which straddles within 2.5 cm of the average induced settlements that were measured with other traditional techniques. Additionally, the sUAV/SfM technique is shown to provide significant detail of the distribution of induced settlements across the site. This distribution of settlements could be indicative of the distribution of subsurface soils that were more affected by the DDC such as looser or cleaner sands. Implications of the findings of this study are briefly discussed. © ASCE.
2154	a26538762200	Sabau S.	p880	True	Journal	408	Optimal Distributed Control for Platooning via Sparse Coprime Factorizations	We introduce a novel distributed control architecture for heterogeneous platoons of linear time-invariant autonomous vehicles. Our approach is based on a generalization of the concept of leader-follower controllers for which we provide a Youla-like parameterization, while the sparsity constraints are imposed on the controller's left coprime factors, outlining a new concept of structural constraints in distributed control. The proposed scheme is amenable to optimal controller design via norm based costs, it guarantees string stability and eliminates the accordion effect from the behavior of the platoon. We also introduce a synchronization mechanism for the exact compensation of the time delays induced by the wireless communications. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
2155	a7003702751	Oara C.	p880	False	Journal	408	Optimal Distributed Control for Platooning via Sparse Coprime Factorizations	We introduce a novel distributed control architecture for heterogeneous platoons of linear time-invariant autonomous vehicles. Our approach is based on a generalization of the concept of leader-follower controllers for which we provide a Youla-like parameterization, while the sparsity constraints are imposed on the controller's left coprime factors, outlining a new concept of structural constraints in distributed control. The proposed scheme is amenable to optimal controller design via norm based costs, it guarantees string stability and eliminates the accordion effect from the behavior of the platoon. We also introduce a synchronization mechanism for the exact compensation of the time delays induced by the wireless communications. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
2156	a9636293200	Jadbabaie A.	p880	False	Journal	408	Optimal Distributed Control for Platooning via Sparse Coprime Factorizations	We introduce a novel distributed control architecture for heterogeneous platoons of linear time-invariant autonomous vehicles. Our approach is based on a generalization of the concept of leader-follower controllers for which we provide a Youla-like parameterization, while the sparsity constraints are imposed on the controller's left coprime factors, outlining a new concept of structural constraints in distributed control. The proposed scheme is amenable to optimal controller design via norm based costs, it guarantees string stability and eliminates the accordion effect from the behavior of the platoon. We also introduce a synchronization mechanism for the exact compensation of the time delays induced by the wireless communications. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
2157	a57202040530	Mancini S.	p881	False	Conference	396	Highly compressible origami bellows for microgravity drilling-debris containment	The design and testing of an origami-based bellows for microgravity drilling is described. The potential benefits of an origami-based solution created an opportunity for application on NASA’s Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) to protect sensitive parts from debris. Origami-based bellows were designed to fit spatial limitations and meet needed compression ratios. Designs have demonstrated high mass reductions, improved stroke length, greatly decreased stowed volume, improved flexibility, and reduced reaction forces in comparison with traditional metal bellows. A nylon-reinforced polyvinyl fluoride based bellows with an aramid fiber stitched seam is well suited for debris containment in space conditions. Various epoxies maintained an adequate bond with polyvinyl fluoride below expected environmental temperature for bellows mounting. Asymmetric compression of the bellows occurs at extreme low temperatures and is preventable by balancing stiffness within the structure. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
2158	a23006267900	Parness A.	p881	False	Conference	396	Highly compressible origami bellows for microgravity drilling-debris containment	The design and testing of an origami-based bellows for microgravity drilling is described. The potential benefits of an origami-based solution created an opportunity for application on NASA’s Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) to protect sensitive parts from debris. Origami-based bellows were designed to fit spatial limitations and meet needed compression ratios. Designs have demonstrated high mass reductions, improved stroke length, greatly decreased stowed volume, improved flexibility, and reduced reaction forces in comparison with traditional metal bellows. A nylon-reinforced polyvinyl fluoride based bellows with an aramid fiber stitched seam is well suited for debris containment in space conditions. Various epoxies maintained an adequate bond with polyvinyl fluoride below expected environmental temperature for bellows mounting. Asymmetric compression of the bellows occurs at extreme low temperatures and is preventable by balancing stiffness within the structure. © 2017, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc, AIAA. All rights reserved.
2159	a7004002400	Chee P.W.	p882	True	Journal	409	Interspecific hybridization for upland cotton improvement	Interspecific hybridization has been central to the evolution, domestication, and improvement of Upland cotton, the cultivated form of Gossypium hirsutum. As the world’s most important fiber crop species, Gossypium hirsutum belongs to the allotetraploid Gossypium clade that consists of six additional species. The lint fiber evolved only once in the history of Gossypium, in the ancestor diploid A-genome species, and this trait was passed on to the allopolyploid species when the A-genome united in a common nucleus with a D-genome from the other ancestor that produced no lint fibers. The domestication history of G. hirsutum involved the collection and use of lint fibers by indigenous people for the purpose of making strings and other textile products; hence, spinnable lint fibers were likely to have evolved under domestication. The geographical distribution of G. hirsutum overlaps with G. barbadense and G. mustelinum, and gene flow among these species has been documented. Therefore, the introgression of novel alleles into G. hirsutum possibly contributed to greater ecological adaptation in colonizing new habitats and providing important sources of genetic variation for artificial selection in the early domestication efforts. In modern Upland cotton, numerous germplasm lines have been developed from crossing with G. barbadense. However, reproductive barriers such as reduced fertility, segregation distortion, and hybrid breakdown are often observed in later generation hybrids between G. hirsutum and the other polyploid species, complicating the task of introgressing new, stably inherited allelic variation from inter specific hybridization. Recent efforts in molecular genetic research have provided insights into the location and effects of QTLs from wild species that are associated with traits important to cotton production. These and future research efforts will undoubtedly provide the tools that can be utilized by plant breeders to access novel genes from wild and domesticated allotetraploid Gossypium for Upland cotton improvement. © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
2160	a7202361029	Paterson A.H.	p882	False	Journal	409	Interspecific hybridization for upland cotton improvement	Interspecific hybridization has been central to the evolution, domestication, and improvement of Upland cotton, the cultivated form of Gossypium hirsutum. As the world’s most important fiber crop species, Gossypium hirsutum belongs to the allotetraploid Gossypium clade that consists of six additional species. The lint fiber evolved only once in the history of Gossypium, in the ancestor diploid A-genome species, and this trait was passed on to the allopolyploid species when the A-genome united in a common nucleus with a D-genome from the other ancestor that produced no lint fibers. The domestication history of G. hirsutum involved the collection and use of lint fibers by indigenous people for the purpose of making strings and other textile products; hence, spinnable lint fibers were likely to have evolved under domestication. The geographical distribution of G. hirsutum overlaps with G. barbadense and G. mustelinum, and gene flow among these species has been documented. Therefore, the introgression of novel alleles into G. hirsutum possibly contributed to greater ecological adaptation in colonizing new habitats and providing important sources of genetic variation for artificial selection in the early domestication efforts. In modern Upland cotton, numerous germplasm lines have been developed from crossing with G. barbadense. However, reproductive barriers such as reduced fertility, segregation distortion, and hybrid breakdown are often observed in later generation hybrids between G. hirsutum and the other polyploid species, complicating the task of introgressing new, stably inherited allelic variation from inter specific hybridization. Recent efforts in molecular genetic research have provided insights into the location and effects of QTLs from wild species that are associated with traits important to cotton production. These and future research efforts will undoubtedly provide the tools that can be utilized by plant breeders to access novel genes from wild and domesticated allotetraploid Gossypium for Upland cotton improvement. © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
2161	a7007170899	Udall J.A.	p882	False	Journal	409	Interspecific hybridization for upland cotton improvement	Interspecific hybridization has been central to the evolution, domestication, and improvement of Upland cotton, the cultivated form of Gossypium hirsutum. As the world’s most important fiber crop species, Gossypium hirsutum belongs to the allotetraploid Gossypium clade that consists of six additional species. The lint fiber evolved only once in the history of Gossypium, in the ancestor diploid A-genome species, and this trait was passed on to the allopolyploid species when the A-genome united in a common nucleus with a D-genome from the other ancestor that produced no lint fibers. The domestication history of G. hirsutum involved the collection and use of lint fibers by indigenous people for the purpose of making strings and other textile products; hence, spinnable lint fibers were likely to have evolved under domestication. The geographical distribution of G. hirsutum overlaps with G. barbadense and G. mustelinum, and gene flow among these species has been documented. Therefore, the introgression of novel alleles into G. hirsutum possibly contributed to greater ecological adaptation in colonizing new habitats and providing important sources of genetic variation for artificial selection in the early domestication efforts. In modern Upland cotton, numerous germplasm lines have been developed from crossing with G. barbadense. However, reproductive barriers such as reduced fertility, segregation distortion, and hybrid breakdown are often observed in later generation hybrids between G. hirsutum and the other polyploid species, complicating the task of introgressing new, stably inherited allelic variation from inter specific hybridization. Recent efforts in molecular genetic research have provided insights into the location and effects of QTLs from wild species that are associated with traits important to cotton production. These and future research efforts will undoubtedly provide the tools that can be utilized by plant breeders to access novel genes from wild and domesticated allotetraploid Gossypium for Upland cotton improvement. © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
2162	a7005725911	Wendel J.F.	p882	False	Journal	409	Interspecific hybridization for upland cotton improvement	Interspecific hybridization has been central to the evolution, domestication, and improvement of Upland cotton, the cultivated form of Gossypium hirsutum. As the world’s most important fiber crop species, Gossypium hirsutum belongs to the allotetraploid Gossypium clade that consists of six additional species. The lint fiber evolved only once in the history of Gossypium, in the ancestor diploid A-genome species, and this trait was passed on to the allopolyploid species when the A-genome united in a common nucleus with a D-genome from the other ancestor that produced no lint fibers. The domestication history of G. hirsutum involved the collection and use of lint fibers by indigenous people for the purpose of making strings and other textile products; hence, spinnable lint fibers were likely to have evolved under domestication. The geographical distribution of G. hirsutum overlaps with G. barbadense and G. mustelinum, and gene flow among these species has been documented. Therefore, the introgression of novel alleles into G. hirsutum possibly contributed to greater ecological adaptation in colonizing new habitats and providing important sources of genetic variation for artificial selection in the early domestication efforts. In modern Upland cotton, numerous germplasm lines have been developed from crossing with G. barbadense. However, reproductive barriers such as reduced fertility, segregation distortion, and hybrid breakdown are often observed in later generation hybrids between G. hirsutum and the other polyploid species, complicating the task of introgressing new, stably inherited allelic variation from inter specific hybridization. Recent efforts in molecular genetic research have provided insights into the location and effects of QTLs from wild species that are associated with traits important to cotton production. These and future research efforts will undoubtedly provide the tools that can be utilized by plant breeders to access novel genes from wild and domesticated allotetraploid Gossypium for Upland cotton improvement. © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
2163	a56024800300	Liu L.	p883	False	Journal	410	Thermophysical properties of thin fibers via photothermal quantum dot fluorescence spectral shape-based thermometry	To improve predictions of composite behavior under thermal loads, there is a need to measure the axial thermophysical properties of thin fibers. Current methods to accomplish this have prohibitively long lead times due to extensive sample preparation. This work details the use of quantum dots thermomarkers to measure the surface temperature of thin fibers in a non-contact manner and determine the fibers’ thermal diffusivity. Neural networks are trained on extracting the temperature of a sample from fluorescence spectra in calibrated, steady-state conditions, based on different spectral features such as peak intensity and peak wavelength. The trained neural networks are then used to reconstruct the evolution of the surface temperature in transient heating experiments. In order to determine the thermal properties of a thin fiber, modulated laser heating is applied and an FFT-based method is used to extract the phase and amplitude response of the temperature field at the modulation frequency. The spatiotemporal dependence of the fluorescence signal, obtained by scanning the distance between the excitation and detection laser spots and varying the frequency response due to an axial scan and a frequency scan, is then curve-fit to the resulting decay curves by a photothermal model in order to determine the thermal diffusivity of the fiber. The measured thermal diffusivity (3.3 ± 0.8 × 10−7 m2 s−1) of a synthetic spider silk fiber by the current method has similar properties to other synthetic silk fibers, and demonstrates the ability of the current method to more rapidly measure thermophysical properties of thin fibers. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
2164	a57203269936	Glorieux C.	p883	False	Journal	410	Thermophysical properties of thin fibers via photothermal quantum dot fluorescence spectral shape-based thermometry	To improve predictions of composite behavior under thermal loads, there is a need to measure the axial thermophysical properties of thin fibers. Current methods to accomplish this have prohibitively long lead times due to extensive sample preparation. This work details the use of quantum dots thermomarkers to measure the surface temperature of thin fibers in a non-contact manner and determine the fibers’ thermal diffusivity. Neural networks are trained on extracting the temperature of a sample from fluorescence spectra in calibrated, steady-state conditions, based on different spectral features such as peak intensity and peak wavelength. The trained neural networks are then used to reconstruct the evolution of the surface temperature in transient heating experiments. In order to determine the thermal properties of a thin fiber, modulated laser heating is applied and an FFT-based method is used to extract the phase and amplitude response of the temperature field at the modulation frequency. The spatiotemporal dependence of the fluorescence signal, obtained by scanning the distance between the excitation and detection laser spots and varying the frequency response due to an axial scan and a frequency scan, is then curve-fit to the resulting decay curves by a photothermal model in order to determine the thermal diffusivity of the fiber. The measured thermal diffusivity (3.3 ± 0.8 × 10−7 m2 s−1) of a synthetic spider silk fiber by the current method has similar properties to other synthetic silk fibers, and demonstrates the ability of the current method to more rapidly measure thermophysical properties of thin fibers. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd
2165	a57192908187	Ravert J.	p886	False	Conference	398	A summary of data-aided equalizer experiments at edwards AFB	This paper summarizes the analysis of bit error rate data captured during flight tests designed to compare data-aided equalizers with SOQPSK-TG to unequalized and currently available blind, adaptive equalizers with SOQPSK-TG. The number of bit errors, on a second-by-second basis, are analyzed. The results are different for each test point. Given the uncertain behavior of the preamble detector for the data-aided equalizer and the differing channel conditions between the data-aided equalizer channel and the conventional serial streaming telemetry channel, we are unable to draw any firm comparative conclusions.
2166	a6603263001	Cole-Rhodes A.	p886	False	Conference	398	A summary of data-aided equalizer experiments at edwards AFB	This paper summarizes the analysis of bit error rate data captured during flight tests designed to compare data-aided equalizers with SOQPSK-TG to unequalized and currently available blind, adaptive equalizers with SOQPSK-TG. The number of bit errors, on a second-by-second basis, are analyzed. The results are different for each test point. Given the uncertain behavior of the preamble detector for the data-aided equalizer and the differing channel conditions between the data-aided equalizer channel and the conventional serial streaming telemetry channel, we are unable to draw any firm comparative conclusions.
2167	a26325009000	Moazzami F.	p886	False	Conference	398	A summary of data-aided equalizer experiments at edwards AFB	This paper summarizes the analysis of bit error rate data captured during flight tests designed to compare data-aided equalizers with SOQPSK-TG to unequalized and currently available blind, adaptive equalizers with SOQPSK-TG. The number of bit errors, on a second-by-second basis, are analyzed. The results are different for each test point. Given the uncertain behavior of the preamble detector for the data-aided equalizer and the differing channel conditions between the data-aided equalizer channel and the conventional serial streaming telemetry channel, we are unable to draw any firm comparative conclusions.
2168	a57200730646	Busuttil P.	p887	False	Journal	412	Joining Dissimilar Material Using Friction Stir Scribe Technique	The ability to effectively join materials with vastly different melting points, like aluminum to steel, and polymer composites to metals, has been one of the roadblocks to realizing multi-material components for lightweighting efforts. The friction stir scribe (FSS) technique is a promising method that produces continuous overlap joints between materials with vastly different melting regimes and high-temperature flow characteristics. FSS uses an offset cutting tool at the tip of the friction stir welding pin to create an in situ mechanical interlock between material interfaces. With investments from the U.S. Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office and several automotive manufacturers and suppliers, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is developing the FSS process and has demonstrated the viability of joining several material combinations. Details of welding trials, unique challenges, and mitigation strategies in different material combinations will be discussed. Joint characterization, including mechanical tests and joint performance, will also be presented. © 2017, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.
2169	a56316070300	Yuan Y.	p888	True	Journal	413	A minimal realization technique for the dynamical structure function of a class of LTI systems	The dynamical structure function of a linear time invariant (LTI) system reveals causal dependencies among manifest variables without specifying any particular relationships among the unmeasured states of the system. As such, it is a useful representation for complex networks where a coarse description of global system structure is desired without detailing the intricacies of a full state realization. In this paper, we consider the problem of finding a minimal state realization for a given dynamical structure function. Interestingly, some dynamical structure functions require uncontrollable modes in their state realizations to deliver the desired input-output behavior while respecting a specified system structure. As a result, the minimal order necessary to realize a particular dynamical structure function may be greater than that necessary to realize its associated transfer function. Although finding a minimal realization for a given dynamical structure function is difficult in general, we present a straightforward procedure here that works for a simplified class of systems. © 2014 IEEE.
2170	a37057761700	Rai A.	p888	False	Journal	413	A minimal realization technique for the dynamical structure function of a class of LTI systems	The dynamical structure function of a linear time invariant (LTI) system reveals causal dependencies among manifest variables without specifying any particular relationships among the unmeasured states of the system. As such, it is a useful representation for complex networks where a coarse description of global system structure is desired without detailing the intricacies of a full state realization. In this paper, we consider the problem of finding a minimal state realization for a given dynamical structure function. Interestingly, some dynamical structure functions require uncontrollable modes in their state realizations to deliver the desired input-output behavior while respecting a specified system structure. As a result, the minimal order necessary to realize a particular dynamical structure function may be greater than that necessary to realize its associated transfer function. Although finding a minimal realization for a given dynamical structure function is difficult in general, we present a straightforward procedure here that works for a simplified class of systems. © 2014 IEEE.
2171	a16053936800	Stan G.-B.	p888	False	Journal	413	A minimal realization technique for the dynamical structure function of a class of LTI systems	The dynamical structure function of a linear time invariant (LTI) system reveals causal dependencies among manifest variables without specifying any particular relationships among the unmeasured states of the system. As such, it is a useful representation for complex networks where a coarse description of global system structure is desired without detailing the intricacies of a full state realization. In this paper, we consider the problem of finding a minimal state realization for a given dynamical structure function. Interestingly, some dynamical structure functions require uncontrollable modes in their state realizations to deliver the desired input-output behavior while respecting a specified system structure. As a result, the minimal order necessary to realize a particular dynamical structure function may be greater than that necessary to realize its associated transfer function. Although finding a minimal realization for a given dynamical structure function is difficult in general, we present a straightforward procedure here that works for a simplified class of systems. © 2014 IEEE.
2172	a56830082600	Goncalves J.	p888	False	Journal	413	A minimal realization technique for the dynamical structure function of a class of LTI systems	The dynamical structure function of a linear time invariant (LTI) system reveals causal dependencies among manifest variables without specifying any particular relationships among the unmeasured states of the system. As such, it is a useful representation for complex networks where a coarse description of global system structure is desired without detailing the intricacies of a full state realization. In this paper, we consider the problem of finding a minimal state realization for a given dynamical structure function. Interestingly, some dynamical structure functions require uncontrollable modes in their state realizations to deliver the desired input-output behavior while respecting a specified system structure. As a result, the minimal order necessary to realize a particular dynamical structure function may be greater than that necessary to realize its associated transfer function. Although finding a minimal realization for a given dynamical structure function is difficult in general, we present a straightforward procedure here that works for a simplified class of systems. © 2014 IEEE.
2173	a7401698226	Allen B.L.	p889	False	Journal	414	Dryland agriculture in north america	Areas of North America with high density dryland farming include the Canadian Prairies, U.S. and Mexican Great Plains, and the inland pacific northwest of the U.S, with wheat (Tritcum aestivum L.) being the dominant crop. Dryland farming is less dense but important in nearly every state in the western U.S and in northern and central Mexico. In addition to wheat, North American dryland farming is important for the production of maize (Zea maize L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), pulses, and oilseeds. The traditional and still prevalent cropping system is a two-year rotation of wheat and summer fallow. In this traditional practice, shallow tillage is used during fallow periods to control weeds and help store moisture in the soil. Sustainability of this practice is limited by soil degradation and erosion and poor water use efficiency. Where adopted, no-till practices improve precipitation storage and use efficiency, which has led to crop intensification and diversification and improvements in soil properties. This chapter highlights some current issues for dryland cropping in North America including integrated pest management for herbicide resistant weeds, diversification of crop rotations, soil carbon dynamics and residue management, and the application of models to aid decision making. Sustaining the dryland cropping systems of North America depends on research and application of practices that reverse past soil degradation, increase cropping system diversity, and apply integrated pest management strategies. Both experimental and modelling approaches are needed to address these challenges. © Springer International Publishing AG 2016.
2174	a8702836000	Anapalli S.	p889	False	Journal	414	Dryland agriculture in north america	Areas of North America with high density dryland farming include the Canadian Prairies, U.S. and Mexican Great Plains, and the inland pacific northwest of the U.S, with wheat (Tritcum aestivum L.) being the dominant crop. Dryland farming is less dense but important in nearly every state in the western U.S and in northern and central Mexico. In addition to wheat, North American dryland farming is important for the production of maize (Zea maize L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), pulses, and oilseeds. The traditional and still prevalent cropping system is a two-year rotation of wheat and summer fallow. In this traditional practice, shallow tillage is used during fallow periods to control weeds and help store moisture in the soil. Sustainability of this practice is limited by soil degradation and erosion and poor water use efficiency. Where adopted, no-till practices improve precipitation storage and use efficiency, which has led to crop intensification and diversification and improvements in soil properties. This chapter highlights some current issues for dryland cropping in North America including integrated pest management for herbicide resistant weeds, diversification of crop rotations, soil carbon dynamics and residue management, and the application of models to aid decision making. Sustaining the dryland cropping systems of North America depends on research and application of practices that reverse past soil degradation, increase cropping system diversity, and apply integrated pest management strategies. Both experimental and modelling approaches are needed to address these challenges. © Springer International Publishing AG 2016.
2175	a7005306331	Blackshaw R.E.	p889	False	Journal	414	Dryland agriculture in north america	Areas of North America with high density dryland farming include the Canadian Prairies, U.S. and Mexican Great Plains, and the inland pacific northwest of the U.S, with wheat (Tritcum aestivum L.) being the dominant crop. Dryland farming is less dense but important in nearly every state in the western U.S and in northern and central Mexico. In addition to wheat, North American dryland farming is important for the production of maize (Zea maize L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), pulses, and oilseeds. The traditional and still prevalent cropping system is a two-year rotation of wheat and summer fallow. In this traditional practice, shallow tillage is used during fallow periods to control weeds and help store moisture in the soil. Sustainability of this practice is limited by soil degradation and erosion and poor water use efficiency. Where adopted, no-till practices improve precipitation storage and use efficiency, which has led to crop intensification and diversification and improvements in soil properties. This chapter highlights some current issues for dryland cropping in North America including integrated pest management for herbicide resistant weeds, diversification of crop rotations, soil carbon dynamics and residue management, and the application of models to aid decision making. Sustaining the dryland cropping systems of North America depends on research and application of practices that reverse past soil degradation, increase cropping system diversity, and apply integrated pest management strategies. Both experimental and modelling approaches are needed to address these challenges. © Springer International Publishing AG 2016.
2176	a7102554886	Lyon D.J.	p889	False	Journal	414	Dryland agriculture in north america	Areas of North America with high density dryland farming include the Canadian Prairies, U.S. and Mexican Great Plains, and the inland pacific northwest of the U.S, with wheat (Tritcum aestivum L.) being the dominant crop. Dryland farming is less dense but important in nearly every state in the western U.S and in northern and central Mexico. In addition to wheat, North American dryland farming is important for the production of maize (Zea maize L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), pulses, and oilseeds. The traditional and still prevalent cropping system is a two-year rotation of wheat and summer fallow. In this traditional practice, shallow tillage is used during fallow periods to control weeds and help store moisture in the soil. Sustainability of this practice is limited by soil degradation and erosion and poor water use efficiency. Where adopted, no-till practices improve precipitation storage and use efficiency, which has led to crop intensification and diversification and improvements in soil properties. This chapter highlights some current issues for dryland cropping in North America including integrated pest management for herbicide resistant weeds, diversification of crop rotations, soil carbon dynamics and residue management, and the application of models to aid decision making. Sustaining the dryland cropping systems of North America depends on research and application of practices that reverse past soil degradation, increase cropping system diversity, and apply integrated pest management strategies. Both experimental and modelling approaches are needed to address these challenges. © Springer International Publishing AG 2016.
2177	a35854537900	Machado S.	p889	False	Journal	414	Dryland agriculture in north america	Areas of North America with high density dryland farming include the Canadian Prairies, U.S. and Mexican Great Plains, and the inland pacific northwest of the U.S, with wheat (Tritcum aestivum L.) being the dominant crop. Dryland farming is less dense but important in nearly every state in the western U.S and in northern and central Mexico. In addition to wheat, North American dryland farming is important for the production of maize (Zea maize L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), pulses, and oilseeds. The traditional and still prevalent cropping system is a two-year rotation of wheat and summer fallow. In this traditional practice, shallow tillage is used during fallow periods to control weeds and help store moisture in the soil. Sustainability of this practice is limited by soil degradation and erosion and poor water use efficiency. Where adopted, no-till practices improve precipitation storage and use efficiency, which has led to crop intensification and diversification and improvements in soil properties. This chapter highlights some current issues for dryland cropping in North America including integrated pest management for herbicide resistant weeds, diversification of crop rotations, soil carbon dynamics and residue management, and the application of models to aid decision making. Sustaining the dryland cropping systems of North America depends on research and application of practices that reverse past soil degradation, increase cropping system diversity, and apply integrated pest management strategies. Both experimental and modelling approaches are needed to address these challenges. © Springer International Publishing AG 2016.